18.seismic Design 2

S. K.
Ghosh Associates LLC

International Code Council (ICC)
Seismic Design Provisions of

BNBC-2020: Part 2
Date: 26 May 2021
Dr. S. K. Ghosh
President, S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC
URP S-09 Training

Module S5
PART 5
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE

PROCEDURE
www.skghoshassociates.com
1
S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC
ASCE 7-05 12.8.6, 2.5.7.7

')
Story Drift Determination ('
Lateral displacement of one level relative to the

next level above or below
Analysis of Structures under Code-

Prescribed Seismic Forces
QE Gxe
2
ASCE 7-05 12.8.6, 2.5.7.7

')
Story Drift Determination ('
'x = Gx - Gx-1 'a
where….
Gx = Cd Gxe / I
ASCE 7-05 12.8.6, 2.5.7.7

Story Drift Determination (')
Cd = displacement amplification factor
(ASCE 7-05 Table 12.2-1, Table 6.2.19)
Gxe = elastic analysis displacement
'a = allowable story drift

(ASCE 7-05 Table 12.12-1, Table 6.2.21, Section
2.5.14)
I = seismic importance factor

(ASCE 7-05 Table 1.5-2, Table 6.2.17)
3
'a )
Allowable Story Drift ('
ASCE 7-05 Table 12.12-1, Table 6.2.21
Occupancy Category
Building
I or II III IV
Buildings 4 stories in height; other
than masonry;
0.025hsx 0.020hsx 0.015hsx
Non-structural elements designed to
accommodate story drift
Masonry cantilever shear wall
0.010hsx 0.010hsx 0.010hsx
buildings
Other masonry shear walls buildings
0.007hsx 0.007hsx 0.007hsx
All other buildings 0.020hsx 0.015hsx 0.010hsx

‫ݔݏ‬ = Story height below level
2.5.14.1 Story Drift Limit

For seismic force–resisting systems comprised solely of
moment frames in Seismic Design Categories D, the
allowable storey drift for such linear elastic analysis
procedures shall not exceed ǻ / where is termed as a
structural redundancy factor. The value of redundancy factor
may be considered as 1.0 with exception of structures of
very low level of redundancy where may be considered as
1.3.
For nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA), the storey drift
obtained (Sec 2.5.11) shall not exceed 1.25 times the storey
drift limit specified above for linear elastic analysis
procedures.
4
2.5.14.3 Separation between adjacent

structures
Buildings shall be protected from earthquake-induced pounding from adjacent
structures or between structurally independent units of the same building
maintaining safe distance between such structures as follows:
(i) for buildings, or structurally independent units, that do not belong to the same
property, the distance from the property line to the potential points of impact shall
not be less than the computed maximum horizontal displacement (Sec 2.5.7.7) of
the building at the corresponding level.
(ii) for buildings, or structurally independent units, belonging to the same property,
if the distance between them is not less than the square root of the sum- of the
squares (SRSS) of the computed maximum horizontal displacements (Sec
2.5.7.7) of the two buildings or units at the corresponding level.
(iii) if the floor elevations of the building or independent unit under design are the
same as those of the adjacent building or unit, the above referred minimum
distance may be reduced by a factor of 0.7
2.5.14.4 Special Deformation Requirement

for Seismic Design Category D [Deformation
Compatibility]
For structures assigned to SDC D, every structural component not
included in the seismic force–resisting system in the direction under
consideration shall be designed to be adequate for the gravity load
effects and the seismic forces resulting from displacement to the design
story drift (ǻ) as determined in accordance with Sec 2.5.7.7. Even where
elements of the structure are not intended to resist seismic forces, their
protection may be important. Where determining the moments and
shears induced in components that are not included in the seismic force–
resisting system in the direction under consideration, the stiffening effects
of adjoining rigid structural and nonstructural elements shall be
considered and a rational value of member and restraint stiffness shall be
used.
5
2.5.14.3 Separation between adjacent

structures
PART 6
EARTHQUAKE LOAD EFFECTS AND

LOAD COMBINATIONS
6
2.7.3 Strength Design Load Combinations
1. 1.4(D + F)
2. 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
7. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
2.7.3 Strength Design Load Combinations

(without F, H, T)
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
6. 0.9D + 1.6W
7. 0.9D + 1.0E
7
Seismic Strength Design Load

Combinations
1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
0.9D + 1.0E
E = UQE + 0.2SDSD ASCE 7-05 12.4.2
E = UQE - 0.2SDSD ASCE 7-05 12.4.2
U = 1 in Seismic Design Category (SDC) A, B, and C
U = 1 or 1.3 in SDC D, E, and F
2.5.13 Earthquake Load Effects and

Load Combinations
In BNBC-2020
U = 1 (not mentioned at all)
= (6.2.56)
=
=
=
8
Effect of Vertical Earthquake Ground

Motion
Gravity and Earthquake Effects Additive
=
=
=
Dhaka, Zone-2, Soil Type SD: = 0.45
=
The load factor on live load L in combinations (3), (4), and (5) is permitted
to be reduced to 0.5 for all occupancies in which minimum specified
uniformly distributed live load is less than or equal to 5.0 kN/m2, with the
exception of garages or areas occupied as places of public assembly.
Effect of Vertical Earthquake Ground

Motion
Gravity and Earthquake Effects Counteractive
=
=
=
Dhaka, Zone-2, Soil Type SD: = 0.45
=
9
Load Combinations with Overstrength

Factor
Cantilever Column Systems ASCE 7-05 12.2.5.2

SDC B-F
Foundation and other
elements used to provide
overturning resistance at
the base of cantilever
column elements shall
have the strength to
resist the load
combinations with over
strength factor of Section
12.4.3.2.

