Original Research

Advances in Structural Engineering

2019, Vol. 22(7) 1579–1590
Structural health–monitoring system Ó The Author(s) 2018
Article reuse guidelines:
for roof structure of the Dalian sagepub.com/journals-permissions
DOI: 10.1177/1369433218819572

gymnasium journals.sagepub.com/home/ase

Hongnan Li1,2, Chaolin Yuan1 , Liang Ren1 and Tao Jiang1

Abstract
The roof of Dalian gymnasium was designed in the form of suspen-dome structure. A structural health–monitoring system has been
developed for the roof structure to guarantee the safety condition during construction process as well as in future service. In this arti-
cle, a monitoring scheme was proposed in detail according to the mechanical characteristics of the roof structure. Fiber Bragg grating
sensors, inclinometers, and accelerometers were applied to measure necessary structural information. In order to interrogate differ-
ent types of sensors, a novel data acquisition device of the structural health–monitoring system was also introduced and has achieved
multitudinous physical variable synchronization acquisition. By analyzing the data obtained during the construction and normal opera-
tion of the gymnasium, the structural health condition was evaluated and the structural damage could subsequently be located.

Keywords
data acquisition device, fiber Bragg grating sensors, finite element method, structural health–monitoring system, suspen-dome
structure

Introduction life-cycle (Cigada et al., 2010; Giurgiutiu and Cuc,

Recent years in China, a large amount of large-span
spatial structures have been built such as gymnasiums
and convention centers due to their advantages of
long-span, lightweight, and innovative design (Li
et al., 2015). These structures, are supposed to be sub-
jected to human-induced vibrations apart from the
impacts of natural conditions like earthquakes and
storms (Ren et al., 2016). If the structure has a local
damage, it is of possibility to cause structural failure
leading to casualties and property loss. The situation
may be even worse when the structure is still under
construction. Due to the disparity between a finite ele-
ment (FE) model and a real engineering structure, such
as simplification of the boundary conditions, in the
majority situations, the simulation results are unable
to accurately explain the real mechanical behavior of
the large-span structure. Thereby data acquired by the
structural health–monitoring (SHM) system consist-
ing of sensor sub-system, data acquisition sub-sys-
tem, and data processing sub-system are to some
extent of great value as a reference to conduct a fur-
ther research and modify the theoretical model (Li
and Li, 2002). Therefore, it has now become more
and more significant to utilize SHM system on
the large-span spatial structures during their whole
2005; Kang et al., 2003; Montalvao et al., 2006; Wu
and Fujino, 2005).
In the early eighties of the last century, domestic
and overseas studies about SHM system were mainly
focused on applications for bridges (Brownjohn et al.,
1994; Ko and Ni, 2005; Li et al., 2003b, 2008; Pines
and Aktan, 2002; Sumitoro et al., 2001). A total of 40
fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors divided into three
arrays were used on the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong
Kong as the sensor sub-system to monitor the safety
condition of the bridge (Chan et al., 2006). The main
progress and problems that existed in the establishment
of the SHM system designed for the Yangtse River
Bridge in China were systematically discussed (Li et al.,
2003a). Meanwhile, as the building technology devel-
ops, super-tall structures have been constructed all over
the world which relieves the pressure caused by the
shortage of land resources. A complete SHM system
1
Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology,
Dalian, China
2
Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:
Chaolin Yuan, Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of
Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
Email: chaolinyuan@mail.dlut.edu.cn
1580 Advances in Structural Engineering 22(7)

