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BIOLOGY 83 – Introduction to Medical Microbiology and Parasitology

Lecture Course Outline
Mae Brigitt Bernadel L. Villordon, Ph.D., MPH, RMT

Course Description:

Introduction to Microbiology and Parasitology is a 5 unit comprehensive course

for Nursing , and Nutrition and Dietetics students. It is a 6- hour weekly subject
consisting of lecture and laboratory sessions. Lecture classes can accommodate up to
40 students while laboratory classes can accommodate up to 20 students.

Microbiology and Parasitology for the Health Sciences has always been with the
idea that a meaningful introduction to microbiology and parasitology can be provided for
the health science oriented student in a single semester or quarter of a study without
demanding earlier exposure to the subject or an extensive background in chemistry and
mathematics.

This course module is designed for students entering Bachelor of Science in

Pharmacy or other allied-healthcare profession whose primary purpose is to provide a
useful and basic understanding of the microbe in its role as a disease-producing agent.
Thus, the content has been kept at a minimum in an effort to provide only that
information essential to an appreciation of microorganisms in the disease process.

Because of its narrower scope, Microbiology and Parasitology for the Health
Sciences is intended to be neither an encyclopedic reference of general microbiology
nor a detailed analysis of host responses to parasitic microorganisms. Rather, the
students will find that this module provides as a succinct background of the agents of
infectious diseases and the human disease processes associated with the
microorganisms.

Course Requirements:

1. Lecture / presentations. The student should be ready to participate in lectures and

class presentations.
2. The student should pass all examinations and submit all the required outputs and
presentation.
3. Students are expected to attend their online classes during synchronous modality
(online meet-up).
4. Requirements/work to do must be submitted on time.
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GRADING SYSTEM
The student performance in both lecture and laboratory classes will be reflected in ONE GRADE
for the entire semester. The lecture portion will compose 50% of the entire grade while the
laboratory performance, 50%.
Students can monitor and compute their grades using the formula given below:
Lecture grades (exams = 50%, assignments/outputs/presentations = 40%, attendance = 10%).
Since exams comprise 50% of student’s grade, students are advised to monitor their
performance in their lecture exams using the following steps below:

(A) Obtain the percentile obtained for all exams taken

Total Score Obtained for Lecture Exams x 100

Total Number of Items

(B) Obtain your numerical grade from the Grading Scale shown in the table below.

(C) For the succeeding exams, add your score and the total number of items to previous
exam(s). Compute for your new percentile and obtain your numerical grade. Repeat the
above steps every time you obtain scores from your exams.

GRADING SCALE
Percentile Grade Percentile Grade Percentile Grade Percentile Grade
99.50-100 4.0 92.00-92.50 3.2 85.50-86.00 2.4 79.00-79.99 1.6
98.00-99.49 3.9 91.00-91.50 3.1 85.00-85.49 2.3 78.50-78.99 1.5
97.00-97.50 3.8 90.50-90.99 3.0 84.00-84.99 2.2 77.50-78.49 1.4
96.00-96.50 3.7 89.50-90.49 2.9 83.00-83.99 2.1 77.00-77.49 1.3
95.00-95.50 3.6 89.00-89.49 2.8 82.50-82.99 2.0 75.50-76.99 1.2
94.50-94.99 3.5 88.00-88.99 2.7 81.50-82.49 1.9 74.00-75.49 1.1
93.50-94.49 3.4 87.00-87.99 2.6 81.00-81.49 1.8 73.00-73.99 1.0
93.00-93.49 3.3 86.50-86.99 2.5 80.00-80.99 1.7 <73 F

CLASS POLICIES

Attendance and Tardiness

Students are expected to attend during synchronous modality (online meet-up) as attendance
and promptness are credited at the end of the semester which would account 10 % for the final
grade.

Make-up Exams
Make-up exams will only be given to students with a valid excuse stating the inclusive dates of
illness and diagnosis and signed by the parents and from online consultations from our
university guidance counselors.

Submission of Worksheets/Assignments/Reports/Presentations
Deadlines must be met accordingly to be able to get the highest points and to avoid invalidity of
such.

