GENERAL PATHOLOGY – LEC 1
INTRODUCTION
Pathos – study of disease
Logos- study
- Study of diseases
- Deals with the processes, causes, symptoms,
morphological changes and disturbances of function of the
various tissues and organs of the body produced by
diseases.
- Dealing anything abnormal or beyond the normal
- As a medical practitioner we are not just dealing about oral
cavity, we are dealing the general health.
REASONS TO STUDY PATHOLOGY
1. To diagnose a disease
2. To learn the different causes, symptoms, pathogenesis
(study on how the disease started) and complications of
diseases
3. To find a way for treatment- (kapag tama yung diagnosis on
a certain pathologic condition you will come up with a
correct treatment.)
DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
• Cellular Pathology – Study of abnormal cells
• Gross Pathology – Study of the changes in the structure
of the body as a result of a disease that can be seen by the
naked eye. (ex. Pimple)
• Microscopic Pathology – Cellular diseases of tissue or
organ that can be seen microscopically.
• Special Pathology – Classifies the diseases of individuals
or organs at the given anatomical areas of the body.
• Pathologic Anatomy – Deals with the tissues and organs
seperated or removed from the living organisms or dead
body for purpose of pathological study. (ex. Autopsy,
Biopsy)
• Biochemical/Histochemistry – Study of the varioous of
chemical changes/reaction accompaning the presence
diseases inside the body.
• General Pathology – Deals with the processes,
degenerative changes inside the body, aging process,
necrosis, inflammation, disturbances of circulation of the
blood and anything tumors.
• Environmental Pathology – Diseases emanates or starts
environmentally that we can get probably from soil, air,
water, pollution. (ex. Covid-19, Tuberculosis).
Environmental pathology brought by viruses and bacteria.
• Clinical Pathology – Deals with the application of
laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of diseases.
BRANCHES OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
• Hematology – study of blood diseases (Heme- blood)
• Parasitology – identifies diseases by parasites
• Microbiology – deals with microorganisms
• Clinical Chemistry – chemical methods
• Clinical Microscopy – body fluids except blood (ex. Saliva,
Semen)
• Blood Banking – screening of donors for blood transfusion
• Serology – deals with serum; based in antigen-antibody
reaction
• Histopathology – techniques to identify cancer
SUBSPECIALTIES
1. Surgical Pathology – involves the gross and microscopic
examination of surgical specimens as well as biopsis
submitted by non-surgeons such as dentists, general
intermists, medical subspecialists, dermatologies and
interventional radiologists.
2. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology – in the United States,
subspeciality-trained doctors of dentistry, rather than
medical doctors, can be certified by a professional board
too practice Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.
Philippines: PCOMS as a certifying body
3. Cytopathology – is a branch of pathology that studies and
diagnoses diseases on the cellular level.
Cytopathology is also commonly used to investigate thyroid
lesions, diseases involving sterile body cavities (peritoneal,
pleural, and cerebrospinal) and a wide range of other body
sites.
(Common Example: is pap smear usually seen in female,
to check for the presence of cervical cancer by scraping
cellular sample via pap smear)
4. Molecular Pathology – is an emerging discipline within
pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of
diseases through the examination of molecules within
organs, tissues or bodily fluids.
5. Autopsy Pathology – also known as a post-mortem
examination, necropsu (particularly as to non-human
bodies)
Autoplasia cadaverum or obduction – is a highly
specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough
examination of corpse to determiine the cause and manner
of death and to evaluate any diseas or injury that may be
present.
6. Forensic Pathology – is an application of medical MANIFESTATION OF DISEASES
jurisprudence. The “manner of death”, the circumtances
surrounding the cause of death, which in most jurisdictions - The manifestation of a disease are the sum of the damage
include: done by a harmful agent and the body’s response.
- The variation in these components accounts for the great
• Homicide – Act of human killing (homo, a man + caedere,
diversity of disease, which can be classified into 4 main
to cut)
groups:
• Accident
1. Developmental – Diseases happens as we develop (ex.
• Natural
As we develop as a fetus)
• Suicide 2. Inflammatory – Caused by inflammations
• Undetermined 3. Neoplastic – Usually Cancers, neoplasia
*Murder – Punishable by law 4. Degenerative – As we age, cells and tissues degenerates
and diseases develops as we grow old.
METHODS OF STUDYING PATHOLOGY
MANIFESTATION OF DISEASES
• Gross Examination – kapag tinanggal yung liver for
autopsy (Weight and Size) can be seen by naked eye • Signs – the objective findings as perceived by an examiner,
