HI

STORYCA-1

Jul
y7,2021

Renai
ssance

Def
ini
ti
on:The t
ransi
ti
onalmovementi
n Eur
ope bet
ween medi
evaland
moder
nti
mesbegi
nni
ng i
nthe1
4th cent
uryi
nIt
aly,l
ast
ing i
ntot
he1
7th
cent
ury, and mar
ked by a humani
sti
c r
evi
valof cl
assi
cali
nfl
uence
expr
essedi
naf
lower
ingoft
hear
tsandl
i
ter
atur
eandbyt
hebegi
nni
ngsof
moder
nsci
ence.(
Mer
ri
am-Webst
er)

Reasonsf
ort
hespr
eadofRenai
ssancei
nIt
aly:

• Fal
lofByzant
ineEmpi
re(
Const
ant
inopl
e)i
n1453,causi
ngt
heexodusof
Ot
tomanTur
kst
oIt
aly.Theyi
nfl
uencedt
hear
tsandcul
tur
eofI
tal
y.

• I
tal
yemer
gedasacent
ref
ornavi
gat
ion,whi
chcausedanexpansi
oni
n
expedi
ti
onsacr
ossseasandoceans.

• Gr
eatpat
ronagef
orar
ti
stsf
rom t
henobl
esandaut
hor
it
yfi
gur
es,l
i
ket
he
Medi
cif
ami
l
y.

• Decl
i
neoff
eudal
i
sm ar
oundt
heendoft
he1
3thCent
ury,pavi
ngt
heway
f
ormer
cant
il
ism.

• Decl
i
neoft
hepapacy

• Pr
int
ingPr
ess

• Eur
opeanUni
ver
sit
ies

6t
hJul
y2021

MODULE– 1

I
NTERNATI
ONALI
SM ANDTHEWORLDSYSTEM

I
nter
nat
ional
i
sm i
sgener
all
yunder
stoodasadoct
ri
neofequal
i
tywhi
ch
bel
i
evest
hatpeopl
eofdi
ff
erentnat
ionsar
eequal
.Itdoesnotbel
i
evei
nthe
i
deaofbor
der
sorbar
ri
erst
hatsepar
atepeopl
eofonenat
ionf
rom peopl
e
 ofanot
hernat
ion.

I
nter
nat
ional
i
sm al
so opposes r
aci
ali
sm and nat
ionalchauvi
nism (
an
i
ntensef
orm ofaggr
essi
venat
ional
i
sm)
,asi
tbel
i
evesi
nthedoct
ri
neof
equal
i
ty.

I
tis al
so a pol
i
ticalmovementf
oreconomi
c,cul
tur
al,and pol
i
tical
cooper
ati
onamongnat
ions.

I
tismeantf
ort
hemut
uali
nter
estand ul
ti
mat
elyseekst
o est
abl
i
sha
wor
ldgover
nment
.

Or
igi
nofI
nter
nat
ional
i
sm

Schol
arshavegener
all
ytr
acedt
heor
igi
ntot
heFr
enchRevol
uti
on,andi
t
wasar
oundt
hesamet
imet
hatAdam Smi
thgavehi
sideasonFr
eet
rade.I
t
wast
heFr
enchRevol
uti
ont
hatexpl
oit
edt
her
evol
uti
onar
ydoct
ri
nebeyond
i
tsbor
der
s.I
tcompl
etel
yrevol
uti
oni
zedt
heexi
sti
ng t
houghtpr
ocessand
t
her
efor
e we can t
race t
he or
igi
n her
e.Bot
hthe Fr
ench Revol
uti
on and
Adam Smi
th Fr
ee Tr
ade doct
ri
ne had an i
mpacton t
he nat
ure oft
he
economyi
nthewor
ldandt
hiswayst
ates’ monopol
yont
radewasended.

