W 4 Te 5 Ve 5 Cesr

ppressor, from H&K 1971 patent.
Vented barrel surrounded by metal mesh packing

in expansion chambers, followed by conical baffles in forward chambers</div>
</div>
</div>
The suppressor is typically a hollow metal tube manufactured from <a
href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium"
title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Titanium"
title="Titanium">titanium</a> and contains expansion chambers. This device,
typically cylindrical in shape, attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearm)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearm)">muzzle</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pistol"
title="Pistol">pistol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine
gun">submachine gun</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>. Some
"can"-type suppressors (so-called as they often resemble a <a
href="/wiki/Beverage_can" title="Beverage can">beverage can</a>), may be detached
by the user and attached to a different firearm. Another type is the "integral"
suppressor, which typically consists of an expansion chamber or chambers
surrounding the barrel. The barrel has openings or "ports" which bleed off gases
into the chambers. This type of suppressor is part of the firearm (thus the term
"integral"), and maintenance of the suppressor requires that the firearm be at
least partially disassembled.<a
href="#cite_note-Heard2011-15">[15]</a>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_di
sassembled.JPG/220px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG" width="220"
height="148" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56
_disassembled.JPG/330px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disasse
mbled.JPG/440px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896"
data-file-height="1944" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Huntertown Kestrel 5.56 firearm suppressor disassembled to show blast chamber,
baffles, and sections of the outer tube</div>
</div>
</div>
Both types of suppressors reduce noise by allowing the rapidly expanding gases
from the firing of the cartridge to be decelerated and cooled through a series of
hollow chambers. The trapped gas exits the suppressor over a longer period of time
and at a greatly reduced velocity, producing less noise signature. The chambers are
divided by either <a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound
baffle">baffles</a> or wipes. There are typically at least four and up
to perhaps fifteen chambers in a suppressor, depending on the intended use and
design details. Often, a single, larger expansion chamber is located at the muzzle
end of a can-type suppressor, which allows the propellant gas to expand
considerably and slow down before it encounters the baffles or wipes. This larger
chamber may be "reflexed" toward the rear of the barrel to minimize the overall
length of the combined firearm and suppressor, especially with longer weapons such
as rifles.
Suppressors vary greatly in size and efficiency. One disposable type developed
in the 1980s by the U.S. Navy for <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm" class="mw-redirect"
title="9×19mm">9×19mm</a> pistols was 150 mm (5.9 in) long and 45 mm
(1.8 in) in outside diameter, and was designed for six shots with standard
ammunition or up to thirty shots with <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed
of sound">subsonic</a> (slower than the speed of sound) <a href="/wiki/Ammunition"
title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>. In contrast, one suppressor designed for rifles
firing the powerful <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber (BMG)</a>
cartridge is 509 mm (20.0 in) long and 76 mm (3.0 in) in
diameter.<a href="#cite_note-
Barrett-16">[16]</a>
Two ancillary advantages to the suppressor are recoil reduction and flash
suppression. Muzzle flash is reduced by both being contained in the suppressor and
through the arresting of unburned powder that would normally burn in the air,
adding to the flash. Recoil reduction results from the slowing of propellant
gasses, which can contribute 30–50% of recoil velocity. However, some suppressors
can increase the backpressure produced by the propellant gasses. This can cause
them to function somewhat like a <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_booster" title="Muzzle
booster">Muzzle booster</a> and thus increase the felt recoil. The weight of
suppressor and the location of that additional weight at the muzzle reduce recoil
through basic mass as well as muzzle flip due to the location of this mass.