• Light Microscopy physicians or dentists
• Immunochemistry • Symptoms – are functional manifestations or evidences of
• Electron Microscopy a disease process
• Molecular Biology • Lesions – are visible changes produced by a disease in the
tissues or organs. They are usually local abnormalities
TERMINOLOGIES which could be benign, cancerous, gross, occult (non
manifestation or detectable clinical methods) or primary.
• Health – is a condition of physical, mental, and social well-
being and the abscense of disease or other abnormal
condition. It is not a static condition, constant change and
adaptation to stress result in homeostasis.
• Homeostasis – property of an organism or system that • Exacerbations – a sudden increase in the severity or
helps it maintain its parameters within a normal range of seriousness of the signs and symptoms during the course
values. of disease.
• Disease – is the abnormal performance of certain • Remissions – become less intense at a time. (Nawala
pathologic function as a result of injury to the cells yung signs and symptoms pero andyan pa din yung cancer
performing the function. cell inside the body na pag pinabayaan pwedeng ma
• Etiology – study of all the factors that may involved in the reactivate ulit at mas malala pa kesa sa nauna)
origin/cause of the disease. • Complications – unfavorable conditions that arise during
• Pathogenesis – manner in which the disease process the course of disease. (nagpaopera ka tapos biglang
develops. (Sequence of how the disease develop) nagkaroon ng infections)
• Diagnosis – identification if disease (correct diagnosis, • Sequelae – are remote after effects produced by a disease.
study and laboratory result malalaman mo kung gaano (after several deys, weeks, years na okay ka na biglang
tatagal ng isang tao) may lumalabas nanaman na signs and symptoms)
• Prognosis – forecast or prediction
PATHOLOGY DIAGRAM
• Symptoms – subjective evidence of disease perceived by
the patient. Scientific Study Clinical Practice
• Signs – objective evidence of disease perceptivle to the
examining physician.
PATHOLOGY Medicine &
a. Causes Surgery
DISEASE
(etiology) Diagnosis
Variation
b. Manifestation Prognosis-
outside normal
range c. Progress, theraphy and
including prophylaxis (incl.
sequels pharmacology
CAUSES OF DISEASE/ETIOLOGY
1. Environmental Factors - outside factors
• Physical Agents – among these are trauma, radiations,
extremes of heat and cold, electrical power
• Chemical Poisons – some act in a general manner while
others act locally
• Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses – they may arise
as a result of poor supply, interference with absorption,
ineffecient transport within the body or defective utilization.
(ex. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus)
• Infections and Infestations – viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoa and metazoa all cause disease
• Abnormal Immunological Reactions – the immune
process is normally protective but in certain circumstances
the reaction may become deranged. (ex. Allergic
Reactions, Lupus)
• Psychological Factors – cause and influence disease
processes in several ways
 Psych stress may lead to mental illness
 Their influence on the individual’s symptoms and
reaction to estab. Somatic disease is apparent
 May lead to addiction (alcohol tobacco)
 May be casually related to hypertension, coronary
arterial thrombosis and ulcerative colitis
TYPES OF DISEASES
1. Acute – characterized by a sudden onset or in a rapid
course
2. Fulminating – an acute fatal disease (biglang dumating
pero nakakamatay)
3. Chronic – slow onset and long duration or having a long
course (ex. Tuberculosis, Paralysis)
4. Intercurrent – occurs during the course of another disease
5. Idiopathic – disease with unknown cause
6. Teratogenic – diseases that are caused by drugs that
cross the placental barrier and harm the fetus
7. Contagious – transmitted by direct, intimate or by skin
contact
8. Venereal – transmitted by sexual contact (ex. HIV desease
15-30 yrs old)
9. Infectious – are caused by pathogenic microorganism
10. Communicable – are transmitted by agents, fomites,
vector or carrier.

2. Genetic Factors – are the results of the actions of single

genes and groups of genes.

• Normal Genes – there is considerabel genetic variation

among individuals, both bet and within races and families.
These genetic polymorphisms strongly influence
susceptibility and resistance to disease.
• Abnormal Genes – the mutations which give rise to
disease vary from point mutations affecting mutations
affecting single base pairs to chromosomal abnormalities
affecting many genes. (ex. Trisomy 21, Cri du chat disease,
albinism)
• Age and Disease – different diseases affect different age
groups. Physiological aging itself implies a gradual loss of
cellular and body vitality usually associated with atropht of
tissues and organs.

3. Indirect Causes – pertain to the predisposing facros like

age, sex, environment, race, climate, state of nutrition,
habits.