Teacher Consultation
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Should there be any consultation needed to make, NEVER hesitate to leave a message in our
mySOUL class account.
Course Content:

I. Pioneers in the Science of Microbiology: Microbiology Then and Now

A. The Beginnings of Microbiology
B. The Transition Period
C. The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology
D. The Second Golden Age of Microbiology
E. The Third Golden Age of Microbiology

II. Laboratory Techniques and Methods

A. Microscopy
B. Staining
C. Streaking Techniques
D. Morphological Characteristic of Bacteria in Culture Media
E. Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics

III. Cataloging Microorganism

A. Classification Attempts to Catalog Organisms
B. Classification Uses a Hierarchial System
C. The Five-Kingdom System Recognizes Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Differences
D. The Three-Domain System Places the Monera in Separate Lineages
E. Bacterial Taxonomy Now Includes Molecular Criteria
F. Bergey’s Classification of Prokaryotes

IV. An Introduction to Cell Structure and Function

A. Processes of Life
B. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: An Overview
C. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
D. Prokaryotic Cell Walls
E. Prokaryotic Cytoplasmic Membrane
F. Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes
G. External Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
H. Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membrane
I. Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
J. Comparison of Gram Positive and Gram Negative

V. Characterization and Classification of Prokaryotes

A. General Characteristic of Prokaryotic Organism
B. Modern Prokaryotic Classification
C. Survey of Archaea
D. Survey of Bacteria

VI. Characterization and Classification of Eukaryotes

A. General Characteristic of Eukaryotic Organism
B. Protozoa
C. Fungi
D. Algae
E. Water Molds and Slime Molds
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F. Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest and Parasitic Helminths and

Vectors
VII. Characterization and Classification of Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
A. Characteristic of Viruses
B. Classification of Viruses
C. Viral Replication
D. The Role of Viruses in Cancer
E. Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory
F. Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions
G. Are Viruses Alive?

VIII. Microbial Nutrition and Growth

A. Growth Requirements
B. Growth of Microbial Population
C. Culturing Microorganisms in Culture Media
D. Incubation
E. Maintenance and Preservation Techniques

IX. Control of Microbial Growth in the Environment

A. Basic Principles of Microbial Control
B. The Selection of Microbial Control Methods
C. The Physical Methods of Microbial Control
D. The Chemical Methods of Microbial Control

X. Control of Microbial Growth in the Body

A. The History Antimicrobial Agents
B. Mechanism of Antimicrobial Action
C. Clinical Consideration in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs
D. Resistance of Antimicrobial Drugs

XI. Epidemiology and Public Health

A. Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and their Host
B. The Movement of Microbes into Hosts: Infection
C. The Nature of Infectious Disease
D. The Movement of Pathogens out of the Hosts: Portals of Exit
E. Sources of Infectious Disease in Humans
F. Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission
G. Classification of Infectious Disease
H. Epidemiology of Infectious Disease
I. The Theory of Disease Causation

XII. Non-specific Defense: Innate Immunity

A. An Overview of the Body’s Defenses
B. The Body’s First Line of Defense
C. An Overview of the Body’s Second Line of Defense
D. The Body’s Second Line of Defense

XIII. Specific Defense: Adaptive Immunity

A. Elements of Adaptive (Specific)Immunity
B. The Body’s Preparation for a Specific Adaptive Immune Response
C. The Humoral Immune Response
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D. The Cell-Mediated Immune Response

E. Types of Acquired Immunity
XIV. Hypersensitivities, Autoimmune diseases, and Immune Deficiencies
A. Hypersensitivities
1. Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity
2. Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity
3. Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated) Hypersensitivity
4. Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity

B. Autoimmune Diseases
1. Single-Tissue Autoimmune Diseases
2. Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

C. Immunodeficiency Diseases
1. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
2. Acquired (Secondary) Immunodeficiency Diseases

XV. VIRAL INFECTIONS

A. Viral Infection of the Skin

1. Chickenpox and Shingles
2. German Measles (Rubella)
3. Measles/Hard Measles (Rubeola)
4. Monkeypox
5. Smallpox
6. Warts

B. Viral infections of the EARS

1. Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)

C. Viral infections of the EYES

1. Adenoviral Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis
2. Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis

D. Viral infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract

1. The Common Cold (Acute Viral Rhinitis, Acute Coryza)

E. Viral infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract

1. Acute, Febrile, Viral Respiratory Disease
2. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
3. Influenza (Flu)
4. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

F. Viral infections of the Oral Region

1. Cold sores (Fever Blisters, Herpes labialis)

G. Viral infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Viral Gastroenteritis (Viral Enteritis, Viral Diarrhea)
2. Viral Hepatitis

H. Viral infections of the Genitourinary System

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1. Viral Sexually Transmitted Disease

Anogenital Herpes Viral Infections (Genital Herpes)
2. Genital Warts (Genital Papillomatosis, Condyloma Acuminatum)

I. Viral infections of the Circulatory System

1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
2. Infectious Mononucleosis
3. Mumps or Infectious Parotitis
4. Dengue fever (Breakbone Fever)
5. Yellow Fever
6. Diseases of Arenaviruses
7. Hemorrhagic Fevers (Filoviruses) Ebola Virus and Malburg Virus

