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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Suppressor</h1>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Suppressors.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Suppressors.jpg/220px-
Suppressors.jpg" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Suppressors.jpg/330px-
Suppressors.jpg 1.5x,
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Several firearms with detachable suppressors, from top to bottom: an <a
href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/AR-15" class="mw-redirect"
title="AR-15">AR-15</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_USP" title="Heckler
& Koch USP">Heckler & Koch USP</a> Tactical, a <a href="/wiki/Beretta_92"
title="Beretta 92">Beretta 92FS</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/SIG_Mosquito" class="mw-
redirect" title="SIG Mosquito">SIG Mosquito</a></div>
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<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jp
g/220px-CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg" width="220" height="54" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CZ_452_A_silencer_large
.jpg/330px-CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg/440
px-CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="378"
/></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/CZ_452" title="CZ 452">CZ 452</a> bolt-action rimfire rifle with
suppressor</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundeswehr-
Technik_02_(RaBoe).jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundeswehr-Technik_02_
%28RaBoe%29.jpg/220px-Bundeswehr-Technik_02_%28RaBoe%29.jpg" width="220"
height="65" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundeswehr-Technik_02_
%28RaBoe%29.jpg/330px-Bundeswehr-Technik_02_%28RaBoe%29.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundeswehr-Technik_02_%28RaBoe
%29.jpg/440px-Bundeswehr-Technik_02_%28RaBoe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-
file-height="235" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundeswehr-Technik_02_(RaBoe).jpg"
<a href="/wiki/Accuracy_International_AWM" title="Accuracy International AWM">AWM-
F</a> <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">sniper rifle</a> with
attached suppressor</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AS_Val_
%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-
_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-
_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg" width="220" height="118"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AS_Val_
%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-AS_Val_
%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-
_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-
_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2239" data-file-
height="1196" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-
part2-34_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Integral suppressor on <a href="/wiki/VSS_Vintorez" title="VSS Vintorez">VSS
Vintorez</a> sniper rifle and <a href="/wiki/AS_Val" title="AS Val">AS Val</a>
assault rifle</div>
</div>
</div>
A suppressor, sound suppressor, sound moderator or
silencer is an accessory device that is attached to or part of the <a
href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle
(firearms)">muzzle</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> or
<a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">air gun</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel"
title="Gun barrel">barrel</a> and reduces the noise signature (muzzle report) and
<a href="/wiki/Muzzle_flash" title="Muzzle flash">visible flash</a> generated by
the gun’s firing. Suppressors are typically constructed of a metal cylinder with
internal <a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound baffle">baffle</a> components to
slow and cool down the escaping <a href="/wiki/Propellant"
title="Propellant">propellant</a> gas and thus decrease the <a
href="/wiki/Sound_intensity" title="Sound intensity">sound intensity</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle blast">muzzle
blast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-
1">[1]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">flash
suppressor</a>, on the other hand, specifically cools or disperses burning gases
typically exiting from the muzzle of a <a href="/wiki/Carbine"
title="Carbine">carbine</a>-length weapon, without reference to sound
reduction.
In most countries, suppressors are regulated by firearm legislation to varying
degrees. While some have allowed for (or even mandated) sporting use of suppressors
(especially to mitigate the costs of <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss"
title="Noise-induced hearing loss">hearing loss</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>), other
governments have opted to ban them from civilian use.

<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Terminology">2 Terminology</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Firearm_noise_anatomy">3 Firearm noise
anatomy</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Design_and_construction">4 Design and construction</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Components">4.1 Components</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Baffles_and_spacers">4.2 Baffles and
spacers</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Wipes_and_packing_material">4.3 Wipes and packing
material</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Attachment">4.4 Attachment</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Advanced_types">4.5 Advanced types</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Improvised_silencers">4.6 Improvised
silencers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Characteristics">5 Characteristics</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Subsonic_ammunition">5.1 Subsonic
ammunition</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Effectiveness">6 Effectiveness</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Regulation">7 Regulation</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Europe">7.1 Europe</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#North_America">7.2 North America</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Oceania">7.3 Oceania</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">9 References</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sources">9.1 Sources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h2>History[<a href="/w/index.php?
title=Suppressor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section:
History">edit</a>]</h2>
American inventor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Percy_Maxim" title="Hiram Percy
Maxim">Hiram Percy Maxim</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim
gun">Maxim gun</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Stevens_Maxim" class="mw-redirect"
title="Hiram Stevens Maxim">Hiram Stevens Maxim</a>, is usually credited with
inventing and selling the first commercially successful models circa 1902 (patented
March 30, 1909).<a
href="#cite_note-USPTO-958935-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-
popular_science_1923-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAR1989-4">[4]</a> Maxim gave his
device the trademarked name Maxim Silencer,<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-5">[5]</a> and they were
regularly advertised in sporting goods magazines.<a href="#cite_note-Gage-6">[6]</a> The <a
href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">muffler</a> for <a
href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal
combustion engines</a> was developed in parallel with the firearm suppressor by
Maxim in the early 20th century, using many of the same techniques to provide
quieter-running engines (in many English-speaking countries automobile mufflers are
called silencers).<a
href="#cite_note-Goddard2000-7">[7]</a> Former president of the United States
<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore
Roosevelt</a> was known to purchase and use Maxim Silencers.<a href="#cite_note-Boorman2001-
8">[8]</a>
Suppressors were regularly used by agents of the United States <a
href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic
Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>, who favored the newly designed <a
href="/wiki/High_Standard_HDM" title="High Standard HDM">High Standard HDM</a> <a
href="/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle" title=".22 Long Rifle">.22 Long Rifle</a> pistol during
<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. OSS Director <a
href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph
Donovan">William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan</a> demonstrated the pistol for <a
href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United
States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D.
Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House"
title="White House">White House</a>. According to OSS research chief Stanley
Lovell,<a href="#cite_note-Lovell-
9">[9]</a> Donovan (an old and trusted friend of the President) was waved
into the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, where
Roosevelt was dictating a letter. While Roosevelt finished his message, Donovan
turned his back and fired ten shots into a sandbag he had brought with him,
announced what he had done and handed the smoking gun to the astonished
president.<a
href="#cite_note-Kessler1994-10">[10]</a> The British SOE (<a
href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations
Executive">Special Operations Executive</a>) <a href="/wiki/Welrod"
title="Welrod">Welrod</a> pistol with an integral suppressor was also used by the
American OSS on clandestine operations in Nazi occupied Europe during the <a
href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second
World War</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-Bull2004-11">[11]</a>
<h2>Terminologyedit</a>]</h2>
Both the United States Department of Justice and the ATF (Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms and Explosive) refer to suppressors as "silencers".<a href="#cite_note-atf34-
12">[12]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Percy_Maxim" title="Hiram
Percy Maxim">Hiram Percy Maxim</a> (the original inventor of the device) marketed
them as "Maxim Silencers".<a
href="#cite_note-Greener2002-13">[13]</a> The earliest use of the term
"suppressor" to refer to firearm noise reduction is in US Patent 4530417, July 23,
1985 "A suppressor for reducing the muzzle blast of firearms or the like.".