<h3>Components[<a href="/w/index.php?
title=Suppressor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section:
Components">edit</a>]</h3>
<h3>Baffles and
spacers[<a href="/w/index.php?
title=Suppressor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baffles and
spacers">edit</a>]</h3>
<a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound baffle">Baffles</a> are usually
circular metal dividers which separate the expansion chambers. Each baffle has a
hole in its center to permit the passage of the bullet through the suppressor and
toward the target. The hole is typically at least 1 mm larger than the bullet
caliber to minimize the risk of the bullet hitting the baffle in what is known as a
"baffle strike". Baffles are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel"
title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, aluminium, titanium, or alloys such as
<a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>, and are either <a
href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machined</a> out of solid metal or <a
href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">stamped</a>
out of sheet metal. A few suppressors for low-powered cartridges such as the <a
href="/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle" title=".22 Long Rifle">.22 Long Rifle</a> have
successfully used plastic baffles (certain models by Vaime and others.)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>
There are several unique baffle designs. M, K, Z, monolithic core<a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-
18">[18]</a> and Ω (Omega) are the most prevalent. M-type is the crudest and
comprises an inverted <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a>. K forms slanted obstructions diverging from the
sidewalls, creating <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>
across the <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge
(bore diameter)">boreline</a>. Z is expensive to machine and includes "pockets" of
dead airspace along the sidewalls which trap expanded gases and hold them thereby
lengthening the time that the gases cool before exiting. Omega forms a series of
spaced cones drawing gas away from the boreline, incorporates a scalloped mouth
creating cross-bore turbulence, which is in turn directed to a "mouse-hole" opening
between the baffle stack and sidewall.
Propellant gas heats and erodes the baffles, causing wear, which is worsened by
high rates of fire. Aluminium baffles are seldom used with fully <a
href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">automatic weapons</a>,
because service life is unacceptably short. Some modern suppressors using steel or
high-temperature alloy baffles can endure extended periods of fully automatic fire
without damage. suppressor</a> and may include a secondary locking mechanism to
allow the shooter to quickly and safely add or remove a sound suppressor based on
individual needs.<a
href="#cite_note-Walker-20">[20]</a>
<h3>Advanced types[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Suppressor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit
section: Advanced types">edit</a>]</h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
href="/wiki/File:SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG/
220px-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.J
PG/330px-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG/440px
-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944"
/></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG"
<a href="/wiki/SilencerCo" title="SilencerCo">SilencerCo</a> Osprey .45 suppressor
on a Springfield pistol</div>
</div>
</div>
In addition to containing and slowly releasing the gas pressure associated with
muzzle blast or reducing pressure through the use of coolant mediums, advanced
suppressor designs attempt to modify the properties of the sound waves generated by
the muzzle blast. In these designs, effects known as frequency shifting and <a
href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" title="Interference (wave
propagation)">phase cancellation</a> (or destructive interference) are used in an
attempt to make the suppressor quieter. These effects are achieved by separating
the flow of gases and causing them to collide with each other or by venting them
through precision-made holes. The intended effect of frequency shifting is to shift
audible sound waves frequencies into <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound"
title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> (above 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz"
title="Hertz">kHz</a>), beyond the range of human hearing. The Russian <a
href="/wiki/AN-94" title="AN-94">AN-94</a> assault rifle features a muzzle
attachment that claims apparent noise reduction by venting some gases through a
"dog-whistle" type channel. Phase cancellation occurs when similar sound waves
encounter each other 180° out of phase, cancelling the amplitude of the wave and
eliminating the pressure variations perceived as sound.
Using either property to advantage requires that the suppressor be designed
within the specification of the muzzle blast in mind. For example, the velocity of
the sound waves is a major factor. This figure can change significantly between
different cartridges and barrel lengths.
