1- an electroon from NADH is first accepted by the protein complex NADH-Q reductase,

aka NADH dehydrogenase complex

2- the NADH-Q reductase complex accepts an electron from NADH and passes the electron
to the next electron carrier, ubiquinone, which has a higher reducing potential.
3- Ubiquinone can freely move within the hydrophobic region of the membrane through
diffusion
4- The free energy released by the spontaneous transfer of electrons from the NADH-Q
reductase complex to the ubiquinone is used to pump protons, H+, out of the matrix
through NADH-Q reductase (spans the membrane) and into the intermembrane space
by building up a proton concentration gradient.
5- The reduced form of ubiquinone the continues to diffuse through the hydrophobic
region. When ubiquinone is in contact with the next carrier in the ETC the electron is
transferred to this protein complex known as cytochrome reductase.
6- From cytochrome reductase the electron is picked up by another mobile electron
carrier, cytochrome c (don’t confuse it between cytochrome c1 which is a subunit of
cytochrome reductase)
7- Like NADH-Q reductase, cytochrome reductase acts as both an electron carrier and a
proton pump.
- O2 is the last electron acceptor
- EUKARYOTES MAKE AROUND 32 ELECTRONS THRU RESPIRATION
- ATP synthase uses the energy in protons to produce ATP from ADP
CELL RESPIRATION EQ: (EXERGONIC)
Aerobic rxn: O2 final receptor
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O (ATP + Heat Anaerobic rxn: final receptor INorganic molecule
Both use glycolysis to oxidize glucose to pyruvate
1 cyclic acid produces: Fermentation: final acceptor is organic molecule
 1 ATP
 3 NADH
Electrons move from a place of
 2 FADH2
high E to a place of low E
GLYCOLOSIS(in cytosol)Metabolic pathway glucose  pyruvate
10 steps// ATP GENERATED BY SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
Occur in the presence or absence of oxygen

Phosphorylation Rearrangement of Rearrangement of The 6 carbon The 6 carbon

of glucose from glucose followed glucose followed molecule is split into molecule is split into
ATP by ATP by ATP 2 3C molecules. 2 3C molecules.
One G3P and One G3P and
phosphorylation phosphorylation another G3P another G3P
again again produced in another produced in another
rxn. CLEAVGEEE rxn

Oxidation followed 2 ADP removes Water removal Water removal 2 ADP removes
by phosphorylation the high E bonds produces 2 PEP produces 2 PEP the high E bonds
produces 2 NADH and produces 2 molecules each molecules each and produces 2
molecules and 2 ATP and leaves 2 with high E with high E ATP and 2
BPG molecules G3P molecules phosphate bonds phosphate bonds pyruvate
each with high-E
phosphate bond
molecules
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
molecules(have 3 C)

PRODUCED PYRUVATE IS OXIDIZED IN THE PRESENCE OF O2.

(eukaryotes: mitochondria. Prokaryotes: membrane) using pyruvate
dehydrogenase. And produces 2 NADH
GLUCOSE OXIDATION IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES ATP, HEAT, CO2

CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREB CYCLE)

YIELD NAD+
Produces oxygen
Occurs in inner membrane of the mitochondria.
- One glucose molecule produces 2 ATP and 6 NADH
- acetyl group removed from acetyl CoA & attached to oxaloacetatecitrate
- malate  oxaloacetate
-
ENERGY LOST BY NADH IS USED TO CARRY H+ AGAINST ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL
GRADIENT