Introduction to z/OS Basics

z/OS

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What is z/OS?

 The most widely used mainframe operating system

– 64-bit operating system

 Ideally suited for processing large workloads for many concurrent users
 Designed for:

– Serving 1000s of users concurrently

– I/O intensive computing
– Processing very large workloads
– Running mission critical applications securely

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 Hardware resources managed by z/OS
Mainframe computer
(CPU, processor
storage)

z/OS
running
here...
System Console
(hardware)

Master Console
(z/OS)
Operator Console
... Director links
(z/OS) mainframes with
DASD controllers

Tape drive

Tape
DASD cartridges
controller

Disk storage
(DASD volumes)

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 Virtual storage and address space concept

Virtual storage is an “illusion” created through

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z/OS management of real storage and auxiliary
storage through tables.

The running portions of a program are kept in

real storage; the rest is kept in auxiliary
storage
64-bit addresing
(z/OS)

Range of addressable virtual storage available

to a user or program or the operating system is 2GB
The “Bar”
an address space

31-bit addresing
Each user or separately running program is (MVS/XA)
represented by an address space (each user 16 MB
The “Line”
gets a limited amount of private storage) 24-bit addresing
(MVS)

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How virtual storage works

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 z/OS address spaces

 z/OS and its related subsystems require address spaces of their own to
provide a functioning operating system:

– System address spaces are started after initialization of the master

scheduler. These address spaces perform functions for all the other
types of address spaces that start in z/OS.

– Subsystem address spaces for major system functions and middleware

products such as DB2, CICS, and IMS.

– TSO/E address spaces are created for every user who logs on to z/OS

– Address spaces for every batch job that runs on z/OS.

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 Introduction to z/OS Basics

Interactive facilities of z/OS:

TSO/E and ISPF

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How do we interact with z/OS?

TSO/E logon screen

Enter LOGON parameters below: RACF LOGON parameters:
TSO/E
Userid ===> ZPROF
Allows users to logon to z/OS and
use a limited set of basic Password ===> New Password ===>

commands. This is sometimes

Procedure ===> IKJACCNT Group Ident ===>
called using TSO in its native
mode. Acct Nmbr ===> ACCNT#

Size ===> 860000

ISPF Perform ===>

Provides a menu system for Command ===>

accessing many of the most Enter an 'S' before each option desired below:
commonly used z/OS functions. -Nomail -Nonotice -Reconnect -OIDcard

PF1/PF13 ==> Help PF3/PF15 ==> Logoff PA1 ==> Attention PA2 ==> Reshow
You may request specific help information by entering a '?' in any entry field

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General structure of ISPF panels
Action Menu Utilities Compilers Options Status Help
Bar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISPF Primary Option Menu

Panel 0 Settings Terminal and user parameters User ID . : AUES100

Options 1 View Display source data or listings Time. . . : 16:14
2 Edit Create or change source data Terminal. : 3278
3 Utilities Perform utility functions Screen. . : 1
Dynamic 4 Foreground Interactive language processing Language. : ENGLISH
Status 5 Batch Submit job for language processing Appl ID . : ISR
Area 6 Command Enter TSO or Workstation commands TSO logon : LOGON
7 Dialog Test Perform dialog testing TSO prefix: AUES100
8 LM Facility Library administrator functions System ID : SYS1
9 IBM Products IBM program development products MVS acct. : ACCNT#
10 SCLM SW Configuration Library Manager Release . : ISPF 5.2
11 Workplace ISPF Object/Action Workplace

S SDSF System Display and Search Facility

Enter X to Terminate using log/list defaults

Command Option ===>

Line
F1=Help F2=Split F3=Exit F7=Backward F8=Forward F9=Swap
Function F10=Actions F12=Cancel
Keys

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Example: Option 1 - VIEW

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Example: Option 1 - VIEW

Browsing – data display

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Example: Option 3 - UTILITIES

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 Introduction to z/OS Basics

Working with data sets

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What is a data set? A data set is a collection of logically related data records
stored on one disk storage volume or a set of volumes.

Using a data set To use a data set, you first allocate it.

Access Method Defines the technique used to store and retrieve data.