However, these concepts are controversial because muzzle blast creates <a
href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">broadband noise</a> rather than <a
href="/wiki/Pure_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure tone">pure tones</a>, and
phase cancellation in particular is therefore extremely difficult (if not
impossible) to achieve. Some suppressor manufacturers claim to use phase
cancellation in their designs.<a href="#cite_note-WebbDoherty2010-25">[25]</a>
From the practical perspective, <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect"
title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> cartridge loads are impractical to suppress past
the levels that are merely hearing-safe for the shooter due to the sonic boom
emitted by the bullet, and cartridges such as <a href="/wiki/.22_LR" class="mw-
redirect" title=".22 LR">.22 LR</a> and <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45
ACP</a> have long been recognized as the easiest to suppress even if using
technology dating back to the 1940s..221 Remington Fireball</a> cartridge case. The subsonic .300 Whisper
fires up to a 250 grains (16 g), .30 caliber bullet at about 980 feet per
second (300 m/s), generating about 533 foot-pounds force (723 J) of
energy at the muzzle. While this is similar to the energy available from the <a
href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a> pistol cartridge, the reduced
diameter and streamlined shape of the heavy .30 caliber bullet provides far better
<a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">external
ballistic</a> performance, improving range substantially.
<a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm
Parabellum</a>, a very popular caliber for suppressed shooting, can use almost any
factory-loaded 147 grains (9.5 g) weight round to achieve subsonic
performance. These 147 gr weight bullets typically have a velocity of 900–980
feet per second (270–300 m/s), which is less than the common 1,140 feet per
second (350 m/s) speed of sound.<a href="#cite_note-Ayoob2011-41">[41]</a>
The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> / Russian <a
href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shot_and_shell#Small_arms" class="mw-redirect"
title="Armor-piercing shot and shell">armor-piercing</a> <a
href="/wiki/9%C3%9739mm" title="9×39mm">9×39mm</a> ammunition used in for example
the <a href="/wiki/AS_Val" title="AS Val">AS Val</a> rifle has a high subsonic <a
href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">ballistic
coefficient</a>, high retained downrange energy, high <a
href="/wiki/Sectional_density" title="Sectional density">sectional density</a>, and
moderate <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>. All elements combined
make this a very attractive choice for <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" title="Close
combat">close-quarters combat</a> (CQC) firearms.<a href="#cite_note-Tilstra2014-42">[42]</a>
Instead of using subsonic ammunition, one can lower the <a
href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> of a
supersonic bullet before it leaves the barrel. Some suppressor designs, referred to
as "integrals", do this by allowing gas to bleed off along the length of the barrel
before the projectile exits. The <a href="/wiki/MP5SD" class="mw-redirect"
title="MP5SD">MP5SD</a> is the best example of this with holes right after the
chamber of the barrel used to reduce a regular 115 or 124 gr ammunition to
subsonic velocities.<a
href="#cite_note-Heard2011-15">[15]</a>
<h2>Effectivenessedit</a><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR
_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/220px-
Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_
SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/330px-
Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octa
ne_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/440px-
Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG 2x" data-
file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Silencerco_Osprey_9,_SWR_Octane_45,_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG"
Firearm suppressors including the SilencerCo Osprey 9, SWR Octane 45, and
SilencerCo Saker 5.56</div>
</div>
</div>
Live tests by independent reviewers of numerous commercially available
suppressors find that even low-power, unsuppressed .22 LR handguns produce
gunshots over 160 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect"
title="Decibels">decibels</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-results-40">[40]</a> In testing, most of the suppressors
reduced the volume to between 130 and 145 <a href="/wiki/Decibel"
title="Decibel">dB</a>, with the quietest suppressors metering at 117 dB. The
actual suppression of sound ranged from 14.3 to 43 dB, with most data points
around the 30 dB mark[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation
needed</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/De_Lisle_carbine" title="De Lisle
carbine">De Lisle carbine</a>, a British World War II suppressed rifle used in
small numbers by Special Forces, was recorded at 85.5 dB in official firing
tests.<a href="#cite_note-Rome-
43">[43]</a>
Comparatively, ear protection commonly used while shooting provides 18 to
32 dB of sound reduction at the ear.<a href="#cite_note-Hearing-44">[44]</a> Further,
chainsaws, rock concerts, rocket engines, pneumatic drills, small firecrackers, and
ambulance sirens are rated at 100 to 140 dB.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-45">[45]</a>
While some consider the noise reduction of a suppressor significant enough to
permit safe shooting without hearing protection ("hearing safe"), <a
href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-
induced hearing loss</a> may occur at 85 time-weighted-average decibels or above if
exposed for a prolonged period,<a
href="#cite_note-NIHL-46">[46]</a> and suppressed gunshots regularly meter
above 130 dB. However, the U.S. <a
href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational
Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>
uses 140 dB as the "safety cutoff" for <a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)"
title="Impulse noise (audio)">impulsive noise</a>, which has led most U.S.