<h2>Firearm noise
anatomy[<a href="/w/index.php?
title=Suppressor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Firearm noise
anatomy">edit</a>]</h2>
When a firearm is discharged, there are three ways sound is produced. Part of it
can be managed; however, some of it is beyond the ability of the operator or
manufacturers to eliminate.
In order of importance, the three ways a firearm generates sound are:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle blast">Muzzle
blast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shockwave" class="mw-redirect"
title="Shockwave">shockwave</a> generated by high-temperature, high-pressure gases
escaping and expanding from the muzzle after the bullet exits the barrel)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">Sonic boom</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Bullwhip" title="Bullwhip">bullwhip</a>-cracking sound associated with
high-frequency shockwaves created by an object exceeding the <a
href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> flying
through the air)</li>
<li>Mechanical noise (sound generated by internal moving parts of the <a
href="/wiki/Firearm_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm action">firearm
action</a>)</li>
</ul>
A suppressor can only affect the noise generated by the two primary sources –
muzzle blast and sonic boom – and in most cases only the former. While <a
href="/wiki/Subsonic_ammunition" title="Subsonic ammunition">subsonic
ammunitions</a> can negate the sonic boom, mechanical noise can be mitigated but is
nearly impossible to eliminate. For these reasons, it is difficult to completely
silence any firearm, or achieve an acceptable level of noise suppression in <a
href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolvers</a> that function under standard
operating principles due to the looser gas seal between the barrel and the <a
href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">cylinder</a>. Some
revolvers have technical features that enable suppression and include the Russian
<a href="/wiki/Nagant_M1895" title="Nagant M1895">Nagant M1895</a> and <a
href="/wiki/OTs-38" class="mw-redirect" title="OTs-38">OTs-38</a> revolvers, and
the <a href="/wiki/S%26W_QSPR" class="mw-redirect" title="S&W QSPR">S&W
QSPR</a>.
<a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle blast">Muzzle
blast</a> generated by firearm discharge is directly proportional to the amount of
<a href="/wiki/Propellent" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellent">propellent</a> to
be combusted within the <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge
(firearms)">cartridge</a>. Therefore, the greater the case capacity (e.g. a <a
href="/wiki/Magnum_cartridge" title="Magnum cartridge">magnum cartridge</a>), the
louder the muzzle blast and consequently a more efficient or larger suppressor
system is required. A gunshot (the combination of the <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom"
title="Sonic boom">sonic boom</a>, the vacuum release, and hot gases) will almost
always be louder than the sound of the action cycling of an <a href="/wiki/Semi-
automatic_firearm" title="Semi-automatic firearm">autoloading firearm</a>. Alan C.
Paulson, a renowned firearms specialist, claimed to have encountered an integrally
suppressed .22 LR that had such a quiet report,<a href="#cite_note-Paulson-14">[14]</a> although this is
somewhat uncommon. Properly evaluating the sound generated by a firearm can only be
done using a decibel meter in conjunction with a frequency spectrum analyser during
live tests.
<h2>Design and
constructionedit</a>]</h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ReflexSuppressor-
WP-Drwg.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ReflexSuppressor-WP-
Drwg.png/220px-ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png" width="220" height="110"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ReflexSuppressor-WP-
Drwg.png/330px-ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ReflexSuppressor-WP-
Drwg.png/440px-ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-
height="637" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png"
Cross-section drawing of a BR Tuote rifle suppressor, showing expansion chamber
"reflexed" (going back around) the rifle barrel, and four <a
href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound baffle">baffles</a>. The diffractor and
baffles are carefully shaped to deflect gas</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaime-Suppressor-
22-WP-Drwg.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-
Drwg.png/220px-Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png" width="220" height="83"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-
Drwg.png/330px-Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-
Drwg.png/440px-Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-
file-height="495" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png"
Cross-section drawing of a Vaime .22 caliber rifle suppressor, showing short
expansion chamber and thirteen plastic <a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound
baffle">baffles</a>. These baffles use alternating angled flat surfaces to
repeatedly deflect gas expanding through the suppressor. In the actual suppressor,
the baffles are oriented at 90 degrees to each other about the axis of bullet
travel (the illustration cannot demonstrate this well)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy-HushPuppy-WP-
Drwg.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Navy-HushPuppy-WP-
Drwg.png/220px-Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png" width="220" height="129"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Navy-HushPuppy-WP-
Drwg.png/330px-Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Navy-HushPuppy-WP-
Drwg.png/440px-Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-
height="583" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png"
Cross-section drawing of a US Navy Hush Puppy Mk 2 pistol suppressor, showing
expansion chamber wrapped around inner suppressor assembly, and four wipes. The
bullet pushes a bullet-diameter hole through the wipes, trapping propellant gas
behind it entirely until the bullet has passed through the wipe completely</div>
</div>
</div>
href="/wiki/File:Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-
1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-
1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png/220px-
Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-
1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Patent_DE1553874_07-
Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png/330px-
Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-
1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png/440px-
Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png
2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="415" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-
1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Cross section diagram of <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5" title="Heckler &
Koch MP5">Heckler & Koch MP5SD</a> early model suppressor, from H&K 1971
patent. Vented barrel surrounded by metal mesh packing in expansion chambers,
followed by conical baffles in forward chambers</div>
</div>
</div>
The suppressor is typically a hollow metal tube manufactured from <a
href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium"
title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Titanium"
title="Titanium">titanium</a> and contains expansion chambers. This device,
typically cylindrical in shape, attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearm)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearm)">muzzle</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pistol"
title="Pistol">pistol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine
gun">submachine gun</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>. Some
"can"-type suppressors (so-called as they often resemble a <a
href="/wiki/Beverage_can" title="Beverage can">beverage can</a>), may be detached
by the user and attached to a different firearm. Another type is the "integral"
suppressor, which typically consists of an expansion chamber or chambers
surrounding the barrel. The barrel has openings or "ports" which bleed off gases
into the chambers. This type of suppressor is part of the firearm (thus the term
"integral"), and maintenance of the suppressor requires that the firearm be at
least partially disassembled.<a
href="#cite_note-Heard2011-15">[15]</a>
<div class="thumb tleft">
href="/wiki/File:Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_di
sassembled.JPG/220px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56
_disassembled.JPG/330px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disasse
mbled.JPG/440px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896"
data-file-height="1944" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG"
Huntertown Kestrel 5.56 firearm suppressor disassembled to show blast chamber,
baffles, and sections of the outer tube</div>
</div>
</div>
Both types of suppressors reduce noise by allowing the rapidly expanding gases
from the firing of the cartridge to be decelerated and cooled through a series of
hollow chambers. The trapped gas exits the suppressor over a longer period of time
and at a greatly reduced velocity, producing less noise signature. The chambers are
divided by either <a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound
baffle">baffles</a> or wipes. There are typically at least four and up
to perhaps fifteen chambers in a suppressor, depending on the intended use and
design details. Often, a single, larger expansion chamber is located at the muzzle
end of a can-type suppressor, which allows the propellant gas to expand
considerably and slow down before it encounters the baffles or wipes. This larger
chamber may be "reflexed" toward the rear of the barrel to minimize the overall
length of the combined firearm and suppressor, especially with longer weapons such
as rifles.