Dataset Naming

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Data set record formats

F record record record record

Fixed records.

block block
FB record record record record record record
Fixed blocked records. BLKSIZE = n * LRECL

V record record record

Variable records.
RDW
block block
VB record record record record record
Variable blocked records. BLKSIZE >= 4 + n * largest LRECL
BDW

Record and block descriptors words are each 4 bytes long

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 Types of data sets

Sequential

Partitioned

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 Locating a dataset in MVS - Catalogs and VTOCs

Catalog
Structure

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 Data Facility Subsystem Managed Storage (DFSMS)

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 VSAM

 VSAM is Virtual Storage Access Method

 VSAM provides more complex functions than
other disk access methods
 VSAM record formats:
– Key Sequence Data Set (KSDS)
– Entry Sequence Data Set (ESDS)
– Relative Record Data Set (RRDS)
– Linear Data Set (LDS)

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 Introduction to z/OS Basics

Using Job Control Language (JCL), System Display and

Search Facility (SDSF) and JES

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What is JCL?
 Job control language (JCL) tells the system what program to execute and
provides a description of program inputs and outputs.
 There are three basic JCL statements: JOB, EXEC e DD

Exemplo

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 What is JES?
In the z/OS operating system, JES manages the input and output job queues and data.
JES handles the following aspects of batch processing for z/OS:
Receives jobs into the operating system
Schedules them for processing by z/OS
Controls their output processing

INPUT DEVICES z/OS OUTPUT DEVICES

SUBMIT

JOBs

Printer

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SDSF: Primary option menu

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SDSF: Status panel

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 Introduction to z/OS Basics

Transaction managers on z/OS

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Example of online processing: a travel agency

Car Rental Agency Hotel Airline

WAP HTTP
Travel Agency

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 CICS in a z/OS system

Customer Information Control System

z/OS
Transactional
system

Application
Program DATA

User

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Languages & Platforms

 Languages:  Platforms:
- COBOL - zSeries (z/OS,
- OO COBOL OS/390, VSE)
- C - Intel servers
- C++ - TXSeries (AIX, HP-
- JAVA (JCICS) UX, Solaris and
Windows)
- PL/I
- Assembler

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 BMS macros: a form of assembler language
The MAPS are composed of three simple macros:
DFHMSD – name of mapset
DFHMDI – name of map identification
DFHMDF – field screen definitions and location

Example
ORCHM01 DFHMSD TYPE=MAP,MODE=INOUT,CNRL=FREEKB,LANG=COBOL,TIOAPFX=YES
ORCHM01 DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80)
DFHMDF POS=(01,01),LENGTH=01,ATTRB=(ASKIP,DRK,FSET), x
INITIAL=‘1’
DFHMDF POS=(01,25),LENGTH=3,ATTRB=(ASKIP,BRT), x
INITIAL=‘PURCHASE ORDER - - - FILE INQUIRY’
DFHMDF POS(03,30),LENGTH=13,ATTRB=ASKIP, x
INITIAL=‘ORDER NUMBER ’
ORDER# DFHMDF POS=(03,44),LENGTH=10,ATTRB=(NUM,BRT,IC)
DFHMDF POS=(04,32),LENGTH=11,ATTRB=ASKIP,INITIAL=‘DEPARTMENT’
*
*
*
DFHMSD TYPE=FINAL

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Example of CICS application user screen

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 Introduction to z/OS Basics

Database Manager on z/OS

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What is a database?
A database provides for the storing and control of business information, independent
from (but not separate from the processing requirements of) one or more applications.

DB2: Data Structure Example of a DB2 Department Table

“owner.DEPT”

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 DB2 Administration (transactional interfaces)
Query Management Facility (QMF)
Is a tightly integrated, powerful, and reliable tool that performs query and reporting for DB2. It
offers an easy-to-learn, interactive interface. Users with little or no data processing experience
can easily retrieve, create, update, insert, or delete data that is stored in DB2.

SQL Processor Using File Input (SPUFI) - Pronounced “Spoo Fee”

A SQL interface through TSO providing a means for a transactional facility used by
DBAs. This requires knowledge of ISPF and basic PDS.

DB2I SPUFI Panel

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The SPUFI - After entering an SQL statement:

SPUFI Result Dataset:

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 Introduction to z/OS Basics

Security on z/OS

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RACF

 RACF and the other available packages are add-on

products which provide the basic security
framework on a z/OS mainframe
 Identify and authenticate users
 Authorize users to access protected resources
 Log and report attempted unauthorized access
 Control means of access to resources

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User Identification

 RACF identifies you when you logon

 Userid and password are required
 Each RACF userid has a unique password
 Password is one way encrypted so no one else
can get your password not even the administrator
 Userid is revoked after a preset number of invalid
password attempts

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RACF Structure

 Userid
 Group
– Every userid belongs to at least one group
– Group structures are often used for access to resources

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