Factor
Elements Supporting ASCE 7-05 12.3.3.3

Discontinuous Walls or Frames SDC B-F
SHEAR WALL
Elements supporting discontinuous walls or

frames
10

Factor

Factor
11

Factor
Collector Elements ASCE 7-05 12.10.2.1 (SDC C-F)

Factor
12
2.5.13.4 Load Combinations with

Overstrength Factor
Basic Combinations for Strength Design with
Overstrength Factor
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + :0QE + L
(0.9 í 0.2SDS)D + :0QE
2.5.5.6 Provisions for Using System

Overstrength Factor, ȍo
2.5.5.6.1 Combinations of Elements Supporting
Discontinuous Walls or Frames.
Columns, beams, trusses, or slabs supporting discontinuous
walls or frames of structures having horizontal irregularity
Type IV of Table 6.1.5 or vertical irregularity Type IV of Table
6.1.4 shall have the design strength to resist the maximum
axial force that can develop in accordance with the load
combinations with overstrength factor of Section 2.5.13.4.
The connections of such discontinuous elements to the
supporting members shall be adequate to transmit the forces
for which the discontinuous elements were required to be
designed.
13

2.5.5.6.2 Increase in Forces Due to Irregularities for Seismic Design
Categories D through E.
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D or E and having a

horizontal structural irregularity of Type I.a, I.b, II, III, or IV in Table 6.1.5
or a vertical structural irregularity of Type IV in Table 6.1.4, the design
forces determined from Section 2.5.7 shall be increased 25 percent for
connections of diaphragms to vertical elements 6-104 Vol. 2 and to
collectors and for connections of collectors to the vertical elements.
Collectors and their connections also shall be designed for these
increased forces unless they are designed for the load combinations with
overstrength factor of Section 2.5.5.4, in accordance with Section
2.5.13.4.

2.5.5.6.3 Collector Elements Requiring Load Combinations
with Overstrength Factor for Seismic Design Categories C
through E.
In structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C, D or
E, collector elements, splices, and their connections to
resisting elements shall resist the load combinations with
overstrength of Section 2.5.13.4.
14

2.5.5.6.4 Batter Piles.
Batter piles and their connections shall be capable of
resisting forces and moments from the load combinations
with overstrength factor of Section 2.5.13.4. Where vertical
and batter piles act jointly to resist foundation forces as a
group, these forces shall be distributed to the individual piles
in accordance with their relative horizontal and vertical
rigidities and the geometric distribution of the piles within the
group.
PART 3
BUILDING CONFIGURATION
15
Building Configuration
Horizontal Irregularities (ASCE 7-05 Table 12.3-1)

1a. Torsional irregularity
1b. Extreme torsional irregularity
2. Re-entrant corners
3. Diaphragm discontinuity
4. Out-of-plane offsets
5. Nonparallel systems
2.5.5.3 Building Irregularity

2.5.5.3.1 Plan irregularity: Following are the different types of irregularities that
may exist in the plan of a building.
(i) Torsion irregularity
To be considered for rigid floor diaphragms, when the maximum storey drift (ǻ݉ܽ‫)ݔ‬
as shown in Figure 6.2.27(a), computed including accidental torsion, at one end
of the structure is more than 1.2 times the average [ǻܽ‫(=݃ݒ‬ǻ݉ܽ‫ݔ‬+ǻ݉݅݊)/2] of the
story drifts at the two ends of the structure. If ǻ݉ܽ‫>ݔ‬1.4ǻܽ‫ ݃ݒ‬then the irregularity is
termed as extreme torsional irregularity.
(ii) Re-entrant corners
Both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant comer [Figure 6.2.27(b)] are
greater than 15 percent of its plan dimension in the given direction.
16
2.5.5.3.1 Plan Irregularity

(iii) Diaphragm Discontinuity
Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having

cut-out [Figure 6.2.27(c)] or open areas greater than 50 percent of the gross enclosed
diaphragm area, or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 percent
from one story to the next.
(iv) Out- of-Plane Offsets
Discontinuities in a lateral force resistance path, such as out of-plane offsets of

vertical elements, as shown in Figure 6.2.27(d).
(v) Non-parallel Systems
The vertical elements resisting the lateral force are not parallel to or symmetric
[Figure 6.2.27(e)] about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral force resisting
elements.
Building Configuration
Vertical Irregularities (ASCE 7-05
Table 12.3-2)
1a. Stiffness irregularity
– soft story
1b. Extreme soft story
2. Weight (mass) irregularity
3. Vertical geometric irregularity
4. In-plane discontinuity in vertical
lateral-force-resisting elements
5a. Discontinuity in lateral strength –
weak story
5b. Extreme weak story
17
2.5.5.3 Building Irregularity

2.5.5.3.2 Vertical Irregularity: Following are different types of irregularities that
may exist along vertical elevations of a building.
(i) Stiffness Irregularity - Soft Storey
A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the
storey above or less than 80% of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys
above irregularity [Figure 6.2.28(a)]. An extreme soft storey is defined where its
lateral stiffness is less than 60% of that in the storey above or less than 70% of
the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above.
(ii) Mass Irregularity
The seismic weight of any storey is more than twice of that of its adjacent storeys
[Figure 6.2.28(b)]. This irregularity need not be considered in case of roofs.
2.5.5.3.2 Vertical Irregularity

(iii) Vertical Geometric Irregularity
This irregularity exists for buildings with setbacks with dimensions given in Figure
6.2.28(c). [Different from ASCE 7-05]
(iv) Vertical In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral Force
An in-plane offset of the lateral force resisting elements greater than the length of
those elements Figure 6.2.28(d). [Different from ASCE 7-05]
(v) Discontinuity in Capacity - Weak Story
A weak story is one in which the story lateral strength is less than 80% of that in
the story above. The story lateral strength is the total strength of all seismic force
resisting elements sharing the story shear in the considered direction [Figure
6.2.28(e)]. An extreme weak story is one where the storey lateral strength is less
than 65% of that in the story above.
18
Road Map
Earthquake experiences with irregular structures
Horizontal structural irregularities
Vertical structural irregularities
Configuration
Relative arrangement of parts; something produced

by such arrangement.
19
Structural Configuration
Horizontal (Plan) Configuration

Vertical Configuration
Photo Credit: EERI Earthquake Damage

Slide Set
Structural Configuration and Seismic

Performance
The configuration of a structure can significantly
affect its performance during a strong earthquake
that produces the ground motion contemplated in
the IBC/ASCE 7.
20
Structural Configuration and Seismic

Performance
IBC/ASCE 7 seismic design provisions were
developed basically for regular buildings.
Past earthquakes have repeatedly shown that
irregular buildings suffer greater damage than
regular buildings.
This happens even with good design and
construction.
Earthquake Experience
Magnitude 7.1
Loma Prieta, CA
October 17, 1989
Three and four story wood frame, brick veneer buildings in
the Marina District of San Francisco sustained damage as a
consequence of the ground shaking (10%g at rock sites, 20
to 30%g on sites underlain by bay mud) and liquefaction.
The soft first story made the buildings more vulnerable.
Buildings at corners of blocks sustained heavier damage
than those within the block.
21
Photo Credit: EERI Earthquake Damage Slide Set
Marina District…a “stiffness” issue (SOFT STORY)
22
Magnitude 6.5
San Fernando, CA
February 9, 1971
Failure of columns of “SOFT STORY” Olive View Hospital.