has been applied on the 600-m tall Canton tower (Su

et al., 2014; Xia et al., 2014). Data were collected to
analyze and evaluate the structural safety condition.
Accelerometers, displacement gauges, and strain sen-
sors were applied on Shanghai Tower to study struc-
tural behavior during construction (Zhang et al., 2013).
But compared to bridges and super-tall structures,
studies of health monitoring of suspen-dome structure
are relatively less due to the requirements of monitor-
ing multiple parameters such as acceleration, cable
force, and inclination of supports (Li et al., 2011).
During the last decade, large-span spatial structures
were built and corresponding researches have been con-
ducted. Initial practical progress has been made for
Figure 1. Components of the gymnasium roof structure.
grid structures by employing SHM system on Civil
Center in Shenzhen China (Zheng et al., 2007). The
anchorage dynamometers, vibration wire transducers,
other cultural activities held in the gymnasium. The
and vertical displacement gauges were installed on the
overall floor area of Dalian gymnasium is about
roof steel structures of the National Stadium to moni-
81,000 m2 allowing for 18,000 spectator capacity with
tor cable force, member strain, and displacement,
a total height of 41.26 m. The stand of the gymnasium
respectively (Qin et al., 2009). Gauges based on the
is a five-story reinforced concrete frame structure, on
FBG sensing technique and electromagnetic induction
top of which is the roof made of steel structure. The
were applied to monitor the strain of rigid rods and
roof with 145.4 m in span is suspen-dome structure
cable force separately during the steel structure installa-
and shaped like a spheroid. The upper part of the roof
tion of the Jinan Olympic Sports Center (Zhou, 2010).
is truss work, and the bottom part is cable system con-
Generally speaking, the most important part of an
sisting of circumferential cable, radial cable, and struts
SHM system is the data acquisition device which is in
(Figure 1).
charge of not only signal collection but also signal
The structure of the suspen-dome roof was compli-
interrogation. But as mentioned above, there are many
cated. Therefore, the construction was difficult to pro-
types of sensors, and they can be divided into two cate-
ceed with many risks. For safety reasons, SHM system
gories: one category is optic fiber sensor (Glisic and
was designed for the roof structure mainly monitoring
Inaudi, 2003) and the other one is electronic sensor
the stress changes of key components, vibration of the
including accelerometers, inclinometers, and so on. The
whole structure, and deformation of the supports.
problem of the existing SHM system was that the data
Accordingly, the structural response under any circum-
acquisition device was deficient in its signal collection
stance can be analyzed to provide technical supports
ability of both optic fiber sensors and electronic sensors
estimating the safety condition of the gymnasium.
synchronously (Dong, 2009; Zhou et al., 2016).
Therefore, in this work, a new data acquisition device
was developed to solve this problem. Monitoring scheme
This article first briefly introduced the structure
information of the Dalian Gymnasium. Then a moni- Monitoring parameters
toring scheme was proposed in detail for the gymna- The first step of establishing an SHM system is to
sium preventing from structural failure. A new way of define the objects of monitoring. According to the
measuring cable force using FBG sensors was also pre- characteristic of the suspen-dome roof structure of the
sented. After that the hardware and function of the Dalian gymnasium, the measurands of the SHM sys-
data acquisition device were discussed. The construc- tem are listed as a result of the following discussion.
tion progress of pre-tensioning and a load application Strain describes the local state of deformation in
were monitored, the measured results of which have continuous bodies. Moreover, as one of the most
been analyzed and concluded. basic mechanical parameter of a structure, it can make
great contribution to damage localization and load
identification.
General information of the gymnasium
Due to the long span of the roof structure, from the-
Dalian gymnasium and its ancillary facility are the oretical point of view, the deflection in the mid span is
most important projects of the Dalian sports center. supposed to be large. This would result in the inclina-
Until now, there have been more than 10 concerts and tion changes of the supports.
Li et al. 1581

Figure 2. Sensor locations.

Ambient vibration is of crucial importance to deter-

mine the dynamic property of a structure. In addition,
acceleration measurements are quite common in the
assessment and control of structural dynamics.
To determine the locations of sensors, a FE model
is established. Therefore, specific monitoring scheme is
presented as follows:

 Strain change of the cable;

 Strain change of the struts;
 Strain change of critical members;
 Inclination of the supports; Figure 3. Installation diagram of fiber Bragg grating sensors.
 Local vibration of the structure.

lB = 2nL ð1Þ
Monitoring scheme and sensor disposition
More than 200 sensors were installed on the roof struc- The environmental change induces the wavelength
ture of the gymnasium to monitor various parameters change of reflected light. Hence, the strain can be pre-
including FBG sensors, inclinometers and acceler- sented by
ometers (Figure 2).
e = KDlB ð2Þ

