APPENDIX 1 (1)

FORMULA LIST

Sample Measurements

1. Mean , x=
 x or  fx
n n
 f 
 −  f m −1 
2. Median , x~ = Lm +  2 .C
 fm 
 
 
 1 
3. Mode , xˆ = Lmo +   . C
 1 +  2 

1  ( x) 
 
2

4. Standard Deviations , s=
1
 (x − x )2 or  x −
2

n −1 n −1 n 
 

1  ( fx ) 
 
2

f (x − x )
1
s=   fx − 
2 2
or
n −1 n −1 n 
 
s
5. Coefficient of determinat ion , CV = x 100
x

Mean − Mode 3(Mean - Median )

6. Pearson' s measure of skewness , or
Standard deviation Standard deviation

where

n : total frequency
Lm : lower median class boundary
Lmo : lower modal class boundary
∑ fm-1 : cumulative frequencies for the classes before the median class
fm : median class frequency
∆1 : (modal class frequency) – (frequency for the class before the modal class)
∆2 : (modal class frequency) – (frequency for the class after the modal class)
C : class size
 APPENDIX 1 (2)

FORMULA LIST

Correlation and Regression

1. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

( )( )
n ( XY ) − ( X )(Y ) ( XY ) −  X Y
r = n
n( X ) − ( X )  n(Y ) − (Y ) 
or
2 2 2 2
( X )  
( X ) − 
 2
(Y )
2

2
( Y )−
2



n 

n 

2. The least-squares regression line of Y against X, Y= a + bx

( )( )
n ( XY ) − ( X )(Y ) ( XY ) −  X Y
b= or n
( )
n  X 2 − ( X )
2

( X ) − (nX )
2
2

a =Y −b X or
Y − b  X
n n
 APPENDIX 1 (3)

FORMULA LIST

Probability Theory

1. Conditional Probability
P (A  B )
P (A B ) =
P (B )

2. Multiplicative Rule
P (A  B ) = P (B ). P (A B )
P (A  B ) = P (A). P (B ) if and only A and B are independen t events

3. Bayes Theorem
P (A). P (B A)
P (A B ) =
P (A ). P (B A ) + P (A'). P (B A')