BRAHMAVAR

DOCUMENTATION REPORT
JANUARY – MAY 2019
DECLARATION: -

This report was submitted for the module BR17AR401 Architectural

Design IV, School of Architecture, Reva University to obtain 6 credits.

- It is a group effort by:

- Manoj Kumar G, Suman C, Madhumitha S, Roshan Raj, Prerana
Manjunath, Ankita Biswas, Bharath Kumar (B), C Anvitha, Sahil
Demblani, Jyothsana, Ammar, Vikas S P, Arvind, Gnana Prakash,
Harsheel Patel, Tejas Gowda, Abrar Khan, Pooja, Naveen Reddy,
Prakash Naidu, Indulakshmi M, Simran Sainath, Harinishree V, Kritika
Prasad, Sajani, Navya, Suraj, Samskruthi, Chaitra Nagraj, Nikitha M,
Sandeepan Sikidar, Shreya S, Janak H Patel, Vidyabhushan K A, Rouza
Khanam and Chandana T.

- Supervised by:

- Ar. Vidya Srikanth, Professor School of Architecture, REVA

University

- Ar. Shubhi Sonal, Associate Professor School of Architecture,

REVA University

- Ar. Neeraja Jayan, Associate Professor School of Architecture,

REVA University

- Ar. Sanjeev N Koppar, Assistant Professor School of Architecture,

REVA University

- Ar. Murali J, Assistant Professor School of Architecture, REVA

University

- Ar. Yashaswini N, Assistant Professor School of architecture,

REVA University.
 ABSTRACT: -
The following report is produced to document the research and
measured drawings of the village Brahmavar, Udupi, Karnataka.
The responsibility of data collection including surveys,
infrastructure, etc were collected by a group of 37 architecture
students from school of architecture, Reva university within the
period of two days on site.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: -

We wish to express our appreciation by thanking our director Dr.

Vimala Swamy, for making the rural vernacular documentation
possible.

We are very grateful to our design mentors Ar. Vidya Srikanth, Ar.
Shubhi Sonal, Ar. Neeraja Jayan, Ar. Sanjeev N Kopper, Ar.
Yashaswini and Ar. Murali J, for guiding us through the visit and
teaching us how to translate our leanings on paper.

Last but not the least we would like to thank the people of
Brahmavara for their kindness and hospitality of welcoming us
to their village and houses.
CONTENTS: -

CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aim
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Organization
1.5 Timeline
1.6 Resources
1.7 Literature Review
1.8 Significance of Study
1.9 Limitations

CHAPTER 2
2.1 India, Karnataka and Udupi
2.2 Local Culture and Heritage
2.3 Brahmavara

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Site Context
3.2 Temple
3.3 climate analysis of temple
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Land use
a. Streets
b. Plantation/agriculture
4.2 Activity Mapping
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Street
5.2 House
1. UPADHYAYA HOUSE
A. TYPES OF MATERIALS USED
2. HANUMAN HOUSE
A. TYPES OF MATERIAL USES
3. COMPARISON BETWEEN UPADHYAYA HOUSE AND HANUMAN HOUSE

CHAPTER 6
6.1 Columns
6.2 Door
6.3 Roofing

CHAPTER 9
7.1 Present Condition
7.2 Importance of Proposals

CHAPTER 10
Learnings

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 – Introduction

Udupi is a city in the southwest Indian state of Karnataka and is known

for its Hindu temples, including the 13th century Krishna temple which
houses the statue of lord Krishna.
Brahmavar is 68 kilometre north of Mangalore and 13 kilometre north
of Udupi on national highway 66. River Suvarna and sita flow around
Brahmavar, these rivers originated from the western ghats and forms
back waters around Brahmavar before joining the Arabian sea.
Brahmavar is surrounded by many villages such as Hamdani, Baikady,
Matpadi and Barkur. The place got its name from the term brahma’s
vara.
The study is directed towards understanding of vernacular
architecture in the coastal belt of Karnataka with reference to socio
culture, planning, architectural characteristics, climate, material
available and construction techniques.

