SYLLABUS

UNIT I
Introduction: Loads, structural steels and their specifications,
structural elements, steel vs. concrete and timber, design
approaches—elastic and limit state methods, design specifications
as per IS: 800, structural layout, strength and stiffness
considerations, efficiency of cross-section, safety and serviceability
considerations.

Structural Fasteners and Connections: Riveting and bolting, their

types, failure of riveted joint, efficiency of a joint, design of riveted
joint, concentric riveted joints, advantages and disadvantages of
bolted connections, stresses in bolts, types of welded joints, design
of welded joint subjected to axial loads, welded joints subjected to
eccentric loads, simple, semi-rigid and rigid connections.
 UNIT II
 Tension Members: Types of sections, net area, net
effective area for angles, tees, design of tension
members, tension splice, high strength steel cables.

 Compression Members: Axially loaded columns,

effective length, slenderness ratio, allowable stresses,
general specifications, design of axially loaded
members, laced and battened columns and their
design, built up compression members, eccentrically
loaded columns and their design, column splice and its
design, encased columns.
 UNIT III
 Flexural Members: Design criteria, permissible
stresses, laterally supported beams and their design
laterally unsupported beams and their design, web
buckling, web crippling, built up beams, encased
beams, members subjected to bending and
compression, Plate Girders: Introduction, weight and
economic depth, design of flanges, design of web,
curtailment of flange plates, intermediate and bearing
stiffeners, design of a riveted and welded plate girders,
web and flange splice.
 Column Bases: Introduction, slab base, gusseted
base, column base subjected to moment, grillage
foundation.
 UNIT IV
 Tubular Structures: Permissible stresses, tube
columns and compression members, tube tension
members, tubular roof trusses, joints in tubular
trusses, tubular beams and purlins
 Aluminium Structures: Permissible stresses,
tension members, compression members, local
buckling of compression members, design of beams and
connections
 Text Books/Reference Books

 Design of Steel Structures, Vol. 1 and Vol. II, Ram

Chandara, Standard Book House.
 Design of Steel Structures, L.S NEGI, Tata McGraw

Hill, New Delhi.

 Design of Steel Structures, S. Ramamrutham and R

Narayana, Dhanpat Rai Publication

 Design of Steel Structures, by A.S. Arya and J.L.

Ajmani. , Nem Chand Brothers, Roorkee.

 1. Design of Steel Structures, P. Dayaratnam, Wheeler

Publishing, New Delhi.

 2. Design of Steel Structures, M. Raghupathi, Tata

McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

CODES
 Code of practice for general construction in steel
IS 800-1984
 Handbook for structural engineers

SP6(1)-1964
 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for building and structures :
IS 875(Part I-IV) : 1987
IRC for vehicle load in bridge structures
 INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE STEEL STRUCTURES ?
 A structure which is made from organised combination of
structural STEEL members designed to carry loads and
provide adequate rigidity
 Steel structures involve a sub-structure or members in a
building made from structural steel.
WALT DISNEY Some famous steel structures are-
CONCERT HALL,US TYNE HOWRAH
BRIDGE,UK BRIDGE,INDIA
 ADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL IN
STRUCTURES
 Lighter, High strength, Faster to erect, High
scrap value
 The high ratio of strength to weight (the
strength per unit weight)
 Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
 Withstand extensive deformation without
failure even under high
tensile stress.
 Elasticity, uniformity of material
 Predictability of properties, close to design
assumption
 Ease of fabrication and speed of erection
 Recyclable material
 MOST IMPORTANT
Steel structures facilitate ease of fabrication
and faster erection of structure .Bolts and
welding employed for joining .
DISADVANTAGES OF USING
STEEL IN A STRUCTURE
 Susceptibility to corrosion
 Maintenance costs / thin-walled
Buckling
structure phenomenon
 Loss of strength at elevated temperature

 Fireproofing costs

 Susceptibility to buckling

 Fatigue and brittle fracture

 Skilled labor required
LOADS
 DEAD LOAD(IS 875 Part I)