The failure of the canopy pinned the ambulances, rendering
them useless. Ground shaking is estimated to have reached
approximately 100%g at the site.
23
Magnitude 7.9
Philippines
August 16, 1976
Damage to reinforced concrete building. Torsion (or twisting) of

structures is a common cause of failure when the centers of mass
and stiffness are different. Buildings at corners of blocks are often
more vulnerable than those within the block because two sides are
open (e.g. glass windows for advertising) and two sides are solid
(e.g. at property lines). The first floor has pancaked.
24
Magnitude 8.0
Mexico City
Sept. 19, 1985
Triangular structures(“flat iron”
buildings) created because the
streets are not at right angles
with each other are even more
vulnerable than square
buildings at corners of blocks.
These buildings have only one Photo Credit: EERI Earthquake Damage Slide Set
solid and two glass walls.
Note the torsional distress.
25
Reasons for Poor Seismic Performance

of Irregular Structures
In a regular structure, inelastic demands produced
by strong ground shaking tend to be well distributed
throughout the structure, resulting in a dispersion of
energy dissipation and damage.
In irregular structures, inelastic behavior can
concentrate in the zone of irregularity, resulting in
rapid failure of structural elements in these areas.
Reasons for Poor Seismic Performance

of Irregular Structures
Some irregularities
introduce unanticipated
stresses into the
structure, which designers
frequently overlook when
detailing the structural
system.
26
Reasons for Poor Seismic Performance of

Irregular Structures
Elastic analysis methods typically employed in
structural design often cannot predict the
distribution of earthquake demands in an irregular
structure very well, leading to inadequate design in
the zone of irregularity.
Code Regulations Concerning Irregular

Structures
Introduced in the 1988 Uniform Building Code (UBC).
Evolved since then.
Thrust is to encourage that buildings be designed to
have regular configurations.
Important feature is prohibition of gross irregularity in
buildings located on sites close to major faults, where
very strong ground motion and extreme inelastic
demands can be experienced (mostly not a
consideration in Bangladesh).
27
Horizontal Irregularities (ASCE 7-05 Table

12.3-1)
1a. Torsional
1b. Extreme torsional (2000 IBC)
2. Reentrant corner
4. Out-of-plane offset
5. Nonparallel system
Vertical Irregularities (ASCE 7-05 Table

12.3-2)
1a. Stiffness-soft story
1b. Stiffness-extreme soft story (2000 IBC)
2. Weight (mass)
3. Vertical geometric
4. In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force-
resisting element
5a. Discontinuity in lateral strength – weak story
5b. Discontinuity in lateral strength – extreme weak
story (ASCE 7-05/2006 IBC)
28
Seismic Design CodeMaster
29
Seismic Analysis Procedure

Selection
ASCE 7-05
STATIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
SECTION
Simplified Design Procedure (not in
12.14
BNBC)
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure 12.8 2.5.7
Seismic Analysis Procedure

Selection
ASCE 7-05
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
SECTION
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis 12.9 2.5.9
Linear Response History Analysis 16.1 2.5.10
Nonlinear Response History Analysis 16.2 2.5.11
30
Table 12.6-1 Permitted Analytical

Procedures
Seismic Analysis Procedure Selection,

Table 12.6-1
If a building is assigned SDC D, E, or F and has a

T 3.5 Ts, then dynamic analysis procedure must be
used.
SD1
Ts =
SDS
31
Horizontal Irregularities (Table 12.3-1),

2.5.5.3.1
1a. Torsional
1b. Extreme torsional
2. Reentrant corner
Whittier Earthquake
Oct 1, 1987
5. Nonparallel system Magnitude 5.1
Horizontal Irregularities (Table 12.3-1),

2.5.5.3.1
32
Part 6, Chapter 1,Table 6.1.5 Horizontal

Structural Irregularities
(Essentially Repeated in 2.5.5.3.1)
Part 6, Chapter 1, 1.7.3.8 Floor and roof

diaphragms
(d) Structures having irregularities
(i) For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D and having a plan
irregularity of Type I, II, III, or IV in Table 6.1.5 or a vertical structural irregularity of
Type IV in Table 6.1.4, the design forces determined from Sec 2.5.7 shall be
increased 25 percent for connections of diaphragms to vertical elements and to
collectors and for connections of collectors to the vertical elements. Collectors
and their connections also shall be designed for these increased forces unless
they are designed for the load combinations with over strength factor. [Also
required by 2.5.5.6.2].
(ii) For structures having a plan irregularity of Type II in Table 6.1.5, diaphragm
chords and collectors shall be designed considering independent movement of
any projecting wings of the structure. Each of these diaphragm elements shall be
designed for the more severe of the following cases:
Motion of the projecting wings in the same direction.
Motion of the projecting wings in opposing directions.
33
ASCE 7-05 Table 12.3-1, 2.5.5.3.1(i)

Torsional Irregularities
Gavg
Gmax
Gmax 1.2Gavg ------------------- No irregularity

1.2Gavg < Gmax 1.4Gavg ------- Irregularity
Gmax > 1.4Gavg --------------------Extreme Irregularity
Calculation of Gmax, Gavg includes accidental torsion, with Ax = 1.0.
ASCE 7-05 Table 12.3-1, 2.5.5.3.1(i)

Horizontal Irregularity 1a:
Torsional Irregularity
Refer to ASCE 7-10 Table 12.3-1
34
Horizontal Irregularity 1a:

Torsional Irregularity
Section SDC Description
12.3.3.4 D-F 25% increase in seismic forces in connections
2.5.5.6.2 in diaphragms and collectors
Table D-F Permitted analytical procedure
12.6.1 ELF Prohibited Not in BNBC-2020
12.7.3 B-F 3-D structural model required
Not explicit in BNBC-2020
12.8.4.3 C-F Amplification of accidental torsion
2.5.7.6.2
12.12.1 C-F Design story drift based on largest difference in
2.5.14.1 deflection
16.2.2 B-F 3-D structural model required in nonlinear
response history procedure Not explicit in
BNBC-2020
Design Force Increase due to Irregularities
12.3.3.4 Increase in Forces Due to Irregularities

for Seismic Design Categories D through F.
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category
D, E, or F and having a horizontal structural
irregularity of Type 1a, 1b, 2, 3, or 4 in Table 12.3-1
or a vertical structural irregularity of Type 4 in Table
12.3-2, the design forces determined from Section
12.10.1.1 shall be increased 25 percent for the
following elements of the seismic force-resisting
system:
35

(cont.)
1. Connections of diaphragms to vertical elements and to
collectors.
2. Collectors and their connections, including connections
to vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting
system.
EXCEPTION:
Forces calculated using the seismic load effects including
overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3 need not be increased.
DIAPHRAGM
COLLECTOR DIAPHRAGM SHEAR
SHEAR WALL
A C
B
OUT-OF-PLANE
WALL
SHEAR WALL
(VERTICAL-RESISTING
2 ELEMENT)
F
1 2
ISOMETRIC 1 FREE BODY DIAGRAM
36
Design Force Increase due to

Irregularities
BOUNDARY NAILING COLLECTOR STRAP
COLLECTOR 2X BLKG
SHEAR WALL
TRIMMER
KING STUD
DIAPHRAGM TO COLLECTOR CONNECTION

A COLLECTOR TO VERTICAL ELEMENT
(SHEAR WALL) CONNECTION
B
BOUNDARY NAILING
EDGE NAILING DIAPHRAGM

2X BLKG
VERTICAL ELEMENT
(SHEAR WALL)
DIAPHRAGM TO VERTICAL ELEMENT (SHEAR WALL) CONNECTION

C
Permitted Analytical Procedures
Torsional modes of vibration may be excited, whose

effects may not be adequately represented by the
equivalent lateral force procedure.
37
2.5.6 Static Analysis Procedure
This type of analysis may be applied to buildings whose

seismic response is not significantly affected by contributions
from modes higher than the fundamental mode in each
direction. This requirement is deemed to be satisfied in
buildings which fulfill the following two conditions:
(a) The building period in the two main horizontal directions
is smaller than both 4TC (TC is defined in Sec 2.5.4.3) and 2
seconds.
(b) The building does not possess irregularity in elevation as
defined in Sec 2.5.5.3.
12.8.4
Horizontal Distribution of Forces
38
12.8.4
Horizontal Distribution of Forces
Torsion
• Torsional moment due to difference in location of center
of mass and center of resistance
• Must be considered for non-flexible diaphragms
Accidental torsion
• For non-flexible diaphragms, must be included in addition
to the torsional moment
• Displacement of center of mass = 5% building dimension
perpendicular to direction of applied forces
12.8.4.3
Amplification of Torsion
For structures assigned to SDC C, D, E, or F without
flexible diaphragm and with horizontal irregularity
Type 1a or 1b (Torsional Irregularity or Extreme
Torsional Irregularity), the accidental torsion Mta at
each floor level needs to be amplified by a factor:
2
§ G max ·
1.0 d Ax ¨ ¸ d 3.0 (12.8-14)
¨ 1.2G ¸
© avg ¹
39
Amplification of Torsion
ASCE 7-05 Figure 12.8-1
2.5.7.6.2 Accidental Torsional Effects
Where torsional irregularity exists (Sec 2.5.5.3.1) for

Seismic Design Category C or D, the irregularity
effects shall be accounted for by increasing the
accidental torsion at each level by a torsional
amplification factor, as illustrated in Figure 6.2.29
determined from the following equation: (6.2.44)
40
Design story drift for Horizontal

Irregularity Type 1a or 1b
12.8.6 Story Drift Limit.

. . . For structures assigned to Seismic Design
Category C, D, E, or F having horizontal irregularity
Types 1a or 1b of Table 12.3-1, the design story
drift, shall be computed as the largest difference of
the deflections of vertically aligned points at the
top and bottom of the story under consideration
along any edges of the structure. [2.5.14.1]
Horizontal Irregularities (Table 12.3-1)
1a. Torsional
1b. Extreme torsional
2. Reentrant corner
5. Nonparallel system
Feb. 23, 2010 Chile Earthquake

O’Higgins Building (23 stories)
Conception
41
Horizontal Irregularity 1b:

Extreme Torsional Irregularity

12.3.3.1:PROHIBITED IN SDC E & F!!
Areas where S1 0.75g
Do not exist in Bangladesh
42

12.3.3.4 D-F 25% increase in seismic forces in connections
2.5.5.6.2 in diaphragms and collectors
12.6.1 ELF Prohibited Not in BNBC-2020
12.7.3 B-F 3-D structural model required
12.8.4.3 C-F Amplification of accidental torsion
2.5.7.6.2
12.12.1 C-F Design story drift based on largest difference in
2.5.14.1 deflection
16.2.2 B-F 3-D structural model required in nonlinear
response history procedure Not explicit in
BNBC-2020
Horizontal Irregularity 2:
Reentrant Corner Irregularity
RE-ENTRANT CORNER EXISTS WHEN PROJECTION b > 0.15a, AND PROJECTION d > 0.15c
43

12.3.3.4 D-F 25% increase in seismic forces in connections in
2.5.5.6.2 diaphragms and collectors
12.6.1 ELF Permitted Also in BNBC-2020
Re-entrant corners may form coupled wings, which
may respond in an opening and closing fashion.
This may give rise to high stresses in the vicinity of
re-entrant corners.
44
Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity
DIAPHRAGM DISCONTINUITY EXISTS WHEN AREA OF OPENING > 0.5ab OR

EFFECTIVE DIAPHRAGM STIFFNESS CHANGES MORE THAN 50% FROM ONE STORY TO
THE NEXT.
45
Q/A Horizontal Irregularity 3:

