Hospital Building Civil Project

PLANNING, DESIGNING AND
ANALYSIS OF HOSPITAL BUILDING
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
BOOPATHI.M (090104302005)
GANESHRAM.V (090104302011)
RAKESH.M (090104302033)
MOHANKUMAR.R (100404302011)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ERODE - 638 057
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2012
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “PLANNING, DESIGNING AND

ANALYSIS OF HOSPITAL BUILDING” is the bonafide work of
BOOPATHI.M(090104302005),GANESHRAM.V(090104302011),
RAKESH.M(090104302033),MOHANKUMAR.R(100404302011)”who
carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr.K.M.Gopalalakrishnan.M.E.,(Ph.D) Ms.L.Mekala, M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Civil Engineering Assistant Professor/Civil
Erode Sengunthar Engineering College ErodeSenguntharEngineering College
Thudupathi, Erode – 638 057 Thudupathi, Erode – 638 057
Submitted for the Anna University Project viva-voce held on ……….
………………………….. …………………………….
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We dedicate this mini-project to our beloved Parents who are responsible

for our growth.
The authors are deeply grateful to our Founder Correspondent
Udyograthan,Thiru.J.Sudhananthen sir, who always blessed us to give the
best.
We heartily express our profound gratitude to our respected President
Mr.M.Balusamy, Secretary Mr.S.Sivananthan of Erode Sengunthar
Educational Trust.
We express our heartfelt thanks to Er.R.Mohanraj Correspondent, of
Erode Sengunthar Engineering College.
We express our heartfelt thanks to Dr.A.T.Ravichandran, Principal of
Erode Sengunthar Engineering College.
We wish to record our sincere gratitude to Prof.K.M.Gopalakrishnan,
Head of the Civil Engineering Department for the valuable encouragement
throughout the project.
We greatly indebted to our project guide Ms.L.MEKALA, Assistant
professor of Civil Engineering who motivated us very much to take this project
and guided to get a lot of practical knowledge and in overcoming the problem
we met within the mini project.
We are anxious to offer our sincere thanks to the teaching and non
teaching staff members of the Civil Engineering Department for their helping
hand during this design project.
I
ABSTRACT
Nowadays Development of urban areas in causes increase in population

resulting into requirement of good medical centers. It is necessary to build a
hospital building to treat people affecting from various diseases in urban areas.
There are separate hospitals for different treatments.
We have proposed to construct a hospital building in kangayam near
Tiruppur. The plinth area of proposed hospital building is 1257m2. The structure
has to be designed as RCC framed structure.
In this project, the provisions for treatment of all diseases are provided
under a single building unit. The hospital with beds comprises of Blood Bank,
Clinical Laboratories, E.C.G., scan centers, and operation theatres. The structure
has to be designed by using Limit State Method. The room dimensions and size
of various units are fixed as per the data collected.
Regarding materials M20 grade of concrete and Fe 415 steel are used
in this project. All the structural elements are analysed by using staadpro
analysis.
All relevant details and drawings pertaining to different
structural elements of this project are included are as per code IS 456-2000,
SP-16 (Design of Aids) and standard reference books.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF SYMBOLS vi
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HOSPITAL SPECIFICATIONS 4
1.2 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS 7
2. DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
2.1 DESIGN OF SLABS
2.1.1 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB (S1) 10
2.1.2 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB (S2) 16
2.1.3 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB (S3) 25
2.1.4 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB (S4) 26
2.1.5 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB (S5) 41
2.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS
2.2.1 DESIGN OF BEAM (B1) 49
2.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN 66
2.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING 70
2.5 DESIGN OF LINTEL 76
2.6 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE 81
2.7 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 85
2.8 DESIGN OF RAMP 89
iii
2.9 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK 91
2.10 MANUAL ANALYSIS
2.10.1 ANALYSIS OF THE TRUSS (T1) 94
2.11 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS
2.11.1 STAADPRO ANALYSIS
AND RESULTS 100
3. DRAWINGS
4. CONCLUSION 111
REFERENCES 112
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE.NO.

2.1.1 Reinforcement details of slab S1 15
2.2.1 Reinforcement details of beam B1 53
2.3 Reinforcement details of column 69
2.4 Reinforcement details of footing 75
2.5 Reinforcement details of lintel 80
2.6 Reinforcement details of sunshade 84
2.7 Reinforcement details of staircase 88
2.9 Reinforcement details of septic tank 93
v
LIST OF SYMBOLS
D - Overall depth
deff - Effective depth
W - Total service load
Wd - Design dead load
Ws - Design live load
B.M - Bending moment
dreqd - Required depth
Mu - Design moment for limit state design
Ast - Area of steel reinforcement
Vu - Design shear force
Tu - Nominal shear stress
Tc - Permissible shear stress
Le , L - Effective length
df - Flange depth
bw - Width of rib
bf - Width of flange
Muf - Moment capacity for flange
Vus - Balance shear
Sv - Spacing of stirrups
Asv - Cross sectional area of stirrup legs
Kt - Modification factor for tension reinforcement
Kc - Modification factor for compression reinforcement
Kf - Reduction factor for flanged beams
Me1 - Equivalent bending moment
Mt , Tu - Torisonal moment
Ve - Equivalent shear force
vi
Pt - Percentage of steel
Pu - Ultimate axial load
L.L.D - Least lateral dimension
Ag - Gross sectional area of column
Asc - Area of compression steel
Ast,min - Area of minimum reinforcement
T - Tread
R - Rise
RA - Reaction at support A
RB - Reaction at support B
MC - Moment about point C
fck - Characteristic compressive strength of Concrete
fy - Characteristic compressive strength of steel
M.F - Modification factor
B.V - Basic value
D.L - Dead load
L.L - Live load
Vii
PLANNING, DESIGNING AND
ANALYSIS OF HOSPITAL BUILDING
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
BOOPATHI.M
GANESHRAM.V
RAKESH.M
MOHANKUMAR.R
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ERODE - 638 057
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2012
1. INTRODUCTION
Hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by

