1.1 ENERGY CONVERSION ‘The distinctive feature of our civilization todsy, one that makes it different from all osliers, is the wide use of mechanical power. At one time, the primary source of power for the work of peace or war was chiefly man’s muscles. Laler, animals were trained to help and afterwards tke wind and the running stream were hamessed. But, the great step was taken in this direction when man learned the art of energy conversion from one form to another. The machine which does this job of energy conversions called an. engire. 1.1.1 Definition of ‘Engine’ An chgine is a device which transforms one form of snergy into another form. However, while traasforming energy from one form to another, the efficiency of conversion plays an important role. Normally, most of the ‘engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and therefore they ace called ‘leat engines’, 1.1.2. Definition of ‘Heat Engine’ Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy ond utilizes this thermal onorgy to porform woful work, ‘Thus, thermal enersy is converted to mechanical energy in a heat engine. Heat engines can be broadly classified into wo categories: (3) Internal Combustion Engines (IO Bagures) (ii) External Combustion Engines (BC Engines) 1.1.3 Classification and Some Sasic Details of Heat Engines Engines whether Internal Combustion or External Combustion are of two types, vi(0 try enn (0) Rerocating ong A le anton of et ngs nF. Df he wa ou ype of et ages he tet et eds the eroeng ‘sera cota sop eg tribes he ea twine Tae ‘Scum ope evaely eed owe The epesting eral com ‘tc eine je sme tg ove the soa tin def oe ‘vom of bet cages in he pang of the mxkg Bs (tes {hd cdewers = stn tating pt) This out n'a sieale ‘Betas samp nod proved pom Ha cen fe neal Sabie ae aes che Fig 14 Chinon of Hat Bags Ancthrstatag ofthe recpntng ctl abn ioe ont the le fv Up hl eponhwik 8 gs Stress Slr te smn enprts of h wethin l ieee Ths benze te beh tempt te worling theejchpeaitoty es ery action ee Tee, very ip worn dtp nab ply res ne ‘betel ice Tere, i esl cuneate ebiency cn te ool il ode asin rrtg promo te he pea tee wg yower ate ns tha a, pla As bn pa ty paige utr ego of vey smal pet Cups (power expt en 8 ‘Ranie ofa kau) oi remember ear od eat “FsmStage feng potien ieatan culty te wepcaig comps Ao, kot pomble fo et ‘cia ie ta erie Only or une ft gen ‘Enon ea beige cd Tose Hearsay mon epee ‘Cong lhabr co the recpocatingrealcotin agar ne tn ed abn tame, eres ‘eos, powell sp SEE, ss Aa per thie ceca mal apa 1.44 Eternal Cmbution and ata Combusion Engines, tera comaton engines ae thom ia wish cnbutn eke oe ‘oui te eagae were nara cobain eng corton es fins titi these fo ean raster eng sam er Brat peed duc he combustion fod iam: ees ‘gb rare sear ws on at he uring id in 8 poet enor tse ae of pine oda engines, he roacto ombaton ced ye conf andthe eer th wg ‘a 12. BASIC ENGINE COMPONENTS AND NONENCLATURE ret tough ccceatng intel conan eae lok qos [Bo tay we Aghiycompler mario. Thee ark of compe a wih te parm th act station 1 eo pot power Thre ae eo type of agin, i, askin (5) sd ‘Eoveion gon (Henge ets ow go rough Ue lager ‘ive compouns and he smear see wth a gis. 4.21, Engine Componente A ce melon af sgl ene spuriigitonegie wth vein ‘alricahowsis Fig]. The aso sapone the engoe and eit ‘ncn ae bly dcibed bb CClinder Biode Tos cine Hoc he mae sapportng strcne Soresearoaesenponens. The ender la alto ep re ‘Se cope iy ed sine occas ed otal os fhecyiater bo. The de ad wn jie Rock are ovidd th ‘ter cette ene of watt ling wth oning Bin oe ae (a lolang. Cyne ead psa eget eomen pee ‘ok et epee tne ba bl it fo tbe elie ‘Mok oy amb of ble of ss Tho om putin oth eles ‘Meck sant aniae A cme cbedeuhetae ehh bomen up fe hiveng ii ated ton bottom of he rare "Te once (Sine ofthe lade tek whieh ei and ahd cate 0 ‘Sins sage eal bore liner» Aste ame inp ts yd el rpc wc "psn malar» rencntig motos Te vag vlan etd the Spader dog the pra te eae ed ih he rng "hid and amt deat Ueodynams roasThe et ‘xpoted in he eye: od. Pinon « Ie eniclcoupoont nd ito Ue elder ening (Geog boar fhe camention stom. Tle prey (00)onprin a= [Fe 12 Top an Bote Dna Cente ‘hey ae (Topo Conte (8 Botta Dd Cee (0) Tap Dead Cs (P.DO) 1 th ma ace when the it {ltt onthe crac Jee Siete se TOC twee ‘Segnaw ner Deal Cute (100) or broil ng (6) Bro Du Cee (BDC): ie a ets ant tae ‘vate tte sana deigtadw BDC br wren tgs Ouse Dead Gets (DC) fr rt ee iplacemest or Swipt Yolune (V)) + Tle seminal vane meet ‘te wekng pron nb oligo soca ete oe ter ‘ld hedge lune. Riso ates oFable stint (Gants by ant = Ee on Cable Capacity or Engin Copacky : The dpcona ore of ¢ ‘Stadt npc by suey fini anager ‘cy ot egoa uty. foe xan lar ae ee meee be eps =H ‘ChearaceVolue (i) Tein valu fh cousin ha raw he pe went te top el cae the eran ‘le: it dosed ar Wo So xyes Ina cnt ‘Compression Ravo())+ ea beraioetbe tl ona rlamewhee ‘Oo pEtar et he bt ad some, Yo crac ln, Ve eed by the ee 02) Ran engoe into werk acl that hat flows ee ofoperoes in neem ace The mye tats and cones ange {ee felewing wtih wing el ef bot tad Cl aie: 1s deci Eres though tlh gi bare ach conan he rt ‘tn damental dire ‘The cio weg te suk-gnitn eine gous to Neos A ‘ne (175) rsa empcieiton gine wa vet a Diet (02) Tree, they a on eel Yo a Oo ap a Dr cep. 134 four Stoke Spr: tien Engine 1a afouratoieegn, th fap teeta fa se fe ponte ree canal Ding eo ces, {hoe are Evens tobe compte sot prin, coh ‘ion expe aed erat. ote ont AP of raha tain and nceabarstoke gules cone aug Tefal ‘ttn. The cy of ceraion brane Surtete tongs Sos ie twas esis) etn inate) Sao: ‘ate (3) epanon comer sco od (9) ease ‘he ita of oa pean of ou-tokeqarkigntion gine witonehonc lve stesova afi (ed). Wiebe epoca {et vets todereleyce tach Sn dara vl bse owe rats UAOR a es Fig 1 Werling Price oa Re Sr IB8 aaa 1) Src tan Sok Su res Os! (18) ewer {Be pt tt op dt ene a stv oor Soma. 1 Theldet ae sper tha nea th at ve ct Rela Dee tote rutin mt yt nen oe oe fener bebe len cp og ofa ee ‘Seite Wh ate rea eee (nnn oe tah dee (0) Gps Ske Te hn io ir eg te ‘sn deepen ye tom ke ce pen 12, (hes) Droge ai i ct ad ecu ve ee ‘Shad ein, Fg La) The ie wih Ss te ne ie ‘iene pov Sena! sce vb AE ‘Mais ompooese ste ts sue abed ihe lp ‘paige arched aegis Utah sec arama nth pine na he op ‘al cote ah aang rc can be apc a tet sida a ental Deke te brane pom ‘Gal song oft Sieeamera te be! ey pong = Uhpetun rv sbve 200°C Greer 2— Fig Tepes ‘sat teen of einbason fees sms) ced ‘ion at se th (6) equi Poe St The ih pat of tart pe toate pine tomes oe EDO, (ten St) P15. Bh ‘ee cue pose, Fp) Ol ee ersten aly “hog istoke yore