manufacturers to advertise sub-140 dB suppressors as "hearing safe". Current
OSHA standards would allow no more than sub-single-second exposure to impact noise
over 130 dB per 24 hours. That would equate to a single .308 round fired
through a very efficient suppressor. This result effectively requires all users of
suppressors to wear additional ear protection.
Decibel testing measures only the peak sound "pressure" noise, not duration or
frequency. Limitations of dB testing become apparent in a comparison of sound
between a <a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 caliber</a>
rifle and a <a href="/wiki/.300_Winchester_Magnum" title=".300 Winchester
Magnum">.300 Winchester Magnum</a> rifle. The dB meter will show that both rifles
produce the same decibel level of noise. Upon firing these rifles, however, it is
clear that the .300 Winchester Magnum sounds much louder. What a dB meter does not
show is that, although both rifles produce the same peak sound pressure level
(SPL), the .300 Winchester Magnum holds its peak duration longer—meaning that the .
300 Winchester Magnum sound remains at full value longer, while the .308 peaks and
falls off more quickly. Decibel meters fail in this and other regards when being
used as the principal means to determine suppressor capability. In a physical
sense, dB meters essentially take a short-time average (RMS intensity of a sonic
signal or impulse) over a specified period of time (sampling rate), and do not take
into account the rate of increase of the sound wave packet (first derivative of
packet envelope), which would in practice provide a better sense of the human
perception of sound.<a
href="#cite_note-AWC-47">[47]</a>
Alan C. Paulson, of <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin
Press</a>, writes that suppressors are considered a great help, along with hearing
protection, to preserve the hearing of the user and any onlookers.<a href="#cite_note-Paulson2-
48">[48]</a>
<h2>Regulationedit</a>]</h2>
Legal regulation of suppressors varies widely around the world. In some nations,
such as <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France"
title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New
Zealand</a> some or all types of suppressor are essentially unregulated and are
sold through retail stores or by mail-order.<a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-21">[21]</a> In other
countries their possession or use is more restricted.
<h3>Europeedit</a>]</h3>
<ul>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, suppressors are not
regulated and can be purchased by anyone for any firearm. No licence or permits are
necessary.<a href="#cite_note-
49">[49]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the Danish Weapons And
Explosives Law makes the unlicensed possession of a suppressor illegal. As of
7 May 2014<a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Suppressor&action=edit">[update]</a> it is legal to own and use
suppressors for hunting.<a
href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, a firearm suppressor is
classified as a firearm part by law. Purchasing a suppressor requires a firearm
ownership permit, which is to be shown to the vendor at the moment of purchase.<a href="#cite_note-Baum2013-
51">[51]</a></li>
<li>Suppressors for <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Rimfire (firearms)">rimfire</a> pistols are sold without government
oversight in France.<a
href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-21">[21]</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian
Federation">Russian Federation</a>, usage of firearm suppressors (legally defined
as "devices for noiseless shooting") by civilians is prohibited, and the dealers
are prohibited from selling them, but there is no penalty for purchasing or
possession of such devices.<a
href="#cite_note-Carter2002-52">[52]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, suppressors for specified
calibers are legal for hunting purposes and a license is required.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United
Kingdom</a>, firearm certificate (FAC) will need to show permission for the
purchase of a "sound moderator" and also the firearm for which it is intended. All
firearms certificates have the firearm and caliber approved by the police and
annotated to the document before a suppressor may be purchased. Applicants must
show a "good reason" for needing the accessory.<a href="#cite_note-Durham-54">[54]</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, a suppressor is treated
the same in the eyes of the law as the weapon it is designed for. Accordingly,
suppressors for air guns, which can be purchased by anyone over 18 years of age,
can as well be purchased by anyone over said age. Since, amongst other things "good