Stress measurement of chord members. Based on the FBG
sensing technology, fiber optic sensors were designed
and developed to monitor various physical quantities
such as strain and temperature with the advantages of
light weight, high accuracy, and high resistance to elec-
tromagnetic interference.
Light propagates through the gratings with negligible
signal variation. Only those wavelengths that satisfy the
Bragg condition are affected and strongly back-reflected.
The center wavelength of the reflected light lB is decided
by the grating period L and the effective index n
where e is the strain, K is the sensitivity coefficient of
sensors, and DlB is the wavelength change.
The cross-section of the truss work was in the shape
of an inverted triangle. The strain variation of chord
members was monitored by FBG sensors (Figure 3).
Due to concerns of a cross sensitivity between strain
and temperature, an FBG temperature sensor was
mounted by the side of each FBG strain sensor for
temperature compensation. The Young’s modulus of
the members is 210 GPa, on the basis of which the
stress of the members can be then determined.
1582 Advances in Structural Engineering 22(7)

Measurement of support inclination. Under certain condi-

tions, small displacement and inclination are allowed
for the supports of the gymnasium to release the vibra-
tion energy. Displacement and inclination of the sup-
ports change along with the deformation or vibration
of the structure. Uniaxial inclinometer using current
output module was adopted to monitor the inclination
of the supports
 
Iout  Io
a = arcsin ð3Þ
K

where a is the inclination, Iout is the output current, Io
is the output current of the initial status, and K is the
sensitivity of the sensor.
Vibration measurement. The modal parameters were
acquired by the accelerometers installed on the roof
structure of the gymnasium to assist analyzing the
structural dynamic characteristics which could predict
the dynamic response.
Monitoring method of the cable system and measure point
disposition. Due to the large span of the roof structure,
cable system consisting of circumferential cables, radial
cables, and struts were built beneath the truss to reduce
the internal force and deflection of the central area
(Figure 4). The cable system was important to the
whole structure. In order to enhance the stiffness of
the cable system, proper pre-stress was applied so that
the structure would have the ability to undertake exter-
nal load and support the truss structure. From the
above, monitoring the pre-tension process of the cable
system was necessary for safety construction.
The whole pre-tension process was divided into four
stages as follows. Stage 1 applied 10% of the designed
value on all of the radial cable which just straightened
the radial cable from relaxing status. As a result, there
was no strain changes monitored during this stage.
Stages 2, 3, and 4 applied 50%, 70%, and 105% of the
designed value on the radial cable, respectively. An FE
model was built to simulate the last three stages of the
pre-tension process. Figure 5 shows the cable force dis-
tribution in each stage. Based on the finite element
method (FEM) results, the monitoring scheme for
cable system is presented in Figure 6.
In order to monitor the cable force, FBG sensors
were installed on the anchor instead of the cable con-
sidering the fact that the cable consisted of steel strand
and an outside steel tube. There existed a linear rela-
tionship between the strain of the anchor and that of
the cable within the elastic range. Using epoxy, the
FBG sensor was glued on the anchor to monitor the
change of cable force.
Figure 4. Cable system of the roof structure.
The relation between cable force DF and wavelength
of the sensor can be obtained according to equation (1)
and FBG sensor working principle (Li and Ren, 2008;
Yi et al., 2011)
DF = GDlB ð4Þ
where G is the sensibility coefficient of the cable force,
and DlB is the center wavelength change of FBG
sensor.
After the FBG sensor has been installed on the
anchor, the cable was tensioned in the manufacturing
factory. The sensibility coefficient of the cable force
was 5.34 kN/nm calibrated through the tension test.
The sensitivity coefficient was also closely related
with the install location of FBG sensors because the
inappropriate location of the sensor would lead to
measurement error. The von Mises stress nephogram
of anchor is given in Figure 7 simulated by FE analysis
software ANSYS. In order to get large sensitivity coef-
ficient, sensors were installed on the pivot area where
local stress concentration exists.
Data acquisition device of the SHM
system
In the field of SHM, various kinds of new sensors such
as FBG sensors and electronic sensors have been devel-
oped to satisfy the requirement of sensing a quantity of
physical parameters (Park et al., 2006). A special
designed data acquisition device was in great demand
to acquire signals from polytypic sensors to implement
the function of data processing and structural safety
evaluation. In order to take the ability of SHM for
large-span structures, it was required that the data
acquisition device should be specified with the follow-
ing goals according to the architectural characteristics:
1. Due to the complexity of the large-span struc-
tures, parameters such as stress, acceleration,
Li et al. 1583

Figure 5. Cable force distribution during the pre-stress process.