poco Doh pe ad emperart iene dng ena F ae Fg 14 Mel pY Digna oa Bor Se Bain (o) Beasofe: en endef asin ts onan Spon th net vue ets oe, Pi) Th rt {ie santero ep ate et ow pe Th at ‘sratavagtsntsetoton dod cate ip al et (ele FiO) Pe Saedome bebe pot fn eine aoe {Ciehonbers pom, Te ett we am be th an mas FDC, she solo eda at ant one esd (Boe pd beans ee mat eye "Pan ois us mw to Bch dre ong tin ‘Slag con, ering a el fe Eoh yi Hu ‘Eon engn ol hse ur pein ene ‘inion rvdtin che ata vos tng tt eon ‘Suey sre nt hese nun dye ot ‘Seis ani en 0 8 op ler soe fon te gas eal 2) ‘ot be esha jai lhe ht ete Groce ‘Sold te ata wr ponte Som Salle oll nig ‘Sela pV dagen Fe! 5) 122 Fo Ske Campin gn Ere “oe farts Cai art ests Ice (penta as et ger comron i, The cones ot renga etter Su ID ae br a Cheng ho 1810 Inet poe sng sez tee a aged ae mata Undead Dac te highcenprse i ele, cps ‘tend ote nage ste alee po te tb felis stad ett ono tue Ie Clog gh oad pa nda ner re pa je ett Etanisnclani Thecrtoract ain atemecny iat Slog east equitable ‘he lel ou opi fte etle Tenge ts weft tea hme mle rye le lye $ ‘\ JL (@)Saice —(Canpeson @ Exp (A Fig 18 Cpe of Opntonela Cl Bnge10 eine (0 Setoe Stoke: Ai hoe is ntl Aig the soe srk ining is eta va open an eae ve oe, Fett, (i) Compresion Stoke” Ai int ding ip mica sk com fee tna volume Doth mses rani ced ig tisk, Fig). (i) con Stee Fl netomat seey at thee of the (0) Babs Soe; Th pon teeing res BDC 2 TDC puto Gt roduc of cian. "The eka ave open a the tle veiled ing tha wo, Figg). Ta el pV bagasse LT ig 17 Kd pV Dig «Four Seo C1 Bagne ‘ov tog prs ia the yee of operon the Cie bas ‘ws gay thse St eget sect Ths ei ha CL ‘heinelag ha tan th egies omer basa tad ‘ey on aoe’ ofthe hh Smprein ra (ol aout 1m gut tow sia Seago 12. Comparion of Stand Cl Engines 1a ose cain, thre oo ower ot oct tm seve theca hear to rrdtool ‘cin are asa uti the pods of oman om ‘he er alg ih be Gah erg I spe cul be a eral yan alerosti rangement wi the ovement te pon, [STipactis conn pore! arr ey rans a te sasoh Ince the orp the egon one, bots Sts Ch ngs perating on furstle eee, pomecan board wal ewe eo ‘lt of the cana Sas both tod tenis av ich a ome, work to ‘ope hen bse citer pete ct lo wat, fot iadotin, compensa The seed sempre een ‘Tie 134 Two Stroke Eine Alen ecto he wo wap svi, the ution and ‘nent on er by asta aang ely wt ‘he monet of tb pos then the wl be a poe ke fo ech revit of the cake Iau a arranger eae Power ouptof teagan be old for i sane ped conte to Sout engl, Bad on ths ep, Dal Ck (17) cad the oto es, "i ostoha esis the ele completed ison sities of the cyatat ‘The ani rene beteeeerestne sad urls eo {hos te mind Slg th Hk care sed roving te are {hos fu the ender Ie the fost eis ts oefdonsa Deroy a pon ug ic er ‘gocinly faa twostrke eo, Sing pros scully (he chang compre rane bya wer Th Indah ‘ompesed charge move out the pola ef cote troughexit fet, "Tteee, no poe stoke wt mee fr thn eo opr ‘Tao acl ae sii 1 oapllethe pl tr menage ‘hth care a the te fr tga pow soe. ure LA thor on of the sng wnt ngins, the ceuteaesavenged ean Fg 10 stow th al nda ga ‘fstch anenie: The a or ge ined nth case ‘heen ded let ln whan theremin vee seduced ‘ne to peard modo the pn ig sopreion ce Ae he ‘rape adit, ip el ne el a. ‘Nea the a of teen toe Be pn aes the nt ponte the cys prac