Q. If the roof diaphragm has an opening in it which

results in the stiffness of the 2nd floor diaphragm
being 50 percent stiffer than the roof, does that
make it irregular? The plan irregularity definition
says story to story.
A. Yes, it would be considered irregular...doesn't
matter if floor or roof.
46
Out-of-Plane Offset Irregularity
47

12.3.3.3 B-F Overstrength factor for elements supporting
2.5.5.6.1 discontinuous walls or frames
12.7.3 B-D 3-D structural model required
16.2.2 B-D 3-D structural model required in nonlinear response
history procedure Not explicit in BNBC-2020
48
Nonparallel System Irregularity
Nonparallel system Irregularity exists when the vertical

lateral force-resisting elements are not parallel to or
symmetric about the major orthogonal axes of the Seismic
force-resisting system.
49
12.5.3 C-F Orthogonal load combinations
2.5.13.1(b)
12.7.3 B-D 3-D structural model required
16.2.2 B-D 3-D structural model required in nonlinear response
history procedure Not explicit in BNBC-2020
12.5, 2.5.13.1 Direction of Loading
12.5.2, 2.5.13.1(a) SDC B.

The design seismic forces are permitted to be
applied independently in each of two orthogonal
directions and orthogonal interaction effects are
permitted to be neglected.
50
12.5.3, 2.5.13.1(b) SDC C.

Structures that have horizontal structural
irregularity Type 5 of Table 12.3-1, shall use one
of the following procedures.
12.5.3, 2.5.13.1(b) SDC C.

a. Orthogonal Combination Procedure.
ELF, modal response spectrum, or linear
response history analysis, with loading applied
independently in any two orthogonal
directions…
100% + 30%
51
y 3
4 2
y y
Vx3 Vy3
Vx4 Vx2 Vy4 Vy2

EQx
EQy
x x
Vx1 Vy1
In-plane shear in shear walls from earthquakes in x and y

directions
52
y y
Vx3 + 0.3Vy3 0.3Vx3 + Vy3
Vx4 + 0.3Vy4 0.3Vx4 + Vy4

Vx2 + 0.3Vy2 0.3Vx2 + Vy2
EQx
EQy
x x
Vx1 + 0.3Vy1 0.3Vx1 + Vy1
Case 1 Case 2
Design in-plane shear in shear walls considering orthogonal
effects is the maximum from Case 1 and Case 2
53
12.5.3 , 2.5.13.1(c) SDC C.

b. Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal Ground
Motion.
Linear or nonlinear response history analysis, with

orthogonal pairs of ground motion acceleration
histories applied simultaneously.
Vertical Irregularities (Table 12.3-2)
1a. Stiffness – soft story

1b. Stiffness – extreme soft story (2000 IBC)
2. Weight (mass)
3. Vertical geometric
4. In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-
resisting elements
5a. Discontinuity in lateral strength – weak story,
5b. Discontinuity in lateral strength – extreme weak
story (ASCE 7-05/2006 IBC)
54
Vertical Irregularities (Table 12.3-2)
Part 6, Chapter 1,Table 6.1.4 Vertical

Structural Irregularities
(Essentially Repeated in 2.5.5.3.2)
55
2.5.17 Buildings with Soft Story

Buildings with possible soft story action at ground level
for providing open parking spaces belong to structures
with major vertical irregularity [Figure 6.2.28(a)]. Special
arrangement is needed to increase the lateral strength
and stiffness of the soft/open storey. The following two
approaches may be considered:
(1) Dynamic analysis of such building may be carried
out incorporating the strength and stiffness of infill walls
and inelastic deformations in the members, particularly
those in the soft storey, and the members designed
accordingly.
2.5.17 Buildings with Soft Story

(2) Alternatively, when system overstrength factor, o, is not
included in determining seismic load effects, the following
design criteria are to be adopted after carrying out the
earthquake analysis, neglecting the effect of infill walls in
other stores. Structural elements (e.g columns and beams)
of the soft storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the story
shears and moments calculated under seismic loads
neglecting effect of infill walls. Shear walls placed
symmetrically in both directions of the building as far away
from the centre of the building as feasible are to be designed
exclusively for 1.5 times the lateral shear force calculated
before.
56
Vertical Irregularity 1a:

Stiffness-Soft Story Irregularity
SOFT STORY STIFFNESS < 70% STORY STIFFNESS ABOVE OR

< 80% [AVERAGE STORY STIFFNESS OF 3 STORIES ABOVE]

57


12.6.1 Neither ASCE 7 nor BNBC-2020 permits ELF
Vertical Irregularity 1b:

Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story Irregularity
SOFT STORY STIFFNESS < 60% STORY STIFFNESS ABOVE OR

< 70% [AVERAGE STORY STIFFNESS OF 3 STORIES ABOVE]
58

Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story

Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story

59
Vertical Irregularity 2:
Weight (Mass) Irregularity
STORY MASS > 150% ADJACENT STORY MASS

(A ROOF THAT IS LIGHTER THAN THE FLOOR BELOW NEED NOT BE CONSIDERED)
60
Vertical Irregularities
Exception 1 to 12.3.2.2
Vertical structural irregularities of Types 1a, 1b, or 2
in Table 12.3-2 do not apply where no story drift
ratio under design lateral seismic force is greater
than 130 percent of the story drift ratio of the next
story above. Torsional effects need not be
considered in the calculation of story drifts. The
story drift ratio relationship for the top two stories of
the structure are not required to be evaluated.
Vertical Irregularities
Exception 2 to 12.3.2.2
Irregularities Types 1a, 1b, and 2 of Table 12.3-2 are
not required to be considered for one-story buildings
in any seismic design category or for two-story
buildings assigned to Seismic Design Categories B,
C, or D.
61
Typical Plan of Example Building
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
26c-0s 26c-0s 26c-0s 26c-0s 26c-0s 26c-0s 26c-0s
22ccc
B N
22ccc
22ccc
Typical Elevation of Example Building

12
11
10
11@ 12c-0cc 7
=132c-0cc
6
1
16c-0cc
62
Vertical Structural Irregularity

2nd story Stiffness ratio =
12 ft Stiffness of first to second story =
1st story (1/163)/(1/123) =0.42 < 0.60
16 ft
Thus, per Table 12.3-2, Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story

Irregularity (Vertical Irregularity Type 1b) should be
considered.
Exception 1 to ASCE 7-05 Section 12.3.2.2