specialized staff and equipment. In this project a multipurpose hospital
building with all the facilities is provided in the medical field. The hospital is
located near kangayam, such that easy access is provided for all the people.
The building has Ground floor, First floor, Second floor (G+2).
In fact one of the key elements of hospital is that it has all the facilities
with advancing medical technology. The building has very good ventilation
and lighting which is made possible by providing opening to skies. The
proposed hospital building is planned to have beds with all amenities needed.
The hospital has comprehensive Laboratory, Operation theatre, ICU,
Cardiology, Neurology, Obstetrics, ENT, Physiotherapy, Blood bank, X-ray,
ECG, Scanning centre, General wards and special wards also. Special out-
patients, clinics are treated by specialists in respective fields.
Each floor has a nurse’s station and consulting room and there is also a
conference hall. Each floor is connected by lift and staircase. For the comfort
of people canteen laundry and parking facilities are provided. For good
aesthetic appearance and surroundings lawns are also maintained specially
PLANNING ASPECTS
FIRE SAFETY
Fire safety is a serious concern in any multistoried building. Hence it is
proposed to automatic fire hydrants with signal to ensure prompt action to put
off fire. Separate electric circuits for lift installation. Lighting of passages.
Corridors and stairs and for internal fire hydrant system shall be provided. As
per NBC a storage tank is provided for both the purpose of water supply as well
as fire fighting. Fire buckets are filling with sand also provided at convenient
plants.
WIRING
Distribution of cables for telephone and electrical conduct are preplanned
and it shall be provided in the initial stage for proper alignment and easy
installation. For this purpose exact position of rising main plug points, fan point
etc., shall be determined in advance.
SANITARY INSTALLATION
Necessary provisions have been included for toilet as a separate block for
both men and women.
Also required pipe line connections have been made for drainage and water
connections to these toilets.
DRAINAGE
Necessary provisions are made for drainage of water from the roof
trusses.
The slabs are provided with weathering course towards collecting point where
dome pipes at required intervals are provided proper sloped paving with pen
drains proposed around the building so to drain off the rain water away from
structure.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Proper arrangements are made so as to collect the rainwater and for future
usage.
DESIGN
Limit state method has been adopted for designing of beams and columns of the
building. All the members have been designed using the code IS – 2000,SP-16
and design aids for reinforced concrete.
ANALYSIS
The project has been analyzed by using STAAD-Pro. The moments for each
floor are separately completed each will be taken as connected to columns
above and below with their far ends fixed. The frame taken this way is analyzed
for the moments and shears in the beams and columns.
1.1 HOSPITAL SPECIFICATIONS
The facilities are provided in this project of hospital are planned as per
the specifications gathered from various references.
EMERGENCY SERVICES
An emergency department (ED), also known as casualty department is a
medical treatment facility specializing in acute care of patients who present
without prior appointment, either by their own means or by ambulance. The
department must provide initial treatment for a broad spectrum of illnesses and
injuries, some of which may be life-threatening and require immediate attention.
The emergency departments of most hospitals operate 24 hours a day, although
staffing levels may be varied in an attempt to mirror patient volume.
It should be located on the ground floor with easy access for patients and
ambulances.
CARDIOLOGY
Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart
(specifically the heart). The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of
congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.
It should be located on the second floor which the patients have keen in
silence and free from noise and disturbances.
SURGICAL DEPARTMENT
The facilities in the operation theatres is well equipped and air conditioned
operation theatres along with recovery room & post operative wards furnished
with latest infrastructure for undertaking all types of major and minor surgeries.
The operation theatre is designed and constructed specially without any
ventilation and windows. It is placed in the ground floor for easy access.
GENERAL WARDS
In general hospitals the patients are also admitted with communicable
diseases. Hence it should be located within the individual nursing units and
placed at the ends of the corridor. General wards consist three beds totally there
are four general wards are placed in this project.
MEDICAL RECORD DEPARTMENT
In order to provide proper medical record services for the care of all
patients at all hours and continuous communication which so essential among
the related departments.
The medical record department should be located close to the admitting
area, the outpatient department and emergency room. The maintenance of
complete and accurate medical records is a requirement of health care providers
and is generally enforced as a licensing.
CLINICAL LABORATORIES
The laboratory should be conveniently located on the ground floor to
serve the outpatient, emergency and admitting departments. It should be easily
accessible to surgery, intensive care, radiology and obstetrics.
PHYSIOTHERAPHY
The hospital has a fully equipped Physiotherapy unit to handle outpatient
as well as impatient. The department has a team of qualified Physiotherapists
working with the aim of providing quality patient care. There are male & female
therapists to handle patients exclusively with respect to their privacy. It is
located in the ground floor for the easy access.
OBSTETRICS
Obstetrics is the surgical–medical specialty ward dealing with the female
reproductive organs in their pregnant state, respectively. The entire scope of the
clinical pathology involving female reproductive organs, and to provide care for
pregnant patients. There is one obstetrics ward in the second floor should be
provided.
PHARMACY
The pharmacy should be conveniently accessible and form the outpatient
department, central receiving store and the inpatient access. The ground floor
location closed to the lift area is ideal.
PUBLIC PASSAGE FACILITIES
The public passage facilities like staircase, ramp, and lift has enough
width to be comfort for the patients and also easy accessible from various
service units.
1.2 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
CLEANING THE SITE
The proposed area is to be cleaned of all the loose stones, plants, trees,
materials, rubbish of all kinds as well as roots of trees etc., entirely rubbed out.
EARTH WORK EXCAVATION
After cleaning the site, centre lines and foundation lines for excavation is
started. The depth of the excavation is 2m below ground level. The safe bearing
capacity of soil is 250 KN / m2.
FOUNDATION
Foundation for all main walls will be taken to a depth of 2m below
ground level. When hard gravel soil or soft rock is seen in ground, foundation
is stopped. Concrete bed consists of cement concrete of 1:3:6 with 300 mm
thickness and 1000 mm width.
FOOTINGS
Footing for all the main walls over the concrete bed will be random
rubble masonry in the cement mortar 1:5 mix. The size of I footing is
750x450mm. The size of II footing is 600x450 mm.
BASEMENT
The basement is also constructed with random rubble masonry in cement
mortar of 1:5 mixes joint.
BASEMENT FILLING
The basement will be filled with excavated soil and river sand.
ANTITERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction antitermite treatment to the foundation bed, floor wall,
floor junction, along perimeter of building is to be carried out through pest
control agencies to control the termites.
DAMP PROOF COURSE
The top of the basement will be plastered with cement mortar 1:4, 12mm
thickness, 5% crude oil to save the damp proof course.
FLOORING
Cement concrete of 1:5:10 mix ratio is provided for flooring to a depth of
150 mm with cement mortar of 1:3, 20 mm thick and finished with mosaic tiles.
SUPER STRUCTURE
All walls in super structure will be of first class bricks in cement mortar
of 1:5 above floor level. All load bearing walls are 230mm thick. The parapet
walls are 600 mm height and 230mm thick.
DOORS AND WINDOWS
Main door-MD = 3 X 2.1m
Collapsed gate-CG = 2.3 X 2.1m
Door- D = 1.5 X 2.1m
Door-D1 = 1.2 X 2.1m
Door-D2 = 0.9 X 2.1m
Window –W = 2.3 X 1.5m
Window –W1 = 1.5 X 1.5m
Ventilator-V = 0.6 X 0.5m
LINTEL
The lintels over openings consist of R.C.C. 1:1.5:3 with sufficient depth
as per design. The bearing of lintel as 230 mm on both sides.
SUNSHADE
The sunshades are combined with lintels, sunshade projection as per
design from the edge of wall. The required reinforcement is provided as per
design.
ROOFING
The roofing slab for all rooms and passage are R.C.C. 1:1.5:3 mix having
150mm thickness. It will be provided with necessary reinforcement as per
design.
PLASTERING
The interior and exterior faces of wall are to be plastered with cement
mortar of 1:3 having 12 mm thick and rendered smooth.
PLANTING WITH PLASTIC EMULSION PAINT
The steel surfaces in grill works are painting with enamel paint over
priming coat of red oxide paint. The wood works are also painted with enamel
paint over wood primer.
PAINTING
Door and Windows with good quality paint and primer is applied before
painting.
WHITE WASHING AND COLOUR WASHING
Exterior faces of walls will be colour washed with two coats over one
coat shell lime and interior faces of walls will be white washed with three coats
of shell lime.
ELECTRIFICATION
Concealed wiring is carried out for all electrical light, pointings, and
special fittings extra. Suitable panel board is provided in each room to have
control over the electrification. A main line supply is available at outside.
SANITARY AND DRAINAGE ARRANGEMENTS
For every floor sanitary arrangements are carried out and necessary
provisions have been made for closets, urinals and wash basins and proper
disposal lines are provided and connected with septic tank.
All around building concrete pavements are provided for plinth
protections from rain water and proper drains are provided to collect the rain
Water.
WATER TANK
Individual Sintex water tanks are provided for each block to meet the
water requirements.
2. DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
2.1 DESIGN OF SLABS
2.1.1 DESIGN OF ONEWAY SLAB (S1)
GIVEN DATA
Clear span = 2.5 x 29.15m
Wall thickness = 230 mm
Imposed load = 3 KN/m2
Weight of weathering coarse = 1 KN/m2
Access is provided to the roof,
Grade of concrete = M20
Grade of steel = Fe415
SIDE RATIO
LY/LX = 29.15/2.5
= 11.66>2
Hence the slab is to be designed as ONE WAY SLAB.
DEPTH REQUIRED FOR STIFFNESS
Clear span = 2.5 m
From IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1
Basic value as L/d ratio
for simply supported slab = 20
For Fe415 steel
Assume Modification Factor = 1.4
d = Effective Span
MF x BV
= 2730
1.4 x 20
= 97.5 mm say 100 mm
Minimum clear cover for slab = 15 mm
Use 10mm dia bars as main reinforcement.
Effective cover = 15+10/2 = 20 mm
Over all depth D = 100+20 = 120 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
Least of the follows
1. C/C distance of support = 2.5+0.23 = 2.73m
2. Clear span + Eff depth = 2.5+0.10 = 2.6 m
leff = 2.6m
LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight of slab = 1x1x0.12x25 = 3KN/m2
Imposed load = 3KN/m2
Total load = 7 KN/m2
Considered 1m width of slab
W = 7 x 1.5 = 10.5 KN/m
DESIGN BENDING MOMENT
= Wul2
Max +ve BM at mid span (Mu)
8
= 10.5 x 2.62 = 8.87 KNm.
8
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQURIEDFOR BENDING MOMENT
MR = Mu
8.87 x 106 = 0.36x20x1000x0.48d (d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 8.87x106/2.76x1000
= 56.69 mm < 100 mm Hence safe.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d 1 – fy Ast
fck bd
8.87 x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx100 1 − 415xAst
20x1000
7.491 Ast2 – 36105 Ast = -8.87 x 10 6
Ast = 259.66mm2
Ast min = 0.12x120x1000 = 144 mm2
100
SPACING OF MAIN BARS
Use 8 mm dia bars as main reinforcement.
Sv = π/4 x 82 x1000
259.66
= 193.5 mm say 200 mm

Maximum permitted spacing
Least of as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x100 = 300 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bar at 200 mm C/C in shorter span and longer span as
main reinforcement.
Astpro = π/4 x 82 x 1000
200
= 252mm2
Percentage of tension steel

Ptmax = Ast x 100
bd
= 259.65 x 100 = 0.26 %
1000x100
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Use 8mm dia bar as distribution steel.
Ast minimum can be used for distribution steel.
Astmin = 144 mm2
Spacing
Sv = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 350 mm
144
Least of as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x100 = 500 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bar at 350 mm C/C in longer as distribution steel.
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Max shear force at support Vu = Wul
2
= 10.5x2.6 = 13.65KN
2
Nominal shear stress
Ʈv = Vu = 13.65x 103
bd 1000 x 120
2
= 0.13 N/mm
From IS 456 – 2000 Table - 20