drops to step race we conbuon Prolarts tue tele Fate sevens te pon sco the {Sue pets, peng the py cmp hare he cae {Siete ain ye, Te op th ton baal ction ‘Scotia pr Tuer te dsp engage par te ne of So rts te pene te ek ‘charge fron Bowing diretly vo the extaust ports — Tae sane bee ca be has we pan dle stag te eo pe ase op nn of aa4 some be ina eee enon aya ta apes vith bse ly allopec,A ys tte SESE athe sont offs ste eg es iene deal treat cs uw pt of tenuis be ‘pte ona te. Ts ga pein fence ‘Tetortnie dnl wie rt fe fo the cts, Te ss solowof fial vib mt po ake dry ee Toe oss el age ge Mayo ‘het ene nl ongunrert cn hs er, Acinic OO ab teostle pues pineal wd wth grab ening {idbiotnges ssn ee none poner ae aie aera Cosa sf laentg al i ote Tages eto er expetae. Adal compres che Sh Eesartregn ovo 1 14 ACTUAL ENGINES ‘Aula if bow ib Me ie rn ots ESinrornton Tieidenor dap ate ke onset Fonte Bieta darane foward co ote al + ltmstae egies FasL.) and L108) reopen. ‘Teves poco eel he rpc ee 15 LaSsnIaTiON OF Ie ENGINES ‘enews odin mpi a ul aed co tb of er eum ele ope pe of lun, ml of ge ie 12 Campana a is md oS Ce egos Bekok fie “he patria ach ca a aoe ht ha pone Sa tegen [erences teetcmmpe Sneastss Seeiicrs ATS Pps ra of oman bee Pipe id scan ae aoe Teor ea cry mt ‘reve ‘and cen ea ag eee wiiters bom tb, Trost Be ‘oe nein ote ua Tas peri ld voses ae ‘oka, pe sen Sane veep ort bene pon egos ge nd a ‘on ge cna ace Seem Ha act ‘Trtnteguarhneae rt (Sy pou ne to ge at sr ores eat sheer nie Sow tecimcretn ty Sehaoe co bee tora ae —__ pe ma moran wm ‘pc sem me adid ig 110 Act nano grass wot et Prue St Bao pink, we nn pt naga ring 151 Geeof Option Asding by ort, Cg eit to (Comat we a adn de ie nese Ik ‘ae el Sprite sine, Se Cason eae (0 Coonan eames bat ston cee Dl ee ean EES SS Stein sgn Ceo oD 152 Tyee ot rd ed Bae tye lf wd engines we ied 0) Yognes wing vole av tls to ean, secs, ‘Tirta gertiy nd itu hen ahmogeoou Care a seamen int inn yi he Stet ym eacaly eed pth se ee hn ea ae (8) goes ng ou fil nara, iui Pele Gat (EBS) bit force a ad bon Vieclinoe tut onues ge estima eg uafay Bebe ~ ha! ome ao set ae —— Sa conleent nibtoe hoe Sel Ger Pratl poles cokes, ak Guts Chose CylnieReoe Eee Geo CA rg 111 Case nee Comat ign24 reas {2 fetpotn naa tbc te fa i te Catstoe dombe: vie fre a a cometag cenal evry ‘Hef ino nthe Uri et coy canna be totaly ee or SEE Ete amen agen sna the sgn sa, the ‘Stan an ds fo rein The eaten whit cnvetd fo Pome SEES ges dnd he nated poe, ani iad t ive the pts hn sore reps by Or eo th pon panes SLE i coment toe taut che aneleion Dore (Me cncrgybaee Gu bie Soe, ping lew Te ion, (Stl kr egy wale ted in ving the icy devs {AE a pon, meme ton ten eT te al ‘ae trate pb omy bane, poral, edo owe ok wn apesly Gcaam hoaaly ths ery acount i ees, Coa sean oe |. ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ‘The csineperfomasce nated ty wn eine, Fv inp (is come tad oer sett eng erate rts er an i) edad eral ey (na) (i) Bese tema een (ma) (GG) Mecanial een (= fi). Vous ey is) (a). Raluivestiecy o Ecc aio) (3) Nets posure im (ra). Mes pen spend ¢ (8). Spee power owes ray “i. Spee nt eoxnamtion a) (3) Ricans Mach oder a (3), Botte fiero (e/a are) G2) Caer of te en Praure chow the dineammatcrepesentasion of ery ib eas ein 18.1 Indeed Terma Enc (5) Iedeate Sera