Suppressors vary greatly in size and efficiency. One disposable type developed
in the 1980s by the U.S. Navy for <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm" class="mw-redirect"
title="9×19mm">9×19mm</a> pistols was 150 mm (5.9 in) long and 45 mm
(1.8 in) in outside diameter, and was designed for six shots with standard
ammunition or up to thirty shots with <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed
of sound">subsonic</a> (slower than the speed of sound) <a href="/wiki/Ammunition"
title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>. In contrast, one suppressor designed for rifles
firing the powerful <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber (BMG)</a>
cartridge is 509 mm (20.0 in) long and 76 mm (3.0 in) in
diameter.<a href="#cite_note-
Barrett-16">[16]</a>
Two ancillary advantages to the suppressor are recoil reduction and flash
suppression. Muzzle flash is reduced by both being contained in the suppressor and
through the arresting of unburned powder that would normally burn in the air,
adding to the flash. Recoil reduction results from the slowing of propellant
gasses, which can contribute 30–50% of recoil velocity. However, some suppressors
can increase the backpressure produced by the propellant gasses. This can cause
them to function somewhat like a <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_booster" title="Muzzle
booster">Muzzle booster</a> and thus increase the felt recoil. The weight of
suppressor and the location of that additional weight at the muzzle reduce recoil
through basic mass as well as muzzle flip due to the location of this mass.
<h3>Componentsedit</a>]</h3>
<h3>Baffles and
spacersedit</a>]</h3>
<a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound baffle">Baffles</a> are usually
circular metal dividers which separate the expansion chambers. Each baffle has a
hole in its center to permit the passage of the bullet through the suppressor and
toward the target. The hole is typically at least 1 mm larger than the bullet
caliber to minimize the risk of the bullet hitting the baffle in what is known as a
"baffle strike". Baffles are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel"
title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, aluminium, titanium, or alloys such as
<a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>, and are either <a
href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machined</a> out of solid metal or <a
href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">stamped</a>
out of sheet metal. A few suppressors for low-powered cartridges such as the <a
href="/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle" title=".22 Long Rifle">.22 Long Rifle</a> have
successfully used plastic baffles (certain models by Vaime and others.)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>
There are several unique baffle designs. M, K, Z, monolithic core<a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-
18">[18]</a> and Ω (Omega) are the most prevalent. M-type is the crudest and
comprises an inverted <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a>. K forms slanted obstructions diverging from the
sidewalls, creating <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>
across the <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge
(bore diameter)">boreline</a>. Z is expensive to machine and includes "pockets" of
dead airspace along the sidewalls which trap expanded gases and hold them thereby
lengthening the time that the gases cool before exiting. Omega forms a series of
spaced cones drawing gas away from the boreline, incorporates a scalloped mouth
creating cross-bore turbulence, which is in turn directed to a "mouse-hole" opening
between the baffle stack and sidewall.
Propellant gas heats and erodes the baffles, causing wear, which is worsened by
high rates of fire. Aluminium baffles are seldom used with fully <a
href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">automatic weapons</a>,
because service life is unacceptably short. Some modern suppressors using steel or
high-temperature alloy baffles can endure extended periods of fully automatic fire
without damage. The highest-quality rifle suppressors available today have a
claimed service life of greater than 30,000 rounds.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Baffles have not been
given any specific angles, a specific size, or weight to meet any standards; they
are created on a trial and error basis.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-20">[20]</a>
Spacers separate baffles and keep them aligned at a specified distance from each
other inside the suppressor. Many baffles and spacers are manufactured as a single
assembly and several suppressor designs have all the baffles attached together with
spacers as a one-piece helical baffle stack. Modern baffles are usually carefully
shaped to divert the propellant gases effectively into the chambers. This shaping
can be a slanted flat surface, canted at an angle to the bore, or a conical or
otherwise curved surface. One popular technique is to have alternating angled
surfaces through the stack of baffles.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-20">[20]</a>
<h3>Wipes and packing
materialedit</a>]</h3>
Wipes are inner dividers intended to touch the bullet as it passes through the
suppressor, and are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect"
title="Rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, or
<a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a>. Each wipe may either have a hole
drilled in it before use, a pattern stamped into its surface at the point where the
bullet will strike it, or it may simply be punched through by the bullet. Wipes
typically last for a small number of firings (perhaps no more than five) before
their performance is significantly degraded. While many suppressors used wipes in
the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> era, most
modern suppressors do not use them as anything that touches the projectile has
significant accuracy implications. All "wipes" deteriorate quickly and require
disassembly and spare parts replacement.<a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-21">[21]</a>
"Wet" suppressors or "wet cans" use a small quantity of water, <a
href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum"
title="Petroleum">grease</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> in the
expansion chambers to cool the propellant gases and reduce their volume (see <a
href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a>). The coolant
lasts only a few shots before it must be replenished, but can greatly increase the
effectiveness of the suppressor. Water is most effective, due to its high <a
href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of
vaporization">heat of vaporization</a>, but it can run or evaporate out of the
suppressor. Grease, while messier and less effective than water, can be left in the
suppressor indefinitely without losing effectiveness. Oil is the least effective
and least preferable, as it runs while being as messy as grease, and leaves behind
a fine mist of <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosolized</a> oil after
each shot. Water-based gels, such as wire-pulling lubricant gel, are a good
compromise; they offer the efficacy of water with less mess, as they do not run or
drip. However, they take longer to apply, as they must be cleared from the bore of
the suppressor to ensure a clear path for the bullet (grease requires this step as
well). Generally, only pistol suppressors are shot wet, as rifle suppressors handle
such high pressure and heat that the liquid is gone within 1–3 shots. Many
manufacturers will not warranty their rifle suppressors for "wet" fire, as some
feel this may even result in a dangerous over-pressurization of the silencer.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-
20">[20]</a>
Packing materials such as metal <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Steel_wool" title="Steel wool">steel wool</a>, or <a
href="/wiki/Washer_(hardware)" title="Washer (hardware)">metal washers</a> may be
used to fill the chambers and further dissipate and cool the gases. These are
somewhat more effective than empty chambers, but less effective than wet
designs.<a href="#cite_note-
22">[22]</a> Metal mesh, if properly used, may last for hundreds or thousands
of shots of spaced semi-automatic fire, however steel wool usually degrades within
ten shots with stainless wool lasting longer than regular steel wool. Like wipes,
packing materials are rarely found in modern suppressors.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-20">[20]</a>
Wipes, packing materials and purpose-designed wet cans have been generally
abandoned in 21st-century suppressor design because they decrease overall accuracy
and require excessive cleaning and maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-21">[21]</a> The
instructions from several manufacturers state that their suppressors need not be
cleaned at all. Furthermore, legal changes in the United States during the 1980s
and 1990s made it much more difficult for end-users to legally replace internal
silencer parts, and the newer designs reflect this reality.<a href="#cite_note-Explosives-
23">[23]</a>
<h3>Attachmentedit</a>]</h3>
href="/wiki/File:AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.jpg
/220px-AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.
