06-09-68 08:86 ZADCO ENG-a. 1p=90971 2 6952957 RECEIVED / SENT DATE! | David Mux MANUAL ON CONNECTIONS for Beam and Column Construction Conforming with the requirements of BS449: Part 2: 1969 by JOHN W. PASK,C Eng, FI'Struct E Consulting Engineer (formerly of Redpath Enginaaring Lt¢, Scunthorpe, and co-author of "Structural Fasteners’) Published by OTHE BRITISH CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ASSOCIATION LTD 92-96 VAUXHALL BRIDGE RD, LONDON, SW1V 2RL Telephone: 01-834 171396-09-00 r ea:27 ZADCO ENG-a- 1 INTRODUCTION General 2 Designmethods 3 Connections. 4 Sefeloadtables 5 A Cost guidstines FASTENERS, 21 Grade 4.6end@.8bols 22 HSFGboks 2.3 Appropriate choice of fasteners 2° WELos 31 Fillotwelds 32 Buttwelds 33 Allowable ctrecses 3.4 Packings inwelded construction 4 ANGLE CLEAT CONNECTIONS 21” Generel 42 Design considerations 43 Designexamples, 4a Satelosdrables 9 FLEXIBLE END PLATE CONNECTIONS 51 General 52 Designconsiderations 53° Design examples, 53 Safelosdtablos 6 NOTCHES 6.1 Designconsiderations 82 Designexemples 63. Safelosdtables LIST OF DESIGN AIDS 1p=90971 2 sos2967 CONTENTS PAGE 7 CONCENTRATED LOADS ON BEAMS 2 7.1 Designconsiderations 7 72 Dasignexamples. 7 8 8 _ ANGLE SEAT CONNECTIONS 8 1) General 82 Dasign considerations 3 Dasignexamples, 8 11 9 BOLTED BEAM SPLICES 2 91" General 8.2. Dasign considerations 83 Dasignexamales, a ‘gn exam 17 10 BOLTED COLUMN SPLICES 18 40.1 General 18 102 Design considerations 103 Design examples. 18 11 COLUMN Bases 18 111 General 20 142 Dosign considerations 25 1153 Designexampics 12 BEAM TO COLUMN MOMENT 38 CONNECTIONS 38 Tnvoduction and Notation 40, 12.1 Diroer welded momentconnections 42 12.2 Extended end plate moment connections 1233 Flush endplate momentconnections 56 13 REFERENCES 8? 60 14 PICTORIAL INDEX Friction Grip Joins in Combined Shear and Tension Permissible Loads for Fasteners in Combined Shear and Tenaion ‘Shoaring and Bearing Velues for Bolts in Clearance Holes Proof loade forstee! Batts ancl nuts, Strengths of Filet Welds LIST OF TABLES Safe load tables for grade 43 angle cleat connections using: M20, 4-6 bolts in grade 43 main material M20,8.8 bolts in grade 43 main material M20,8.8 bolts in grade 50 main material Safe load tables for grace 43 flexible end plate connections using: M20.4:6 bolts in grade 43 main material M20,8.8 bolts in grade 43 main material M20,8-8 bolts in grade 50 main material Single notched ends--moment andshear copacities Double notched ends—-moment and shear eapacitios Root shear stress for UBs for applied loadof 1OkN ‘Angle goat connections-—Ce and Be values PAGE se 63 ee 68 74 75 1 80 at 82 83 86 92 105 ne 122 128 32 34 36 60 82 5a 60. 81 67 7496-09-00 ea:28 ZADCO ENG-a- 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL “This manual is intended to provide design recommendations for structural steelwork conmiections in low rise building (up fo 5 storeys) and for beam and column constauction In fpeneral. Attention is given primary to connections for main Rlembers ‘comprising universal beams. and columns in Srihogonal structures, The recommended design procedures provide both compotitive and realistic estimates of connec Eignstrength and have baen formulated taking due account of testablished good practice and available research. The manual fe considered to be applicable to connections subject ta dead, imposed and wind loading only. Connections subject to ddynamic loads oF fatigue applications may require special CSnsidorations notineludedin the subsequent chapters. In addition to its function a8 an up to date text or connection design, the manual is intended ta encourage the rationalise {ion of conection design within the U.K. fabricating inaustry. ‘The recommended design procedures are not intended tO suggest that other design approaches are necessary incor feet but in the interests of standardisation itis hoped that the ‘included methods willbe adopted ‘The requirements of BS449, Clouse 26, concerned with the torsional restraint provided by beam end connections and the Influence of this factor on the effective