iceny tbe rte of gy te et me, {pote ap fo ey open ni 0 a RIX ea a ¥ aa di : Hoot a * ee aL Ay . ; a 7 own | Pig 118 Ronrgy Darton 1.82 ata Thr tiny (run) Bk torent ie the rai of ere i he rae om, 8 ‘helap ery 6 appropiate me Oy ° Nas off care wawettiel 13 Melanie Ekin (5) nace ey ed oi a pmer(dbee or (ote ined pone oid eth pa) , eae Bae oo fe 9h wn ae eid hi of ke ory the LBA Veumetie Een (a) scare che Peer tert it eee ‘iron ce poe xp of ego cin mab he {oak in 8 uch sir a8 poaib.26 10 haga Whumacc cen ied a be oe ra of a io the Intake eters dod Up Cae at wth ole paced by the me vcs as) wher leh let desty ‘As dlartive lal estonia icy 8 <= «) chs roe of flow rca fo tains sound 2 ‘te nar ow pita he one a ety te sare th proing of heen et tam. eta = het Tey sar ut ele ney opto the ugg peenmence ft i ort ad a oy. “Te oral mea lt floc a fal rl er ene laperman 8D oH6% whee ar lenge mee 8 0 3 Gas gin ve usher masa loys pou pls 1.5 Relative icine EMiceney Rtn) ev ein o enya i te ratio of hema fir fa {va letra tthe sole Toler ey wl Intoe wich ates te degre dewiopont tee wa) 1.05, Mean Etetve Prose (>a) Mea sfcive rane He eerage es In the dr fw Inteal eeouion spas a on eta esi owe oa pt ison ar al pene ine Por pats eg ‘lotng a pe sd over cpa thr lb se ‘iewnd a sce psu, imap ae corrapondiog Ye om ‘fv pean ep Tuy te dese fom teed snd tale ews reply. Foe detain ae Caper Taste poe be Sowa tbe a aay) be, the eden ee one pecs ewan a sree wen tae aay “say ele en ier ny nls poner Indes meu ace pene (N/a) ap athe sc (8) ‘Sov of the pon (a ‘Ee ene mite om) yr tala and N fr 2a oa = nba eyiere Antes way ppg he ned mean te posta ‘rom te haan nr neste gran (PY dig) Tes Kk Teg ofthe instr dagen ert ng tender diagram i given by he erence teen Uhetitl woube ude cee lame LRT Maan Piton Speed i) ‘Ar pont panetr in gine appxions is he en tonsa 3p lined aL her te eke and se rata ed of beeen pm Tey be ste at ifn ae apropos ‘ottona speed fr ely engine barn a nto of oud ‘sane 9 ow inte te nine or tee ont he en of the tong prt i he ina yo itn Bt Ibe Ae ‘Sse sue prt th ihr en an lee san reg th ower nd fe ages pan sp. 1.8 Specie Per Outpe (2,) Spc poner out ofan gin i afd the peer oupa e it ‘Sue poton wen ren of yet ie "The pce pone cn be ‘nea ton Se Specie poner ous, Pp b/A ax = matt tam <3 (215)28 Lene Asante rn he pci power ut cone ft emt i he tales! cops stewie rw Tis ‘Sin pte upaceen se npn oie ring a pb ed ‘i pret spec cp ecw ta the ata ge {le be lamer by sera ata the ela he ey ese {he sod moos len in suchas ene a os sae ‘tines Re ince the bey beta He eau rn ‘fe id th wine se Sealed = eage iade LAS Spice Fue Consumption (6) “The fn cneumptice ction copie az eer expel ie ems clapocs fl eaunpso logan fd per wat hat Tis erat ps ht eco ord heen eben te vs neely porta te rl eaecy of age sion el oan pes ot ime a) ese psi fee cusped inated pei fu consangcan stereo oe ein pee esmptns ohe a ipa promot 1.850 ne Wate Mae ns (2) Tn arcmin nit Sow ft are tbe pl thu te neice ping wc wring argh ton eer Al, {uaa ur ny rough saa tel yh fos ie ‘ry Tins us ay aly nt We ewig oun, fs au) “= ae ox ee = mel hou hike vale uate tow aes fy = Hoare, En a ve opening ae GT See case 2 . 