Smart Inverter Technology For

Smart Inverter Technology for
High PV Penetration
Roland Bründlinger
Senior Engineer
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, IEA-PVPS Task 14
International workshop on PV and the electricity grid

Sydney, November 26, 2013
Contents
 Background – Changing role of PV inverters
 Advanced functions of PV inverters
 Summary & recommendations

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Contents

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Integrating PV in the electricity grids
Changing the role of PV
 Traditional: Passive role of PV – no contribution to system operation
 Features
 Feed-in of active power only  operation at unity power factor
 Rapid disconnection at over/under voltage/frequency with narrow
window
 Anti-islanding as main concern (“disconnect at first sign of trouble”)
4
 Initial steps towards real integration: PV responding to system parameters
 Additional features
 Active power reduction in case of over-frequency  ensure system stability
 Fault-Ride-Through (LVRT) capability (for larger units)
 Reactive power provision  limit voltage rise
 Limitation of active power feed-in during critical situations 5
 With high penetration: PV actively supporting system operation
 Additional features
 Remote control of set-points for active and reactive power
 Communication of current production and schedule
 Integration into Smart Grid operation
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Contents

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Overview of advanced grid support
and PV inverter features
• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Reactive power • cos(phi) = f(P)
control • cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)
Active power • Reduction of active power at over frequency

control • Active power feed-in at under frequency
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Grid management the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator
Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

support • Contribution to short-circuit current




Advanced grid support features of PV inverters
Reactive power: Basics and limitations
II I
Underexcited Q Underexcited
Active power feed-in
Power factor (cosφ)
Apparent power (VA) limitation (underexcited) Limited reactive power
limitation capability at low power
Working area for Working area for fixed

power factor reactive power (overexcited)
(underexcited)
P
Working area for
power factor Working area for fixed
(overexcited) reactive power (overexcited)
Load-reference
Active power (W) arrow system/
limitation Power factor (cosφ) consumer reference
limitation (overexcited)
frame (CRF)
III IV
Overexcited Overexcited
Active power feed-in
Page 10
Reactive power: Operational requirements
Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per

phase - Part 2: Connection to the MV distribution system
CLC/FprTS 50549-2:2011
Provision of reactive
power at low-voltage
required
Page 11
Reactive power control strategies
 Basic (local) reactive power control
 cosϕ = constant
 cosϕ = f(P)
 Q = f(U)
 Q = f(U,P)
 …
 Coordinated control (requires communication)
 cosϕ = remote setpoint
 …
 Selection criteria
 Characteristics of the electric grid (impedance, angle...)
 Grid losses
 Available control and communications infrastructure
Page 12 …
Reactive power control strategies: cosϕ = f(P)
 Requirement (default  Requirement (exemplary
characteristics) according to characteristics) according to
German LV Code: German MV Code:
Page 13
Reactive power control strategies: Q(U) and Q&P(U)
Qrel = 100%
(overexcited)
Qmax = 60%
U/Un
0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2
Q(U)& P(U)
Combination
0,93 1,07 1,12
-Qmax = -60%
Qrel = -100%
(underexcited) -100%
ΔP/PM
 Currently being tested in high-penetration PV demo projects

Page 14
Reactive power control: Specific aspects
 Reactive power balance issues
Gabriele Monfredini et al., PV inverter extended grid services – from “day-

with high PV penetration
 Overall PF decreases due to PV
feed-in (P goes down, Q demand
of load remains constant)
 Over-supply of reactive power
time” to “full-time” operation

during the night (low-load) in MV
cable grids
 Solution
 Provision of reactive power by
PV also during nighttime
 Some PV inverters already offer
necessary features
Page 15




Active power control/frequency control: Standard functions
 Reduction of active power at over-frequency
Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode – Overfrequency (LFSM-O)
 With or without hysteresis
 Active power feed-in at under-frequency

Active power control/frequency control: Extended functions
 Active power increase at under-frequency
Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode – Underfrequency (LFSM-U)
 Available in combination with local storage
Source: ENTSO-E Network Code for Source: Advanced Functions for DER Inverters
Requirements for Grid Connection Applicable to all Modeled in IEC 61850-90-7
Generators




Grid management
 Possibility for DSO to send setpoint values to generators
 Reduce the active power output or change the cos(phi).
 Guarantee grid stability in case of emergency situations or congestion
Distribution Grid Transmission Grid
Grid State
DSO TSO
~ Control signals
= (e.g. Power Limitation)
Control Centre
Demand for
power limitation
Control Centre
Grid management: Exemplary implementation
 Communication paths and protocols:
 Audio or radio frequency ripple control
 DNP3
 IEC 60870-5-104
 IEC 61850-90-7
www.fronius.com, Power Control Box
www.sma.de, Power Reducer Box
Source: www.sma.de, Power Reducer Box
Page 21




Dynamic grid support: „LVRT Low Voltage Ride Through“
 Wide area voltage dips due to faults in the transmission grid
 Threat: Simultaneous loss of several GW of PV (DR)
 Possible wide area black-out due to lack of generation
Source: Antony Johnson, National Grid

Page 23
Dynamic grid support: „Low/High Voltage Ride Through“
 Basic requirements
 Remain connected to grid  Provide reactive current
Source: Advanced Functions for DER Inverters Source: German Transmission Code
Modeled in IEC 61850-90-7
Page 24
Contents

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Smart PV inverters as key elements for
the integration of high penetration PV
 Main challenges
 Numbers and capacity of interconnected PV systems are increasing rapidly
 PV and other DR challenge traditional power system management
 Opportunities
 PV Inverters can be very powerful tools in managing the power system for
reliability and efficiency
 PV inverters are becoming quite “smart” and can perform autonomously
• sense local conditions of voltage levels, frequency deviations and
temperature,
• receive commands and signals, which allow them to modify their active
and reactive power output
► Providing access to these capabilities will be the key to improve system
reliability and efficiency and enable further deployment of PV.
26
Thank you very much for your attention!
Roland Bründlinger
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Wien, Austria
roland.bruendlinger@ait.ac.at
27

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Smart Inverter Technology for

International workshop on PV and the electricity grid

 Background – Changing role of PV inverters

 Advanced functions of PV inverters

 Summary & recommendations

 Background – Changing role of PV inverters

 Advanced functions of PV inverters

 Summary & recommendations

 Background – Changing role of PV inverters

 Advanced functions of PV inverters

 Summary & recommendations

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Active power • Reduction of active power at over frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Active power • Reduction of active power at over frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

Working area for Working area for fixed

Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per

 Currently being tested in high-penetration PV demo projects

Gabriele Monfredini et al., PV inverter extended grid services – from “day-

time” to “full-time” operation

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Active power • Reduction of active power at over frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

 Active power feed-in at under-frequency

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Active power • Reduction of active power at over frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

Distribution Grid Transmission Grid

= (e.g. Power Limitation)

www.fronius.com, Power Control Box

www.sma.de, Power Reducer Box

Source: www.sma.de, Power Reducer Box

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Active power • Reduction of active power at over frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

Source: Antony Johnson, National Grid

 Background – Changing role of PV inverters

 Advanced functions of PV inverters

 Summary & recommendations

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