I
sol
ati
oni
sm

Bef
oret
heWW-I
I,USA– t
hel
argesteconomyi
nthewor
ld,wasf
oll
owi
ng
t
hepol
i
cyofSpl
endi
dIsol
ati
on– i
tist
hepol
i
cyofnon-i
nvol
vementi
nthe
pol
i
ticsofot
hernat
ions.Amer
icanci
ti
zensdi
dnotwantUSAt
obei
nvol
ved
i
ntheEur
opeanWar
,however
,int
hiscont
exti
tdi
dnotext
endt
oeconomi
c
aspect
s.I
tscent
rali
deai
stokeept
henat
ionali
nter
esti
ntact
.Thi
spol
i
cy
wascompl
etel
yrepl
acedbyt
hepol
i
cyofAct
iveI
nvol
vementaf
tert
heWW-
I
Ibyt
heUSA.

Spl
endi
dIsol
ati
on i
sa t
erm used t
o descr
ibe t
he 1
9th-cent
ury Br
it
ish
di
plomat
icpr
act
iceofavoi
dingper
manental
l
iances,par
ti
cul
arl
yundert
he
gover
nment
sofLor
dSal
i
sbur
ybet
ween1
885and1
902.

RENAI
SSANCE

2
 RENAI
SSANCE:Thet
ransi
ti
onalmovementi
nEur
opebet
weenmedi
evaland
moder
nti
mesbegi
nni
ng i
nthe 1
4th cent
uryi
nIt
aly,l
ast
ing i
ntot
he1
7th
cent
ury,andmar
kedbyahumani
sti
crevi
val
ofcl
assi
cal
inf
luenceexpr
essed
i
naf
lower
ingoft
hear
tsandl
i
ter
atur
eandbyt
hebegi
nni
ngsofmoder
n
sci
ence.– Mer
ri
am Webst
er

I
tisaFr
enchwor
dmeani
ng‘Rebi
rt
h’.I
tisal
socal
l
edt
he‘Li
ber
ati
onof
humani
tyf
rom adungeon’,becauset
heent
ir
eEur
opewasi
nthemi
ddl
eof
aDar
kAgesbef
oret
his.Renai
ssancewaswhatpushedEur
opet
owar
dst
he
Moder
n Ages.Renai
ssance has wi
tnessed 5 di
ff
erentar
eas i
n whi
ch
devel
opmentt
ookpl
ace:

1
.Int
ell
ect
ual
Expansi
on

2.Commer
cial
Expansi
on

3.Soci
alExpansi
on

4.Geogr
aphi
cal
Expansi
on

5.Ar
ti
sti
cExpansi
on

Thesef
ivear
easwi
tnessedt
remendousdevel
opment
.

Or
igi
nofRenai
ssance

I
tsor
igi
ncanbet
rackedt
o14t
hcent
uryi
tsel
f,andi
tsper
iodwasf
rom 1
4th-
1
7th cent
ury.I
twas f
oll
owed by Renai
ssance-I
Iwhi
ch was t
he I
raq
enl
i
ght
enment
.

I
tal
yemer
gedast
hecent
reofRenai
ssance.Why?

I
n Fl
orence,I
tal
yther
e wasa Medi
cif
ami
l
ythatwasver
yweal
thyand
i
nfl
uent
ial
.Itr
uledI
tal
yforar
ound70year
s.Theywer
egr
eatpat
ronsofar
t,
and such si
mil
arpat
rons gave r
ise t
othe whol
e movement
.It
aly al
so
cr
eat
edandr
einf
orcedt
heBanki
ngsyst
em.TheChur
chal
socont
ri
but
eda
l
ott
otheAr
chi
tect
ural
devel
opmentofI
tal
y.

Al
so an i
mpor
tantr
eason was one oft
he cr
usades whi
ch caused t
he
Byzant
ineEmpi
ret
ofal
l
,whi
chcausedmanyschol
arst
ofl
eet
oIt
alyf
or
r
efuge.Byzant
ineEmpi
rewast
hel
astoft
heRomanEmpi
re.

3
 7t
hJul
y2021

WhyRenai
ssanceoccur
redi
nIt
aly

Speci
fi
cfact
orswer
e:

Duet
othef
allofConst
ant
inopl
eatt
hehandsoft
heTur
ks,andt
hedecl
i
ne
oft
heByzant
ineEmpi
re,manyar
ti
stsandi
ntel
l
ect
ual
sfr
om Byzant
ium f
led
t
oIt
aly.Thi
sexodusl
edt
oani
nfl
uxofknowl
edgeandski
l
l.