length of beam com= pression flanges, ae outside the scape of the manual and ar Obviously not incorporated into the recommended design procedures and design examples, ete, For worked examples Involving the requirements of Clause 26 reference should be made to the BCSA publication entitle: “Structural Steetwork—Design of Componente’ ‘The folowing points must alsobe noted (i) Textural references to BS449 are to be understood es, referring to 85449; Part 2 andite amendments, {id Any raference to @ British Standard is intended as a Faterance to that standard togethor with te latest amend rents atthe timect going topress, (ii) In tre absence ofa specific statement to the contrary, the included design examples ara to be assumed to be based on the use of weldable structural steel (BS4360) of grade 33, (iv) All design exemples are investigated for o single lose ‘case, In practice a connection may be subjact 20 several {oad casos and i Is necessary to establish ite adequacy ‘under conditions of loading, Although extensive extracts from British Standards are ‘quoted in the text, for full information reference should be ade tothe standardsinvalved (i) Symbols are defined in the chapters in which they appear. 1.2. DESIGN METHODS BS449, Clause 9 outlines throe methods which may be ‘employed in the design of steel framework and in each case the beraviour of tho connections is fundamental ta the daeign methos. These design methoss are simple design, semi-rigid design. Sully righ design Dealing with thase mothods in turn: w ‘Simple design ‘This is dafinedin Subclause 9b 1 which is quoted in fll 8.1" Simple design. This mathod apples to structures in Which tha end connections between marmbers are such thot ‘they will not develop restraint moments adversely affecting the members and the strusture 98.9 whole nd ip which the Structure may, forthe purposes of design. be assumed to be pi jointed. This method of design involves the following assumptions: Beams are simply supported. ‘Aifcannactions of beams, girders ortrusses are proportioned 1p-9e971 2 5952967 P08 10,resist the reaction shear forces applied ot the speropiate ‘eccennreity ‘Members in compression are subjected to loads applied 9 the ‘appropriate eccentricities (cee Clause 24 for stanchions). with theeffectve lengths given in Clauses 30 9nd 37 ‘Members in tension ore subjected to longitudinal loads applied over henat areaof the section as specifiedn Clause 42 The relevant features ofthis subclause relative to connection design are: loxible connections are ne ‘mentotend fixity Connections ar to be designed for simply supported ‘beam reactions ary to restrict the davelop- ‘Most connections usod in simple construction are capable of developing small ond firing moments, although these Moments aro ignored inthe ‘simple design procedure. Howaver.in the semirigld method, discussed below, allow ance is mada orsuch inter restraint Between man members. Somirigiadesion ‘This method, whichis outlinedin Subclause 9.62, demands a knowledge ofthe flexural rastraint and mamant-rotetion cher acteristics of practical connections. The method can be vary ‘complex in application and unfortunstely achieves no sub Stantial economy, Renceitis sidom usedin practice. Connec tions fer semitigid. construction ete consequently "not Included in the marl Ful rigid design Guidance is providedin Subclause 9.3, which states: 33. Fully rigid dasign. This method, 9s compared with the ‘method for simple snd semrigid design, wil give the greatest Nigictty and economy in weight of steal used when applied in ‘appropriate cases. For this purpose the design shail be carried ‘ut in accordance with accurate methods of elastic analysis and {0 the limiting stresses pormitiod in this British Standard Alternatively shal be based on the principles of pase design ‘50 as to provide an adequate load factor. and with deflections ‘under working loads not in excess of th limite implied inthis Brkish Stondara In practice, connections for rigid construction are termed ‘moment connections Such connections ars capable of carrying tho calculated