jpg/330px-AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.jpg/440p
x-AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"
/></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AOW_and_SBR_suppressed.jpg"
Suppressed 12 gauge handgun and 7.62x39mm rifle</div>
</div>
</div>
Apart from integral suppressors which are integrated as a part of the firearm's
barrel, most suppressors have a "female" threaded end, which attaches to "male"
threads cut into the exterior of the barrel. These types of suppressors are mostly
used on handguns and rifles chambered in .22LR. More powerful rifles may use this
type of attachment, but harsh recoil may cause the suppressor to over-tighten to
the barrel and the suppressor can become difficult to remove.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-20">[20]</a> <a
href="/wiki/SilencerCo" title="SilencerCo">SilencerCo</a>'s Salvo suppressor for
shotguns attaches via internal barrel threading normally used to mount removable <a
href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">chokes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>
Military rifles such as the <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16</a>
or <a href="/wiki/M14_rifle" title="M14 rifle">M14</a> often utilize "quick-detach"
suppressors which use coarser than normal threads and are installed over an
existing muzzle device such as a <a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash
suppressor">flash suppressor</a> and may include a secondary locking mechanism to
allow the shooter to quickly and safely add or remove a sound suppressor based on
individual needs.<a
href="#cite_note-Walker-20">[20]</a>
<h3>Advanced types[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Suppressor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit
section: Advanced types">edit</a>]</h3>
href="/wiki/File:SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG/
220px-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.J
PG/330px-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG/440px
-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944"
/></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG"
<a href="/wiki/SilencerCo" title="SilencerCo">SilencerCo</a> Osprey .45 suppressor
on a Springfield pistol</div>
</div>
</div>
In addition to containing and slowly releasing the gas pressure associated with
muzzle blast or reducing pressure through the use of coolant mediums, advanced
suppressor designs attempt to modify the properties of the sound waves generated by
the muzzle blast. In these designs, effects known as frequency shifting and <a
href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" title="Interference (wave
propagation)">phase cancellation</a> (or destructive interference) are used in an
attempt to make the suppressor quieter. These effects are achieved by separating
the flow of gases and causing them to collide with each other or by venting them
through precision-made holes. The intended effect of frequency shifting is to shift
audible sound waves frequencies into <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound"
title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> (above 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz"
title="Hertz">kHz</a>), beyond the range of human hearing. The Russian <a
href="/wiki/AN-94" title="AN-94">AN-94</a> assault rifle features a muzzle
attachment that claims apparent noise reduction by venting some gases through a
"dog-whistle" type channel. Phase cancellation occurs when similar sound waves
encounter each other 180° out of phase, cancelling the amplitude of the wave and
eliminating the pressure variations perceived as sound.
Using either property to advantage requires that the suppressor be designed
within the specification of the muzzle blast in mind. For example, the velocity of
the sound waves is a major factor. This figure can change significantly between
different cartridges and barrel lengths.
However, these concepts are controversial because muzzle blast creates <a
href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">broadband noise</a> rather than <a
href="/wiki/Pure_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure tone">pure tones</a>, and
phase cancellation in particular is therefore extremely difficult (if not
impossible) to achieve. Some suppressor manufacturers claim to use phase
cancellation in their designs.<a href="#cite_note-WebbDoherty2010-25">[25]</a>
From the practical perspective, <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect"
title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> cartridge loads are impractical to suppress past
the levels that are merely hearing-safe for the shooter due to the sonic boom
emitted by the bullet, and cartridges such as <a href="/wiki/.22_LR" class="mw-
redirect" title=".22 LR">.22 LR</a> and <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45
ACP</a> have long been recognized as the easiest to suppress even if using
technology dating back to the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-assassin-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supersonic-
27">[27]</a>
<h3>Improvised
silencersedit</a>]</h3>
Improvised silencers have been made from a variety of materials. In 2015, <a
href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Department" title="Los Angeles County
Sheriff's Department">Los Angeles County Sheriff deputies</a> recovered a <a
href="/wiki/ZB_vz._26" title="ZB vz. 26">ZB vz. 26</a> <a
href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine gun</a> with
an automobile <a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">oil filter</a>
attached.<a href="#cite_note-
28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride#Pipes" title="Polyvinyl
chloride">PVC pipes</a>, plastic water bottles, and foam-filled pillows are also
used.<a href="#cite_note-
Hollenbach-29">[29]</a><a
href="#cite_note-Emerson-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the United States,
improvised silencers are governed by the same laws as manufactured ones.<a href="#cite_note-Hollenbach-
29">[29]</a>
<h2>Characteristicsedit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobr
a_.45_suppressor.jpg/220px-Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg"
width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_C
obra_.45_suppressor.jpg/330px-Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45
_suppressor.jpg/440px-Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg"
Rear of a suppressor with the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_booster" title="Muzzle
booster">Nielsen device</a> protruding (completely assembled)</div>
</div>
</div>
href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45
_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg/220px-
Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_
.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg/330px-
Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_supp
ressor_partially_removed.jpg/440px-
Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-
width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg"
Retaining ring unscrewed and Nielsen device partially removed</div>
</div>
</div>
href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled
.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45
_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg/220px-
Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_
.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg/330px-
Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_supp
ressor_completely_disassembled.jpg/440px-
Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg 2x" data-
href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled
.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Nielsen device completely removed and disassembled</div>
</div>
</div>
href="/wiki/File:Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_dev
ice.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Rotational_indexing_system_of_Y
HM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg/220px-
Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg"
width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Rotational_indexing_system_o
f_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg/330px-
Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Co
bra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg/440px-
Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg 2x" data-
href="/wiki/File:Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_dev
ice.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Rear of suppressor showing the rotational indexing system incorporated into some
Nielsen devices</div>
</div>
</div>
Functionally, a suppressor is meant to diminish the report of a discharged
round, or make its sound unrecognizable. Other sounds emanating from the weapon
remain unchanged. Even subsonic bullets make distinct sounds by their passage
through the air and striking targets, and supersonic bullets produce a small <a
href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic boom</a>, resulting in a
"ballistic crack". <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm" title="Semi-automatic
firearm">Semi-automatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic
firearm">fully automatic</a> firearms also make distinct noises as their actions
cycle, ejecting the fired <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge
(firearms)">cartridge</a> case and loading a new round.
Aside from reductions in volume, suppressors tend to alter the sound to
something that is not identifiable as a gunshot.<a href="#cite_note-Dougherty2012-32">[32]</a> This
reduces or eliminates attention drawn to the shooter. A <a href="/wiki/Finland"
title="Finland">Finnish</a> expression dating from the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War"
title="Winter War">Winter War</a> says that "A silencer does not make a soldier
silent, but it does make him invisible."<a
href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Suppressors are particularly useful in enclosed
spaces where the sound, flash and pressure effects of a weapon being fired are
amplified. Such effects may disorient the shooter, affecting <a
href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational
awareness">situational awareness</a>, concentration and accuracy, and can
permanently damage hearing very quickly.<a href="#cite_note-Dater2007-34">[34]</a>
As the suppressed sound of firing is overshadowed by ballistic crack, observers
can be deceived as to the location of the shooter, often from 90 to 180 degrees
from his actual location. However, <a href="/wiki/Counter-sniper_tactics"
title="Counter-sniper tactics">counter-sniper tactics</a> can include <a
href="/wiki/Gunfire_locator" title="Gunfire locator">gunfire locators</a>, where
sensitive microphones are coupled to computers running algorithms, and use the
ballistic crack to detect and localize the origin of the shot. The U.S. <a
href="/wiki/Boomerang_(mobile_shooter_detection_system)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Boomerang (mobile shooter detection system)">Boomerang</a> system is one
such example.