Figure 6. Monitoring scheme for cable system.

1584
Figure 7. Finite element analysis for the anchor and FBG
sensors installation.
inclination, and deformation needed to be
obtained with the aid of different types of
sensors.
2. Usually, the large-span structures were gigantic
which required numerous sensors to cover the
key members. In this project, there were in total
200 FBG sensors and 90 electronic sensors
including inclinometers and accelerometers.
More importantly, the data acquisition device
had to guarantee the synchronization of data
acquisition and data sampling of so many
sensors.
Figure 8. The picture of the sensing channels of the data acquisition device.
Figure 9. The principle of the data acquisition device.
Advances in Structural Engineering 22(7)
3. For the harsh engineering environment, the
SHM system needed to keep regular work effi-
ciency, stability, and durability to fulfill the
long-term task from the construction stage.
As mentioned above, there needed to be three dif-
ferent types of sensors to get the safety status of the
roof structure. However, the fiber optic sensors signal
and the electric signal were usually incompatible in
one data acquisition device. Not to mention, it was
required to apply the SHM system on the structure
from the beginning of the construction with all kinds
of difficulties to overcome such as power supply. The
general solution of this problem now is the simulta-
neous use of more than one data acquisition unit in
order to collect all the desired measurements.
According to these requirements in actual engineer-
ing projects, a data acquisition device (Figure 8) has
been researched and designed, which realizes the high
level of synchronous integration of the signals of FBG
sensors and electronic sensors which include current,
voltage, and so on for the roof structure of the Dalian
gymnasium. Figure 9 illustrates the working mechan-
ism of this device. Several modules collected the signal
of optic sensors and electronic sensors. The sampling
frequency of acceleration was usually much higher
than those of strain and inclination. The sampling fre-
quency of acceleration was 512 Hz to capture the
structural dynamic response. But only meaningful
vibration information was recorded in order to save
storage space. Therefore, redundant information was
Li et al.
Table 1. The specific parameter of the data acquisition device.
Resolution Accuracy Protocol
1 pm 62 me TCP/IP
FBG: fiber Bragg grating.
Figure 10. The picture of the demodulation module for electronic sensors.
filtered such as ambient noise. The strain and inclina-
tion mainly depict the quasi-static process, and resam-
pling algorithm was adopted to decrease the sampling
rate to 20 Hz for strain and inclination measurements.
Within each module, there was a real-time clock creat-
ing a time-stamp. When data from multiple acquisition
sources were to be combined, a universal timer with
built-in 40 MHz clock installed in the field program-
mable gate array (FPGA) accurately synchronized all
the individual clocks in the measurement modules.
Time synchronization was 25 ns. Afterwards, the
obtained data were transferred to a buffer waiting for
instructions from a real-time controller. The transmis-
sion control protocol/Internet protocol enables the
data acquisition device to communicate with the calcu-
lation terminal. At last, the monitoring results were
processed to evaluate the structural safety condition.
In Table 1, specific parameter of the data acquisi-
tion device is given. The characteristics of this device
are summarized in detail as follows:
1. In this project, a swept laser source with higher
power and lower noise instead of the broad-
band source enabled the data acquisition device
to lengthen the sensing distance up to 20 km,
interrogating the FBG signal. Meanwhile, the
measurable wavelength range was 80 nm from
1510 to 1590 nm. Every channel of the 15 FBG
channels can measure up to 100 sensors con-
nected in series in one single fiber. The swept
laser source possessed the advantage of better
repeatability and accuracy without the need for
periodic recalibration.
2. As for the electronic sensors (current signal,
voltage signal, etc.), the demodulation module
1585
Bandwidth FBG channel Electronic sensor channel
80 nm 15 48
is shown in Figure 10. The integrated circuit
board supported the demodulation for bridge
circuit, IEPE signal, voltage signal, and current
signal. The adjacent channel isolation could
reach up to 50 dB, and this module had the
hardware-level filtering and noise reduction.
3. In this device, the built-in modules acquiring
signals of FBG sensors and electronic sensors,
respectively, were controlled by FPGA. Unlike