Ʈcmax = 2.8 N/mm2
From IS 456 – 2000 Table – 19
0.25 → 0.36
0.50 → 0.48
From clauses 40.21
Ʈc = 0.36 + 0.48 − 0.36 x 0.01
0.5 – 0.25
= 0.365 N/mm2
K = 1.3
ƮcK = 0.365 x 1.3
= 0.474 N/mm2
Ʈv < ƮcK < 0.5Ʈcmax
0.13 < 0.474 < 1.4 N/mm2
Hence the section is safe against shear.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Ptmax = 0.25%
Fs = 0.58 x 415 x 259.66 = 248.68 N/mm2
251.32
Is 456-2000, clause 23.2.1
Mf = 1.4 (From graph)
d = 2600
1.4x20
d = 92.85 < 100 mm
Hence the slab is safe against stiffness.
RESULT
Total thickness of slab = 120mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
8mm dia bars @200mm c/c
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
8mm dia bars@350mm c/c
2.1.2 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB (S2)
GIVEN DATA
Clear span = 4.5 x 7m
Wall thickness = 230mm
Access is provided to roof
SIDE RATIO
LY/LX = 7/4.5 = 1.55<2
Hence the slab is to be designed as TWO WAY SLAB.
Clear span = 4.5m
From IS 456-2000 clause 24.1
Basic value as L/d ratio for
two way slab = 35 x 0.8 = 28
For Fe415 steel
Effective span = 4500 + 230
= 4730mm
d = Effective Span
MF x BV
= 4730
1.4 x 28
= 120.66 mm say 120 mm
Use 8mm dia bars as main reinforcement in both direction.
Over all depth D = 120+ 20 =140 mm
dx = 140– 20 = 120 mm
dy = 120 – 8/2-8/2 = 112 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
Shorter span
1. C/C distance of support = 4.5+0.23 = 4.73 m
leff (x) = 4.62 m
Longer span
3. C/C distance of support = 7+0.23 = 7.23 m
4. Clear span + Eff depth = 7+0.12 = 7.12 m
leff (y) = 7.12 m
LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight of slab = 1x1x0.14x25 = 3.5 KN/m2
Total load = 7.5 KN/m2
W = 7.5 x 1 = 7.5 KN/m
Design load (Wu) = 7.5 x 1.5 = 11.25 KN/m
BENDING MOMENT CO-EFFICIENT
ly/ lx = 7.12/4.62 = 1.5
Condition: Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
From table 26 of IS 456-2000
Shorter span
Positive BM co-efficient at mid span αx1 = 0.056
Negative BM co-efficient at support αx2 = 0.075
Longer span
(+)ive BM co-efficient at midspan αy1 = 0.035
(-)ive BM co-efficient at support αy2 = 0.047
Shorter span
Mux1 = αx1 wu lx2= 0.056x11.25x4.622 ` = 13.44 KNm
Mux2 = αx2 wu lx2= 0.075x11.25x4.622 = 18 KNm
Longer span
Muy1 = αy1 wu lx2= 0.035x11.25x4.622 = 8.40 KNm
Muy2 = αy2 wu lx2= 0.047x11.25x4.622 = 11.28 KNm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQURIED FOR STRENGTH
Max BM = Mu limit
Mux2 = 0.36fckbxumax (d−0.416xumax)
[ From IS 456 – 2000 xumax = 0.48d ]
18x 106 = 0.36x20x1000x0.48d (d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 18x106/2.76x1000
= 80.76 mm < 120 mm
Hence the section is safe.
MIDDLE STRIP REINFORCEMENT
Width of strip:
Shorter span = ¾ x 4.5 = 3.375 m
Longer span = ¾ x 7 = 5.25 m
Ast minimum
Ast minimum = 0.12 x140x1000 = 168 mm2
100
Shorter span
Mid span reinforcement
Mux1 = 0.87 fy Astx dx – fy Astx1
fck b
13.44x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 120− 415xAstx1
20x1000
7.49 Astx12 – 43326 Astx1 = - 13.44 x 106

Astx1 = 328.90 mm2
Support reinforcement
Mux2 = 0.87 fy Astx2 dx – fy Astx2
fck b
18 x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 120− 415xAstx2

20x1000
7.49 Astx22 – 43326 Astx2 = -18 x 10 6
Astx2 = 450.54mm2
Longer span
Muy1 = 0.87 fy Asty1 dy – fy Asty1
fck b
8.40 x 106 = 0.87x415x Asty1 112− 415xAsty1

20x1000
7.49 Asty12 – 40437.6 Asty1 = -8.40 x 10 6
Asty1 = 216.40mm2
fck b
11.28 x 106 = 0.87x415x Asty2 112− 415xAsty2

20x1000
7.49 Asty22 – 40437.6 Asty2 = -11.28 x 10 6
Asty2 = 295.07 mm2

SPACING OF BARS
Least of as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x120 = 360 mm
Use 8mm dia bars as main reinforcement
Shorter span
S1 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 152.82 mm say 150mm
328.90
S2 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 111.56 mm say 110 mm
450.54
Longer span
S3 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 232.28 mm say 230 mm
216.40
S4 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 170mm
295.07
Provide 8 mm dia Fe415 grade steel bars of 150mm C/C at mid spans &
110mm C/C at supports in shorter span and bars of 230mm C/C at mid spans &
170mm C/C at supports in longer span as main reinforcement.
EDGE STRIP REINFORCEMENT
Use 8mm dia bar
Astmin = 168 mm2
Spacing
Sv = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 299.19 mm say 300 mm
168
Least of as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x120 = 600 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bar at 300 mm C/C in the edge strip reinforcement in
both direction.
TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT
Size of the reinforcement mesh = 0.2x4.62 = 0.924 m
Astpro = π/4 x 82 x 1000
110
= 456.95 mm2 say 457 mm2
Area of steel required per layer of
torsion reinforcement = ¾ x 457 = 342.75mm2
Using 8mm dia bar
No. of bars =
180 = 3.5 say 4 nos
2
π/4 x 8
Provide 8mm dia bars of 4 nos of tensional reinforcement.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Astpro = 457 mm2
Percentage of steel = 457 x 100
1000x120
= 0.38%
From table of IS 456-2000

FS = 0.58x415x328.90
457
= 173.23N/mm2
MF = 1.8 [from graph]

dreq = leff = 4620 = 91.67 mm < 120 mm
BVxMF 28x1.8
Hence the section is safe against stiffness.
RESULT
At middle of shorter span = 8mm dia bars of 150mm c/c
At support of shorter span = 8mm dia bars of 110mm c/c
At middle of longer span = 8mm dia bars of 230mm c/c
At support of longer span = 8mm dia bars of 170mm c/c
8mm dia bars 300mm c/c in both directions
TORSION REINFORCEMENT
4 layers of 4 nos of 8mm dia bars as an torsion reinforcement
2.1.3 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB (S3)
GIVEN DATA
SIDE RATIO:
LY/LX = 4.5/2.5 = 1.8<2
Hence the slab is to be designed as TWO WAY SLAB.
Clear span = 2.73m
Basic value as L/d ratio for two way slab = 35 x 0.8 = 28
For Fe415 steel
Effective span = 2500 + 230 = 2730mm
d = Effective Span
MF x BV
= 2730
1.4 x 28
= 69.64 mm say 80 mm
Over all depth D = 80+ 20 = 100 mm
dx = 100– 20 = 80 mm
dy = 80 – 8/2-8/2 = 72 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
Shorter span
leff (x) = 2.58 m
Longer span
leff (y) = 4.58 m
LOAD CALCULATION
W = 7.5 x 1 = 6.5 KN/m
Design load Wu = 6.5 x 1.5 = 9.75 KN/m
ly/ lx = 4.58/2.58 = 1.75
Condition: Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Shorter span
Positive BM co-efficient at mid spanαx1 = 0.063
Longer span
Positive BM co-efficient at mid span αy1 = 0.035
Negative BM co-efficient at support αy2 = 0.047
Shorter span
Mux1 = αx1 wu lx2 =0.048 x 9.75x 2.582 = 3.11 KNm
Mux2 = αx2 wu lx2 =0.082 x 9.75 x 2.582 = 5.32 KNm
Longer span
Muy1 = αy1 wu lx2 =0.035x 9.75 x 2.582 = 2.27 KNm
Muy2 = αy2 wu lx2 =0.047x 9.75 x 2.582 = 3.05 KNm
Max BM = Mu limit
Mux2 = 0.36fckbxumax(d−0.416xumax )
[ From IS 456 – 2000 xumax = 0.48d ]
5.32x 106 =0.36x20x1000x0.48d(d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 5.32x106/2.76x1000
= 43.90 mm < 80 mm
Width of strip:
Longer span = ¾ x 4.5 = 3.375 m
Ast min = 0.12 x100x1000
100
= 120 mm2
Shorter span
fck b
3.11x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 80− 415xAstx1

20x1000
7.49 Astx12 – 28884 Astx1 = - 3.11 x 10 6
Astx1 = 110.85 mm2 says 120mm

fck b
5.32x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 80− 415xAstx2

20x1000
7.49 Astx22 – 28884 Astx2 = - 5.32x 106
Astx2 = 194mm2
Longer span
fck b
2.27x 106 = 0.87x415x Asty1 72− 415xAsty1

20x1000
7.49 Asty12 – 25995.6 Asty1 = -2.27 x106
Asty1 = 89.63mm2 says 120mm2
Muy2 = 0.87 fy Astx2 dx – fy Astx2
fck b
3.05 x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx2 72 − 415xAstx2

20x1000
7.49 Asty22 – 25995.6 Asty2 = -3.05 x 10 6
Astx2 = 121.58mm2
SPACING OF BARS
Least of as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x80 = 240 mm
Shorter span
S1 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 418 mm say 240 mm
120
S2 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 259.1 mm say 240 mm
194
Longer span
S3 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 292.82 mm say 240 mm
120
S4 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 413 mm say 240 mm
121.58
240mm C/C at supports in shorter span and bars of 240mm C/C at mid spans &
240mm C/C at supports in longer span as main reinforcement.
Use 8mm dia bar
Astmin = 120 mm2
Spacing
Sv = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 420 mm
120
Least of as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x80 = 400 mm
both direction.
Size of the reinforcement mesh = 0.2x2.58 = 0.524 m
Astpro = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 209.43 mm2
240
Area of steel required per layer of torsion reinforcement = ¾ x 209.43
= 157mm2
Using 8mm dia bar
No. of bars = 157 = 3.12 say 4 nos
2
π/4 x 8
Provide 8mm dia bars of 4 nos of torsional reinforcement.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Astpro = 209.43 mm2
Percentage of steel = 194 x 100 = 0.19%
1000x100
FS = 0.58x415x194 = 222.96N/mm2
209.43
dreq = leff = 2580 = 54.20mm < 120 mm
BVxMF 28x1.7
Hence the section is safe against stiffness
RESULT
At middle of shorter span = 8mm dia bars of 240mm c/c
At support of shorter span = 8mm dia bars of 240mm c/c
At middle of longer span = 8mm dia bars of 240mm c/c
At support of longer span = 8mm dia bars of 240mm c/c
8mm dia bars 400mm c/c in both directions
4 layers of 4 nos of 8mm dia bars as an torsion reinforcement
2.1.4 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB (S4)
GIVEN DATA
SIDE RATIO
LY/LX = 4.5/4.5 =1<2
Hence the slab is to be designed as TWO WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB.
Clear span = 4.5m
Basic value as,
L/d ratio for two way slab = 35 x 0.8 = 28
For Fe415 steel
d = Effective Span
MF x BV
= 4730
1.4 x 28
= 120.66 mm say 120 mm
dx = 140– 20 = 120 mm
dy = 120 – 8/2-8/2 = 112 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
Span along x direction
leff (x) = 4.62 m
Span along y direction
leff (y) = 4.62 m
LOAD CALCULATION
W = 7.5 x 1 = 7.5 KN/m
ly/ lx = 4.62/4.62 =1
Condition: one long edge is discontinuous
Mux1 = αx1 wu lx2 = 0.028 x 11.25x 4.622 = 6.72 KN-m
Mux2 = αx2 wu lx2 = 0.037 x 11.25 x 4.622 = 8.88 KN-m
Muy1 = αy1 wu lx2 = 0.043x 11.25 x 4.622 = 6.72 KN-m
Muy2 = αy2 wu lx2 = 0.037 x 11.25 x 4.622 = 8.88 KN-m
Max BM = Mu limit
Mux2 = 0.36 fck b xumax (d−0.416 xumax )
[From IS 456 – 2000 xumax = 0.48d]
8.88x 106 = 0.36x20x1000x0.48d (d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 8.88x106/2.76x1000
= 56.72 mm < 120 mm
Width of strip
Longer span = ¾ x 4.5 = 3.375 m
Ast minimum:
Ast minimum = 0.12 x140x1000 = 168 mm2
100
fck b
6.72x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 120− 415xAstx1