banding moments, Shear foreas andaxiallonds, —made sufficiently rigid to maintain the ongles between ‘main members virwally unchanged under ell conditions ofloading ‘The moment connection covered in the manual are for structures designedusing elastic methods ofanalyie 1.3. CONNECTIONS ‘The folowing types of connection are covered: Flexible connections “angle cleats Reside end plates, angle seats Rigitconnections —weldedbeam-to-column moment connections, —bolted beam-zo-column moment connections (extended anaflush end plate types) Bolted beam splices “belted columnepiices. Misceltoneous types single and doublenotchedbeam ond. beam webs subject 10 concentrated loads —eolumn bases, Fasteners anduwelds Separate chapters are provided for the purpose of presenting Dasie information for use in the design and detailing of 706-09-00 ea:40 ZADCO ENG-a- fasteners and welds. Such information ig mainly extracted from elevant ‘British Standards (88449, BS4604. and 585135) and is inckided for the convenience of the designer. The chapter on fastenors algo ives design rules for ~poitsinfongicints 1.4 SAFE LOAD TABLES Extensive safe load tables are inluded for: “angle cleats THioxible endplates Tingle anddosbie notched beam ends, Dosign aids of various types are also provided 1.5 COST GUIDELINES {A factor of poromount importance affacting the cost of steel ‘structures isthe ratio botwean tha cost of labour and the cost Of material. The. designer/detaier, in specifying. main member sizes and connection dotaile has 2 considerable Influence on the labour content of structure, and needs te be aware ofthe cost implications ofthis ratio. Forinstance, we Assume material is £300/tonne and that labour is charged ltogether with it appropriate overhead! at £10/hour, tis ‘means that approximately 33 Kg of extra steal equivalont in ost terme toone extra hous of direct labour on the shop floor Where, for example, column stitfeners are required at ® moment connection itis a useful comparison to weigh up the fabrication cost of the stiffenace against the extra material costs of aheaviecnon-stiffened column, Whilst ths relationship between Iabour and material vaties from time to time with diferent inflation rates for steel and labour costs ithas been approximately 30.35 Ka/hour during Fecent years and is only expected to change slawicanty frome thisfigure over afiry long period {A general conclusion tote drawn from this relationships that to-obtain tha optimum price itis more important 10 seve labour than to sava steal Scope for sich measures fe to be seen in the folowing breskdown of current structural Steclwork costs or typical beam and column contruction’ Material 30-40% Design Detailing Fabrication 60-70% Protection Erection BCSA member companies are ususlly wing to offer further acview. 2 FASTENERS 2.1 GRADE 4.6 AND 88 ORDINARY BOLTS. Structural bolting practic is besad predominantly on ordinary bolts of strength grades 4.6 and 8.8 used in 2.07 S mm clea lance holes, depending upon bolt ciametor. These belts are Specified respectively 541.80: 150 Matric Black Hoxagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts, '8$3682: SO Metric Precision Hexagon Bolts Screws and Nuts. 8.8 bolts suppiice to BS4190 tolerances and of material to 882692 are aio avaiable, The use of 4.8 and 8.8 bolts i specified in 85.449, the main Fequirements of which are included in the subsequant text 4.6 bolts are mild steel fasteners and are used ta advantage in connections subject to moderate loading, whereas 8.8 bolts are high tensile fasteners, used when more severe loading = encountered 2.1.1 ALLOWABLE STRESSES Allowable stresses for 4.6 and 8.8 bolts used in clearance holes are obtained by veterence 10 BS449, Clause 50, which isquotedin full 8 1p=90971 2 sos2967 50. Allowable stresses inrivets and bots. 8, Coleulaion of stresses. In calculating shear and bearing stresses the effective dlametor of rivet shal be taken as the hole diemoter. and that of @ bott as ite nominal carmoter. In {aloulating the axial tonsil stress ina rivet the gross wea (see Subsfause 176) shall be