I
tal
yhadaci
ty-st
atesyst
em i
nwhi
chmanyci
ti
eswer
erul
edbyr
uler
sthat
wer
egr
eatpat
ronsofAr
t,andI
tal
i
anci
ti
eswer
equi
ter
ichandi
ndependent
.
I
tal
i
anar
ist
ocr
atswer
eof
tenpat
ronsf
orar
ti
sts,l
eadi
ngt
oaf
lour
ishi
ngofar
t
andcul
tur
e.Pat
ronagewasassoci
atedwi
thgoodt
ast
eandpr
est
ige.

• I
tal
i
an ci
ti
es wer
e weal
thy and i
ndependent
.Ther
efor
e,t
hey coul
d
nat
ural
l
ytakedeci
si
onsr
egar
dingar
tandcul
tur
e.

• I
tal
i
an ci
ti
esdevel
oped ascent
resofnavi
gat
ion,wher
e peopl
e wer
e
t
rai
nedf
ornavi
gat
ioni
nthehi
ghseaswhi
chl
edt
oal
otofadvent
urer
sto
gat
hert
rai
ning.Thi
swasdonef
ort
hepur
poseofdi
scover
ingnew l
andsand
r
out
es,whi
chgavepusht
o Renai
ssancei
nIt
alybywayofgeogr
aphi
cal
expansi
on.

Oneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantf
ami
l
ieswast
heMedi
ciFami
l
y.Theyemer
gedas
agr
eatpat
ronf
orar
ti
sts.

Now,somegener
alf
act
orst
hatgavewayt
oRenai
ssancewer
e:

• Decl
i
neofFeudal
i
sm:Theent
ir
emedi
evalwor
ldwi
tnessedt
hismodeof
pr
oduct
ion.End of1
3thcent
uryonwar
ds,Eur
opewi
tnessed adecl
i
nei
n
Feudal
i
sm whi
chgavewayt
omer
cant
il
ism.Decl
i
neoff
eudal
i
sm wasan
i
mpor
tantf
act
orasf
eudal
i
sm hi
nder
sdevel
opmentandsci
ent
if
ict
emper
,
andi
tsdecl
i
negavewayt
oanew modeofpr
oduct
ion.

• Decl
i
neoft
hePapacy:Ther
ewasadecl
i
nei
ntheaut
hor
it
yoft
hepapacy

4
 andi
nthef
ait
hoft
heUni
ver
salChur
ch.I
twasbecauset
heschol
arsst
art
ed
cr
it
ici
zi
ngt
hemal
pract
icesoft
heChur
ch.TheChur
chwassel
l
ingal
ett
er
cal
l
edt
he‘i
ndul
gencel
ett
er’ whi
chpr
omi
sedt
ofr
eeaper
sonf
rom si
n.
Tobuyt
hisl
ett
eronehadt
opayahef
tysum,andsuchcor
rupt
ioncamei
nto
l
i
ghtandwasat
tackedbyschol
ars.

Al
so,t
hepr
iestofachur
chwassupposedt
obeacel
i
bat
e.Despi
tet
his,t
hey
hadconcubi
nesandhadchi
l
drenf
rom t
hem;t
hisl
edt
othedeci
mat
ionof
val
uest
hatt
hechur
chhel
dsacr
edandwascr
it
ici
zedbyt
heschol
ars.

Al
so,t
heknowl
edgesyst
em wasmonopol
i
zedbyt
hechur
chandt
huswhen
t
hedecl
i
nehappened,new knowl
edgeandi
deasst
art
edt
oemer
gewhi
ch
gaver
iset
other
enai
ssance.

Theconf
li
ctbet
weenChur
chandSt
ateal
socont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
ne,and
ati
tsbackdr
op,Secul
ari
sm emer
ged.