Vertical structural irregularities of Type 1a, 1b, or 2
in ASCE Table 12.3-2 do not apply where no story
drift ratio under design lateral seismic force is
greater than 130 percent of the story drift ratio of
the next story above.
§ Ge1 · G Ge1
¨¨ ¸¸ 1.3 e2
© h1 ¹ h2
63
Analysis Results (E-W Direction)

Lateral forces, displacements and interstory drifts due to
seismic forces in E-W directions
Force
Story dxe (in.) dx (in.) D (in.)
(kips)
12 275 3.51 19.31 0.45
11 268 3.43 18.86 0.75
10 234 3.29 18.11 1.05
9 202 3.10 17.06 1.31
8 171 2.86 15.75 1.53
7 142 2.59 14.22 1.72
6 114 2.27 12.50 1.86
5 89 1.93 10.64 1.98
4 65 1.58 8.66 2.05
3 44 1.20 6.61 2.12
2 26 0.82 4.49 2.12
1 12 0.43 2.37 2.37
E-W Direction:
§ Ge1 · § 0.43 ·
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨ ¸ 0.00224
h
© 1¹ © 16 u 12 ¹
G Ge1 0.82 0.43
1 .3 e 2 1.3 0.00352 ! 0.00224
h2 12 u 12
Thus, structural irregularity of Type 1b is deemed NOT

to exist.
64
Irregularity exists if the effective
mass of any story is more than 150%
of the effective mass of an adjacent
story.
Exception: Irregularity does not
exist if no story drift ratio is greater
than 1.3 times drift ratio of story above.
Exception: Not required to be considered for

one-story buildings in any seismic design
category or for two-story buildings assigned
to Seismic Design Categories B, C, or D.
Exceptions apply to Types 1 a and b as

Source: FEMA
well as to Type 2.
Vertical Geometric Irregularity
HORIZONTAL DIMENSION OF LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM IN STORY > 130% OF

THAT IN ADJACENT STORY
65
di+1
Irregularity exists if the dimension of
the lateral force resisting system at
di any story is more than 130% of that
for any adjacent story
di-1
Source: FEMA
Figure 6.2.28 Different types of vertical

irregularities of buildings
(c) Vertical geometric irregularity (setback structures)

This irregularity exists for buildings with setbacks with dimensions given in
Figure 6.2.28(c).
66
In-Plane Discontinuity
An in-plane offset of the lateral

force resisting elements greater
than the length of those
elements Figure 6.2.28(d)
THERE IS AN IN-PLANE OFFSET OF A VERTICAL SEISMIC FORCE-RESISTING ELEMENT RESULTING

IN OVERTURNING DEMANDS ON A SUPPORTING BEAM, COLUMN, TRUSS, OR SLAB.
67
In-Plane Discontinuity - BNBC-2020
Irregularity exists if there is an in-

plane offset of a vertical seismic
force-resisting element resulting in
d overturning demands on a
supporting beam, column, truss, or
offset
slab.
Source: FEMA
68
12.3.3.3 B-F Overstrength factor for elements supporting
2.5.5.6.1 discontinuous walls or frames
12.6.1 ELF permitted in ASCE 7-05, not in BNBC-2020

Weak Story Irregularity
“WEAK STORY” LATERAL STRENGTH < 80% LATERAL STRENGTH ABOVE STORY
LATERAL STRENGTH = TOTAL STRENGTH OF SEISMIC FORCE-RESISTING ELEMENTS
69


12.6.1 ELF permitted in ASCE 7-05, not in BNBC-2020
70
Vertical Irregularity 5b (worst of the worst):

Extreme Weak Story Irregularity
“WEAK STORY” LATERAL STRENGTH < 65% LATERAL STRENGTH

ABOVE STORY
LATERAL STRENGTH = TOTAL STRENGTH OF SEISMIC FORCE-

RESISTING ELEMENTS

71

12.3.3.1:PROHIBITED IN SDC D, E & F!!

SDC E,F: Areas where S1 0.75g

12.3.3.2 Extreme Weak Stories.
Structures with a vertical irregularity Type 5b as
defined in Table 12.3-2, shall not be over two stories
or 30 ft (9.1 m) in structural height, hn.
EXCEPTION: The limit does not apply where the
“weak” story is capable of resisting a total seismic
force equal to :o times the design force prescribed
in Section 12.8.
Have not found similar requirement in BNBC-2020.
72
Vertical Irregularity 5a, 5b: Weak Story

and Extreme Weak Story Irregularities
Irregularity (5a) exists if the lateral
strength of any story is less than 80%
of the strength of the story above.
An extreme irregularity (5b) exists

If the lateral strength of any story is
less than 65% of the strength of the
story above.
Irregularities 5a and 5b are NOT

PERMITTED in SDC E or F.
Irregularity 5b not permitted in SDC D.
Source: FEMA
PART 7
NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND
NONBUILDING STRUCTURES
73
Main Topics
Code Requirements for Nonstructural Components

Code Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures
2.5.18
Nonstructural Component vs Nonbuilding Structure
2006 IBC Section 1613.1 References

ACSE 7-05 for Seismic
74
Applicable ASCE 7-05 Chapters
Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

Chapter 15: Nonbuilding Structures
ASCE 7-05 Chapter 13

Nonstructural Components
Architectural (Section 13.5)
Mechanical & Electrical (Section 13.6)
75
Architectural Components
(Table 13.5-1) (Table 6.2.22)
• Nonstructural walls & partitions
• Parapets & chimneys
• Exterior nonstructural wall elements & connections
• Veneer
• Penthouses
• Ceilings
• Cabinets
• Access floors
• Signs
• Billboards
• Appendages
• Glazing
Mechanical Components
(Table 13.6-1) (Table 6.2.23)
Boilers and furnaces
HVAC
Piping systems
Engines
Turbines
Fans
Furnaces
Chillers
Elevators
Escalators
OSHPD/FDD
76
Electrical Components
(Table 13.6-1) (Table 6.2.23)
Conduit
Bus ducts
Cable trays
Lighting
When Do Provisions Apply?