used, and in eafeulting thet ina bolt or a screwed tensionrodthe et areo (see Subciause 170) shal bo », Stresses in civets and bolts. The eoteulated stress in @ rnild Stee! rivet orn a bolt of stongth grade 46 shall nat exceed the Value given in Table20, The allowable coleulated stress in high tensile steel rivet shall bevthat given Table 20 multiplied by the ratio of the tensile Strength ofthe rivet materia te 400m The allowable calculated stress in a batt fother thon 9 high strength tition grip bat) of higher grade than 4-6 shall be that ‘given in Table 20 multiplied by the rata of fe yield stress forts Stress atthe parmanent set limitof.2%6) or? umes its tensile Strength whicheveris the lesser. 0236 Nim TABLE 20. ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN RIVETS AND BOLTS (N/mm!) P.04 Description of fasteners, Powerchiventivets Hane-criven rivets | Ciase tolerence and turned bolts 120 | 100| 300 Bolts in clearance holes 120, 80 | 250 ©. Bearing stresses on connected parts. The calculated bearing Siress of a rivet or bolt an the parts connected by ft shell rot ‘exceed the value givenin Table 204, Where the end distance of arivet or bot (.e. theedge distance in the direction in which i beors) i less than 2 lin of twice the affective diameter of the rvet or bolt. the allowable bearing Stress of thatrvet or bolton the connected part shall be reducod inthe ratioof the actual end distance that bt TABLE20A ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESSESON Sennnetreo PANTS Nin "1 faterialof connected part __ peserinionottstenrs_|Brade43| Grae 60] Grade 55 Fowerativenrivets Cie tolerance ondturned ans a00_| 420 | 420 Fant ereh eae Eocimemeesroes | 260 | 350 | 00 . Combined shear and tension. Rivets and bolts subject to both shear and axial tension shall be so proportioned that the Calculated shear and axial swesses /, and f caleulated in Secordance with Subelause 508, do not exceed the respective Allowable stresses p, and py and thot tha quanity 1/0, * W/O Goes notexcoed 4 «@. High strongth fision grip bolts, The preceding subctouses 2 oa. do not opply to high svength fietion grip bois, which shall ‘onlybo used incomtarmiiy with BS4504 Allowabla stresses for 8.8 bolts in clearance holes, derived from 85449, Subclause 50.bare ‘ial tonsion= 281 N/mm? ‘Shear 4187 N/mm? Bearing = 885N/mm= Botts andconnected parts in bearing 4 consideration of the requirements of BS449, Clause 50 indicates that when using (Grade 4.6 bolts in conjunction with Grede 43 connectadparte orGrade 8.8 bolts with Grade 43, 50 or 85 connected pars it ia only necessary to check the bearing capacity of the Connected ports.6-09-00 ea:a2 so when using Grade a6 atte with Grade 800r 58 connected parts ius only necessary to check the besring capacity of the bo {fs statement ls conditional upon the bolt end distance in odirctione! the load being nor iess than the minimum edge Sigancetore rolededge. ee gvenin BS449,Table21 ZADCO ENG-a- Bolts in combined she ‘A consideration of the interaction formula given in 85449, Subelause 60.6 vi rand tension 4 4 Enottoerceed 1.4 a be indicates that abolt canbe 40% strassedin shearat the same {ime as being fully stressedin tension and vice versa, 2.1.2 BOLT SPACINGS AND EDGE DISTANCES This information is obtainad by reference to BS449, Subelauses 51. d and o, and Subclause 52-2, which read astollows: RIVETS AND RIVETING 51.b. Minimum pitch. The distonce between centres of rivets Shall be not less than 2% times the nominal diameter of tho rivet ©. Maximum piteh (i) The distance between centres of any two lsdiacent rivets (including tacking rivets) connecting together floments of compression or tension members shall not exceed ‘52t 07 300 mm whore tis the thickness of the thinner outside plate (i) The cistance between centres of two adjocentrivets inline Iving in the erection of stress. shallnct exceed 16t or 260 mma n tension members, and 121 or 200 mm in compression members. Io the case of compression members in which forces are transferred tough butting foces this distance shall hot exczed 2s times tha drameter