CHAPTER 01

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT (PART 2)

CE312 - HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
PLANNING DIFFICULTIES
Development and maintenance of roads and Unfortunately, highway planners are confronted
highways is a continuing process alongside with with problems categorized as follows:
the technological advancement. New equipment
and management techniques revolutionized the
construction and maintenance methods. Advance
knowledge in the eld of soils, highway materials,
and designs were adopted for reliability and FINANCIAL POLITICAL TECHNICAL
economic considerations.

Engineers are conscious of the need for roadways to be safe, useful, and attractive. This needs include
improvement of the roadside, erosion control, and noise abatement. They are aware of the fact that highways
are vital to the country’s development.

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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HIGHWAY PROGRAMMING
There are three inseparable sets of inputs involved in highway programming:

POLITICAL &
ECONOMIC FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION

The question of who pays

Deals with the questions This involves decision
and who spends, how
of resources making
much, and where?

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

 HIGHWAY PROGRAMMING
In highway programming, projects are prioritized. Those that are most economically viable were selected, if they t into the
nancial capability and of course political criteria. Projects that failed on either nancial or political criteria are abandoned,
modi ed foe substitute, or an alternative but shall passed rigorous tests.

Highway Programming Approaches:

1. Financial Resources are either short or long ranged implementation by the agencies functions like construction, operations,
and maintenance.
2. Recognition of the legislative and administrative desire and constraint.
3. Tentative priorities based on economic analysis, critical situations, present and future expexted level of traf c, and claims
based on political subdivisions
4. Providing continuity of route system and coordination with other transportation mode.
5. Selection of projects based on availability of labor and materials, including climatic conditions.
6. Scheduling the project implementation in coordination with other agencies, acquiring right of way and making nal plan
and speci cations.
7. Budgetary reserve to cover emergencies like oods and other natural disasters.

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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LOCATION OF PROPOSED HIGHWAY
Early roads started from trials. Movements of peoplee and the use of motor vehicles prompted road agencies to
improve road alignment minimizing sharp curves. Road width was standardized and grades were attened.

New highway locations are blended with curvature grades and other roadway elements to offer, comfortable
easy driving, free owing traf c arteries, comply with the rules on safety standards.

To improve the highways, there should be tentative plan as to the control, and minimum design speed, roadway
cross sections, and maximum slope with the following considerations:

1. Reliable cost estimate

2. Character and hourly distribution traf c
3. Economic and community bene t factor
4. Availability of Funds

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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 HIGHWAY PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Plans and speci cations are set of documents of instructions and conditions under which highways and bridges are built. The
plan contains engineering drawing of the projects, whereas, the speci cations is a written instructions and conditions
considered as integral part of the contract between the contractor and highway agency classi ed as legal documents.

The complete detailed scheme for the road which Location surveys in the rural areas are divided into four (4) stages:
are incorporated in the geometric designs are:
1. Traf c 1. Reconnaissance survey of the entire area between the
2. Drainage terminal points
3. Erosion Control 2. Reconnaissance survey of all feasible routes
4. Roadside development 3. Preliminary survey of the best route
5. Structure 4. Location survey, staking of the right of way, the highway
6. Soils and the structure for construction.
7. Pavement

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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Presentation of a Road Plan
1. The upper sheet is allocated for the plan, top view showing the horizontal alignment, right of way takings,
drainage arrangement and other features.
2. The lower half is alloted to the pro le where the original elevation of the ground surface is plotted. The
roadway centerline and the vertical alignment or grade line for the road is indicated.
3. The vertical scale of the pro le is usally exaggeratedly enlarged from ve to ten times for precise detail.
4. The pro le and other details of the drainage, channels or connecting roads including ramps are also
presented.
5. The estimated earthwork quantities for every 50 meters station or other intervals are indicated along the
bottom of each sheet along with the estimated overhead. This will serve the engineer and the contractor.
6. The roadway cross sections for every situation in the whole project stretch is indicated on another sheet
of the plan.
7. Another sheet of drawing showing all structures and roadway appurtenances is included.
8. The standard size of the drawing sheet is 55 cm x 90 xm.

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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Presentation of a Road Plan

Partial list of subjects covered by the standard drawing:
1. Pipe Culverts
2. Concrete box culverts
3. Guard rail and parapet
4. Curbs
5. Gutters
6. Curb Structures
7. Sidewalks
8. Drainage inlet and outlet structures of numerous types
9. Manholes
10. Rip-rap and other devices used for bank protection
11. Fences and right of way’Other survey markers

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

The Speci cations

Speci cations writing is generally different and a delicate work requiring knowledge of the law of contracts
as well as highway practices and experiences. Speci cations that are carelessly written and loosely worded
may result in the use of the substandard materials and poor workmanship. Mostly, it involves extra cost to
the owner or the contractor and sometimes landed in court litigations. On the other hand, speci cations that
are too restrictive are very costly.

Highway Speci cations is Divided into Two:

1. Standard Speci cations

2. Special Provisions

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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 END OF PRESENTATION

THE HIGHWAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

CE312-HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
DATE
20 SEPTEMBER 2021 INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL