ECCS Lecture Notes

Wednesday, September 9, 2020
ECCS Lecture Notes

https://www.icloud.com/pages/0seAKjoV41YP1tC8hbec4AqIg#EECS_Lecture_Notes
Lecture 2
2.1 Pseudocode and Programming Languages:
-Pseudocode is a compiled number of steps that describes a command
-C++ and code describes the steps in computer language in order for the computer to
compute commands.
2.2 Parts of C++ Program
-A statement—Has a semicolon and is the individual instructions of a program.
-Ex: cuot<<y;
-Expression— An expression does a function that is evaluated and returns a value
-Ex: 2+3
-Variable Declaration—De nes a variable in the code
-Ex: int x = 2; (also a statement)
2.3 Tracing Through Programs
-Ex:
Int main () { Variables: Console:
Int x = 3; x = 3
Int y = x; y = 3 33
x = 3;
cout << x;
cout << y;
Return 0;
1
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2.4 Compile Errors
-Like a grammar error where the computer doesn’t understand what is being said
-Ex: int x = int y + 1 (can’t introduce y on this side)
-A bug is when the computer is told what to do but does the wrong thing
Lecture 3
3.1 Types
- int: Store whole numbers
- Double: Store and rational number
- Bool: Stores true or false
- String: Stores 0+ symbols—letters and numbers
- Char: Stores a single symbol
3.2 Operators
- Operators fo math with numbers and variables
- Integer division:
- Division of integers reports a integer
- Division with a double reports a double
- The modulo operator (%) does reports the variable
- 7%3 = 1
3.3 Tracing Through Programs
- Nothing to note
3.4 Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion
More Values —————————————————————————>Less Values
double int char bool
<—————————————————————— Implicit Conversion (automatic)
Explicit Conversion ————————————————————————-> (cast)
2
-Implicit Conversions
-int + double = double
-int + int = int
-double + double = double
-Explicit Conversion
-static_cast<int>(x);
3.5 Rounding Functions
-Must include #include <cmath>;
-Rounding Functions:
- round ( ) - rounds to the nearest integer
- oor ( ) - rounds down to nearest integer
- ceil ( ) - rounds up to nearest integer
-Ex: d=3.7
- round (d) = 4
- oor (d) = 3
- Ceil (d) = 4
Lecture 4
4.1 Functions
- Splits code into sections, and each section has a task
- Makes big programs into many little programs
- Makes the code easier to write and reduces code duplication
Input ---------> function ----------> output
3
fl
fl
Parts of a function:
Example: square function
_____________ nameOfFunction(_____________________){
(output type) (input parameters)
return _____________;
(output value)
Example: Filled out function
int doThatThing( int a, double z, string s){
//function goes here
Function Header: Describes the interface for the function
-what the function called (doThatThing)
-what the inputs are called (int a, double z, string s)
-what the outputs are (int)
4.2 Calling a Function
Function call: Jumps to a function from main or another function
Example: Trace through a program "square"
double square(double d) {
return d*d;
int main() {
double s; Declares a new variable s
4
double z = 3.0; Declares a new variable z = 3.0
s = square (z); function call (square), z = 3.0, the value of z become d, runs
cout << s; square, and then outputs 9.0 into s.
return 0;
4.3 Common Mistakes
Input Rules:
- Can have 0 or more outputs
- Types and identi ers in function header
- Input values are passed in by function caller
Output Rules:
-Can only return one or zero things
-Return value must match return type stated in header
Function calls:
-Provide input values to functions
- Store, print , or use return value
Lecture 5
5.1 Scope
-Scope: where something can be used
Example: Example:
int main () { int x = 3;
int x = 3; y = x;
int y; int y; <=== Y introduced too late
y = x; return 0;
return 0; }
} Doesn't Run
Runs
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5.2 Pass by Value
-Pass by Value: Passing data to a function makes a copy
Example:
Void addOne(int x) {
x = x + 1
cout << x;
int main () {
int x = 3;
addOne(x);
cout << x;
5.3 Cin Algorithms
Example:
int x;
cin >> x;
(user types in the value of x)
6
5.4 Cin Fail State, getline(), other inputs
cin fail state:
input eecs
input x; <---- This is the fail state, because the letters aren't integers, so all other cins
do nothing
cin >>x;
string s;
cin >> s;
- What if we want to read a string with whitespace
use getlin()
Example:
input "Hello world"
getline(cin, s);
Lecture 6
6.1 RME Comments
-RME stands for requires, modi es and e ects
-Requires: What are the constraints on the function
-Modi es: What changes in the function
-E ects: What the function does
-Example:
/* requires: count > 0
modi es: Nothing
e ects: Returns average of count and the elements that end up in sum
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double average(double sum, double count) {
return sum/count;
6.2 If/ else if
conditional: if/else,, ask a yes/no question and then act upon it
-example
if (windChill < 0) {
cout << "brrr"
} else if (windChill < 32) {
cout << "comfy";
} else {
cout << "toasty";
6.4 Boolean Expressions
-math with true and false
-compare numbers
-combine true and false
-compare numbers
>, < > <= , >=, ==, !=
-combine true and false
|| - or- one or both are true
&& - and - both are true
! - not - not true
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6.5 Completments
complements- complements are opposites
Lecture 7
7.1 While Loops
Loop- A block of code that repeats
Example:
int i = 0 variables
while (i < 3) { 0123
cout << "hi"
i = i + 1 console
} hihihibye
cout << "bye!"
-count control loop: executes a certain number of times and made up of three parts
example:
int i = 0 <=== 1) counter variable
while (i < 3) { <=== 2) comparison of counter variable
cout << "hi"
i = i + 1
cout << "bye!" <=== 3) update counter
9
7.2 Event Controlled Loops (Cin Loops)
-Event loop also known as cin loops use cin in a while loop
- Evaluates to true when something successfully reads into x and false when it fails to
read into x
Example:
int main() { Variable
int x; 0123D
while (cin >>x) { Console
cout >> (x+1); 234done
cout << "done" << endl;
return 0;