(Exceptions: Section 13.1.4 (2.5.15))
SDC B
• Arch: Parapets
• Arch: when > 1 ( > 1)
SDC C
• Arch: All
• Elec & Mech: when >1( > 1)
SDC D, E, & F
• Arch, Elec, & Mech: basically always
77
What is ( )?
( ) is Component Importance Factor

( ) is set forth in Section 13.1.3 (2.5.15.1)
( ) is either 1.0 or 1.5
What Force Do You Need to Design For?

(ASCE 7-05 Section 13.3.1)
78

(BNBC-2020 Section 2.5.15.3)
What is ?
is expected horizontal peak ground acceleration (in g)
for design
79
What is ( )?
( ) is Amplification Factor
( ) is set forth in Tables 13.5-1 (Table 6.2.22)
for arch & 13.6-1 (Table 6.2.23) for mech and elec
( ) is either 1.0 or 2.5, with one exception

(Section 13.3.1) (2.5.15.3)
80
Explanation of Equation
1.2SDS
AB = 0.4SDS (1+2zB/h)
B
Floor
Acceleration h
Distribution zB
A
AA= 0.4SDS (1+2zA/h)
0.4SDS zA

(Section 13.3.1) (2.5.15.3)
81
What is ?
is Component Response Modification Factor

is set forth in Tables 13.5-1 & 13.6-1 (Tables
6.2.22 & 6.2.23)
ranges from 1.0 to 12.0
Seismic Relative Displacements
The effects of seismic relative displacements are

required to be considered (Section 13.3.2)
(2.5.15.4).
82
Special Certification
Q: Where in the code?
A: ASCE 7-05 Section 13.2.2 & 2006 IBC Section 1708.5. Not
there in BNBC.
Q: Applies to what?
A: SDC C-F mech & elec equipment with > 1* and SDC C-F
components with hazardous contents with > 1*
Q: Requires what?
A: Special Certification
*Designated seismic system is defined in ASCE 7-05 Section 11.2 (Ip>1.0)
For Mechanical and Electrical Equipment……show that

equipment remains operable following design
earthquake by:
Shake table testing in accordance with Section 13.2.5
or
Experience data in accordance with Section 13.2.6 or
Analysis
83
For Components with Hazardous Contents…show that

containment is maintained following design earthquake
by:
Shake table testing in accordance with Section
13.2.5 or
Experience data in accordance with Section 13.2.6
or
Analysis
2009 IBC Chapter 17 Periodic Special

Inspection Requirements
1707.6 Storage racks & access floors
1707.7 Architectural components
1707.8 Mechanical & electrical components
84
Anchorage of Nonstructural
Components
Design Forces Section 13.4.1
Anchors in Concrete Section 13.4.2
Installation Conditions Section 13.4.3
Multiple Attachments Section 13.4.4
Power Activated Fasteners Section 13.4.5
Friction Clips Section 13.4.6
Specifics for Arch Components
Exterior Walls & Connections Section 13.5.3

Glass Sections 13.5.4 & 13.5.9
Suspended Ceilings Section 13.5.6
Access floors Section 13.5.7.2
Partitions Section 13.5.8
85
Specifics for Mech & Elec Components
Utility & Service Lines Section 13.6.6

HVAC Ductwork Section 13.6.7
Piping Systems Section 13.6.8
Boilers & Pressure Vessels Section 13.6.9
Elevators & Escalators Section 13.6.10
Nonbuilding Structures
What Are They?
86
Requirements for Nonbuilding

Structures in BNBC-2020
BNBC-2020 Section 2.5.18 points to Chapter 15 of
ASCE 7-05 for nonbuilding structures.
“Calculation of seismic design forces on non-building
structures (e.g. chimney, self-supported overhead
water/fluid tank, silo, trussed tower, storage tank,
cooling tower, monument and other structures not
covered in Sec 2.5) shall be in accordance with
"Chapter 15: Seismic Design Requirements for Non-
Building Structures, Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE Standard
ASCE/SEI 7-05" complying with the requirements of
Sec 2.5 of this Code.”
Exceptions: Section 11.1.2, 4.
Vehicular bridges
Electrical transmission towers
Hydraulic structures
Buried utility lines
Nuclear reactors
87
Nonbuilding Structures Similar to

Buildings
Nonbuilding Structures NOT Similar to

Buildings
88
Similar to Buildings:
See Section 15.4.1.

Same as for buildings.
Use Table 12.2.-1 , plus
Table 15.4-1.
Calculate period per
Section 15.4.4.
Table 15.4- 1
Seismic Coefficients for Nonbuilding
Structures Similar to Buildings
Structural System and
Nonbuilding Structure Detailing Height Limits (ft)a
R ȍ0 Cd
Type Requirements
A &B C D E F
Building frame systems:
Ordinary steel
concentrically braced AISC 341 3.25 2 3.25 NL NL 35b 35b NPb
frame
With permitted height

AISC 341 2.5 2 2.5 NL NL 160 160 100
increase
With unlimited height AISC 360 1.5 1 1.5 NL NL NL NL NL
178
89
NOT Similar to Buildings:

See Section 15.4.1.
Same as for buildings but with different , ,
table (Table 15.4-2) & more “minimum checks” on
base shear.
Calculate period per
Section 15.4.4.
Design Force Equations
V CS W
SD1 S
CS d DS for T d TL
(R/I)T (R/I)
SD1TL
for T ! TL
T 2 (R/I)
t 0.03
0.8S1
t where S1 t 0.6g
(R/I)
90
What is ?
is the Importance Factor

is set forth in Section 15.4.1.1, which references
Table 11.5-1
is either 1.0, 1.25, or 1.5
How Do You Determine T?
See Section 15.4.4 Fundamental Period

……Equations 12.8-7, 12.8-8, 12.8-9, and 12.8-10
shall not be used for determining the period of a
nonbuilding structure.
91
Specifics for Similar to Buildings
Pipe Racks Section 15.5.2

Steel Storage Racks Section 15.5.3
Electrical Power Generating Facilities Section 15.5.4
Towers Supporting Tanks & Vessels Section 15.5.5
Piers & Wharves Section 15.5.6

(accessible to the public)
Specifics for NOT Similar to Buildings
Earth-Retaining Structures Section 15.6.1