processors, FPGAs were truly parallel in
nature, so different processing operations did
not have to compete for the same resources.
Each independent processing task, such as data
acquisition of acceleration and strain, was
assigned to a dedicated section of the chip,
and can function autonomously without any
influence from other logic blocks. As a result,
the performance of one part of the application
was not affected when more processing was
added.
4. The real-time controller was embedded in this
device with industrial-scale stability, in which
equipped with an industrial processor in charge
of multi-rate management for data acquisition
and data transmission from FPGA to computing
terminal through Transmission Control (TCP)/
Internet Protocol (IP) protocol for further data
processing and structural safety assessment.
In further data processing on the calculation termi-
nal, the criterion for structural safety assessment was
compiled in the program. For strain measurement of
critical members, the safety evaluation was done by
comparison of the monitoring results with the steel
material strength to ensure the loading capacity. With
1586
Figure 11. Percentages of cable force monitored at each stage
that contribute to the designed value.
regard to cable force measurement, the system com-
pared the measured loads with the designed value.
Analysis of the monitoring results
Analysis of the monitoring results of cable system
during the pre-tension construction process
Proper pre-stress for the cable system could enlarge
the stiffness of the cable system such that the structure
possesses enough carrying capacity. Radial cable was
tensioned after the pre-tension construction of circum-
ferential cable finished. Considering the fact that there
was a limited number of tension equipment, each stage
was carried out ring by ring to ensure the uniformity
of the tension distribution. The tension construction
lasted for 9 days in the process of which the SHM sys-
tem was used to monitor the cable force. Parts of the
monitoring results are listed as follows.
Monitoring results of radial cable. Figure 11 shows the
percentages of cable force monitored at each stage that
Figure 13. Stress time-history of Z1-1 strut in second stage of cable tensioning.
Advances in Structural Engineering 22(7)
Figure 12. Stress changes of struts at each stage.
contribute to the designed value, as it can be seen from
which that all the cable forces fail to reach 50% of the
designed value at stage 2. Considering the friction loss
and interaction in the cable system, it was normal and
acceptable, and that was the reason for applying 105%
of the designed value at stage 4. However, when the pre-
tension construction was completed, sensor installed on
cable 20 showed the cable force was about 100 kN less
than the designed value. Thorough inspections have
been carried out for the cable. This situation could be
probably caused by manual operation error due to the
fact that the tension equipment was manually operated.
Hence compensation was made for cable 20 to reach the
designed value. The error between monitored cable force
and target value at each stage was less than 10%.
Monitoring results of struts. Stress changes of struts at
each stage during the pre-tension construction process
are illustrated in Figure 12. The absolute maximum
stress change was 29.748 MPa less than the yield
strength 310 MPa.
Each end of the strut was equipped with one FBG
strain sensor. The wavelength time-history of Z1-1
strut in the second stage of pre-tension process is given
Li et al.
Figure 14. Inclination time-history of No. 34 support in pre-
tension process.
in Figure 13. The struts were designed to be a two-
force rod, meaning they should only be subjected to
axial load. However, the wavelength changes of these
two sensors indicated that one end of strut Z1-1 was in
tension, while the other one was in compression.
Hence, it could be deduced that the strut suffered from
both axial load and moment at the same time, which
was contrary to the assumption. Generally speaking, if
a two-force rod was subjected to a bending moment, it
reduced the loading capacity of the member and buck-
ling could probably occur. According to this situation,
the theoretical model has been modified to take
moment into consideration for stress redistribution in
strut analysis.
Monitoring results of inclination. When the radial cable
was tensioned causing that the truss structure raised
up. The maximum inclination change during these
9 days of No. 34 support was 0.914°, which satisfied
the inclination limit 1.5° required by theoretical model
analysis (Figure 14).
Figure 15. Vibration monitoring results of accelerometer AB1.
1587
Monitoring results of vibration. During the construction