7.3 Cin Loop with Check
- cin loop with an additional condition
Example;
int main() {
int x;
while (cin >>x && x > 3) {
cout << (x+1);
cout << "done" << endl;
return 0;
10
Example:
int main() {
int x;
while (cin >>x && x <5) {
cout << "too small";
cout << "big enough" << endl;
return 0;
7.4 i++, i+=, and Friends
-Compound assignment operators
i = i + 1 i = i - 1
the same as the same as
i +=1 i -=1
i++ i--
++i --i
-Some others
+=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Lecture 8
8.2 For Loops:
- Count controlled loops: Excecute a cetain amount of times.
11
Ex:
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
cout << i;
- Count controlled vs event controlled:
count controlled: event controlled:
-execute a certain number of times -loop until something happens
-better for for loop -better for while loop
8.3 Nested Loops
- nested loops: loops inside loops
Ex:
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "i = " << i << "begins" << endl;
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
cout << "j = " << j << "begins" << endl;
cout << "i = " << i << " nished" << endl;
8.4 Scope with Nested Loops and if Statements
- Scope: where a variable can be used
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- Scope with loops:
Ex: Ex:
for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) { int i;
cout << i << x; for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) {
} cout << i << x;
cout << i << endl; }
cout << i << endl;
DOESN'T WORK!! WORKS!!
- Scope with if Statements:
x y z Yields and error because of scope
int x = 7; -
int y; - -
if (x < 10) { - -
int z = x - 10; - - -
x += 2; - - -
} - - -
y = x + z; - -
Lecture 9
9.1 Expressions with Strings
-Strings: zero or more chars in a row
-string comparison:
- == means the same character to character
- != means not identical character to character
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9.2 String Indexes
Ex:
string s = "Hello";
index of string s:
h e l l o
0 1 2 3 4
-index of s = 4
- The index is the distance from the beginning of a string
9.3 String Functions + Loop and String
- .length(), .size() - gets the char count of string
Ex:
string.s = "hello";
cout << s.size(); -------> 5
- .at()
Ex:
string.s = "hello";
cout << s.at(2); -------> "l"
Ex:
string s = 'sup';
s.at(1) = 'c';
cout << s; -----> suc
-strings and loops
Ex:
string s = 'hello';
for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); i++) {
cout << s.at(1);
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Lecture 10
10.1 Pass by Value and Pass by Reference
-pass by value: makes a copy
-original variable/value and thing in function are seperate
- helpful when variables hold a lot of information (string functions)
Ex:
void f(int x) {
x = 3;
int main() {
int x = 2;
f(x);
cout << x; -----> 2
-pass by reference
- uses an &
-one thing (the original)
-function gets a new name for that thing
-one variable has more than one name
Ex:
void f(int &x) {
x = 3;
int main () {
int x = 2;
f(x);
cout << x; ------> 3
15
Ex:
void multiply(int &x) {
x = x * 2;
int main () {
int a = 3;
multiply (a);
cout << a; -------> 6
return 0;
10.2 Tracing with Pass by Reference
10.3 When to use Pass by Reference
Ex: ERROR
void addOne( double &x) {
x = x + 1;
int main() {
addOne(3.1);
double a = 3.1;
addOne(a + 1);
int y = 3;
addOne(y);
return 0;
16
Ex: FIXED 
void addOne( double &x) {
x = x + 1;
int main() {
double d = 3.1;
addOne(d);
double a = 3.1;
double d2 = a + 1;
addOne (d2);
int y = 3;
addOne(y);
return 0;
Lecture 11
11.1 Source Code (.cpp) and header (.h) les
- Seperates codes in order to organize the functions
- .h declares functions and has RMEs
- .cpp includes .h and implements functions
11.2 Declaring Arrays and Accessing Elements
- With an array, you can store large amounts of variables instead of declaring all the
variables by assigning a number to the variable
- string students[1110] -- declares all 1110 students
- Example:
int main() {
int arr[3]; <---- type int, name arr, 3 spots (starting from 0).
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-Array sizes must be known at compile time
- number
-stored in constant
-Example:
good
-int arr[2];
-const int SIZE = 4;
int arr[SIZE];
not good
-int size;
cin >> size;
int arr[size];
-initializer lists put stu in arrays
-Ex: int arr[4] = {-1,5,0.2};
-Ex; int arr[4] = {-1}; puts 0's in the rest of the spots
- can initialize with blank spots
-Ex: arr[4];
-Arrays can be accessed with indexes
- int b[ ] = {-1, 5, 0, 2};
cout << b[2]; <--- prints 0
11.3 Looping over Arrays
- array loops allow us to access parts of the array
- array loop example
cont int SIZE = 3;
int arr[SIZE] = {1, 2, 3};
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
cout << arr[i];
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-Things you cannot do with arrays
- Cannot cout with arrays
- Cannot += with arrays because they have xed sizes
- Ask how size with .size() or . length()
-Have to track with constants
11.4 Passing Arrays to Functions
-Example:
int lastElement(int arr[ ], int size) {
return arr[size - 1];
int main() {
int arr[3] = {6, -3, 4};
cout << lastElement(arr, 3); <----- Prints out 4
return 0;
-Example:
void f(int arr[ ], int size) {
arr[0] = 4;
int main( ) {
int arr[3] = {8, 2, 1};
f(arr, 3);
cout << arr[0]; <------ Prints 4 (turns 8 into 4)
return 0;
19
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Lecture 12
12.1 Review Arrays
- Arrays store many values in a single variables
- int arr[3] = {4, 5, 6};
- index 0 1 2
- variable 4 5 6
- Example: What are the bugs?
- int greater10(int arr[ ]) { <----- array does not have size
int count; <------ uninitialized
for (int i = 0; i < arr.size( ); i++) { <---- cannot use .size with arrays
if (arr[i] > 10) {
count ++;
return count;
-Common Errors
- The name of an array refers to the entire data structure
-int score[5] = {30, 40, 50, 60 , 70, 14};
-score holds the memory address of the rst array element
- the variables stored are score[0] score [1] score [2] up to score[5].
-c++ does not check array indices for validity
- If there is int data[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and you print data[5], a random