There are many advantages in using a suppressor that are not related to the
sound.
Hunters using centerfire rifles find suppressors bring various important
benefits that outweigh the extra weight and resulting change in the firearm's
center of gravity. The most important advantage of a suppressor is the hearing
protection for the shooter as well as their companions. Many hunters have suffered
permanent hearing damage due to someone else firing a high-caliber gun too closely
without warning. By reducing noise, recoil and muzzle-blast, it also enables the
firer to follow through calmly on their first shot and fire a further carefully
aimed shot without delay if necessary. <a href="/wiki/Wildlife"
title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> of all kinds are often confused as to the direction
of the source of a well-suppressed shot. In the field, however, the comparatively
large size of a centerfire rifle suppressor can cause unwanted noise if it bumps or
rubs against vegetation or rocks, so many users cover them with <a
href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> sleeves.<a href="#cite_note-Mann2014-
35">[35]</a>
Suppressors reduce firing <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>
significantly, primarily by diverting and trapping the propellant gas. The gas
generally has much less mass than the projectile, but it exits the muzzle at
multiples of the projectile velocity, so reducing the speed and quantity of the gas
expelled can significantly reduce the total <a href="/wiki/Momentum"
title="Momentum">momentum</a> of the matter (gas and projectile) leaving the
barrel, the negation of which, because momentum is conserved, is transferred to the
gun as recoil. Paulson et al., discussing low-velocity pistol calibers,
suggest the recoil reduction is around 15%.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> With high-velocity
calibers, recoil reduction runs in the range of 20–30%.<a href="#cite_note-MarkWhite-37">[37]</a>
The added mass of the suppressor—normally 300 to 500 grams—also helps to
manage the recoil.
A suppressor also cools the hot gases coming out of the barrel enough that most
of the <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-laced <a href="/wiki/Vapor"
title="Vapor">vapor</a> that leaves the barrel <a href="/wiki/Condensation"
title="Condensation">condenses</a> inside the suppressor, reducing the amount of
lead that might be inhaled by the shooter and others around them. However, in auto-
loading actions this might be offset by increased back pressure which results in
propellant gas blowing back into a shooter's face through the chamber during case
ejection.<a href="#cite_note-
Emptormaven-38">[38]</a>
<h3>Subsonic
ammunitionedit</a>]</h3>
In weapons firing <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect"
title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> ammunition, the bullet itself produces a loud and
very sharp sound as it leaves the muzzle in excess of the speed of sound and
gradually reducing speed as it travels downrange. This is a small <a
href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic boom</a>, and is referred to in
the firearm field as "ballistic crack" or "sonic signature". Subsonic ammunition
eliminates this sound, but at the cost of lower velocity, resulting in decreased
range and much decreased <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">muzzle
energy</a>, thus lessening effectiveness on the target. For example, if the muzzle
velocity is reduced from 820 m/s (common for f.ex. <a
href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 Winchester</a>) to a
subsonic 290 m/s, the muzzle energy is reduced by a factor of 8. Military
marksmen and police units may use this ammunition to maximize the effectiveness of
their suppressed rifles. While the range may be decreased when using subsonic
rounds, this may be acceptable for specialized situations, where the absolute
minimum amount of noise is required.<a href="#cite_note-sniper-39">[39]</a>
However, the numeric effectiveness of subsonic rounds is, again, misrepresented
by media.<a href="#cite_note-
Dockery2007-21">[21]</a> Independent testing of commercially available
firearm suppressors with commercially available subsonic rounds has found that .308
subsonic rounds decreased the volume at the muzzle 10 to 12 dB when compared
to the same caliber of suppressed supersonic ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-results-40">[40]</a> When
combined with suppressors, the subsonic .308 rounds metered between 121 and
137 dB.
This ballistic crack depends on the speed of sound, which in turn depends mainly
on air temperature. At sea level, an ambient temperature of 70 °F
(21 °C), and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is
approximately 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s). Bullets that travel near the
speed of sound are considered <a href="/wiki/Transonic"
title="Transonic">transonic</a>, which means that the airflow over the surface of
the bullet, which at points travels faster than the bullet itself, can break the
speed of sound. Pointed bullets which gradually displace air can get closer to the
speed of sound than round nosed bullets before becoming transonic.
Special cartridges have been developed for use with a suppressor. These
cartridges use very heavy bullets to make up for the energy lost by keeping the
bullet subsonic. A good example of this is the <a href="/wiki/.300_Whisper"
title=".300 Whisper">.300 Whisper</a> cartridge, which is formed from a necked-up
<a href="/wiki/.221_Remington_Fireball" title=".221 Remington Fireball">.221
Remington Fireball</a> cartridge case. The subsonic .300 Whisper fires up to a 250
grains (16 g), .30 caliber bullet at about 980 feet per second (300 m/s),
generating about 533 foot-pounds force (723 J) of energy at the muzzle. While
this is similar to the energy available from the <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45
ACP">.45 ACP</a> pistol cartridge, the reduced diameter and streamlined shape of
the heavy .30 caliber bullet provides far better <a
href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">external ballistic</a>
performance, improving range substantially.
<a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm
Parabellum</a>, a very popular caliber for suppressed shooting, can use almost any
factory-loaded 147 grains (9.5 g) weight round to achieve subsonic
performance. These 147 gr weight bullets typically have a velocity of 900–980
feet per second (270–300 m/s), which is less than the common 1,140 feet per
second (350 m/s) speed of sound.<a href="#cite_note-Ayoob2011-41">[41]</a>
The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> / Russian <a
href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shot_and_shell#Small_arms" class="mw-redirect"
title="Armor-piercing shot and shell">armor-piercing</a> <a
href="/wiki/9%C3%9739mm" title="9×39mm">9×39mm</a> ammunition used in for example
the <a href="/wiki/AS_Val" title="AS Val">AS Val</a> rifle has a high subsonic <a
href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">ballistic
coefficient</a>, high retained downrange energy, high <a
href="/wiki/Sectional_density" title="Sectional density">sectional density</a>, and
moderate <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>. All elements combined
make this a very attractive choice for <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" title="Close
combat">close-quarters combat</a> (CQC) firearms.<a href="#cite_note-Tilstra2014-42">[42]</a>
Instead of using subsonic ammunition, one can lower the <a
href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> of a
supersonic bullet before it leaves the barrel. Some suppressor designs, referred to
as "integrals", do this by allowing gas to bleed off along the length of the barrel
before the projectile exits. The <a href="/wiki/MP5SD" class="mw-redirect"
title="MP5SD">MP5SD</a> is the best example of this with holes right after the
chamber of the barrel used to reduce a regular 115 or 124 gr ammunition to
subsonic velocities.<a
href="#cite_note-Heard2011-15">[15]</a>
<h2>Effectivenessedit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/File:Silencerco_Osprey_9,_SWR_Octane_45,_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR
_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/220px-
Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_
SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/330px-
Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octa
ne_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/440px-
Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG 2x" data-
href="/wiki/File:Silencerco_Osprey_9,_SWR_Octane_45,_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG"
Firearm suppressors including the SilencerCo Osprey 9, SWR Octane 45, and
SilencerCo Saker 5.56</div>
</div>
</div>
Live tests by independent reviewers of numerous commercially available
suppressors find that even low-power, unsuppressed .22 LR handguns produce
gunshots over 160 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect"
title="Decibels">decibels</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-results-40">[40]</a> In testing, most of the suppressors
reduced the volume to between 130 and 145 <a href="/wiki/Decibel"
title="Decibel">dB</a>, with the quietest suppressors metering at 117 dB. The
actual suppression of sound ranged from 14.3 to 43 dB, with most data points
around the 30 dB mark[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation
needed</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/De_Lisle_carbine" title="De Lisle
carbine">De Lisle carbine</a>, a British World War II suppressed rifle used in
small numbers by Special Forces, was recorded at 85.5 dB in official firing
tests.<a href="#cite_note-Rome-
43">[43]</a>
Comparatively, ear protection commonly used while shooting provides 18 to
32 dB of sound reduction at the ear.<a href="#cite_note-Hearing-44">[44]</a> Further,
chainsaws, rock concerts, rocket engines, pneumatic drills, small firecrackers, and
ambulance sirens are rated at 100 to 140 dB.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-45">[45]</a>
While some consider the noise reduction of a suppressor significant enough to
permit safe shooting without hearing protection ("hearing safe"), <a
href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-
induced hearing loss</a> may occur at 85 time-weighted-average decibels or above if
exposed for a prolonged period,<a
href="#cite_note-NIHL-46">[46]</a> and suppressed gunshots regularly meter
above 130 dB. However, the U.S. <a
href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational
Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>
uses 140 dB as the "safety cutoff" for <a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)"
title="Impulse noise (audio)">impulsive noise</a>, which has led most U.S.