J. Viral infections of the Nervous System

1. Poliomyelitis (Polio, Infantile Paralysis)
2. Rabies
3. Echoviruses (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan Virus)
4. Other Diseases of Enteroviruses: Coxsakie A Virus (Herpangina)
5. Diseases of Positive ssRNA Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne Viral Encephalitis)
6. Diseases of Bunyaviruses
7. Viral Meningitis (Aseptic Meningitis and Nonbacterial or Abacterial Meningitis)
8. Cytomegalovirus Infections (CMV)

XVI. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

A. Bacterial Infections of the Skin
1. Acne
2. Anthrax (Woolsorter’s Disease)
3. Gas Gangrene or Clostridial Myonecrosis
4. Leprosy or Hansen’s Disease
5. Staphylococcus (Gram positive coccus)
6. Streptococcus
7. Non-venereal Treponema Diseases

B. Bacterial Ear Infections

1. Otitis Externa (External Otitis, Ear Canal Infection, Swimmer’s Ear)
2. Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

C. Bacterial Infections of the Eyes

1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis (“Pink Eye”)
2. Trachoma (Chlamydia Keratoconjunctivitis)/ Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
(Inclusion Conjunctivitis, Paratrachoma)
3. Gonococcal Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia neonatorum)

D. Bacterial Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract

1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2. Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat/Sore Throat)

E. Bacterial Infections of the Oral Region

1. Prevotella

F. Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract

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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci)

2. Klebsiella pneumonia
3. Legionella pneumophila (Pontiac Fever)
4. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6. Bordetella pertussis (“100-Day Cough”)

G. Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Vibrio spp.
2. Salmonella spp.
3. Shigella
4. Clostridial Food Poisoning
5. The Enterobacteriaceae or Enteric Bacteria
6. Listeria monocytogenes
7. Bacteroides fragilis
8. Helicobacter pylori

H. Bacterial Infections of the Genitourinary System (STDs)

1. The Gonococcus : Neisseria gonorrhoeae
2. Haemophilus ducreyi
3. Mycoplasma hominis
4. Mycoplasma genitalium & Ureaplasma urealyticum
5. Chlamydia trachomatis
6. Treponema pallidum
7. Molluscom contagiosum
8. Serratia marcescens
9. Noncoliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Proteus mirabilis)

I. Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory System

1. Rickettsia spp.
2. Yersinia pestis
3. Francisella tularensis
4. Ehrlichia chaffeensis & Ehrlichia egui
5. Borrelia burgdorferi
6. Borrelia recurrentis
7. Bartonella spp.
8. Chlamydia psittaci
9. Brucellosis in humans
10. Coxiella burnetti
11. Bacteremia or Lymphangitis (Body Sepsis)
12. Group B Streptococcus: Streptococcus agalactiae

J. Bacterial Infections of the Nervous System

1. Clostridium tetani
2. Leptospira interrogans
3. Haemophilus influenzae
4. The Meningococcus: Neisseria meningitides

XVII. FUNGAL INFECTIONS

A. Fungal Infections of the SKIN

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1. Black piedra
2. White piedra
3. Ringworm Infections
4. Pityriasis or Tinea versicolor
5. Candidiasis
6. Paracoccidioidomycosis
7. Chromoblastomycosis
8. Phaeohyphomycoses
9. Mycetomas
10. Sporotrichosis ( Rose-Gardener’s Disease)
11. Nocardia asteroids
12. Actinomyces

B. Fungal Infections of the LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

1. Coccidioidomycosis
2. Histoplasmosis
3. Pneumocystis Pneumonia
4. Zygomycoses
5. Blastomycoses

C. Fungal Infections of the ORAL REGION

1. Oral Candidiasis (Oral Thrush)

D. Fungal Infections of the GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

1. Vulvo-vaginitis or “yeast infection”

E. Fungal Infections of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. Aspergillosis

F. Fungal Infections of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Cryptococcosis
2. Claviceps purpurea
3. Mycotoxicoses
4. Mycetismus (Mushroom Poisoning)
5. Aspergillus flavus

REFERENCES
This course does not require a textbook. Students can borrow from the library for the following
references. New editions may be available.

1. Bauman, Robert. Microbiology With Diseases By Taxonomy 2nd ed.

2. Anderson, N., and Pearsall, R. Microbiology: A Human Perspective 4th edition
3. Pommerville, Jeffrey. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology
4. Burtun, G. and Engelkirk, P. Microbiology for the Health Science 7th ed.
5. Tortora, G., Funke, B. and Case, C. Microbiology; An Introduction 8th Edition
6. Mckane and Kandel. Microbiology Essential and Applications

Online Sources
The students can visit these websites for further references and recent updates.
http://www.cdc.gov/
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http://www.who.int/en/
http://www.doh.gov.ph/