Stacks & Chimneys Section 15.6.2
Amusement Structures Section 15.6.3
Special Hydraulic Structures Section 15.6.4
Secondary Containment Structures Section 15.6.5
Tanks & Vessels Section 15.6.7
92
What Is It?
Nonstructural Component
or
Nonbuilding Structure
What Is It?
Nonstructural Components
Access floors
Ch. 13
Air conditioning units Escalator Components
Air distribution boxes Evaporators Nonbuilding
Air handlers Furnaces
Air separators Generators Structures Not
Battery racks Heat exchangers Similar to
Boilers HVAC
Inverters Buildings
Cabinet heaters
Cabinets Lighting fixtures Ch. 15
Cable trays Manufacturing equipment Billboards and Signs
Ceilings Motor control centers Bins Amusement structures
Chillers Motors Chimneys Hoppers (elevated)
Communication equipment Panel boards Conveyors Monuments
Compressors Parapets Stacks Silos (cast-in-place concrete having
Computers Penthouse (except where framed by an Tanks walls to foundation)
Ductwork extension of the building frame) Towers Storage racks (steel)
Electrical conduit Piping Vessels
Elevator Plumbing Cooling Towers
Engines Process equipment
Switch gear Pumps
Transformers Wall panel
Tubing Walls
Turbines Water heaters
Veneer Vibration isolated components
and systems
93
These Can Be Either
Billboards and Signs Tanks

Bins Towers
Chimneys Vessels
Conveyors Cooling Towers
Stacks
What Are Some Differences?
~ WARNING ~
What you are about to see….
For Guidance Only

Generalizations Made
Generalizations Don’t Always Apply
Common Sense Necessary
94
SIZE
Nonstructural Components Nonbuilding Structures
Small enough to fit in Typically large

building
Somewhere around 10’
(arbitrary!) tall
Usually transported in one
piece on a truck
Designer’s Option
Designer always has the option of calculating

both ways and using more conservative
answer.
95
ASSEMBLY LOCATION
Usually requires no Usually assembled at jobsite

assembly at jobsite
Weight is likely small
relative to structure’s
weight
BASIS FOR CONSTRUCTION
Usually function is for arch, Usually to maintain

mech, elec purposes structural integrity
Usually constructed to resist
gravity and lateral loads
96
Example: Seismic Design of Parapets

Weight of the parapet per linear foot is
= 24.52 x 0.9 x 0.18 = 3.97 kN/m
The seismic lateral force acting at the centroid of the

parapet is given by ASCE Equation (13.3-1) as
=
Where = component importance factor = 1.0
97

SDS = 0.5g
Wp = weight of parapet = 3.97 kN/m
ap = component amplification factor from ASCE

Table 13.5-1 = 2.5
h = height of roof above the base = 6 m.
z = height of parapet at point of attachment = 6 m.
= component response modification factor from

ASCE Table 13.5-1 = 2.5
= (0.4 x 2.5 x 0.5 × 1.0 / 2.5) (1 + 2 x 6/6)

= 0.6 = 2.38 kN/m
Neither ASCE Equation (13.3-2) nor (13.3-3) governs,

and the bending moment at the base of the parapet is
= 0.45 = 1.07 kN-m/m
98
Questions?
Thank you
99

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S. K.

Ghosh Associates LLC

Seismic Design Provisions of

URP S-09 Training

EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE

ASCE 7-05 12.8.6, 2.5.7.7

Lateral displacement of one level relative to the

Analysis of Structures under Code-

ASCE 7-05 12.8.6, 2.5.7.7

ASCE 7-05 12.8.6, 2.5.7.7

Gxe = elastic analysis displacement

'a = allowable story drift

I = seismic importance factor

All other buildings 0.020hsx 0.015hsx 0.010hsx

2.5.14.1 Story Drift Limit

2.5.14.3 Separation between adjacent

2.5.14.4 Special Deformation Requirement

2.5.14.3 Separation between adjacent

EARTHQUAKE LOAD EFFECTS AND

2.7.3 Strength Design Load Combinations

2.7.3 Strength Design Load Combinations

Seismic Strength Design Load

 E = UQE + 0.2SDSD ASCE 7-05 12.4.2

 E = UQE - 0.2SDSD ASCE 7-05 12.4.2

 U = 1 in Seismic Design Category (SDC) A, B, and C

 U = 1 or 1.3 in SDC D, E, and F

2.5.13 Earthquake Load Effects and

Effect of Vertical Earthquake Ground

Effect of Vertical Earthquake Ground

Load Combinations with Overstrength

Cantilever Column Systems ASCE 7-05 12.2.5.2

Load Combinations with Overstrength

Elements Supporting ASCE 7-05 12.3.3.3

Elements supporting discontinuous walls or

Load Combinations with Overstrength

Load Combinations with Overstrength

Load Combinations with Overstrength

Load Combinations with Overstrength

2.5.13.4 Load Combinations with

2.5.5.6 Provisions for Using System

2.5.5.6 Provisions for Using System

For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D or E and having a

2.5.5.6 Provisions for Using System

2.5.5.6 Provisions for Using System

Horizontal Irregularities (ASCE 7-05 Table 12.3-1)

2.5.5.3 Building Irregularity

(i) Torsion irregularity

(ii) Re-entrant corners

2.5.5.3.1 Plan Irregularity

Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having

(iv) Out- of-Plane Offsets

Discontinuities in a lateral force resistance path, such as out of-plane offsets of

(v) Non-parallel Systems

2.5.5.3 Building Irregularity

(i) Stiffness Irregularity - Soft Storey

(ii) Mass Irregularity

2.5.5.3.2 Vertical Irregularity

(iv) Vertical In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral Force

(v) Discontinuity in Capacity - Weak Story

Earthquake experiences with irregular structures

Horizontal structural irregularities

Vertical structural irregularities

Relative arrangement of parts; something produced

E = UQE + 0.2SDSD ASCE 7-05 12.4.2

E = UQE - 0.2SDSD ASCE 7-05 12.4.2

U = 1 in Seismic Design Category (SDC) A, B, and C

U = 1 or 1.3 in SDC D, E, and F

Earthquake experiences with irregular structures

Horizontal structural irregularities

Vertical structural irregularities

Horizontal (Plan) Configuration

Motion of the projecting wings in the same direction.

Motion of the projecting wings in opposing directions.

Gmax 1.2Gavg ------------------- No irregularity