manufacturers to advertise sub-140 dB suppressors as "hearing safe". Current
OSHA standards would allow no more than sub-single-second exposure to impact noise
over 130 dB per 24 hours. That would equate to a single .308 round fired
through a very efficient suppressor. This result effectively requires all users of
suppressors to wear additional ear protection.
Decibel testing measures only the peak sound "pressure" noise, not duration or
frequency. Limitations of dB testing become apparent in a comparison of sound
between a <a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 caliber</a>
rifle and a <a href="/wiki/.300_Winchester_Magnum" title=".300 Winchester
Magnum">.300 Winchester Magnum</a> rifle. The dB meter will show that both rifles
produce the same decibel level of noise. Upon firing these rifles, however, it is
clear that the .300 Winchester Magnum sounds much louder. What a dB meter does not
show is that, although both rifles produce the same peak sound pressure level
(SPL), the .300 Winchester Magnum holds its peak duration longer—meaning that the .
300 Winchester Magnum sound remains at full value longer, while the .308 peaks and
falls off more quickly. Decibel meters fail in this and other regards when being
used as the principal means to determine suppressor capability. In a physical
sense, dB meters essentially take a short-time average (RMS intensity of a sonic
signal or impulse) over a specified period of time (sampling rate), and do not take
into account the rate of increase of the sound wave packet (first derivative of
packet envelope), which would in practice provide a better sense of the human
perception of sound.<a
href="#cite_note-AWC-47">[47]</a>
Alan C. Paulson, of <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin
Press</a>, writes that suppressors are considered a great help, along with hearing
protection, to preserve the hearing of the user and any onlookers.<a href="#cite_note-Paulson2-
48">[48]</a>
<h2>Regulationedit</a>]</h2>
Legal regulation of suppressors varies widely around the world. In some nations,
such as <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France"
title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New
Zealand</a> some or all types of suppressor are essentially unregulated and are
sold through retail stores or by mail-order.<a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-21">[21]</a> In other
countries their possession or use is more restricted.
<h3>Europeedit</a>]</h3>
<ul>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, suppressors are not
regulated and can be purchased by anyone for any firearm. No licence or permits are
necessary.<a href="#cite_note-
49">[49]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the Danish Weapons And
Explosives Law makes the unlicensed possession of a suppressor illegal. As of
7 May 2014<a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Suppressor&action=edit">[update]</a> it is legal to own and use
suppressors for hunting.<a
href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, a firearm suppressor is
classified as a firearm part by law. Purchasing a suppressor requires a firearm
ownership permit, which is to be shown to the vendor at the moment of purchase.<a href="#cite_note-Baum2013-
51">[51]</a></li>
<li>Suppressors for <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Rimfire (firearms)">rimfire</a> pistols are sold without government
oversight in France.<a
href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-21">[21]</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian
Federation">Russian Federation</a>, usage of firearm suppressors (legally defined
as "devices for noiseless shooting") by civilians is prohibited, and the dealers
are prohibited from selling them, but there is no penalty for purchasing or
possession of such devices.<a
href="#cite_note-Carter2002-52">[52]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, suppressors for specified
calibers are legal for hunting purposes and a license is required.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United
Kingdom</a>, firearm certificate (FAC) will need to show permission for the
purchase of a "sound moderator" and also the firearm for which it is intended. All
firearms certificates have the firearm and caliber approved by the police and
annotated to the document before a suppressor may be purchased. Applicants must
show a "good reason" for needing the accessory.<a href="#cite_note-Durham-54">[54]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, a suppressor is treated
the same in the eyes of the law as the weapon it is designed for. Accordingly,
suppressors for air guns, which can be purchased by anyone over 18 years of age,
can as well be purchased by anyone over said age. Since, amongst other things "good
cause" must be shown to be issued a license to own a firearm in Germany, the same
"good cause" requirement exists for suppressors for these firearms. This
requirement is handled very varyingly across the States of Germany. The State of <a
href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> accepts the possession of a valid
hunter's license as "good cause" to own an unlimited number of suppressors, while
<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-
Westphalia</a> does not accept hunting as a "good cause" at all. <a
href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>
accepts "active exercise of hunting" as "good cause", but only allows the purchase
of one suppressor. <a href="#cite_note-Suppressor_use_while_Hunting_in_Germany-
55">[55]</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech
Republic</a>, a suppressor is considered a prohibited firearms accessory, and as
such can only be obtained with an extremely uncommon exception for weapon
collectors.<a href="#cite_note-
56">[56]</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>North Americaedit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_suppre
ssors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/250px-
Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png" width="250"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_sup
pressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/375px-
Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors
_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/500px-
Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a>
href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg"
Legality of firearm suppressors by US jurisdiction
<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside:
avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> Suppressors legal to own and hunt with</div>
color: #FFA500; color:black; font-size:100%; text-
align:center;"> Suppressors legal but illegal to hunt with</div>
color: #FF0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-
align:center;"> Suppressors illegal</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun
politics in Canada">Canada</a>, a device to muffle or stop the sound of a firearm
is a "prohibited device" under the Criminal Code.<a href="#cite_note-LOIS-57">[57]</a> A prohibited device
is not inherently illegal in Canada but it does require an uncommon and very
specific prohibited device license for its possession, use, and transport.