 LIVE LOADS(IS 875 Part II)- Earth pressure,

Water current load, Impact load and thermal
loads

 Environmental loads- Wind load(IS 875 Part

III), Seismic loads(IS 1892:2002), Snow load,
Rain load
WHERE & WHEN USE STEEL
STRUCTURES?
1) Long-span structures
2)Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
3) Buildings of heavy duty plants
4)Tower & mast structures
5)Portal frames
6)Bridges
7)Infrastructures
8)Deployable structures
9)Generalized structures: mechanical
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
 Rolled Steel Angle Sections (ISA)
Rolled steel Tee sections (IST)
Rolled Steel Channel Sections(ISC)
Rolled Steel I – Sections(ISB)
 Indian Standard junior beam (ISJB)
 Indian Standard Light Beam (ISLB)
 Indian Standard Medium Beam (ISMB)
 Indian Standard Wide Flange Beam (ISWB)
 Indian Standard Heavy Beam (ISHB)
 Indian Standard Flats (ISF)
 Rolled Steel Plate Section ( ISPL)

 Rolled Standard Sheet Sections (ISSH)

 Indian Standard Strips (ISST)

 Rolled Steel Tubes

• Indian Standard Round Bars (ISRO) 13

 Indian Standard square bars (ISSQ)
ELEMENTS OF CROSS SECTION

16
ELEMENTS OF CROSS SECTION

17
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
 Modulus of Elasticity(E)= 2x10^5 N/sqmm
 Shear Modulus(G)=0.769 x 10^5 N/sqmm

 Poisson’s ratio(μ)=

Elastic range=0.3
Plastic range=0.5
 Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12x10^-6/Degree
Celsius
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

 Working Stress Design (WSD)

 Plastic Design (PD)

 Limit State Method (LSM)

WORKING STRESS DESIGN
 Service loads are calculated as expected during service
life.
 Linear elastic analysis is performed.

 A factor of safety (FOS) of the material strength is

assumed (usually 3-4)
Material Strength
Allowable Stress 
FOS
 Design is satisfactory if (maximum stress < allowable
stress)
 Limitations
 Case specific, no guarantee that our design covers all cases
 Arbitrary choice of FOS?!
 PLASTIC DESIGN
 Service loads are factored by a “load factor”.
 The structure is assumed to fail under these loads, thus,
plastic hinges will form under these loads “Plastic
Analysis”.
 The cross section is designed to resist bending moments
and shear forces from the plastic analysis.
 Members are safe as they are designed to fail under these
factored loads while they will only experience service
loads.
 Limitations
 No FOS of the material is considered, neglecting the uncertainty
in material strength!
 Arbitrary choice of overall FOS?!
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
 Standard Plain Carbon Steel
P ( Load )
f 
Stress “f” A ( Area )

Necking & Fracture

Strain Hardening

Fu

Fy
E Yield plateau

L ( Deformation) Strain “ ”
Elastic  
Lo (Original Length)
LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN
(LSM)
 LSM is similar to plastic design which considers most
critical limit states of strength and serviceability.
 Service loads are multiplied by load factors () and linear
elastic analysis is performed.
 Material strength is reduced by multiplying the nominal
material strength by a resistance factor ()
 The design rule is: Design Action<or =Design Strength

This rule shall be attained

  i Q i  i R n for all limit states!!

 Where Rn is the nominal strength and Q is the load effect for the
ith limit state
LIMIT STATE METHOD OF
DESIGN (LSM)
 Resistance: Shear, Bending, Axial Forces
 Advantages of LSM
 Non-case specific, statistical calculations guarantee
population behavior.
 Uniform factor of safety as both load and material
factors are tied by reliability analysis
 PROBABILISTIC BASIS FOR LSM
 If we have the probability distribution of the load effect (Q) and the material
resistance (R) then:
• The probability of failure can be represented by observing the
probability of the function (R-Q)
• The probability of failure PF can be represented as the probability
that Q ≥ R:

Probability
of failure
 DESIGN APPROACHES
IS : 800 - 1984
Working stress method
 Factor of safely for yield
stress, allowable stresses are
less than ‘fy’.
 Pure elastic approach for
analysis of structures under
working loads.
 Yielding or buckling never
occurs at working loads
 Deformations are evaluated at
working loads.
IS : 800 – 2007
Limit State Method
 Partial safety factor for material
(γm) for yield and ultimate stress.
 Working loads are factored
(increased) as per partial safely
factor (γf) causing Limit State of
strength.
 Post buckling and post yielding
plays important role in
estimating capacity of structural
elements at Limit State.
 Deformations are evaluated at
28
working loads.
LIMIT STATES
Strength Limit States
a) Loss of Equilibrium
b) Loss of load bearing capacity
c) Spread of local failure
d) Very large deformations

Serviceability Limit States

a) Excessive deflection
b) Excessive local damage
c) Unwanted vibration
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS
CONSIDERATIONS
 Design for Strength
 ζmax < ζ all

 σmax <σall

 Design for Stiffness

 Δmax < Δall