20X 1000
2 6
7.49Astx1 – 43326Astx1= - 6.72 x 10
Astx1 = 159.5 mm2 says 168 mm2
fck b
8.88 x 106 =0.87x415xAstx2 120 − 415xAstx2

20x1000
2 6
7.49 Astx2 – 43326Astx2 = -8.88 x 10
Astx2 =212.78mm2
fck b
6.72 x 106 =0.87x415x Asty1 112− 415xAsty1

20x1000
2 6
7.49Asty1 – 40437Asty1= -6.72 x 10
Asty1 = 171.63mm2
Muy2 = 0.87 fy Astx2 dx – fy Astx2
fck b
8.88 x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 120− 415xAstx2

20x1000
7.49Asty22– 40437Asty2 = -8.88 x 10 6
Astx2 = 229.33mm2
SPACING OF BARS
Least of as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x120 = 360 m
S1 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 299.19 mm say 300 mm
168
S2 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 236.23 mm say 235 mm
212.78
S3 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 292.82 mm say 290 mm
171.63
S4 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 219.18 mm say 220 mm
229.33
235mm C/C at supports in Span along x direction and bars of 290mm C/C at
mid spans & 220mm C/C at supports in Span along y direction as main
reinforcement.
Use 8mm dia bar
Astmin = 168 mm2
Spacing
Sv= π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 299.19 mm say 300 mm
168
Least of as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x120 = 600 mm
both direction.
Size of the reinforcement = 0.2x4.62 = 0.924 m
Astpro = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 228.47 mm2
220
torsion reinforcement = ¾ x 228.47 = 171.35mm2
Using 8mm dia bar
No. of bars = 171.35 = 3.4 say 4 nos
2
π/4 x 8
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Astpro = 228.47 mm2
Percentage of steel = 228.47 x 100 = 0.19%
1000x120
FS = 0.58x415x229.33 = 241.60N/mm2
228.47
dreq = leff = 4620 = 103.125 mm < 120 mm
BVxMF 28x1.6
RESULT
At middle of Span along x direction = 8mm dia bars of 300mm c/c
At support of Span along x direction = 8mm dia bars of 235mm c/c
At middle of Span along y direction = 8mm dia bars of 290mm c/c
At support of Span along y direction = 8mm dia bars of 220mm c/c
8mm dia bars 300mm c/c in both directions.
4 layers of 4 nos of 8mm dia bars as torsion reinforcement
2.1.5 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB (S5)
GIVEN DATA
Clear span = 7 x 7m
SIDE RATIO
LY/LX = 7/7
= 1<2
Hence the slab is to be designed as TWO WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB
Clear span = 7m
Basic value as L/d ratio for
two way slab = 40 x 0.8 = 32
For Fe415 steel
d = Effective Span
MF x BV
= 7230
1.4 x 32
=161.38 mm say 160mm
Minimum cover for slab = 15 mm
dx = 180– 20 = 160 mm
dy = 160 – 8/2-8/2 = 152 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
2. Clear span + Eff depth =7+0.160 = 7.160m
leff (x) = 7.160 m
leff (y) = 7.152 m
LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight of slab = 1x0.18x25 = 4.5KN/m2
Total load = 8.5KN/m2
W = 8.5 x 1 = 8.5KN/m
ly/ lx = 7.152/7.160 =1
Condition: one long edge is discontinuous
Shorter span
Mux1 = αx1wulx2 = 0.028x12.75x7.1602 = 18.30 KNm
Mux2 = αx2wulx2 = 0.037x12.75x7.1602 = 24.18 KNm
Longer span
Muy1 = αy1wulx2 = 0.028x12.75x7.1602 = 18.30 KNm
Muy2 = αy2 wulx2 = 0.037x12.75x7.1602 = 24.18 KNm
Max BM = Mu limit
Mux2 = 0.36 fckbxumax (d−0.416 xumax )
[ From IS 456 – 2000 xumax = 0.48d ]
24.18x 106 =0.36x20x1000x0.48d(d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 24.18x106/2.76x1000
= 93.60mm < 185 mm
Width of strip
Shorter span =¾x7 = 5.25 m
Longer span =¾x7 = 5.25 m
Ast min = 0.12 x180x1000 = 216 mm2
100
Mux1 = 0.87 fy Astx1d 1- fy Astx1
fck b d
18.30x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 x160 1- 415xAstx1

20x1000x160
7.49 Astx12 – 57768Astx1 = -18.30 x 106
Astx1 = 331 mm2
fck b
24.18x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 160 − 415xAstx2

20x1000
7.49 Astx22 – 57768 Astx2 = - 24.18 x 10 6
Astx2 = 444mm2
fck b
18.30 x 106 0.87x415x Asty1 152− 415xAsty1

=
20x1000
2 6
7.491Asty1 – 54879.6 Asty1= -18.30 x 10
Asty1 = 350mm2
Muy2 = 0.87 fy Astx2 dy – fy Astx2
fck b
24.18x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 152− 415xAstx2

20x1000
2 6
7.49 Asty2 –54879.6 Asty2 = - 24.18 x 10
Astx2 = 471mm2
SPACING OF BARS
Least of as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x160 = 480 mm
S1 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 151.85 mm say 150 mm
331
S2 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 113.21 mm say 110 mm
444
S3 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 143.6 mm say 140 mm
350
S4 = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 106.72mm say 105 mm
471
110mm C/C at supports in Span along x direction and bars of 140mm C/C at
mid spans & 105mm C/C at supports in Span along y direction as main
reinforcement.
Use 8mm dia bar
Astmin = 216 mm2
Spacing
Sv = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 232.71 mm say 230 mm
216
Least of as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x160 = 800 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bar at 230mm C/C in the edge strip reinforcement in
both direction.
Size of the reinforcement = 0.2x7.160 = 1.432 m
Astpro = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 218.54mm2
230
torsion reinforcement = ¾ x 218.54 = 163.91mm2
Using 8mm dia bar
No. of bars = 163.91 = 3.26 say 4 nos
2
π/4 x 8
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Astpro = 218.54 mm2
Percentage of steel = 218.54 x 100 = 0.13%
1000x160
FS = 0.58x415x 218.54 = 159 N/mm2
331
dreq = leff = 7230 = 132.90mm < 160 mm
BVxMF 32x1.7
RESULT
At middle of Span along x direction = 8mm dia bars of 150mm c/c
At support of Span along x direction = 8mm dia bars of 110mm c/c
At middle of Span along y direction = 8mm dia bars of 140mm c/c
At support of Span along y direction = 8mm dia bars of 105mm c/c
8mm dia bars 230mm c/c in both direction
4 layers of 4 nos of 8mm dia bars as an torsion reinforcement.
2.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS
2.2.1 DESIGN OF BEAM (B1)
DATA
Clear span = 2.5 m
Breadth of support = 230mm
APPROXIMATE SIZE OF BEAM
Overall depth D = L/10 to L/15
D = 250 = 250mm say 300mm
10
Using 20mm dia bars and 25mm clear cover
Effective depth = D - Effective cover
deff = 300 – 35=265mm
Breadth of beam b =300mm
Size of beam = 300 x 300mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
leff = 2.73m
LOAD CALCULATION
Consider 1m width,
Self weight of slab = 1x0.180x25 =4.5 KN/m
Self weight of beam =1X0.3x0.3x25 = 2.25 KN/m
Imposed load = 3 KN/m
Weight of weathering coarse = 1KN/m
Wall load = 0.23x4x1x20 = 18.4 KN /m
Total load, Wu = 29.15KN/m
Design load (Wu) = 29.15 x 1.5 = 43.725KN/m
Design BM = Wul2 = 43.725 x 2.732
8 8
= 40.73KNm
TO FIND DEPTH REQUIRED
BM = Mu limit
40.73x 106 = 0.36x20x300x0.48dx(d-0.416x0.48d)
d= 40.73x106/2.76x300
d = 221.8mm < 265 mm
Hence ok
TO FIND Ast
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d – fy Ast
fckb
40.73x106 = 0.87x415x Ast 265 − 415xAst
20x300
24.97 Ast2 – 95678.25 Ast = - 40.73x 10 6
Ast = 487.79 mm2