4% - (ty) 2 a whee b= one sameter D, ee mbvedanee Te 2 mea pando peemreesecg (Gt se area fw coe 2S ete nosh index argent of expert he bn cc on CFR el der rce ipacn tar att nn pp gt aed se ining nt ued umpranion rt, bt rai ne ae dancer [nde Tero re gute corenig arpa leprae (Merten aruge Maes norareraneand Tron Pete oth ‘otoe tare mime vec ccna ait ‘Mich mabe of 53. Thre, egne dirs mst ake are his {itor wget emus lance cee rear poe oa (9 og wie ue Sb ee we | “ibang we gn 06 ag 0s 86-07 OF 09 1D TP 13 sete Mater @) ‘ig 120 Int Valve Ma Inder AML Fach A (/) or AF Rai (4/F) ‘oe reive open he fia in he ee ey inptant {Ea ti stipe costs he inc of ecg Dr ‘oranda a fe ma ote fl oat thei ae Tn te Sc he ht rat ply eine conan 9 erage of operat. n Cen te set the ou ot “Tey wut ut ve ety wih aad. The {hee lat eo gneiss of if ‘A mature that cons ut naga conte combina te Sa the mare weal aces cet sont ‘Seaue A sure hang nore fos th thas i emily et ‘ates termed reel mare ate th estas ht al3010 Pmeioes exceen ais) lg called 9 lesn mixture. The ratio of sctual factair ratio to SESE cte mochair ratio is enlied equivalence ratio are is denoted Dy & Accouall Roel ait ratio Siaichivmnetrie fact air Aceardingly, @ = 1 means rtichiometcic (ehemically coreect) mixture, 6 Imonzs rich mitre. * = easy L812 Catorific Vatue (CVI (Galorific value of w furl is the thermal energy released per tnt quantity of te fost when the fud ie burned completoly amd the products of combustion Gre cocked back to the initial temperature of the Shnaitle mugure, Other terms weed for the calorie value are eas hg walus and beat of combustion. When the peoduris af combustion are cooled to 25°C practically all the water sapocr seauiting frare the combustion petcsss is condessnd. Che [eating value sc obtained ie called the lagker caloric walur or procs salocafic SERPS 'hoch crue lower or met calorie value Ia tive heat released when TREE Tipour in ene peodiucts of combustion la mot condensed apd romaine in tbe vapour form. 1S DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DATA Ragine ratings usually indicate the highest power sf which manisfacturces ESET choir products to give satisfactory econotay, reliability, acd durabil- PEELE Ree Gtasticas. Maninem torque, end Ube speed at whieh & WDaciserea, nine ueually given. Since bati of these quantities depend oo Sheplaced volunes, for comparssive analyein betwoen engines of dilferocrt cis Plscoments in a given ongine category normalised perSarmasice parameters (Ree more use Typical devige and performance data for ST and Cl engines mck tn eitsatie appicstions are summarized & Table 4. The four-stroke eycle Gemiinatel Geecpt in the susaliect and largest eegines. The lancer engines are usvochareed or out igre manxicninm fated engine opeod decrenses Sotmeine tise sacreuses, maintaining the muximsmn mean piaton sped i tho ESBEG neue sto 18 m/s. The maximum brake mean eilocuive prescre Ex Nirbccharget cod supercharged engines is higher than for anturally ‘Shettind eugincs. Bocnasr she maximum fuelair vatio foe SE engines 6 Mth than fee Cl engines, thetr asturally aqplzated mami bmep Hevels Ror'Glueor As tke engine sae ancreners, brake specific fuel consumption SLM aed ht consension efficioney toereases due to she rerticed. hea Hauer and fricuon. For the lange Cl engines, brake thermal efficiencies of Tout 40% and indicated thermal eiicencies of abaut SOP can be obeained im tnoddern: eases,