cause" must be shown to be issued a license to own a firearm in Germany, the same
"good cause" requirement exists for suppressors for these firearms. This
requirement is handled very varyingly across the States of Germany. The State of <a
href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> accepts the possession of a valid
hunter's license as "good cause" to own an unlimited number of suppressors, while
<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-
Westphalia</a> does not accept hunting as a "good cause" at all. <a
href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>
accepts "active exercise of hunting" as "good cause", but only allows the purchase
of one suppressor. <a href="#cite_note-Suppressor_use_while_Hunting_in_Germany-
55">[55]</a></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech
Republic</a>, a suppressor is considered a prohibited firearms accessory, and as
such can only be obtained with an extremely uncommon exception for weapon
collectors.<a href="#cite_note-
56">[56]</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>North Americaedit</a><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_suppre
ssors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/250px-
Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png" width="250"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_sup
pressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/375px-
Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors
_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/500px-
Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg"
Legality of firearm suppressors by US jurisdiction
<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside:
avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> Suppressors legal to own and hunt with</div>
<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside:
avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"> Suppressors legal but illegal to hunt with</div>
<div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-bre/span></h3>
<ul>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, use and ownership
of suppressors is generally limited to government, security and law enforcement use
only and thus prohibited for civilians.</li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, suppressors
are not regulated and free for purchase by anyone.</li>
</ul>
<h2>See alsoedit</a>]</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_Lisle_carbine" title="De Lisle carbine">De Lisle
carbine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MSP_Groza_silent_pistol" title="MSP Groza silent pistol">MSP
Groza silent pistol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OTs-38_Stechkin_silent_revolver" title="OTs-38 Stechkin silent
revolver">OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PBS-1_Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS-1
Suppressor">PBS-1 Suppressor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sound_blimp" title="Sound blimp">Sound blimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_II_weapons" title="Title II weapons">Title II
weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welrod" title="Welrod">Welrod</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Referencesedit</a>]</h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width:
30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-
1">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atf.gov/firearms/firearms-
guides-importation-verification-firearms-gun-control-act-definition-
silencer">"Firearms - Gun Control Act Definition - Silencer"</a>. atf.gov.
atf.gov. Retrieved 6
February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atf.gov&rft.atitle=Firearms+-
+Gun+Control+Act+Definition+-+Silencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atf.gov
%2Ffirearms%2Ffirearms-guides-importation-verification-firearms-gun-control-act-
definition-silencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
class="Z3988"> </li>
<li id="cite_note-USPTO-958935-2"><a
href="#cite_ref-USPTO-958935_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.google.com/patents?id=dWJ-
AAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=f
alse">"US Patent 958935 - Google Patents"</a>. Google.</cite><span
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%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Patent+958935+-
+Google+Patents&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents
%3Fid%3DdWJ-AAAAEBAJ%26pg%3DPA1%26source%3Dgbs_selected_pages%26cad%3D2%23v
%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-popular_science_1923-3"><a
href="#cite_ref-popular_science_1923_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Crossman, Edward (1923). Popular Science, ed.