Ast minimum
Ast minimum = 0.12 x300x300 = 108 mm2
100
Provide 12 mm dia bar
No. of bar = 487.79 = 5 Nos
π/4 x 122
Astpro = 5 x π/4 x 122 = 565.48 mm2
Provide 5 Nos as 12 mm dia bar of tension reinforcement
HANGER REINFORCEMENT
Asth = 20% of Ast provided
= (20/100) x 565.48 = 113.09mm2
Provide 10mm dia bar.
Nos of bars = 113.09 = 2 Nos
2
π/4 x 10
Provide 2 Nos as 10 mm dia bar of hanger reinforcement
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
dreq = leff
BV x MF
Effective length leff = 2.73m
From IS 456-2000 cause 23.21
Basic value
For simply supported beam = 20
1. Ptmax = 487.79 x 100 =0.61%

300x265
2. Fs = 0.58x415x 487.79 = 207.63N/mm2
565.48
Modification factor = 1.2(From graph)
dreq= 2730
20x 1.2
= 113.75mm <265mm
Hence the section is safe

DESIGN OF SHEAR FORCE
Design load = 43.725 KN/m
Vu = wul = 43.725x2.73 = 59.68KN
2 2
To find Ʈv
τv = 59.68x103 = 0.75N/mm2
300x 265
To find Ʈc
Ptmax = 0.61%
Ʈc = 0.48+ 0.56 – 0.48 x 0.11 = 0.51N/mm2
0.75-0.50
Ʈc = 0.51N/mm2
Ʈv > Ʈc
Hence shear reinforcement provide in the form of vertical stirrups
Shear carrying capacity of steel
vus = vu - Ʈc bd
vus = 59680 – [0.51 x 300 x 265] = 19135 N
DESIGN FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Spacing
Least as follows
1. Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d
Sv
Asv = 2 x π/4 x 82 = 100.53 mm2
Sv = 0.87x415x100.53x265 = 502.66mm
19135
2. Asv = 0.4
bSv 0.87fy
Sv = 100.53x0.87x415 = 302.46 mm
0.4x300
3. 0.75d = 0.75x265 = 200mm

4. 300 mm
Provide 8mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 200 mm C/C distance as an shear
reinforcement
RESULT
Breadth of beam = 300mm
Overall depth = 300mm
Provide 5 nos of 12mm dia bars at tension reinforcement
Provide 2 nos of 10 mm dia bars at hanger reinforcement
Provide 8mm dia bars 2 legged vertical stirrups@ 200mm c/c spacing as Shear
reinforcement
2.2.2 DESIGN OF BEAM (B2)
DATA
Clear span = 4.5 m
D = 4500
10
= 450mm says 500mm
D = 500 – 35 =465mm
Breadth of beam b = 300mm
Size of beam = 300 x 500 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
leff = 4.73m
LOAD CALCULATION
Consider 1m length,
Self weight of slab =1 x0.180x25 = 4.5 KN/m
Self weight of beam = 1x 0.3x0.5x25 = 3.75KN/m
Imposed load =3 = 3 KN/m
Weight of weathering coarse = 1KN/m
Wall load = 0.23 x 4 x1x 20 = 18.4 KN /m
Total load, Wu = 30.65KN/m
Design load (Wu) = 30.65 x 1.5 = 45.975KN/m
Design BM = Wul2 = 45.975x4.732 = 128.57KNm.
8 8
BM = Mu limit
128.57x 106 = 0.36x20x300x0.48dx(d−0.416x0.48d)
D = 128.57x106/2.76x300
= 394mm < 465 mm
Hence ok.
TO FIND Ast
fck b
128.57x106 = 0.87x415x Ast 465− 415xAst
20x300
24.97 Ast2 – 167888.2 Ast = -128.57 x10 6
Ast = 881.31 mm2

Ast min = 0.12x300x500 = 180 mm2
100
No. of bar = 881.31 = 4.38 Nos says 5 Nos
π/4 x 162
Astpro = 5 x π/4 x 162 =1005.31 mm2
Provide 5 Nos as 16 mm dia bar of tension reinforcement
HANGER REINFORCEMENT
Astn = 20% of Ast provided
= (20/100) x1005.31= 201mm2
Provided 12mm dia bar.
201 = 1.7Nos says 2 Nos
2
π/4 x 12
Provide 2 Nos as 12 mm dia bar of hanger reinforcement.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
dreq = leff
BV x MF
leff = 4.73m
From IS 456-2000 cause 23.21
Basic value for simply supported beam = 20
Ptmax = 1005.31 x 100 = 0.72%
300x465
3. Fs = 0.58x415x 881.31 = 211N/mm2
1005.31
Mf = 1.2(From graph)
dreq = 4730 = 197.08mm <465mm
20x1.2
DESIGN OF SHEAR FORCE
Design load = 45.975KN/m
Vu = wul = 45.975x4.73 =108.73KN
2 2
To find Ʈv
Ʈv = 108.73x103 = 0.78 N/mm2
300x465
To find Ʈc
Ptmax = 0.45%
Ʈc = 0.36 + 0.36-0.28 x 0.20= 0.42 N/m
0.5 –0.25
Ʈc = 0.42N/mm2
Ʈv >Ʈc
Hence shear reinforcement provide in the form of vertical stirrups.
Shear carrying capacity of steel vus = vu - Ʈc bd
vus = 108730 – [0.42 x 300 x465]
= 50140 N
Spacing
Least as follows
1. Vus = 0.87 x Fy x Asv x d
Sv
Asv = 2 x π/4 x 82 = 100.53 mm2

Sv = 0.87x415x100.53x465 = 336.61mm
50140
2. Asv = 0.4
bSv 0.87Fy
Sv = 100.53x0.87x415
0.4x300
= 302.46 mm says 300mm
3. 0.75d = 0.75x465 = 348.75 mm

4. 300 mm
Provided 8mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 300 mm C/C distance as an
shear reinforcement.
RESULT
Provide 5 nos of 16mm dia bars at tension reinforcement
Provide 2 nos of 12 mm dia bars at hanger reinforcement
Provide 8mm dia bars 2 legged vertical stirrups@300mm c/c spacing as Shear
reinforcement
2.2.3 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BEAM (B3)
DATA
Clear span = 7m
D = 7000/10
= 700mm
Effective cover = 25+20/2
= 35 mm
d = 700 – 35
= 665mm
Breadth of beam b = 350mm
Size of beam = 350 x 700 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
leff = 7.23m
LOAD CALCULATION
Consider per m width,
Self weight of slab = 1x0.180x25
= 4.5 KN/m
Self weight of beam = 1x 0.35x0.7x2
= 6.125 KN/m
Imposed load = 3 KN/m
Weight of weathering coarse = 1 KN/m
Wall load = 0.23 x 4 x1 x 20 = 18.4 KN /m
Total load, Wu = 33.02 KN/m
Design load (Wu) = 33.02x 1.5 = 49.5KN/m
Design BM (-ve) = Wul2 = 49.5 x 7.232

8 8
= 323.44KNm
Design BM (+ve) = Wul2 =
49.5 x 7.232
10 10
= 258.75K
BM = Mu limit
0.36x20x350x0.48dx (d − 0.416x0.48d) = 323.44x 106
d = 323.44x106 /2.76x350
= 578.64mm < 665 mm
Hence ok
AST REQUIRED AT MID SPAN
DBM (+ve) = 0.87 fy Ast d – fy Ast
fck b
258.75 x106 = 0.87x415x Ast 665− 415xAst
20x350
21.41 Ast2 – 240098.25 Ast = - 258.75 x 106
Ast = 1207.76 mm2
AST LIMIT Xu max = 0.87 x 415 x Ast

0.36 x 20 x 1000
Ast = 0.36 x 20 x b x .48d
0.87 x 415
= 0.00957bd
Pt max = ast x100
bd
= 0.00957bd x 100 = 0.957 %
bd
astlimit = ptmax x bd
100
= 0.00957 x100 x 350 x 700
100
= 2344.65mm2
No. of bar = 1207.76 = 3.8 says 4 nos
2
π/4 x 20
Astpro = 4 x π/4 x 202 = 1256.6 mm2
Provide 4 nos of 20mm bars at mid span
AST REQUIRED AT INTERIOR SUPPORT
DBM (-ve) = 0.87 fy Ast d – fy Ast
fck b
323.44x106 = 0.87x415x Ast 665− 415xAst