River Suvarna and

Seetha
Seetha river
Suvarna river

Villages surrounding
Brahmavar

1.2 – Aim
The aim of this study is to document the historical village, Brahmavar
to understand the construction methods used in that period.
Contextual study to understand Climate, Geography, Culture and its
relation to the built form was the main purpose of the Study.
This process involved creation of rasterized copies of its map, selecting
areas and houses for in depth study, measuring the dwellings,
analysing the condition of the village, deducing the requirements,
observing their daily activity pattern and occupation structure. All the
data collected from the process was documented in the form of
drawings, maps and report.

1.3 – Objectives
The main objective of this exercise is to develop an understanding on
the typology seen in Brahmavara and influence of the vernacular style.
This project is expected to help the students understand how the
surroundings and the climate influenced the styles of that period and
also to sharpen their methods of documentation of historical area.

1.4 – Organization
BRAHMAVAR

ON SITE TASK CLASS ASSESSMENT

RESULT
Temple Climate responsiveness of Analysis of
measurement residential vernacular buildings. data
drawings collected.
Street study Comparative planning of Translation
residential buildings across of learning
socioeconomical groups. to paper.
Typology’s Analysis of religious structures. Report
Survey + video Building materials and
construction details for
residential typologies.
Built unbuilt relationship.
Street character
Report + video
1.5 Timeline

Pre-Site Task
Students were selected to rasterize the google map image in order to
provide a base map of Brahmavar to scale. The task was completed
with the help of faculties well versed in AutoCAD and other software.
The maps were then circulated and printed. The survey question was
framed and circulated as well. With the guidance of the faculties train
ticked and hotels were booked and well organized.
All the students were divided by the faculty members as per the
knowledge of the students. the groups were divided in equal numbers.
each team was allotted with assessments.

On Site
Design faculty took students to the village and gave them a brief history
about the village. After the brief introduction given by our faculty we
were allowed to carry forward our assessments. All the assessment
went on simultaneously. The survey team surveyed more than 60
buildings (a mix of residential, commercial and religious buildings).
Three streets were selected and surveyed by the street survey team.
Two houses were selected and studied in detail. The Mahalineshwara
temple were studies in detail. Sketches of the elevation, streets and
houses along with its plan were sketched.

Post-Site Visit
The map rasterized before the visit was not accurate and needed few
corrections. The vegetation team added all the flora that were not
present on the map. The land use, mapping team added the buildings
that were either missing or newly added. once the corrections were
done the maps were printed for presentation purpose.
The housing typology data was translated onto butter sheets for our
design mentors to review and correct. When the corrections were
made and the expectations clarified we transferred them onto
AutoCAD as well as sheets for presentation. We drafted out all the
streets, the plans, the sections, the intricate details and also the
materials used.

The report team then segregates all the data from the Primary
surveying team under different categories and then the secondary data
were made use to develop pie charts and the timelines. The library of
google scholar was scoured for information on Brahmavar history,
location, topography and other features.

While analysing the village and its necessities a location was narrowed
down for us to put up a design proposal. The site identified was located
in Barkur village we were asked to design a lodge for the same
simultaneously.

1.6 Resources
As soon as the students were given the village that has to be
documented they went through various source in order to get
information’s on the village. Students also printed AutoCAD drawings
of the village to mark the surveyed house, points of interest and routes
easier.

1.7 Literature Review

Students web browser for various research papers that spoke about
the history and the present condition of the village.

1.8 Significance
The documentation of Brahmavar, a rural settlement was to obtain
real-life experience of the still existing vernacular architecture
exclusive to the Northern Karnataka provinces. The motive of this rural
study was to understand how vernacular architecture works in
relation to the region, terrain, climate and the locally available
materials while also keeping in mind the needs and whims of the
clientele and use them in our projects to make our designs climate
friendly, sustainable and also ensure the conservation of the age-old
vernacular style specific to that area.

1.11 Limitations
Brahmavar is located 13 kilometre north of Udupi and 68 kilometres
north of Mangalore, therefore the total distance from Bangalore to
Udupi is 403.1 kms. The means to travel is either by train or via road.
It takes approximately 9 hours to reach the settlement thus making it
difficult for us to repeatedly visit and correct our analysis.

The are no lodge or hotel in the village, requiring us to arrange our stay
in the city (Udupi). We had to stay at Hotel Mother Palace and Hotel
Royal Inn.
We had to travel back and forth from our stay to the village becoming
an obstacle in our study.

