14 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

ENCOUNTER THE PHENOMENON

Write the Encounter the Phenomenon question for this module.

Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about the Encounter the Phenomenon
question. Then list the questions you have about the Encounter the Phenomenon question in the
“What I Want to Find Out” column. As you read the module, fill in the “What I Learned” column.

K W L
What I Know What I Want to Find Out What I Learned

Accept all reasonable answers.

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Solids, Liquids, and Gases
1 Matter and Thermal Energy
REVIEW Recall the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY
kinetic
energy  energy associated with motion
kinetic energy

NEW VOCABULARY Use your book to define each term.

kinetic theory kinetic theory  an explanation of how particles in matter behave
melting point
heat of fusion
melting
point  the temperature at which a solid begins to turn into
boiling point
heat of vaporization a liquid

sublimation
plasma heat
of fusion  the amount of energy needed to change a substance
thermal expansion
from a solid to a liquid at its melting point.

boiling
point  the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in a

liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid

heat of vaporization  the amount of energy needed for a liquid at its

boiling point to become a gas

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sublimation  the change from a solid to a gas without the liquid state

plasma  matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles

thermal expansion  an increase in size of a substance when

temperature is increased

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 1 Matter and Thermal Energy (continued)
Complete the outline as you read about the states of matter.
Accept all reasonable responses.

States of Matter
A. Solid
 1.  Example: ice cube
2. Particle kinetic energy: not enough to overcome
3. Particle behavior: closely packed together
4. O ther fact(s): most have geometric arrangement, chemical and
physical properties often due to geometric arrangement

B. Liquid
 1.  Example: water
2. P article kinetic energy: enough to partially overcome attractive
force
3. Particle behavior: can slide past each other
4. O ther fact(s): liquids can flow and take the shape of their
container

C. Gas
 1.  Example: water vapor (not steam)
2. P article kinetic energy: particles are in constant motion

3. Particle behavior: can spread far apart to fill their container

4. O
ther fact(s): do not have a fixed volume or shape

D. Plasma
 1.  Example: stars, including the Sun
2. P article kinetic energy: high-collision forces strip electrons from
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atoms
3. Particle behavior: positively and negatively charged particles
4.  Other fact(s): overall charge is neutral, most common state of
matter in the universe

Sequence the kinetic energy, temperature, and density of most solids,

liquids, and gases. Use 1 to represent the lowest amount and 3 to
represent the highest.

Solid Liquid Gas

Kinetic energy 1 2 3

Temperature 1 2 3

Density 3 2 1

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1 Matter and Thermal Energy (continued)
Compare the density of water’s solid state to that of other solid
materials.

Most matter contracts as temperature is lowered, due to decreased

particle motion. In water, the highly charged particles move closer

together as the temperature drops, and unlike charges line up. Empty

spaces occur, causing expansion instead of contraction.

Explain why the line on a heating curve is flat at the melting point and
boiling point.

The temperature remains constant at the melting point. All the energy

put in at this temperature is used to melt the solid. It is flat at the boiling

point because all the energy put in is used to overcome the remaining

attractive forces of the liquid. The temperature does not change at

this point.

Organize the features and examples of other states of matter in the

following table.

Amorphous Solid Liquid Crystal

Liquid No orderly arrangement Flows, but particles
of particles maintain some ordered

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arrangement

Solid Particles are long, chainlike Geometric arrangement

structures

Examples Glass, plastic LCD displays in TVs,

computers, watches

Get It? Describe how forces between and within water molecules

cause ice to float.

Water molecules have highly charged negative and positive areas. As the

temperature drops, the charges line up, forming empty spaces that result

in ice being less dense.

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 1 Matter and Thermal Energy (continued)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. Describe the movement of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases.

solid: vibrate in place; liquid: slide past each other; gas: move freely

2. State the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory.

All matter is composed of small particles; the particles are in constant motion; these particles

are constantly colliding; the energy lost in the collisions is negligible.

3. Describe, in terms of kinetic theory, how the particles of a substance behave at its
melting point.

They begin to slip out of their ordered arrangement.

4. Describe, in terms of kinetic theory, how the particles of a substance behave at its
boiling point.

They overcome the atmospheric pressure and escape from the liquid.

5. Infer How would the heating curve for glass be different from the heating curve for water?

Because glass softens as it is heated, the curve would be more of a straight line, showing

increasing temperature as thermal energy is continuously added.

6. Math Connection Using the graph in Figure 7, describe the energy changes that
are occurring when water goes from –15°C to 120°C.

From 15°C to 0°C, solid water absorbs energy. At 0°C, additional energy breaks attractions in the
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solid. After the solid melts, the temperature of the liquid rises until it reaches 100°C. The

temperature does not rise again until all the liquid has become a gas.

7. Math Connection The melting point of acetic acid is 17°C, and the boiling point is 118°C.
Draw a graph similar to the graph in Figure 7 showing the phase changes for acetic acid.
Clearly mark the three phases, the boiling point, and the melting point on the graph.

Graphs should show the temperature rising until it reaches 17°C, where it plateaus. Then it
rises to 118°C, where it again plateaus. Finally, it rises once more.

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