"Maxim's House of Silence". 100 (2). Bonnier Corporation: 48. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard
Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maxim
%27s+House+of+Silence&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48&rft.d
ate=1923&rft.issn=0161-
7370&rft.aulast=Crossman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li id="cite_note-USAR1989-4"><a href="#cite_ref-
USAR1989_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
book">USAR, William S. Brophy (1 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdC3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA653">Marlin
Firearms: A History of the Guns and the Company That Made Them</a>. Stackpole
Books. p. 653. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-4694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-
0-8117-4694-6">978-0-8117-4694-6</a>. <q>During the early 1900s, Hiram Percy Maxim
designed and patented gun silencers. His efforts were directed toward both military
and sporting arms and resulted in his forming the Maxim Silencer Company, Hartford,
Conn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marlin+Firearms
%3A+A+History+of+the+Guns+and+the+Company+That+Made+Them&rft.pages=653&rft.
pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1989-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-4694-
6&rft.aulast=USAR&rft.aufirst=William+S.+Brophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdC3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA653&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Freeman1997-5"><a
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title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509354-4">978-0-19-509354-4</a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Eponyms&rft.pages
=165&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1997-12-
18&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509354-
4&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Morton+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdujiiVP2KJIC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid
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%27+Reference+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Gage&rft_id=https%3A%2F
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5&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RVbAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Boorman2001-8"><a
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t.pages=74&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-
58574-307-0&rft.aulast=Boorman&rft.aufirst=Dean+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
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that a weapon so quiet would be more efficient than any death ray.</li>
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8&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F
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4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
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4&rft.aulast=Greener&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobxNmpITIPkC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li id="cite_note-Paulson-14"><a href="#cite_ref-
Paulson_14-0">^</a> Silencer: History
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<li id="cite_note-Heard2011-15">^ <a
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Heard2011_15-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Brian J. Heard (17 August 2011). <a
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title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-96477-3">978-1-119-96477-3</a>. Retrieved 6 January
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%3A+Examining+and+Interpreting+Forensic+Evidence&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=John+
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3&rft.au=Brian+J.+Heard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid
%3Dqd8TkbuC_bAC%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
<li id="cite_note-Barrett-16"><a href="#cite_ref-
Barrett_16-0">^</a> <cite class="citation
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09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
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+BR+Reflex+Suppressors+%28Finland%29&rft.pub=Guns.connect.fi&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Fwww.guns.connect.fi%2Frs%2Fbtxgraaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
17">^</a> Paulson (1996) pp. 186-
187</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sparrow-18"><a href="#cite_ref-
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class="Z3988"> [<a
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364</li>
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22">^</a> Paulson (1996) p. 130</li>
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class="Z3988"> CS1
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24">^</a> Waldron, Len. "SilencerCo Salvo
12 Gauge Suppressor Review." Guns & Ammo. March 7, 2016. <a
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<li id="cite_note-WebbDoherty2010-25"><a
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%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"><a
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ssile-Launching+Devices&rft.btitle=Forensic+Neuropathology
%3A+A+Practical+Review+of+the+Fundamentals&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Academic+P
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rst=Hideo+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
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44&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-8876-
7&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
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Range+Sniper%3ASako+TRG42+Rifle+and+BR-
Tuote+T8M+Reflex+Suppressor&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2004&
rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.canadiantactical.ca%2FPaulsonArticle2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
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235&rft.pub=BERKLEY+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-07&rft.isbn=978-0-
425-21542-5&rft.aulast=Dater&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Dockery
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%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminal+Use+of+Firearm+Silencers&
rft.pub=Western+Criminology+Review&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&amp
;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westerncriminology.org%2Fdocuments%2FWCR
%2Fv08n2%2Fclark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor"
</ol>
</div>
<h3>Sourcesedit</a>]</h3>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation book">Paulson, Alan C (1996). Silencer History and
Performance, Vol 1: Sporting And Tactical Silencers. Paladin Press. <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silencer+History+and+Performance
%2C+Vol+1%3A+Sporting+And+Tactical+Silencers&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date
=1996&rft.isbn=0873649095&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Alan+C&rfr
_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuppressor" class="Z3988"> </li>
</ul>
<h2>External linksedit</a>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-
logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-
Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-
logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-
height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firearm_silencers" class="extiw"
title="commons:Category:Firearm silencers">Firearm silencers</a>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/question112.htm">How does a gun silencer
work?</a> at <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks"
title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></li>
</ul>


</div>

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ppressor, from H&K 1971 patent.