The villages were a little hesitant to give us some of the information

required where as some villages were kind enough to invite us to their
house and provide us with refreshments and little us explore their
house and giving us information’s required.

The village is not documented and the resource available was very
minimal.

CHAPTER 2: HISTORY

2.1 India, Karnataka and Udupi

Udupi is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the
administrative headquarters of Udupi District. It is one of the fastest
growing cities in Karnataka & the city has got a modern touch due to its
educational suburb Manipal, which is a part of the city. Udupi is one of
the top tourist attractions in Karnataka. It is notable for the Krishna
Temple. It lends its name to the popular Udupi cuisine. It is also known
as Lord Parasuraman Kshetra, and is famous for Kanakana Kindi. A
centre of pilgrimage, Udupi is known as Rajata Peetha and Shivalli
(Shivabelle). It is also known as the temple city. Udupi is situated about
55 km north of the educational, commercial & industrial
hub Mangalore and about 422 km west of state capital Bangalore by
road.
Udupi has an elevation of 27 m (89 ft) above mean sea level. The
climate in Udupi is hot in summers and pleasant in winter. During
summers (from March to May) the temperature reaches up to 38 °C and
in winters (from December to February) it is usually between 32 °C and
20 °C.
The monsoon period is from June to September, with rainfall averaging
more than 4000 mm every year and heavy winds.

2.2 Local Culture and Heritage

Bhuta Kola, Aati kalenja, and Nagaradhane are some cultural

traditions of Udupi. The residents celebrate festivals such as Makara
Sankranti, Krishna Janmashtami, Navaratri, Deepavali, Eid al-
Adha, Eid al-Fitr and Christmas. Folk arts like Yakshagana are also
popular.
 NAGAARADHANE

Rathabeedhi Geleyaru and Kalavrinda are local non-profit

organisations, founded to encourage creative pursuits, especially those
that keep alive the traditions of the region. Its primary focus has been
historical dramas.

The term Udupi (also Udupi) is synonymous with vegetarian food now
found all over the world. The origin of this cuisine is linked to Krishna
Matha (Mutt). Lord Krishna is offered food of different varieties every
day, and there are certain restrictions on ingredients during
Chaturmasa (a four-month period during the monsoon season). These
restrictions coupled with the requirement of variety led to innovation,
especially in dishes incorporating seasonal and locally available
materials. This cuisine was developed by Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins
who cooked food for Lord Krishna, and at Krishna Matha in Udupi, the
food is provided free of cost. Restaurants specialised in Udupi cuisine
can be seen widely in most metropolitan and large cities around the
length and breadth of India.
Although popular for its vegetarian cuisine, Udupi has its fair share of
non-vegetarian dishes that are similar to Tuluva or Mangalorean
cuisine. Some of these include Kori Roti, Kori Pulimunchi, Chicken
Sukka, and more.

2.3 BRAHMAVAR
Brahmavar is a main Road Town on NH 66 (formerly NH 17), located 13
kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the Udupi in Karnataka, India. It has been
mentioned "Lord Brahma's Vara or Ajapura". It is an ancient cultural
centre of the Coastal Karnataka being adjacent to Barkur.
It is believed that the Mahalineshwara temple was constructed in the
9th century AD. The wall of the temple is built on the laterite stones.
There is an image of Gaja-Gowri, which has been kept in Navaranga,
which perhaps belongs to the Hoysala period. It is holding Ankusha and
Pasha in the upper hand and Padma (lotus) in right lower, and the left
lower hand in the abhaya pose. Handadi near Brahmavara was the
settlement of the Hande family, a family of Brahmins from Northern
India. Gopinatha temple is mentioned in an inscription that it is the
third temple. The image of the presiding deity is of Hoysala
workmanship.

CHAPTER 3: GEOGRAPHY

3.1 Site Context

Street chosen for

analyses
Brahmavar is about 68 kilometres north of Mangalore and 13
kilometres north of Udupi on national highway 66. It is a small village
with a total population of 1,31,203 people.

3.2 MAHALINGESHWARA TEMPLE

TEMPLE

 The Mahalineshwara temple is located on the banks of river Seetha.

 Evidences state that the temple is in existence from the 9th CE from
the period of Kadambas.
 the Ratha Beedhi acts like a axis to the town as well as the temple.