Suppressors cannot be imported into the country by civilians.<a href="#cite_note-CBSA-58">[58]</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,
taxes and strict regulations affect the manufacture and sale of suppressors under
the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">National
Firearms Act</a>. They are legal for individuals to possess and use for lawful
purposes in 42 of the 50 states. However, a prospective owner must go through an
application process administered by the <a
href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives</a> (ATF), which requires a federal tax payment of $200 and a thorough
criminal <a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">background
check</a>. The tax payment buys a <a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue
stamp">revenue stamp</a>, which is the legal document allowing possession of a
suppressor. The eight states that have explicitly banned any civilian from
possessing a suppressor are: <a href="/wiki/California"
title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware"
title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts"
title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New
Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York
(state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode
Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VSA-
59">[59]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect"
title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>. The states of <a
href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> allow for suppressor ownership but
prohibit using suppressors while hunting.<a
href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The federal legal requirements to manufacture a
suppressor in the United States are enumerated in <a
href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Title 26</a>,
Chapter 53 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States
Code">United States Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-53-61">[61]</a> The individual
states and several municipalities also have their specific requirements. Federal
law provides severe penalties for crimes of violence committed using firearms
equipped with silencers: a minimum prison sentence of 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-924-
62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-
63">[63]</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Oceaniaedit</a>]</h3>
<ul>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, use and ownership
of suppressors is generally limited to government, security and law enforcement use
only and thus prohibited for civilians.</li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, suppressors
are not regulated and free for purchase by anyone.</li>
</ul>
<h2>See alsoedit</a>]</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_Lisle_carbine" title="De Lisle carbine">De Lisle
carbine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MSP_Groza_silent_pistol" title="MSP Groza silent pistol">MSP
Groza silent pistol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OTs-38_Stechkin_silent_revolver" title="OTs-38 Stechkin silent
revolver">OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PBS-1_Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS-1
Suppressor">PBS-1 Suppressor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sound_blimp" title="Sound blimp">Sound blimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_II_weapons" title="Title II weapons">Title II
weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welrod" title="Welrod">Welrod</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Referencesedit</a>]</h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width:
30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-
1">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atf.gov/firearms/firearms-
guides-importation-verification-firearms-gun-control-act-definition-
silencer">"Firearms - Gun Control Act Definition - Silencer"</a>. atf.gov.
atf.gov. Retrieved 6
February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atf.gov&rft.atitle=Firearms+-
+Gun+Control+Act+Definition+-+Silencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atf.gov
%2Ffirearms%2Ffirearms-guides-importation-verification-firearms-gun-control-act-
definition-silencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
class="Z3988"> </li>
<li id="cite_note-USPTO-958935-2"><a
href="#cite_ref-USPTO-958935_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.google.com/patents?id=dWJ-
AAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=f
alse">"US Patent 958935 - Google Patents"</a>. Google.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Patent+958935+-
+Google+Patents&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents
%3Fid%3DdWJ-AAAAEBAJ%26pg%3DPA1%26source%3Dgbs_selected_pages%26cad%3D2%23v
%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-popular_science_1923-3"><a
href="#cite_ref-popular_science_1923_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Crossman, Edward (1923). Popular Science, ed.
"Maxim's House of Silence". 100 (2). Bonnier Corporation: 48. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard
Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maxim
%27s+House+of+Silence&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48&rft.d
ate=1923&rft.issn=0161-
7370&rft.aulast=Crossman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li id="cite_note-USAR1989-4"><a href="#cite_ref-
USAR1989_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
book">USAR, William S. Brophy (1 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdC3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA653">Marlin
Firearms: A History of the Guns and the Company That Made Them</a>. Stackpole
Books. p. 653. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-4694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-
0-8117-4694-6">978-0-8117-4694-6</a>. <q>During the early 1900s, Hiram Percy Maxim
designed and patented gun silencers. His efforts were directed toward both military
and sporting arms and resulted in his forming the Maxim Silencer Company, Hartford,
Conn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marlin+Firearms
%3A+A+History+of+the+Guns+and+the+Company+That+Made+Them&rft.pages=653&rft.
pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1989-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-4694-
6&rft.aulast=USAR&rft.aufirst=William+S.+Brophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdC3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA653&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Freeman1997-5"><a
href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_5-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Freeman, Morton S. (18 December 1997). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=dujiiVP2KJIC&pg=PA165">A New Dictionary of Eponyms</a>. Oxford
University Press, USA. p. 165. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book
Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509354-4"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509354-4">978-0-19-509354-4</a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Eponyms&rft.pages
=165&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1997-12-
18&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509354-
4&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Morton+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdujiiVP2KJIC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Gage-6"><a href="#cite_ref-
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5&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
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Paulson_14-0">^</a> Silencer: History
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3&rft.au=Brian+J.+Heard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid
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<li id="cite_note-Barrett-16"><a href="#cite_ref-
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%3DProducts%26page%3DSparrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
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24">^</a> Waldron, Len. "SilencerCo Salvo
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%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"><a
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High-Powered Rifles"</a>. Small Arms Review Vol. 1 No 7-9.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Sound+Suppressors+on+High-
Powered+Rifles&rft.pub=Small+Arms+Review+Vol.+1+No+7-
9&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fguns.connect.fi%2Fgow%2Fhighpow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"><a
href="#cite_ref-Emptormaven_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Emptormaven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://emptormaven.com/2013/08/rethinking-direct-impingement-with-the-
noveske-300-blk-upper/">"Rethinking Direct Impingement"</a>. Retrieved 4 March
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Direct+Impingement&rft.
au=Emptormaven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femptormaven.com%2F2013%2F08%2Frethinking-
direct-impingement-with-the-noveske-300-blk-upper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-sniper-39"><a href="#cite_ref-
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%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+sniper+rifles&rft.pub=world
.guns.ru&rft.date=2001-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.guns.ru%2Fsniper
%2Fsn00-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-results-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
results_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-results_40-
1">b</a> <cite
class="citation web">Silvers, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://silencertalk.com/results.htm">"Results"</a>. Retrieved 2009-03-
09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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st=Silvers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilencertalk.com
%2Fresults.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-Ayoob2011-41"><a
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class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Massad_Ayoob" title="Massad Ayoob">Ayoob,
Massad</a> (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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Book of Beretta Pistols</a>. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 223. <a
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title="Special:BookSources/1-4402-2424-2">1-4402-2424-2</a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+Digest+Book+of+Beretta+Pistols&rf
t.place=Iola
%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Gun+Digest+Books&rft.date=2011-02-
28&rft.isbn=1-4402-2424-
2&rft.aulast=Ayoob&rft.aufirst=Massad&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAD5Kg35n9PkC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Tilstra2014-42"><a
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amp;rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1564-
6&rft.aulast=Tilstra&rft.aufirst=Russell+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_a0zAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid
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href="http://www.valkyriearms.com/images/delisle.pdf">"WWII Silent Killer Still
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29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx
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Killer+Still+Lives&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1984-
06&rft.aulast=Rome&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.valkyriearms.com%2Fimages%2Fdelisle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Hearing-44"><a href="#cite_ref-
Hearing_44-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
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%26%23124%3B+The+Hearing+Industry+Resource&rft.pub=Hearingreview.com&rft.da
te=2007-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hearingreview.com%2Fissues%2Farticles
%2F2007-03_06.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-Murray-45"><a href="#cite_ref-
Murray_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
href="http://campus.murraystate.edu/tsm/tsm118/Ch2/Ch2_7/Ch2_7.htm">"2.7:
Decibels"</a>. Campus.murraystate.edu. Retrieved
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%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2.7%3A+Decibels&rft.pub=Campus.mur
raystate.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampus.murraystate.edu%2Ftsm
%2Ftsm118%2FCh2%2FCh2_7%2FCh2_7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418035925/http://campus.murraystate.edu/tsm/
tsm118/Ch2/Ch2_7/Ch2_7.htm">Archived</a> April 18, 2009, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback
Machine</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIHL-46"><a href="#cite_ref-
NIHL_46-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
href="http://www.hearinglossweb.com/Medical/Causes/nihl/nihlfs.htm">"nihl"</a>.