20x350
2 6
21.41Ast – 240098.25Ast = -323.44x 10
Ast = 1565.72mm2
No. of bar = 1565.72
π/4 x 202
= 4.98 Nos says 5 Nos
Astpro = 5 x π/4 x 202
= 1570.79 mm2
Provide 5 nos of 20mm bars at interior support
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT [END SUPPORT]
Factored shear force at support
Vu = 0.4 wuleff
Vu = 0.4 x 49.5 x 7.23
= 143.15KN
Ʈv = Vu/bd
=143.15 x 103 / (350 x 665)
Ptmax = 1570.79 x 100
350x665
Ptmax = 0.68%
Ʈc = 0.48+ 0.56 – 0.48 x 0.18
0.75-0.50
= 0.54N/mm2
Shear stress of concrete
Ʈc = 0.54 N/mm2
since Ʈv >Ʈc
Hence the shear reinforcement shall be provided in the form of vertical
stirrups
Shear carrying capacity of steel vus = vu - Ʈc bd
vus = 143150– [0.54 x 350 x665]
= 17465 N
Spacing
Least as follows
Sv
Asv = 2 x π/4 x 82
= 100.53 mm2
Sv = 0.87x415x100.53x665
17465
= 1382mm
2. Asv = 0.4
bSv 0.87fy
Sv = 100.53x0.87x415
0.4x350
= 259.25 mm says 260mm
3. 0.75d = 0.75x665
= 498.75 mm
4. 450 mm
Provide 8 mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 260 mm C/C distance as a shear
reinforcement at end support
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT [INTERIOR SUPPORT]
Factored shear force at support
Vu = 0.6 wuleff
Vu = 0.6 x 49.5 x 7.23
= 214.73 KN
Ʈv = Vu/bd
=214.73 x 103 / 350 x 665
= 0.92N/mm2
Shear stress of concrete Ʈc = 0.54 N/mm2
since Ʈv >Ʈc
Hence the shear reinforcement shall be provided in the form of vertical
stirrups
Shear carrying capacity of steel
vus = vu - Ʈc bd
vus = 214730 – [0.54 x 350 x665]
= 89045N
Spacing
Sv
Sv = 0.87x415x100.53x665
89045
= 271mm
2. Asv = 0.4
bSv 0.87fy
Sv = 100.53x0.87x415
0.4x350
= 259.25 mm says 260mm
3. 0.75d = 0.75x665
= 498.75 mm
4. 450 mm
Provide 8 mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 260mm C/C distance as an shear
reinforcement at interior support.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Steel stress of service load fs = 0.58 x fy x Astreq
Astpro
Fs = 0.58x415x 1207.76
1570.79
= 185 N/mm2
Ptmax = 0.68%
Basic value = 20
Mf = 1.3(From graph)
dreq = 7230 = 278mm <665mm
20x1.3
Hence the section is safe against deflection
RESULT
Provide 4 nos of 20mm dia bars at mid span
Provide 5 nos of 20mm dia bars at interior support.
Provide 8 mm dia bars 2 legged vertical stirrups@ 260mm c/c spacing as Shear
reinforcement at end support & interior support
2.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
DATA
Assume column size = 350x350mm
LOAD CALCULATION
Load on beam = 4 x 49.5 x 7.35/2
= 727.65KN
Self weight of column = 0.35 x0.35 x 4 x 25 =12.25KN
Total load = 727.65 + 12.25
= 740KN
Design load Pu = 740 x 1.5
= 1110KN
SIZE OF COLUMN
Assume Area of longitudinal reinforcement,
Asc = 1%Ag
= 0.01Ag
Ac = Ag−Asc
= Ag-0.01Ag
Ac = 0.99Ag
Pu = 0.4fckAc+0.67fyAsc
1110x103 = 0.4x20x0.99Ag+0.67x415x0.01Ag
Ag = 103738.31mm2
Ag = bxD[square b=D]
= DxD
Ag = D2
D2 = 103738.31
D = 322mm say 350mm
Column Size = 350x350mm
TO FIND Asc
Asc = 0.01Ag
= 0.01(350x350) = 1225mm2
Provide 20mm dia bar
No.of bars = 1225
/4x202
= 3.899Nos say 4Nos
Provide 4 Nos as 20mm dia bar as an longitudinal reinforcement.
CLEAR COVER
Greater of as follows,
1)40mm
2) dia of longitudinal = 20mm
reinforcement
Clear cover = 40mm
DESIGN OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
a) maximum dia of reinforcement:
Greater of as follows
1) 1/4x dia of largest longitudinal reinforcement
= 1/4x20
= 5mm
2) 6mm
Dia of transverse = 6mm reinforcement
b) Pitch
Least of as follows
1) LLD = 350mm
2) 16 times dia of smallest longitudinal reinforcement
= 16x20
= 320 mm
3) 300mm
Provide 6mm dia bar @ spacing of 300 mm c/c distance of transverse
reinforcement.
SPACING OF LONGITUDINAL BARS
Along major & minor axis = 350-(2x40+20)
= 250mm<300mm
Hence safe
RESULT
size of column = 350 x 350 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement = 4 nos of 20mm dia bars
Lateral ties = 6mm dia at 300mm c/c spacing
2.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING
GIVEN DATA
Size of column = 350x350 mm
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 250 KN/m2
LOAD CALCULATIONS
Column Load = 1110.51 KN say 1110 KN
Add 10% of load for self
Weight of footing = 10 x 1110
100
= 111 KN
Total load = 1110+111
= 1221 KN
Design load = 1221x 1.5
= 1831.5KN
SIZE OF FOOTING
Area of footing = 1831.5
250x1.5
= 4.88m2
B2 = 4.88
B = 2.21m say 2.25m
Size of footing = 2.25x2.25m
TO FIND BM
Net upward soil pressure = 1110x1.5
2.25x2.25
= 328.88 KN/m2
Projection of footing from
the face of column = 2.25 – 0.35
2
= 0.95m
BENDING MOMENT
Mx = My = 328.88x2.25x0.95x0.95
2
= 333.91KNm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED
DBM = MR
333.91x 106 = 0.36x20x2250x0.48dx (d − 0.416x0.48d)
d = 333.91 x 106/2.76x2250
= 230mm
Assume clear cover = 50mm
Increase the depth of
Footing by two times (d) = 230x2
= 460mm
Provide 20mm dia bar.
Deff = 50+20/2
= 60mm
D = 460+60
= 520mm
TO FIND Astreq
DBM = MR
333.91x 106 = 0.87x415x Ast 460− 415Ast
20x460
16.28 Ast2 – 166083Ast = -333.91 x 106
Ast = 2753.91 mm2
Ast min = 0.12x1000x520
100
= 624 mm2
No. of bar = 2753.91
π/4 x 202
= 8.76Nos say 9Nos
Provide 9Nos of 20mm dia bars an both direction.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
For tension bar,
Ld = Øσs
4 bd
= 20x415x0.87
4x1.2
= 1504mm
CHECK FOR TRANSVERSE SHEAR
Nominal shear force = 328.88x0.35x2.25
Vy = 258.99KN
Nominal shear force vy = 258.99x103
2250x460
= 0.25N/mm2
Ptmax = π/4 x 202 x 9
= 2827.43 x 100
2250x460
= 0.27%
Ʈcy = 0.369N/mm2
K = 1.30
Ʈvy < K Ʈcy
Hence the section is safe against transverse shear.
CHECK FOR PUNCHING SHEAR
Nominal punching shear = 328.88x [(2.25x2.25) – (0.95x0.95)]
= 1368.14 KN
Ʈvz = 1368.14x103
(4x950) x460
= 0.78 N/mm2
Permissible punching shear = Kcz x Ʈcz
Ʈcz = 0.25 fck
= 0.25 20
= 1.118 N/mm2
Kcz = 0.5 + ß
ß = side ratio of column
= 350/350
=1
Kcz = 0.5 + 1
= 1.5 1
Kcz = 1
CHECK FOR BEARING STRESS
Nominal bearing stress p = load acting on the column
Area of the column
p = 1110x103x1.5
350x350
= 13.59 N/mm2
Permissible bearing stress
for concrete = 0.45 fck
= 0.45x20
= 9 N/mm2
p permissible bearing stress x A1/A2
A1 = (a+4D) x (b+4D)
= [350+ (4x520)] x [350+(4x520)]
= 4.86 m2
A2 = axb
= 0.35 x 0.35
= 0.122m2
A1/A2 = 4.86 / 0.12

= 6.31
13.59 9 x 6.31
13.59 N/mm2 56.79N/mm2
Hence the section is safe against the bearing stress
CHECK FOR SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
Soil pressure area = Load acting on the footing