1- GARBAGRIHA
2- ARDHAMANDAPA
3- MAHAMANDAPA
4- NANDI SHRINE
5-SIDE ENTRANCE
6- LAMP
7- CLOISTERS
8- KITCHEN
9- OPEN WELL
Plan 9- ADMIN OFFICE
10- MANDAPAS
11-GOPURADWARA
12-BALIPEETHA
13- DWAJASTHAMBA
 Side elevation

3.3 CLIMATE ANALYSIS OF TEMPLE

• Brahmavar is at an elevation of 27m above the msl.
• It is characterized by excessive humidity (78%) during the
greater part of the year.
• From June to September the district encounters strong winds,
high humidity, heavy rainfall and slight fall in temperature.

The presence of copper sheet for

roofing absorbs the solar radiation so
the effect of the heat isn’t felt inside
the structure because of the height of
the structure

Buffer zones provide thermal

insulation to the space inside

• Of ventilation in the inner

shrine.
• The garba griha inside is lit
only by artificial means. The
perforations on the outer
chamber do not serve the
purpose

• According to the data collected during the early hours of the day,
the sun’s position is south-east.
• Hence there is a gradation in the shadows as the sun moves.
 • The north part of the courtyard and the mandapa experiences
shade and hence, are the most comfortable spaces through the
day at any point of time.

CHAPTER 4: Maps

4.1 Land use

This was a way for us to analyse what purpose each built space was
used for. We had door to door interactions with almost all the villagers
in order to come up with the data shown above.

RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INSTITUTIONAL
RELIGIOUS

 the land use shifted from residential to commercial buildings.

  Due to lack of government support, villagers shifted their
occupation from agriculture to shop keepers.
 Due to the highway, the is a rapid increase in business.
 The highway helped in easier transport of goods from the city.

a. STREETS

PRIMARY ROAD

The width of the road is three times greater than the height of the
residential buildings. Hence proper shade is not provided to the
pedestrians. Street lights are provided throughout the road and hence
has no dark zones.

SECONDARY ROADS

The width of the road is double the height of the building. Hence only
half the road is provided with proper shade. Street lights are not
provided in secondary roads.
 TERTIARY ROADS

The width of the road is half the height of the residential building.
Hence proper shade is provided to the pedestrians. Absence of street
lights and hence is a dark zone.

b. AGRICULTURE /PLANTATION
 • The climatic condition of Brahmavar has a very Hot and humid
type with significant rainfall with a short Dry climate.
• Due to the climatic condition, more tree plantation is
Required for shading purposes.
• Trees are seen near houses, empty ground and also along
pathways.
• Regions marked in green are vacant lands and marked in
Brown are grounds.
• Which are the most suitable conditions for coconut, palm and
Mango trees.
• And hence the vegetation in Brahmavara is mainly dominated
by these trees like banana.

4.2 Activity Mapping

People

HIGH MODERATE AREA

MODERATE ACTIVITY AREA

LOW MODERATE AREA

6-10am
 • Educational activities near the school causes traffic
congestion as vehicles need to wait for the safe crossing of the
little children.
• More number of devotees visit the temple with their
offerings.
• The shops open by 9:00-9:30 am.
• People were spotted buying milk and newspapers as a part of
domestic activities.

10AM-12NOON
 • Transport vehicles carrying goods starts to show up.
• The commercial stores were engaging with customers.
• The temple is shut down for lunch at 12:00am.
• People have moved away from the temple and school areas.
• Activity mapping

5-8 PM
 • Evening aarthi takes place at 6:00pm. A large amount of
people come for darshan.
• There is a shift in the street character. The street lights were
switched on after sunset.
• Shops were closing at 7:00pm-7:30pm

8-10 PM
 • The main activities of the street die out by 8:00pm.
• Most of the people go back home for household activities.

CHAPTER 5: DETAILED DOCUMENTATION

Selection of the Streets

The 2 streets selected were chosen on the basis of the typology of
houses present in them, the age, type and materials used to build these
establishments.
5.1 Street
The streets in the village were either of concrete or of mud. DRIANAGE
SYSTEM-OPEN AND CLOSE.STREET LIGHTS ARE PROVIDED AT EQUAL INTERVALS.
The streets are very narrow. The heights of the houses are really tall in
comparison to the width of the streets. This restricts direct harsh light
onto the streets, thus making them ideal spaces to interact and extend
their activities in the Mid-day heat. Along with being really narrow,
these streets lack defined street edges. Light poles were provided at
regular intervals. Water pumps are also provided as there are
not many houses that have water supply lines.

5.2: House

Most of the older houses were constructed of stone masonry which

keeps the interior cool. The houses are very well organized. Two
houses were chosen for detailed study.

1. UPADYAYA HOUSE
• This house was built during British period nearly 100 years
ago.
• It is mainly in rectangular plan 18.2m x 16.2m
• The house was built using mud bricks, jaggery, grass and lime
was used as plastering material.
• Timber is used for doors, columns, beams
• There are 3 rooms (3x7.5m ,4.7x4.6m ,2.9x2.8m) few rooms
do not have windows, they do not have proper ventilation or
lighting.
• The entry towards the north as the portico and towards west
there is veranda.
• Doctor’s clinic towards north is a recent addition
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

 SECTION

A.TYPES OF MATERIAL USED IN THE

UPADHYAYA HOUSE

WALL USE OF BURNT CLAY BRICK OF THICKNESS

300MM,
JAGGERY AS BINDING MATERIAL, LIME USED
FOR
PLASTERING AND SOME GRASSES WERE
USED IN
WALL.

FLOOR AND IT IS A CEMENT FLOORING, THE SLAB

SLAB CONTAINED WOOD, [ BOGHA AND
KIRALA] AND CEMENT FLOORING.

ROOF IT IS A BOONET ROOF WITH ANGLE OF

15DEGREE
THIS ROOF WAS COMPOSED OF MANGALORE
TILES
ON TIMBER FRAME.

OPENINGS WOODEN PANNEL

 STRUCTURE LOAD BEARING WALLS AND WOODEN
FRAME.

2. HANUMAN TEMPLE HOUSE

• It is a residential place with hanuman temple at the centre of

the courtyard.
• It is a rectangular in plan. Temple is in square plan.
• The house has a narrow entry to the open courtyard which
leads to the temple.
• The temple is built using limestone which is not plastered but
exposed.
• Stone columns was used for garbhagriha and timber (bhoga,
kirala) was used around the ambulatory space.
• Fired clay tiles (Mangalore tiles) was used for roofing.
• There were no any windows provided towards south or
towards west.
 BEDROOM

KITCHEN

HANUMAN TEMPLE

AMBULATORY PATH

CIRCULATION
SPACE

WASHROOM

PLAN

NORTH ELEVATION

A. TYPE OF MATERIALS USED IN HANUMANTHA

TEMPLE RESIDENCE
WALL USE OF BURNT CLAY BRICK OF THICKNESS 300MM.
ROOF SLOPE ROOF WITH MATERIALS OF MANGALORE
TILES
ON WOODEN FRAME.

FLOOR CEMENT FLOORING

OPENINIGS WOODEN PANNEL

3. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT UPADYAYA’S

HOUSE AND HANUMAN TEMPLE HOUSE
UPADYAYA’S HOUSE HANUMAN TEMPLE
HOUSE

LOCATION CHANTHURU VILLAGE 1/138 CHANTHURU

CAR STREET VILLAGE CAR STREET
BRAHMAVAR BRAHMAVAR
PLAN MOSTLY RECTANGULAR MOSTLY RECTANGULAR
PLAN ELONGATED FROM PLAN ELONGATED FROM
WEST TO EAST NORTH TO SOUTH

ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR STYLE VERNACULAR STYLE

STYLE

CONSTRUCTION BY LOCAL SKILLED BY LOCAL SKILLED

METHOD WORKERS AND MAINLY WORKERS AND MAINLY
BY OWNER WITH BY OWNER WITH
UNWRITTEN UNWRITTEN
EXPERIENCES FROM EXPERIENCESFROM
THEIR ANCESTORS THEIR ANCESTORS
 FUNCTION LIVING SPACE WITH LIVING SPACE WITH
DOCTOR’S CLINIC TEMPLE IN BETWEEN
(RECENTLY ADDED)