• Emer
genceoft
hePr
int
ingPr
ess:Gut
enber
gfi
rstbr
oughtoutt
hepr
int
ing
pr
essi
nthemi
d-1
5thcent
ury.ThePr
int
ing Pr
essenabl
ed t
hespr
ead of
i
deasandi
nfor
mat
iont
othemasses.Schol
arsal
sohel
pedbyenl
i
ght
eni
ng
t
hepeopl
ethr
ought
hei
rwr
it
ing.

• Rol
eofEur
opeanUni
ver
sit
ies:TheUni
ver
sit
ieshad devel
oped sever
al
cent
resofl
ear
ning.Theyawakenedt
hespi
ri
tofcur
iosi
tyandscept
ici
sm.

• Geogr
aphi
calExpl
orat
ion:Thesebr
oughtnew knowl
edge,overwhi
cht
he
Chur
chdi
d nothave monopol
y.Ci
rcumnavi
gat
ionoft
he Ear
th al
so t
ook
pl
ace,andmadepeopl
equest
ionvar
iousi
deasoft
heChur
ch,l
i
ket
heFl
at
Ear
tht
heor
y.

Aspect
sofRenai
ssance

Whenwet
alkaboutRenai
ssance,namesl
i
keLeonar
doDaVi
nci
,Wi
l
li
am
Shakespear
e,John Mi
l
ton,Gal
i
leo,Coper
nicus,Fr
anci
s Bacon,Bar
uch
Spi
noza,Mi
gueldeCer
vant
es,et
c.comet
omi
nd.Leonar
doDaVi
nci
,for
exampl
e,wasnotj
ustagr
eatar
ti
st,butal
soagr
eatengi
neer
.

Wewi
l
lnow comet
othedi
ff
erentf
iel
dsi
nwhi
chdevel
opmentt
ookpl
ace.

5
 8t
hJul
y2021

I
mpor
tantNamesi
nAr
t,Sci
ence,andLi
ter
atur
efr
om Renai
ssance

• Leonar
do Da Vi
nciused speci
alt
echni
ques i
n hi
s pai
nti
ngs – l
i
ke
shadow andl
i
ghtcombi
nat
ions.Ther
ewer
ethi
nlayer
sfoundi
nhi
spai
nti
ng,
Monal
i
sa,t
hatmadei
tspeci
al.

• Mi
chel
angel
owasal
soagr
eatar
ti
standscul
ptur
ear
ti
st.Hecr
eat
eda
mast
erpi
ece cal
l
ed ‘The Last Judgement
’.He al
so cr
eat
ed cal
l
ed
‘Davi
d’ whi
chdepi
ctedacer
tai
nknowl
edgeofhumananat
omy.

• Ther
e was anot
hergr
eatpai
ntercal
l
ed Raphael
,who pai
nted t
he
‘Si
sti
neMadonna’ – Vi
rgi
nMar
yhol
dingBabyChr
ist
.

• I
nthef
iel
dofsci
ence,Ni
chol
asCoper
nicusgavet
heHel
i
ocent
ri
ctheor
y
oft
hesol
arsyst
em.

• Gal
i
leowasal
soagr
eatmanofsci
enceandast
ronomydi
scover
edt
he
t
elescope.Heal
sopr
opoundedt
hel
awsofpendul
um.

• Wi
l
li
am Har
veydi
scover
edt
heci
rcul
ati
onofbl
ood.

• Andr
easVesal
i
uswast
hef
atherofModer
nAnat
omy.

• I
nthef
iel
dofl
i
ter
atur
e,agr
eatcont
ri
but
ionwasNi
col
oMachi
avel
l
i’s
‘The Pr
ince’.He wr
ote aboutst
ate-cr
aft
.Anot
her i
mpor
tantwor
k
at
tri
but
edt
ohi
mis‘Fl
orent
ineHi
stor
ies’.

• Thomas Mor
e aut
hor
ed ‘Ut
opi
a’,anot
heri
mpor
tantwor
k.I
twas
i
mpor
tantbecauseoft
heuni
quei
magi
nat
iondi
spl
ayedi
nit
.

• The1
3Dr
amasofWi
l
li
am Shakespear
ewer
eal
soi
mpor
tant
.

• Anot
heri
mpor
tantname i
s John Mi
l
ton,whose f
amous wor
k was
‘Par
adi
seLost
’,whi
chwasabouthow t
empt
ati
onl
edt
othef
allofAdam
andEve.

• Cer
vant
esaut
hor
ed‘DonQui
xot
e’.I
twascal
l
edt
hef
ir
stmoder
nnovel
.

• Dant
e wasanot
heri
mpor
tantRenai
ssance man who aut
hor
ed ‘The
Di
vi
neComedy’.I
twaspr
imar
il
yaboutt
hesoul
s’ j
our
neyt
owar
dsGod.

6
 Doct
ri
nest
hatemer
gedf
rom Renai
ssance

• Cl
assi
cism:I
tmeanst
her
eadi
ngoft
hecl
assi
cs,l
i
keCi
cer
o,Vi
rgi
l
,et
c.,
notonl
ybecauseofdi
scussi
onsonr
eli
gion,butal
soasawayt
oenj
oyt
hese
cl
assi
csoutofasheeri
nter
est
.Thesecl
assi
csr
emai
nedhi
dden,unt
ilnow,
whent
heywer
erevi
ved asar
esul
toft
hist
rend,and caused peopl
eto
devel
opgr
eati
nter
esti
nreadi
ngt
hesecl
assi
cs.

• Humani
sm:I
tpr
imar
il
ycanbeunder
stoodi
nthecont
extofdepi
cti
onof
ar
twor
kthr
ough emphasi
son nat
ural
,human,and sensual
.An exampl
e
coul
dbeSt
atueofDavi
d,whi
chi
sanudedepi
cti
onoft
heper
son.They
wer
ether
efor
eiconocl
ast
ici
nnat
ure.Andi
tledt
oLat
inbecomi
ngamedi
um
ofi
nst
ruct
ion i
n Uni
ver
sit
ies and Humani
ti
es a subj
ect
.Cr
it
ici
sm and
i
ntel
l
ect
ualcur
iosi
ty as appr
oaches emer
ged outofHumani
sm.Mor
e
emphasi
swasal
so putonschol
arl
yresear
ch;af
ew schol
arst
hatmade
si
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
ions t
othi
s doct
ri
ne wer
e Desi
der
ius Er
asmus and
Pet
rar
ch.

9t
hJul
y2021

• I
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm:Pr
imar
il
y,i
tconnot
est
heessenceofsel
f-sat
isf
act
ionand
gl
ori
fi
cat
ionofi
ndi
vi
dualachi
evement
sthatbecamecent
ralt
orenai
ssance
ar
ti
sts.Wenot
icedasenseofsel
f-asser
ti
venessandsel
f-consci
ousness.I
t
pr
imar
il
y means how t
he gl
ori
fi
cat
ion of achi
evement
s of i
ndi
vi
dual
s
became a ver
y cent
ralt
heme,whi
ch was cont
rar
yto pr
e-r
enai
ssance
per
iod wher
eindi
vi
dual
shar
dlyhad anyi
mpor
tance.Ther
e wasal
so an
i
ncr
easedawar
enessandef
for
tsf
ormass-educat
iont
hatemer
gedatt
his
t
imeasar
esul
toft
her
iseofi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm,whi
chwasear
li
eri
gnor
ed.For
exampl
e,wi
thMonaLi
sa,t
heent
ir
efocusoft
hepai
nti
ngwasont
hel
ady
i
tsel
fandt
her
eisnor
eli
giousbackgr
oundoremphasi
sonr
eli
gion,whi
chi
s
apr
imeexampl
eofi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm.

• Secul
ari
sm:Thi
swasr
esul
tofcent
uri
esofst
ruggl
ebet
weenChur
chand
St
ate.I
tensur
edt
hatr
eli
gionshoul
dnotmeddl
eint
heaf
fai
rsoft
heSt
ate.

7
 Evenmanyoft
hear
tandl
i
ter
atur
ethatemer
geddur
ingr
enai
ssancewer
e
essent
ial
l
ynon-r
eli
giousi
nnat
ure.Forexampl
e,MonaLi
sai
tsel
fwasnon-
r
eli
giousi
nnat
ure.Thatr
efl
ect
snotonl
ythei
deaofi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm butal
so
t
hesecul
ardoct
ri
ne.

Fact
orsf
orGeogr
aphi
cal
Discover
iesdur
ingRenai
ssance

Onecanst
ateei
theroft
wot
hings– geogr
aphi
caldi
scover
iesgavewayt
o
r
enai
ssanceorr
enai
ssancegavewayt
ogeogr
aphi
caldi
scover
ies– andbe
r
ighti
nbot
hthei
nst
ances.Let
’sl
ookatvar
iousf
act
orst
hatgavewayt
o
geogr
aphi
cal
discover
ies:

• Tr
adebet
weenAsi
aand Eur
ope:Ther
ewasanal
readyexi
sti
ng t
rade
goi
ngonbet
weenAsi
aandEur
ope.Fr
om Asi
a,i
twasgoi
ngt
hrought
heRed
sea,t
hen byEgypt
,and f
inal
l
ythe Medi
ter
ranean sea i
n or
dert
oreach
Eur
ope.The l
and r
out
efort
rade wasbl
ocked when t
he Tur
kscapt
ured
Const
ant
inopl
e,andi
nor
dert
ocont
inuet
het
rade,outofnecessi
ty,gave
wayf
orgeogr
aphi
caldi
scover
ies.Themosti
mpor
tantcommodi
tyi
nthi
s
t
radewer
etheAsi
anspi
ces,whi
chwer
ever
ypopul
ari
nEur
ope.

• TheChr
ist
ianMi
ssi
onar
ies:Thef
act
orofGod,Gol
d,andGl
oryal
sol
edt
o
geogr
aphi
caldi
scover
ies.The Mi
ssi
onar
ies,and even t
he Chur
ch al
so
f
inanced t
he new r
out
esf
ort
he advent
ures,wi
th an ai
m t
oreach and
conver
tmor
epeopl
eint
otheChr
ist
ianf
ait
h.

• Decl
i
neoft
heFeudalSyst
em:I
tledt
oadvancement
sinsci
encewhi
ch
al
sohadani
mpactongeogr
aphi
calexpl
orat
ions.Att
hispoi
nti
nti
me,t
he
compasswasnotdevel
opedandt
heexpl
orer
swer
edependentont
hePol
e
St
arf
ordi
rect
ion.When sci
ence devel
oped,t
he compass came i
nto
exi
stencewhi
chwasanachi
evementoft
her
enai
ssance.

• Vi
si
tsofMar
coPol
o:Hevi
si
tedbot
hIndi
aandChi
nai
nthe1
200s.I
nhi
s
t
ravelj
our
nal
s,hedi
scussedt
hei
mmenseweal
tht
hatbot
hIndi
aandChi
na
possessedandhi
sdepi
cti
onsofI
ndi
aasagol
denbi
rdort
hel
andoft
he
gol
dfi
redt
hei
magi
nat
ionoft
hewest
ernadvent
urer
s.Thi
swast
her
eason
whymanyoft
heexpl
orer
swant
edt
oreachI
ndi
a.

8
 I
mpor
tantGeogr
aphi
cal
Discover
iesdur
ingRenai
ssance

• I
ntheyear1
486,Bar
thol
omew Di
as,aPor
tugueseexpl
orer
,di
scover
ed
t
heCapeofGoodHope.Thi
sbecameanal
ter
nat
ivet
rader
out
ewhent
he
l
andr
out
ewasbl
ockedbyt
heOt
tomans.

• I
nthe year1
498,Vasco De Gama,a Por
tuguese expl
orer
,reached
Cal
i
cuti
nKer
ala,f
ort
hef
ir
stt
imef
oraPor
tuguese.

• Col
umbus,upon r
eachi
ng WestI
ndi
es,pr
edi
cted a vastl
and mass
beyondt
heWestI
ndi
escoast
,whi
chgaver
iset
othedi
scover
yofAmer
ica.
Thi
siswhy,event
houghAmer
icusl
andedi
nAmer
ica,Col
umbusi
scr
edi
ted
f
ort
hedi
scover
yofAmer
ica.

• Fer
dinand Mangel
i
nwast
hef
ir
stper
sont
o ci
rcumnavi
gat
etheent
ir
e
gl
obe,st
art
inghi
sjour
neyi
n151
9.Hest
art
edhi
sjour
neyf
rom Spai
n,and
t
hencr
ossedt
heAt
lant
icOcean(
themostt
urbul
entofal
loceans)
,andt
hen
r
eachedSout
hAmer
ica.Fr
om Sout
hAmer
ica,heent
eredi
ntot
hePaci
fi
c
Ocean(
themostpeacef
ulofal
loceans)
,thenr
eachesPhi
l
ippi
nes,wher
ehe
hadabr
awlwi
tht
hel
ocalpeopl
eandgotki
l
led.Af
terhi
sdeat
h,hi
sent
ir
e
cr
ew r
eachedbackt
oSpai
nandhencei
scr
edi
tedf
ort
heci
rcumnavi
gat
ion.
Thi
sal
sol
edt
othedebunki
ngoft
heFl
atEar
tht
heor
y.

Consequences/
Impact
sofGeogr
aphi
cal
Discover
ies

• Expansi
onofKnowl
edge:I
texpandedt
hel
ear
ningandknowl
edgeabout
t
hewor
ld.Asar
esul
t,t
heout
lookandat
ti
tudeofpeopl
etowar
dst
hewor
ld
al
sowast
ransf
ormed.

• Br
oughtMar
it
imeSupr
emacyf
orEur
ope:Thesebr
oughti
mmenseweal
th
f
orr
enai
ssance.Dur
ingt
hist
ime,noi
ndi
vi
dualcoul
ddoexpl
orat
ionont
hei
r
ownunl
esst
heywer
esponsor
edbyt
heSt
ate.Forexampl
e,whenVascoDe
Gamacamet
oIndi
a,seaexpl
orat
ionwasr
isky(
get
ti
ngl
ostandmenaceof
pi
rat
es)
;despi
tet
hatpeopl
etookupexpl
orat
ionbecauset
her
etur
nswer
e
i
mmensel
yhi
gh.Andi
nhi
scase,VascoDeGamaear
nedapr
ofi
twhi
chwas
60t
imest
heexpendi
tur
e.I
nthef
iel
dofmer
cant
il
istent
erpr
ise,Spai
nand
Por
tugalwer
etheear
li
est
,andwer
efol
l
owedbyBr
it
ain,Fr
ance,Hol
l
and,
et
c.

9
• Commer
cialRevol
uti
on:Asar
esul
toft
his,commer
cialr
evol
uti
onwas
madepossi
ble.Count
ri
est
hatwer
eneart
heseabecamei
mpor
tantcent
res
f
ort
rade,commer
ce,and busi
ness.Thi
s gave way f
ora commer
cial
r
evol
uti
on,subsequent
ly.

• Evol
uti
onoft
heBanki
ngSyst
em:Pr
imar
il
y,i
tmeanst
hedevel
opmentof
t
hemoder
nbanki
ngsyst
em.Expl
orer
swant
edsecur
it
yfort
hei
rdeposi
ts,
andasar
esul
tthesyst
em devel
opedi
nthe1
5th-1
6thcent
ury.Joi
ntSt
ock
Compani
es (
anyone coul
d buy i
nto t
he Compani
es) al
so came i
nto
exi
stence(
li
ket
heEastI
ndi
aCompany)
.Insur
ancecompani
esal
socame
i
ntoexi
stenceasar
esul
toft
hegeogr
aphi
cal
expansi
on.

• Col
oni
sat
ion:Col
oni
ali
sm woul
d nothave been possi
ble wi
thoutt
he
devel
opmentoft
he t
rade and sea r
out
es.Fr
om t
he 1
8th cent
uryt
o
begi
nni
ngoft
he20t
hcent
urywasaner
aforcol
oni
sat
ion.