process, the SHM system sent out an alert caused by
an unexpected blasting near the construction site
which was captured by the accelerometers. In Figure
15, the signal is analyzed in both time domain and
frequency domain. The peak acceleration of the
vibration was 0.17g, and the maximum response fre-
quency was around 15 Hz. Due to insufficient infor-
mation of the excitation source, it could only be
assumed that either the frequency of the local struc-
ture or the excitation source was 15 Hz. It indicated
that the SHM system could reflect the vibration
information of the structure.
The fundamental frequency calculated by the FE
model was 1.92 Hz. By analyzing the structural
responses to ambient vibration, the identified funda-
mental frequency was 2.5 Hz. The reason was that
after the construction, the second ring of the truss sys-
tem was reinforced once. The nodal stiffness of the sec-
ond ring was revised in the FE model, and the
fundamental frequency was 2.547 Hz agreeing well
with the monitored result.
Analysis of the monitoring results after construction
has been completed
The monitoring system has been switched on from the
beginning of pre-tension construction. Part of the mon-
itoring results acquired through analyzing the monitor-
ing data is as follows after the construction process has
been completed.
Long-term monitoring results. The FBG sensors were
mounted on the key chord members in order to get
structural health information in real time. Figure 16
shows the strain variation of parts of the chord mem-
bers for 77 days from October to early January. There
1588
Figure 16. Strain variation from October to January.
was nearly no strain changes for the first 25 days.
Afterwards, the local temperature began to decline gra-
dually leading to the contraction of the steel structure.
This explained the increase in compressive strain in this
period. From day 53, the gymnasium suffered from a
strong wind lasting for 5 days, as a result of which the
strain of most members suddenly decreased. During
this period, the maximum stress change was
14.54 MPa, indicating that the structure was still under
safe condition.
Monitoring results of load application on roof
structure. During the operation period, an extra truss
structure was added (Figure 17). Roof structure
designed primarily for distributed loads must be
checked locally for point loads. So load applications
were carried out on the roof structure divided into
three stages: 20, 35, and 40 tons of weight. These loads
were applied separately on the truss structure hoisted
on the roof structure. The three-dimensional (3D)
Figure 17. Truss frame and strain distribution displayed in 3D model.
Advances in Structural Engineering 22(7)
model display method showed the distribution of
strain on the whole roof structure, indicating that the
load application only affected the adjacent structures
and the entire roof was still under safe condition.
In Figure 18, the strain time-history is given out of
all the three stages, respectively. At the first stage, it
could be seen that in the end, the strain was restored to
initial status due to the fact that after the first 20 tons
of weight has been applied, the truss frame descended
to the ground again. During this period, the maximum
stress change was 6.5 MPa. The added truss structure
made small influence on the roof.
Conclusion
The measurement system has been successfully operat-
ing for nearly 2 years, during which the system has
been updated once. The obtained data was used to
evaluate the safe condition of the roof structure.
Conclusions are as follows:
1. The data acquisition device of the SHM sys-
tem applied on roof structure of the Dalian
gymnasium could measure signals from vari-
ous types of sensors such as optical fiber sen-
sors and electronic sensors synchronously in
real time.
2. Data have been stored for the stress time-
history of key members. During the pre-tension
construction process, the cable system was ana-
lyzed. The difference between monitored cable
force and designed value at each stage was less
than 10%.
3. During the operation period, the truss work
was monitored for load application and long-
term monitoring results were also analyzed.
The results indicated that the structure was
under safe condition.
Li et al.
Figure 18. Monitoring results of load application of all three
stages.
Acknowledgements
The acquisition modules in the data acquisition device devel-
oped in this work was manufactured by National
Instruments.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this article.
ORCID iD
Chaolin Yuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5879-5211
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