Hearinglossweb.com. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=nihl&rft.pub=Hearinglossweb.com&am
p;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hearinglossweb.com%2FMedical%2FCauses%2Fnihl
%2Fnihlfs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-AWC-47"><a href="#cite_ref-
AWC_47-0">^</a> dB in Principle and
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<li id="cite_note-Paulson2-48"><a
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class="citation book">Kokalis, Peter G.; Paulson, Alan C, and Parker, N.R. (2002).
Silencer History and Performance, Vol 2: CQB, Assault Rifle, and Sniper
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%2C+Vol+2%3A+CQB%2C+Assault+Rifle
%2C+and+Sniper+Technology&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=2
002&rft.isbn=1581603231&rft.aulast=Kokalis&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft
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style="display:none;"> CS1 maint: Multiple names:
authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list"
title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors
list">link</a>)</li>
49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external
free" href="https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2009-06-25-
904">https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2009-06-25-904</a></li>
href="https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=162966">"Bekendtgørelse om
våben og ammunition der må anvendes til jagt m.v."</a> [Hunting weapons and
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%C3%B8ministeriet" class="mw-redirect"
title="Miljøministeriet">Miljøministeriet</a>. 2014-05-07<span class="reference-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=retsinformation.dk&rft.atitle=B
ekendtg%C3%B8relse+om+v%C3%A5ben+og+ammunition+der+m
%C3%A5+anvendes+til+jagt+m.v.&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.retsinformation.dk%2FForms%2FR0710.aspx%3Fid%3D162966&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Baum2013-51"><a
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href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2uHYDOa8OXcC&pg=PA45">Gun Guys: A
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%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+Guys%3A+A+Road+Trip&rft.pages=45-
46&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59541-
6&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com
%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2uHYDOa8OXcC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"><a
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id=H_RrLyV9rDUC&pg=PA752">Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of
History, Politics, Culture, and the Law</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 512. <a
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%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Politics%2C+Culture
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01&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-268-
4&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Gregg+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_RrLyV9rDUC%26pg%3DPA752&rfr_id=info%3Asid
53">^</a> Paulson (1996) p. 9</li>
<li id="cite_note-Durham-54"><a href="#cite_ref-
Durham_54-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
href="https://www.durham.police.uk/Information-and-advice/firearms-and-firearms-
licensing/Pages/Sound-Moderators.aspx">"Sound Moderators"</a>. Durham
Constabulary. Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Durham+Constabulary&rft.atitle=
Sound+Moderators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.durham.police.uk%2FInformation-and-
advice%2Ffirearms-and-firearms-licensing%2FPages%2FSound-
Moderators.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-Suppressor_use_while_Hunting_in_Germany-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Suppressor_use_while_Hunting_in_Germany_55-
href="http://www.wildtierportal.bayern.de/jagd/094822/index.php">"Jagdrecht in
Bayern"</a> [Hunting Laws in Bavaria]. Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture (in
German). Retrieved 20
January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bavarian+Ministry+of+Agriculture&am
p;rft.atitle=Jagdrecht+in+Bayern&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wildtierportal.bayern.de%2Fjagd%2F094822%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/zbrane-
podlehajici-zakonu-o-zbranich-a-podminky-jejich-nabyvani-a-drzeni.aspx?q=Y2hudW09NA
%3d%3d">"Ministry of Interior of the Czech Republic"</a> (in Czech).</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Interior+of+the+Czech+Repu
blic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvcr.cz%2Fclanek%2Fzbrane-podlehajici-zakonu-o-
zbranich-a-podminky-jejich-nabyvani-a-drzeni.aspx%3Fq%3DY2hudW09NA%253d
%253d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_ref-
LOIS_57-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws-
lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/FullText.html#h-38">"Criminal Code of Canada, Part
III Firearms and other Weapons"</a>. Retrieved
2012-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminal+Code+of+Canada
%2C+Part+III+Firearms+and+other+Weapons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-
lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FC-46%2FFullText.html%23h-38&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-CBSA-58"><a href="#cite_ref-
CBSA_58-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsa-
asfc.gc.ca/publications/pub/bsf5044-eng.html">"Importing a Firearm or Weapon Into
Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border
Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a><span class="reference-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Importing+a+Firearm+or+Weapon+Into+Can
ada&rft.pub=Canada+Border+Services+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsa-
asfc.gc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fpub%2Fbsf5044-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-VSA-59"><a href="#cite_ref-
VSA_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
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%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13+V.S.A.+
%C2%A7+4010.+Gun+silencers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.vt.us%2Fstatutes
%2Ffullsection.cfm%3Ftitle%3D13%26chapter%3D085%26Section%3D04010&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988">"Education"</a>.
americansuppressorassociation.com.
Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americansuppressorassociation.com&a
mp;rft.atitle=Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericansuppressorassociation.com
%2Feducation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-Cornell-53-61"><a
href="#cite_ref-Cornell-53_61-0">^</a> "Title 26, United States Code, Chapter 53 - Legal Information Institute, Cornell
University Law School"</a>. Law.cornell.edu. 2008-09-24<span class="reference-
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%2C+Chapter+53+-+Legal+Information+Institute
%2C+Cornell+University+Law+School&rft.pub=Law.cornell.edu&rft.date=2008-09-
24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Fhtml
%2Fuscode26%2Fusc_sup_01_26_10_E_20_53.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Cornell-924-62"><a
href="#cite_ref-Cornell-924_62-0">^</a> "Title 18, United States
Code, Section 924(c)(1)(B)(ii) - Legal Information Institute, Cornell University
Law School"</a>. Law.cornell.edu. 2013-02-13.
Retrieved 2013-03-17.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+18%2C+United+States+Code
%2C+Section+924%28c%29%281%29%28B%29%28ii%29+-+Legal+Information+Institute
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63">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Clark,
Paul A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.westerncriminology.org/documents/WCR/v08n2/clark.pdf">"Criminal
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%2Fv08n2%2Fclark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
</ol>
</div>
<h3>Sourcesedit</a>]</h3>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation book">Paulson, Alan C (1996). Silencer History and
Performance, Vol 1: Sporting And Tactical Silencers. Paladin Press. <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silencer+History+and+Performance
%2C+Vol+1%3A+Sporting+And+Tactical+Silencers&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date
=1996&rft.isbn=0873649095&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Alan+C&rfr
_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"> </li>
</ul>
<h2>External linksedit</a>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-
logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-
Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-
logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-
height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firearm_silencers" class="extiw"
title="commons:Category:Firearm silencers">Firearm silencers</a>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/question112.htm">How does a gun silencer
work?</a> at <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks"
title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></li>
</ul>


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