• Sl
aveTr
ade:Thi
sal
sogavewayf
ort
hesl
avet
rade.Af
ri
cawasami
nef
or
sl
avest
hatwer
ebei
ngexpor
tedt
oEur
opeandAmer
ica.I
nAmer
ica,i
nit
ial
l
y
i
twas al
lEur
opeans t
hatcol
oni
sed i
tand t
he sl
aves wer
e used as
i
ndent
uredl
abour
s.

• Spr
eadofEur
opeanCul
tur
e:Chr
ist
iani
tyspr
eadi
ngt
hroughoutt
hegl
obe
al
ong wi
th var
ious f
acet
s of t
he Eur
opean cul
tur
e was a r
esul
t of
geogr
aphi
cal
expansi
onandexpl
orat
ion.

Jul
y14,2021

Humani
tar
iani
sm -Demandsi
nref
orm ofsoci
etybyRoseeuoe,Ref
ormsi
n
ecobyadam smi
th.I
nlaw,Bent
ham andBeccar
iaal
sodemandedmor
e
l
i
ber
all
awst
o be devel
oped.Al
lthese r
efor
mswer
eforhuman l
i
ber
ty,
pr
osper
it
y.-Havi
ngamor
ehumanet
reat
mentf
ort
hecr
imi
nal
s,Abol
i
tionof
sl
aver
y,masseducat
ion,i
nter
nat
ionalpeacewer
edemandst
hatemer
ged.
-As a r
esul
toft
hese demands,r
eli
gious t
oler
ance i
ncr
eased as many
gr
oupsst
art
edemer
gingwhost
art
edcampai
gnsf
orl
i
ber
alr
egi
me,t
hisl
ead
t
oawar
eness.Andsot
heaf
orement
ioneddemandswer
eal
somet
.-Dut
ch
j
uri
stHugoaut
hor
ed“warandpeace” andi
nwhi
chhehasdenounced
why war
s ar
e usel
ess and i
nhuman i
n nat
ure.Tal
ks about moder
n
i
nter
nat
ionall
aw i
ndet
ail
.-Wi
l
li
am payneaut
hor
ed“essayst
owar
dst
he
pr
esent and f
utur
e peace of Eur
ope”. Tal
ks about set
tl
ement of

1
0
i
nter
nat
ionaldi
sput
es.Tal
ksaboutt
heneedf
orcour
tofar
bit
rat
ion.-Bcsof
t
hese i
ssues humani
tar
iani
sm emer
ged. Ceaser Beccar
ia -Hi
s l
egal
phi
l
osophyandwr
it
ingsar
epr
imar
il
yint
hef
iel
dofcr
imi
nall
aw -Aut
hor
ed
“cr
imeandpuni
shment
”(1
760s)-Hewasal
i
ber
al,noti
nfavourofsever
e
puni
shment
s - Ver
yinnovat
ive and i
nfl
uent
ialpr
inci
ples:1
.Puni
shment
shoul
d be pr
opor
ti
onat
e t
o t
he cr
ime commi
tt
ed. 2. Pr
obabi
l
ity of
puni
shmentand noti
tssever
it
ywoul
d achi
eve t
he pr
event
ive af
fect
.(x
knowshesgoi
ngt
ogetpuni
shed,puni
shmentneedn’tbesever
ejustt
he
knowl
edgeoft
hesuf
fi
ces)3.Pr
ocedur
eoft
hecr
imi
nalconvi
cti
onshoul
dbe
publ
i
c.Needf
ort
ranspar
encyi
ncr
imi
nalconvi
cti
ons.4.Thesei
ssuesst
il
l
ar
eapar
tofl
egalr
efor
ms,ver
yinf
luent
iali
ssuest
odayaswel
l
.-Hewas
al
so agai
nst“gun-cont
rol
l
ed l
aws”.He sayst
hatt
hese l
awsmustbe
l
i
ber
ali
zed f
ort
he pur
pose ofsel
f-def
ence Cosmopol
i
tani
sm -Uni
ver
sal
br
other
hood - ThomasPai
ne sayst
hatt
he wor
ldi
smycount
ryand al
l
manki
ndar
emybr
other
s-VasudevaKut
umbhakam

1
1