ofthe rivets for a distance ‘rom tha abutting faces equal 1s times the width of tho mombor il] The distonce between centres of any two consecutive rivets ‘naling adjacent and paraiielto an edge of en outside plats hal not exceed 100mm + dt, or 200m in compression ar tension members (iv) Whon rivets are staggered at aqua intervals and the gauge ddoss not exceed 75 mm the distonces specified in (i) end (a) Sbover between contros af rivets, may be increased by 80 per 4. Edge distance. (i) The minimum distance from the centre of guy hoteto the eg of opiate shallbe maecordance with Table TABLE 21. EGE DISTANCE OF HOLES | istenceto | Distenceto ‘sheoredor | hand tarne euredge Diameter of ‘ole vollod, machine iame planededge ‘62 6 20. “4 36 2 30 23 26 ba 22 20. 1p=90971 2 sos2967 (i) Where two or more parts are connected together 9 line of Fvets or bolts shell be provided ata distance of nat more than 4D ‘mm + dt from the nearest edge, where * is the thickness in ‘mitienerres of the thinner outside plate Tn the case of work not exposed to weather. ths may beinereasedto 12%. {. Tacking rivets. Where tacking rivets are necessary to satisty {the requirements of 6 fi) above. such tacking rivets. not subject {0 calculated strass. shal have 3 ptich n line nat exceeding 32 times the thicknass of the outside plate or 300 min whicheveris theless. Vihere the places are exposed tothe weather, the pitch in ine shall not exceed 16 times the thickness of the outside ‘lato or200 mm suhichaveris theless In batheases, the nes of Pivets shellnot be a greater distance apart than these pitches. The foregoing requirements. shall apply to struts and compression members generally, subject fa the stipulations this Briish Standard affecting the design and construction of ‘In tension members composed of two fats. angles. channels or {00s in contact back-to-back or separated back-to-back by ads tence not exceeding the aggregate thickness of the connected ‘parts tacking rivets, with said distance places where the parts fre separated. shal be provided at» piteh inline not exceeding 11000 mn. BOLTS AND BOLTING 52. a Pitches, edge distances and tacking bolts. The require ‘mente for botis shail bo the same 2s specifiod for vats Subsiouses 51,6, dande Although the minimum and maximum pitches stipulated in BS449, Clause 51 are intended for Use when conrestig together slamonts of compression or tension members, the included rules are frequantly used as a guide when estab- lighingbboltp.tehes for connections. ‘Tho main requirements of 85449, Subclouses 91.0, ¢ and d areillustratedin tha presentation on page 10. 2.1.3 HOLES IN MEMBERS Clearance holes Clearance holes for grade 4.6 and 8.8 bolts may be made not ‘more than 2 mm greater than the diameter of the bolts, fr Bolts up to.24 mm diameter and mot more than 3 mm greater than the diamator of ha bots, forbolts ever 24 mm diamater, Unless otherwise specified by the Enginecr Deductions forholes The information on this subject in BS449 is somewhat fragmented The main requirements are summarised balave “Sholes must be deducted from tension members Dut nat ‘from compression members, —holes must also be deducted when esleulating the tfective eectional araas of ta tension and compression flanges ofbeams andplate girders. —the average shear stress in the wabs of beams and plate Girders is to be based an the gross sectional area of te treb with nadaductions for bolt holes, Detailed requirements are included in clauses 17. Seotonal areas 23. Shesrstresses 27. Beams with solid webs including plata girders. 430. Anialstrossosinstruts 41. Anialatressesin tension, 42. Tensile steesses for angles and tees, 2.1.4 BOLTS THROUGH PACKINGS. Information on this subject is given in 85449, 6ubclause 4B), whichreads as follows: 484, Packings. (i) Rivers or bolts through packings. The number of ets or bolts carrying shesr through packing shall be increased above {the number required by normal calculations by 1°} per cont for each I mm otal thickness of packing, except that. for packings having thickness 0/8 mm orless,nainereace need bermade P.0s