value will be printed
- comparing arrays does not work, but will compile
- arr1 == arr2 will always be false
arr1[i] == arr2[i] in a loop will work
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- Arrays as function parameters
-Your cannot have an array return type
12.2: 2-D Arrays
- 2D arrays
- Regular arrays: 1D like a line of values
-arr[1]
- 2D arrays: like a rectangle of values
- int arr[2][3];
-Initializing 2D arrays
- int arr[4][3] = {
{1, 2, 3},
{1, 2, 3},
{1, 2, 3},
{1, 2, 3}
};
-2D loops and 2D arrays
- Example:
-pattern: outer => rows, inner => columns
int arr[2][3];
for (int row = 0; row < 2; row++) {
for (int col = 0;, col < 3; col ++) {
arr[row][col] = row * col;
- 2D arrays as Parameters\
-arrays are always passed by reference
-Example:
void processArray(int data[50][3], int numRows, int numCols);
21
Lecture 13
13.1 Reading from Files: ifstreams
-Streams
- Sends data into and out of a program
-Why use les
- send input and output to other people
-can be larger and also be much faster
- In order to read les you have to use a le stream
- Types of streams
- ifstream: input le stream -- reads a le in
-ofstream: output le stream -- reads a le out
- Reading from les
- The fstream library contains the datatypes
- #include <fstream>
-ofstream: writing to les
-ifstream: reads from les
-Istream syntax
-Example: include input.txt
#include <fstream>
int main( ) {
ifstream n; <----- variable of type ifstream
n.open ("input.txt"); <------ connects to le you want input.txt
int x;
n >> x;
n.close( );
return0;
22
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- Four steps for reading from a le
1) declare an ifstream variable. ifstream n;
2) associate the ifstream with a le n.open("input.txt");
3) read from the le n >> x >> y;
4) close the le n.close( );
13.2 Writing to Files: streams
- ofstream syntax
- Example:
#include <fstream>
int main ( ) {
ofstream fout; <--- variable of type ofstream
fout.open("output.txt"); <--- will create a new le if