ENTRY ENTRY WAS THROUGH A DIRECT ENTRY TOWARDS

HIGH RAISED PLINTH NORTH {NARROW) AND
TOWARDS NORTH AND HAD RAISED PLINTH FOR
ALSO TOWARDS EAST THE TEMPLE

G+1 STRUCTUREWITH A ONLY GROUND FLOOR

PROJECTED BALCONY AT AND CORTYARD IS
TOP FLOOR PRESENT

CHAPTER6: DETAILS & ORNAMENTATION

6.1 COLUMNS
There were two different types of columns observed during our visit to
different houses. The simplest of them was the timber columns and the
second type of columns observed was the concrete columns.
TIMBER COLUMN CONCRETE COLUMN

There were 4 different types of column observed in the temple the first
one being timber column at the cloister with a simple octagonal form with
a circular top and bottom. the second type of column was the concrete
masonry columns which was present inside the gopuram it was
rectangular at the top due to presence of brackets and octagonal in the
middle with a square base. The third type of columns was observed
outside the gopuram in the seating area with a square capital and a
square base the column was ornamented. The fourth type of column
observed was at the gopuram.

Column 1 column 2 column 3 column 4

6.2 DOORS
There are doors of two typologies one at the temple and the other in
residences.
The material used is timber.

1. Temple door has more sculpture

type of inscriptions on the doors
and also it has few floral patterns
on the door. Sculptures are
pictures of god and devotee

DETAIL OF THE TEMPLE DOOR

1. Residence door has a lot

of floral patterns on it but
with less sculptures on it

DETAIL OF A RESIDENCIAL DOOR

6.3 ROOFING
The majority of the residential roofing system in Brahmavara is
Mangalore tiles with timber frames.

Mangalore tiles

Wooden frames

It is a booned roof with an angle of 15 degree. It is composed of Mangalore

tiles with wooden frames.
In Mahalineshwara temple the roof is typically two tiered as in temples of
the kanara region. the top tier is clad in copper and the bottom tier in
Mangalore tiles. the roof is entirely supported by timber trusses. The
apsidal end is supported on curved tie beam with radial arrangement of
the rafters. additional rigidity is given by secondary horizontal sections
that inserted into the rafters just above the eaves. the timber joinery here
is the most important detail to note as the semicircular form is achieved
by slight bending and joinary of many timber pieces to form the curve
suitable for the structure.

MANGALORE
TILES

LATERITE STONE

CHAPTER 7: DESIGN PROPOSALS

7.1 Present Condition
The village Brahmavar is very much a thriving village. It will not die out
anytime soon as the villagers have expanded their professions. There
are now teachers and engineers in this village that contribute to the
society. The Schools that show a healthy number of enrolments not
only show that the village is self-sufficient
in the provision of education for their young ones but is also a clear sign
of improvement from all the residents being just farmers. They have
evolved in the trading of their dairy products. They have also spread
their business reach to other neighbouring villages making itself not
only indigenous but also a necessity for other villages.

7.2 Importance of Design Interventions

Design proposals play an important role in the holistic understanding
of a rural documentation of any village. During the documentation, we
need to understand the present condition of village and locate
possibilities of improvements. We need to understand the limitations
of the village and ideate methods of improvement and development of
the village. These improvements also need to be relevant to the
location and context. By proposing improvements, we are taking the
learning from the documentation and using it for the growth and
development of the village and help keep it alive.

CHAPTER 8: LEARNINGS
During the visit to Brahmavar, a village in the north of Udupi,
Karnataka is a settlement on the banks of a river Suvarna And Seetha.
We learnt the style adapted in the northern region of Karnataka with
relevance to architecture. The roofs were made to keep the house cool
and temperate. The walls were thick and insulating to the heat on the
outside. The windows were small and enough to ventilate the interiors
whereas they ensured that the interiors didn’t heat up. All of these
features in a house were built keeping in mind the climatic conditions
of the region which is an important inference.
We also learnt that establishments can be beautiful even without as
many materials as available in the city. Only locally available materials
like wood, bamboo and stone were used to build all the spaces
necessary. We understood the requirements of people of various
origins and also their preferences in improvements. Tapping into the
traditional vernacular style of architecture of any Indian village is like
learning architecture from the beginning with a whole new perspective