Area of footing
Load acting on the footing = column load +self weight of footing
= 1110 + (25x2.25x2.25x0.52)
= 1175.81KN
Soil pressure = 1175.81 = 232.25 KN/m2
2.25x2.25
SBC of soil = 250 KN/m2
232.35 < 250 KN/m2
Hence safe against safe bearing capacity of soil.
RESULT
Size of footing = 2.25m x 2.25m
Over all depth = 520mm
Reinforcement = 9 nos of 20mm dia bars in both
direction
2.5 DESIGN OF LINTEL
DATA
Clear opening = 3000mm
Assume size of lintel = 230x270mm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH
Overall depth D = 270mm
Clear cover = 20mm
Using 8mm dia bar
Effective cover d’ = 20+8/2 = 24mm
Effective depth d = 270-24 = 246mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
Least of as follows
1)C/C distance of beams = 3+0.15 = 3.15m
2)Clears point effective depth = 3+0.246 = 3.246m
leff = 3.15m
Height of wall above the lintel = 1670mm
Height of equilateral triangle = 0.866l
= 0.866x3.15
= 2.73m
h < 0.866l
Since the height of wall above the lintel is less than the height of
equilateral triangle. So, rectangular portion of masonry loading has to be
considered in the design.
LOAD CALCULATION
Length of roof slab within the triangular portion,
a= 1230mm.
Height of masonry above lintel = 0.23x1.67x3.15x20.
= 24.19KN.
Self weight of lintel = 0.23x0.27x3.15x25.
= 4.89KN
Total load = 29.08KN.
Design load(W1) = 29.08x1.5
= 43.62KN.
Load from the slab on the mid length
(W2) = 24.19kN/m.
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
BM = W1l + W2 a (2l – a)
8 8
=43.62x3.15 + 24.19x1.230(2x3.15-1.230)
8 8
= 17.17+ 18.85
= 36.02 KNm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED FOR STRENGTH
BM = Mulimit
35.91x106 = 0.36x20x230x0.48d (d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 36.02x106/2.76x230
= 238.21mm < 246mm.
Hence ok.
TO FIND AST
BM = 0.87fy Ast(d-415Ast/20x230)
43.62x106 = 0.87x415xAst (246 − 415Ast)
20x230
32.57Ast2 - 88818.3Ast = -36.02 x 10 6
Ast = 495.62mm2
Provide 3 nos at 16mm dia bar of bottom as main reinforcement and 2
nos of 10mm dia bar at top as hanger reinforcement.
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Nominal shear strength Ʈv = Vu/bd
Vu = w1 l /2 + w2 l /2
= (43.62x3.15)/2 + (24.19x3.15)/2
= 68.70+38.09
Vu = 106.79KN
Ʈv = 106.79x103/230x246
= 1.88 N/mm2
PERMISSION SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Ptmax = 495.62 x 100 = 0.875%
230x246
= 0.875%
Ʈc = 0.56+[0.62-0.56/1-0.75]x0.12
Ʈc = 0.58
Ʈv >Ʈc
Since shear reinforcement is necessary for the lintel beam.
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Shear carrying capacity of steel Vus = Vu – Ʈc bd
Vus = 106.79x103 − 0.58x230x246
Vus = 73.97KN.
Provide 8mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups.
SPACING
Least of as following
Sv
Asv = 2 x π/4 x 82 = 100.53 mm2
Sv = 0.87x415x100.53x246
73970
= 120 mm
2. Asv = 0.4
bSv 0.87fy
Sv = 100.53x0.87x415 = 394 mm
0.4x230
3. 0.75d = 0.75x246 = 185 mm
4. 300 mm
Provided 8mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 120 mm C/C distance as
an shear reinforcement.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
dreq = leff
BVxMF
leff = 3150 mm
Basic value = 20
Ptmax = 0.875%
Fs = 0.58 x 415 x 495.62
603.18
= 197.77N/mm2
Mf = 1 (From graph)
dreq = 3150 = 157.5mm < 246 mm
20x1
2.6 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE
GIVEN DATA
Clear projection = 750 mm
Imposed load = 0.75 KN/m3
Weight of brick masonry = 19 KN/m3
Thickness of wall = 230 mm
d = Clear Span
BV x MF
IS 456-2000
Basic value for cantilever slab = 7
d= 750 = 76.53 mm say 55 mm
7x1.4
Use 8 mm dia bar
Effective cover = 15+8/2 = 19 mm say 20 mm
Over all depth D = 55+20 = 75 mm
d = 75 – 20 = 55 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN
For cantilever slab leff = 0.75 m
LOAD CALCULATION
Imposed load = 0.75 KN/m2
Consider per m width of slab
W = 0.89x1 = 0.89 KN/m
Design load wu = 0.89x1.5 = 1.34 KN/m
Design BM = 1.34x0.752 = 0.38 KNm
2
CHECK FOR ‘d’
BM = MUlimit
0.38 x 106 = 0.36x20x1000x0.48dx(d – 0.416x0.48d)
d = 0.38x106/2.76x1000
d = 11.73mm < 55mm
Hence ok.
CALCULATION OF Ast
fck b
0.38 x 106
= 0.87x415x Ast 55− 415xAst
20x1000
2 6
7.47 Ast – 19857.75 Ast = -0.38 x 10
Ast = 19.27 mm2
Astmin = 0.12 x 1000 x 75 = 90 mm2
100
Spacing
Use 8mm dia bar
Sv = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 558.5 mm
90
Least as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x55 = 165 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bar at 165 mm C/C as main reinforcement.
Ast provided
Astpro = π/4 x 82 x 1000 = 304.6 mm2
165
Ptmax = 304.6 x 100 = 0.55%
1000x55
DISTRIBUTION STEEL
Use 6mm dia bar
Astmin = 90 mm2
Spacing
Sv = π/4 x 62 x 1000 = 314.2 mm
90
Least as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x55 = 275 mm
Provide 6 mm dia bar at 275 mm C/C as main reinforcement.
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Vu = wul = 1.34x0.75 = 1.005 KN
Nominal shear force, Ʈc = Vu = 1.005 x 103 = 0.018 N/mm2
bd 750 x 55
From IS 456 – 2000
Ptmax = 55%
Ʈc 0.48+ 0.56 − 0.48 x 0.05
=
0.75 – 0.5
= 0.49 N/mm2
Ʈcmax = 2.8 N/mm2
K = 1.30
ƮcK = 0.49 x 1.3 = 0.64 N/mm2
0.018 < 0.64 < 2.8 N/mm2 Hence ok.
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Ptmax = 55%
Fs = 0.58 x 415 x 90 = 71.11 N/mm2
304.6
MF = 2 (From graph)
d = 750 = 53.57 < 55 mm
7x2
2.7 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
GIVEN DATA
Tread = 250mm
Rise = 150mm
Width of landing = 500mm
Imposed load (UDL) = 5KN/m2
Weight of brick steps = 20KN/m3
Weight of floor finish = 1KN/m3
SOLUTION
Effective span leff = 500+2500+500
= 3500mm
LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight of steps = 500/250+1/2x0.25x0.15x20
= 2.375KN/m2
Total tunes of waist slab
D = Span in mx(40-50)mm
= 3.5x50 =175mm
Use 12mm dia bars as main bar
Effective cover = (25+12/2) =31mm
= 175-(25+12/2) =144mm says 150mm
Self weight of slab per m of horizontal length
= 1502 + 2502
250
= 5.541
Weight of floor finish = 1KN/m2
Weight of step = 2.375KN/m2
Imposed load = 5KN/m2
Total load = 1+5.541+2.375+5
= 13.916 KN/m2
Consider 1m width
Design load = 13.916x1.5 = 20.874 KN/m2
Design BM = wl2/8 = 20.874x3.52/ 8 = 31.96 KNm
Maximum shear force @ support
Vu = wl2/2 = 20.874x3.52/2 = 127.85KN
CHECK FOR DEPTH
Mu = Mulimit
31.96 x 106 = 0.36x20x1000x0.48d(d-0.416x0.48d)
d = 31.96x106/2.76x1000
= 107.60 mm < 175 mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Fck b
31.96 x 106 = 0.87x415x Ast 150− 415xAst

20x1000
2 6
7.491 Ast – 54157.5 Ast =-31.96 x 10
Ast = 648.25 mm2
Ast minimum
Ast minimum = 0.12x150x1000 = 180 mm2
100
Spacing
Use 10mm dia bars as main reinforcement.
SV = π/4 x 102 x 1000
648.25
= 121.15 mm say 120 mm
Least as follows
3d (or) 300 mm
3x150 = 450 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar at 120 mm C/C in each flight as main bar.
DISTRIBUTION STEEL
Astmin = 180mm2
Spacing
SV = π/4 x 102 x 1000
180
= 436.33mm say 440 mm
Least as follows
5d (or) 450 mm
5x150 = 745 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar at 435 mm C/C as distribution steel in each
flight.
Astpro = π/4 x 102 x 1000
120
= 654.49 mm2
Percentage of tension steel
Ptmax = Ast x 100 = 648.25 x 100 = 0.43%
bd 1000x150
CHECK FOR STIFFNESS
Fs = 0.58 x 415 x 648.25 = 238.40N/mm2
654.49
Is 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1
MF = 1.1 (From graph)
d = 3500 = 146.10 < 150 mm
1.1x28
Hence the slab is safe against stiffness.
2.8 DESIGN OF RAMP
THEORY
The ramp is designed as same that of the staircase with waist slab only. In
our case the ramp is supported by the cantilever beam projected from the
column to a length equal to width of a waist slab. Hence the ramp is designed as
that of staircase with that the riser beam provided within the waist slab.
DATA
Effective span of waist slab = horizontal distance between c/c
of beams
= 3500mm
Effective width of waist slab
Since one of the edge of the slab is embedded into the wall for a length of
7230 mm
As per IS456,
Effective width of waist slab =1450+100=1550mm
Width of loaded area =1450-200=1250mm
Assume thickness of waist slab =175mm
LOAD CALCULATION
Consider 1 m length in the direction of flight.
Imposed load =4 x 1.250 =5KN/m2
Weight of waist slab/m of inclined length b =1.45x0.175x25=6.34KN/m2
Weight of waist slab/m of horizontal length = 7.23x (7.232 +1.452)1/2
= 7.373KN/m
Weight of finish = 1x1.45=1.45KN/m
Total load = 20.16KN/m
Factored total load = 1.5x20.16=30.24KN/m
Bending moment and shear force
Maximum BM@ mid span = 30.24x3.52 =46.30KNM
8
Maximum SF@ support = 30.24x3.5 =13.23KN
8
DEPTH REQUIRED
Dreqd = Mumax 1/2
0.13fck x b
= 46.30X106 1/2
0.138X20X1550
= 104.03mm <dprovided
Safe in bending.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Equate MR = Mu applied
Mu applied = 46.30 KN/m
Ast = 990.66 mm2
Provide 9Nos of 12 mm dia bars.
DISTRIBUTION STEEL
Ast min = 0.12/100 x 1000 x 175
= 210mm2
Provide 8mm dia bars @ a spacing of 240 mm c/c spacing.
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Nominal shear stress Ʈv = 13.23X106 = 0.056N/mm2
1550X150
To find Ʈc
Ptmax = 0.66%
Ʈc = 0.48 + 0.56-0.48 x 0.16= 0.53 N/m
0.75 –0.50
Ʈc = 0.53N/mm2
Ʈv <Ʈc
Safe in shear.
2.9 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
Septic tank for 300 users.
Provide 2 septic tanks of capacity of 150 persons each and assuming the rates of
water of supply as 100 litres /head /day.
Flow of sewage per day = 150 x 100 = 15m3
1000
Assume a detention period of 24 hours
24 hours tank capacity required = 15 x 24 = 15m3
24
Sludge storage at 0.0708m3 Capita = 150 x 0.0708 = 10.62m3
For a cleaning period of 2 years
Total capacity = 15 + 10.62 = 25.62m3
Add 25% extra for feature expansion = 25/100 x 25.62 = 6.4m3
Total design capacity = 25.62 + 6.4 = 32.02m3
Let the depth of liquid be 2m plan
Area of tank = 32.02/2 = 16.01m3
Provide tank of dimension 5 x 3.2m
Plan area = 16m2
Assume free board = 0.4m
Total depth of tank = 2 + 0.4
= 2.4m
The size of the tank = 5 x 3.2 x 2.4m
DESIGN OF DISPERSION TRENCH
Flow of sewage per day = 15 m3
Extra flow taken for future expansion = 25 x 15 = 3.75m3
100
Flow of sewage on the trench = 15 + 3.75 = 18.75 m3
Assume the width of dispersion trench = 1m
Assume a percolation rate = 0.204 m3 / day
Length of trench required = 18.75 x 1 = 91.9 m
0.204
Provide three trenches of each 30m Length soak pit (Alternative to the
Dispersion Trench)
DESIGN OF SOAK PIT