output.txt does not exist
fout << "Hello";
fout.close( );
return 0;
- Four steps for reading from a le
1) declare an ofstream variable. ofstream fout;
2) associate the ofstream with a le fout.open("input.txt");
3) read from the le fout >> x >> y;
4) close the le fout.close( );
13.3 Stream States
-stream states : there are multiple di erent stream states
-Types:
- .fail( ) -- checks to see if the function didnt work
- .good -- checks to see if the function is good to read more
- .eof -- checks to see if there is nothing more in the le, reached the end
23
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- .clear( ) -- clears a fail state
- The state gets set AFTER the failure, not before
-clearing states:
- Example: User enters "word"
int x;
cin >> x;
if (cin.fail( )) {
cin.clear( );
string s;
cin >> s;
Lecture 14
14.1 De ning Classes
-What are classes?
- Packages of data and functions that belong together
- Class syntax: declaring
- Example:
class Student {
public: <--- other people can use things in our class
string name; <-- member variables, variables that are part of a class
int umid; <--
}; <--- must end with a semicolon with classes
- Class syntax: using
-Example cont.
int main ( ) {
Student s; <--- student takes the place of the identi er
s.name = "Natalie"; <--- will out natalie inside of the name

member variable of the class
24
fi
fi

14.2 Member Functions
- Member functions
- classes are packages of data and functions that belong together
class Student { <== class declaration
public:
string name; <== member functions
int umid; <==
void printName( ); <== member function & declaration
};
void Student::printName( ) { <== current instance is s1
cout << name; <== name comes from current instance of the class
.
(current means variable of class type)
int main ( ) {
Student s1;
s1.name = "Natalie Emcard";
s1.umid = 99999901;
s1.printName( ); <== calls member function
14.3 Constructors
- Constructors
- member function whose job it is to initialize member variables
- almost every class has a constructor
-Constructor syntax
- special member function
- no return type
25
-same name as class
- Example:
class Student {
public:
student (string name_in, int umid_in); <== no return type
private:
string name;
int umid;
};
Student::Student(string name_in, int umis_in) { <== Student:: means

belongs to student class
name = name_in;
umid = umis_in;
- Non-default constuctor
-has parameters
- Example:
Student::Student(__________)
- Default contructor
- has no parameters
- creates a blank object- empty string or zero
- Example:
Student::Student( ) {
name = "";
umid = 0;
26
-Using Constructors
- Example: Using conductor above
int main ( ) {
Student s1("Natalie Emcard", 99999901); <== Creates an instace of

Student called s1 and
calls constructor
Student s2; <== creates instance called s2 and calls default constructor
Lecture 15
15.1 Header Files
- Copying class instances
-Example:
student s1 = {"Jiaying"};
student s2;
s2 = s1;
- Passing class instance to a function
- Example:
changeName(Student s_in, string newName) {
s_in.name = newName;
s_in.printName( );
int main ( ) {
Student s = {"Dean"};
s.printName( );
changeName(s, "niels");
s.printName( ); <== prints Dean, Niels, Dean
- Header les
- .h les tell c++ what to expect, contain functions declarations and prototypes,
. RMEs, and class de nitions
- .cpp les contain function de nitions, where code goes
27
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15.2 Member access controls
- Public and private access
- Public: functions outside of the class can access
- Private: Only member functions can access
- Why public or private?
- Helps prevent errors by stopping bad input from getting into a class
- private will give class control over what goes into member variables
- When do you use?
- member variables are almost always private
- member functions:
- public if useful to call them from main( ) or outside functions
- private otherwise
15.3 Getters and Setters
- Getters and Setters
- Functions that let us access member variables
- Example:
setter
- void Student:: setUmid( int umid_in) {
umid = umid_in;
getter
- int getUmid( ) {
return umid;
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15.4 Constructors
-Constructors
- A constructor is a member functions whose job is to initialize member