Soak pit or seepage pit could be used instead of dispersion trench this is simple
in construction and would be more suitable for rural area.
Flow of sewage per day = 15m3
Extra flow taken future expansion = 3.75m3
Assume the percolation capacity of the pit as 1.25 m3/day.
Volume of the pit required = 18.75/1.25
= 15m3
Assume the depth of pit as 3.5m below the invert level of the inlet pipe.
Area required = 15/3.5
= 4.28m3
Diameter of the pit = 4 x 4.28/π
= 2.3m
A seepage pit of diameter 2.3m and 3.5m deep below the interval of the inlet
pipe may be provide.
2.10 MANUAL ANALYSIS
2.10.1 ANALYSIS THE TRUSS BY SLOPE DEFLECTION
METHOD(T1)
FIXED END MOMENTS

MFAB = MFBA = MFCD = MFDC = 0
MFBC = - WL2/12 = -43.725X 2.52/12
= -22.77KNm.
MFCB = WL2/12 = 43.725X 2.52/12
= 22.77KNm.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
MAB = MFAB+ 2EI/L (2Φa+φb)
= (0.8φb) EI
MBA = MFBA+ 2EI/L(2Φb+φa)
= (1.6φb)EI
MBC = MFBC+ 2EI/L(2Φb+φc)
= -22.77 +(1.6φb+0.8φc)EI
MCB = MFCB+ 2EI/L(2Φc+φb)
= 22.77 + (1.6φc+0.8φb)EI
MCD = MFCD+ 2EI/L(2Φc+φd)
= 1.6φc EI
MDC = MFDC+ 2EI/L(2Φd+φc)
= 0.8φcEI
JOINT EQULIBIRIUM EQUATIONS
AT JOINT B
MBA+MBC = 0.
(1.6φb)EI – 22.77+ (1.6φb+0.8φc)EI = 0
3.2φb+0.8φc = 22.77
AT JOINT C
MCB+MCD = 0
22.77+ (3.2φc+0.8φb)EI+1.6φc EI = 0
(3.2φC+0.8φb)EI+22.77 = 0
φb = 9.48/EI.
Φc = -9.48/EI.
MAB = 7.58KNm.
MBA = 15.16 KNm.
MBC = -15.16KNm.
MCB = 15.16KNM.
MCD = -15.16 kNm.
MDC = -7.58KNm.
2.10.2ANALYSIS THE TRUSS BY SLOPE DEFLECTION
METHOD (T2)
FIXED END MOMENTS

MFBC = - WL2/12 = -45.975 X 4.52/12
= -77.58 KNm.
MFCB = WL2/12 = 45.975 X 4.52/12
= 77.58 KNm.
= (0.44φb) EI
= (0.88φb)EI
= -77.58 +(0.88φb+0.44φc)EI
= 77.58 + (0.88φc+0.44φb)EI
= 0.88φc EI
= 0.44φcEI
AT JOINT B
MBA+MBC = 0.
(0.88φb)EI – 77.58+ (0.88φb+0.44φc)EI = 0
1.76φb+0.44φc = 77.58
AT JOINT C
MCB+MCD = 0
77.58+ (0.88φc+0.44φb)EI+0.88φc EI = 0
(0.44φC+1.76φb)EI+77.58 = 0
φb = 58.77/EI.
Φc = -58.77/EI.
MAB = 25.85 KNm.
MBA = 51.72 KNm.
MBC = -51.72 KNm.
MCB = 51.72 KNm.
MCD = -51.72 KNm.
MDC = -25.85 KNm.
2.10.3ANALYSIS THE TRUSS BY SLOPE DEFLECTION
METHOD (T3)
FIXED END MOMENTS

MFBC = - WL2/12 = -49.5 X 72/12
= -202.125 KNm.
MFCB = WL2/12 = 49.5 X 72/12
= 202.125 KNm.
= (0.28φb) EI
= (0.57φb)EI
= -202.125 +(0.57φb+0.28φc)EI
= 202.125 + (0.57φc+0.28φb)EI
= 0.57φc EI
= 0.28φcEI
MBA+MBC = 0.
(0.57φb)EI – 202.125 + (0.57φb+0.28φc)EI = 0
1.14φb+0.28φc = 189.09
AT JOINT C
MCB+MCD = 0
202.125+ (0.57φc+0.28φb)EI+0.57φc EI = 0
(0.28φC+1.14φb)EI+202.125 = 0
φb = 235/EI.
Φc = -235/EI.
MAB = 65.8 KNm.
MBA = 133.95 KNm.
MBC = -133.95 KNm.
MCB = 133.95 KNm.
MCD = -133.95 KNm.
MDC = -65.8 KNm.
2.11 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS
2.11.1 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
BENDING DIAGRAM AT Z AXIS

SHEAR DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
CONCRETE DESIGN IN STAAD ANALYSIS
3D VIEW OF FRAME
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
TOP VIEW OF FRAME
OUTPUT FILE IN STAAD ANALYSIS
RESULT ANALYSIS
BEAM N O. 16 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20 Fe 415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 7000.0 mm SIZE: 350.0 mm X 700.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 569
SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1750.0 mm 3500.0 mm 5250.0 mm 7000.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 1070.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 480.30
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
BOTTOM 0.00 479.58 607.81 479.58 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1750.0 mm 3500.0 mm 5250.0 mm 7000.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 14-10í 2-10í 2-10í 2-10í 7-10í
REINF. 2 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
BOTTOM 2-20í 3-20í 3-20í 3-20í 2-20í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í
REINF. @ 230 mm c/c @ 230 mm c/c @ 230 mm c/c @ 230 mm c/c @
230 mm c/c
C O L U M N N O. 74 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 350.0 mm X 350.0 mm
COVER: 40.0 mm
** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 2 END JOINT: 52 SHORT COLUMN
REQD. STEEL AREA : 1385.88 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 - 16 dia. (1.31%, 1608.50 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 255 mm c/c
SECTION CAPACITY (KNS-MET)
--------------------------
Puz : 2066.40 Muz1 : 105.60 Muy1 : 105.60
INTERACTION RATIO: 0.99 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)
3. DRAWINGS
4. CONCLUSION
In this project, we have successfully made an attempt of planning,
designing and analyzing of hospital building. The hospital building will helps
the people to cure from various diseases and also satisfy the public welfare
needs. The design has been made accordingly to satisfy all the practical needs.
The structural members are designed manually and analyzed by using
STAAD pro software. By choosing this project, we had an opportunity to know
about the requirements of planning and designing of a hospital building.
During this design project, we learned various methodology and basic
design concepts.
REFERENCES
1. Krishna Raju, N. (2003) ‘Design of reinforced concrete structures’, CBS

Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi – 110 002.
2. Krishna Raju, N. and Pranesh, R.N. ‘Reinforced Concrete Design’, NEW
AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) PUBLISHERS, New Delhi – 110 002.
3. Vaidyanathan, R. and Perumal, P. ‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS –
Volume-I’, Lakshmi Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi – 110 002.
4. IS 456-2000 (Fourth Revision)
5. Punmia .B.C “Strength of Materials and Mechanics of Structures”
6. Varghese .P.C “Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete”

Hospital Building Civil Project

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Hospital Building Civil Project

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PLANNING, DESIGNING AND

ANALYSIS OF HOSPITAL BUILDING

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

Certified that this project report “PLANNING, DESIGNING AND

Mr.K.M.Gopalalakrishnan.M.E.,(Ph.D) Ms.L.Mekala, M.E.,

Submitted for the Anna University Project viva-voce held on ……….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

We dedicate this mini-project to our beloved Parents who are responsible

Nowadays Development of urban areas in causes increase in population

FIG.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE.NO.

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

Hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by

= 193.5 mm say 200 mm

Percentage of tension steel

From IS 456 – 2000 Table - 20

7.49 Astx12 – 43326 Astx1 = - 13.44 x 106

18 x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 120− 415xAstx2

8.40 x 106 = 0.87x415x Asty1 112− 415xAsty1

11.28 x 106 = 0.87x415x Asty2 112− 415xAsty2

Asty2 = 295.07 mm2

From table of IS 456-2000

MF = 1.8 [from graph]

3.11x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 80− 415xAstx1

Astx1 = 110.85 mm2 says 120mm

5.32x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 80− 415xAstx2

2.27x 106 = 0.87x415x Asty1 72− 415xAsty1

3.05 x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx2 72 − 415xAstx2

6.72x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 120− 415xAstx1

8.88 x 106 =0.87x415xAstx2 120 − 415xAstx2

6.72 x 106 =0.87x415x Asty1 112− 415xAsty1

8.88 x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 120− 415xAstx2

18.30x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx1 x160 1- 415xAstx1

24.18x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 160 − 415xAstx2

18.30 x 106 0.87x415x Asty1 152− 415xAsty1

24.18x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx2 152− 415xAstx2

Ast = 487.79 mm2

1. Ptmax = 487.79 x 100 =0.61%

Hence the section is safe

Asv = 2 x π/4 x 82 = 100.53 mm2

3. 0.75d = 0.75x265 = 200mm

Ast = 881.31 mm2

Asv = 2 x π/4 x 82 = 100.53 mm2

3. 0.75d = 0.75x465 = 348.75 mm

Design BM (-ve) = Wul2 = 49.5 x 7.232

AST LIMIT Xu max = 0.87 x 415 x Ast

323.44x106 = 0.87x415x Ast 665− 415xAst

A1/A2 = 4.86 / 0.12

Soil pressure area = Load acting on the footing

31.96 x 106 = 0.87x415x Ast 150− 415xAst

DESIGN OF SOAK PIT

FIXED END MOMENTS

FIXED END MOMENTS

FIXED END MOMENTS

2.11.1 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

BENDING DIAGRAM AT Z AXIS

M20 Fe 415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

BOTTOM 0.00 479.58 607.81 479.58 0.00

M20 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

1. Krishna Raju, N. (2003) ‘Design of reinforced concrete structures’, CBS