. variables
-It is what creates the instance of a class
-Almost every class with a private member variable has a constructor
- Constructors are special member function
- no return type
- same name as class
- Example:
class Student {
public:
Student(string name_in, int umid_in);
private:
string name;
int umid;
};
in the .cpp le
Student::Student(string name_in, int umid_in) {
name = name_in;
umid = umid_in;
- Using constructors
- Example:
int main ( ) {
// Creates a student with name "michael Michaud and umid 63873804
Student s1( "Michael Michaud", 63873804);
//Creates a student with name "Emily Britton" and umid 45897856
Student s2( "Emily Britton", 45897856);
29
fi
}
Lecture 16
16.1 Overloaded Constructors
- Constructors: A member function whose job it is to initialize memebr variables
-Non default: has parameters
-Default: no parameters
- Overloaded Constructors
- Same function, di erent parameters
- Example:
classStudent {
public:
Student( string name_in, int umid_in);
Student (string name_in);
Student( );
private:
string name;
int umid;
};
int main ( ) {
Student Michael( "Michael", 63873804); <== string, int -- rst one
Student Emily("Emily"); <== string -- second one
Student Deron; <== Default constructor -- third one
- Auto default constructor rule
- every class automatically gets a default constructor that does nothing
- If you write any constructor, then it takes away this default constructor
30
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fi
16.2 Memebr variables of class type
- Member variables of other class types
- Example:
Class Student {
public:
string name;
int umid;
};
class DormRoom {
public:
Student resident;
string dorm;
int room;
};
int main( ) {
DormRoom dr;
dr.dorm = "South Quad";
dr.resident.name = "emily";
cout << dr.resident.name.length( );
Lecture 17
17.1 Read and Write e Functions
- Classes and I/O
-Design classes to look after themselves
- .read functions read in functions
- .write functions write out functions
17.3 I/O when Member Variables are Classes
31
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Wednesday, September 9, 2020

ECCS Lecture Notes

-Pseudocode is a compiled number of steps that describes a command

2.2 Parts of C++ Program

-A statement—Has a semicolon and is the individual instructions of a program.

-Expression— An expression does a function that is evaluated and returns a value

-Variable Declaration—De nes a variable in the code

-Ex: int x = 2; (also a statement)

2.3 Tracing Through Programs

Int main () { Variables: Console:

2.4 Compile Errors

-Ex: int x = int y + 1 (can’t introduce y on this side)

- int: Store whole numbers

- Double: Store and rational number

- Bool: Stores true or false

- String: Stores 0+ symbols—letters and numbers

- Char: Stores a single symbol

- Operators fo math with numbers and variables

- Division of integers reports a integer

- Division with a double reports a double

- The modulo operator (%) does reports the variable

3.3 Tracing Through Programs

3.4 Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion

More Values —————————————————————————>Less Values

double int char bool

<—————————————————————— Implicit Conversion (automatic)

Explicit Conversion ————————————————————————-> (cast)

-int + double = double

-int + int = int

-double + double = double

3.5 Rounding Functions

-Must include #include <cmath>;

- round ( ) - rounds to the nearest integer

- oor ( ) - rounds down to nearest integer

- ceil ( ) - rounds up to nearest integer

- Splits code into sections, and each section has a task

- Makes big programs into many little programs

- Makes the code easier to write and reduces code duplication

Input ---------> function ----------> output

Example: square function

(output type) (input parameters)

Example: Filled out function

int doThatThing( int a, double z, string s){

//function goes here

Function Header: Describes the interface for the function

-what the function called (doThatThing)

-what the inputs are called (int a, double z, string s)

-what the outputs are (int)

4.2 Calling a Function

Function call: Jumps to a function from main or another function

Example: Trace through a program "square"

double s; Declares a new variable s

cout << s; square, and then outputs 9.0 into s.

4.3 Common Mistakes

- Can have 0 or more outputs

- Types and identi ers in function header

- Input values are passed in by function caller

-Can only return one or zero things

-Return value must match return type stated in header

-Provide input values to functions

- Store, print , or use return value

-Scope: where something can be used