THE TEXT

When it comes to conducting a study, the research design is the overall strategy that you use to combine all of the
study's components cohesively and logically, ensuring that you will be able to adequately address your research
question. The data in this study was described using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches,
which were applied in combination. Qualitative research may be beneficial to specific communities because it can
give a culturally appropriate understanding of their values, beliefs, behaviors, and environments. Specifically, To
better understand an event, qualitative research emphasizes the interpretation of data rather than the breakdown
of events into variables for the goal of explanation. It is a type of research that does not use any calculation or
numbering. In conducting this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative because the data collection is in
the form of utterances that are taken from the dialogue between the participants in the movie. Further, the
utterances are analyzed descriptively in detail. To gather factual data, the quantitative technique makes use of
random sampling, and the questions asked in statistics are primarily concerned with "What" and "How," to
determine when and how an issue started and what is now happening. When doing quantitative research through
a survey, researchers will ask a series of questions to get information from the participants they are attempting to
reach. A survey can be conducted in a variety of ways, including face-to-face interviews, phone interviews, and
computer-assisted personal interviews. A questionnaire may be emailed to a large number of people at the same
time, saving time and money. Because respondents are aware that their replies would stay anonymous, they are
more direct and honest while responding to surveys. There are a variety of approaches that may be used to
acquire information from a small number of people, but in-depth interviews are the most frequently used. A small
number of people are interviewed to do in-depth research on a certain topic, program, or issue. The number of
people interviewed is limited (Boyce & Neale, 2006). Surveys and in-depth interviews are used to acquire
information for this project. To achieve more precise replies and findings, in-depth interviews were used to collect
data rather than questionnaires, which allowed for more accurate data collection. In this study, just a limited
number of Punjabi spouses from a variety of different backgrounds will be interviewed in-depth. The survey paper
will be filled out by the spouses and their honest responses will be forwarded to the end findings to collect data
and verify the impact of social behavior and intimacy on Punjabi couples' utilization of address phrases. When
conducting a survey, one technique of gathering information is by random sampling. Random sampling is done to
guarantee that researchers are not unintentionally biased in their results. Figure #1 outlines the various data
collection strategies that are utilized in research. Source: (Creswell, 2003, as cited in Mohamad, H. B. (2017). As
part of this study examining the effect of social behavior and intimacy on Punjabi spouses' use of address terms, a
survey and interviews were conducted with participants. The survey was divided into two sections based on a five-
point Likert scale: demographics and measurement items, which were assessed on a range of one to five on a
Likert scale. The questionnaire was written in English, as was the survey. Before conducting the main survey, a pilot
study was carried out. An online questionnaire survey of 200 persons was performed as part of the study's
methodological approach. During the survey, a brief explanation was given to make it clear to the participants that
their identities would remain anonymous. To elicit the most honest answer(s), the questionnaires will be
individually handed out to students by the researcher, and they will be directly collected for two main reasons:
first, to explain and give the right idea about the questions if necessary, and second, to maintain needed privacy by
the very individual subject to elicit the most honest answer(s). The questionnaires will be directly collected for two
main reasons: first, to explain and give the right idea about the questions if necessary, and second, to maintain
needed privacy. An example of a questionnaire may be seen in the appendix to this document. The qualitative
technique is also employed in this study, and the data is gathered through unstructured interviews with Punjabi
couples, who are asked questions on social behavior, intimacy, and address terms, among other things. Data from
two sources were used in this study. There were several sources of secondary data, including scientific journal
publications and the Internet. All the sources we attempted to utilize are generally accepted by most people, and
they're generally reliable. The handbook and yearly reports of addresses terms have also been utilized. It's not
always simple, however, to find the right research materials for a thesis A lot of research has been done during the
last few decades on address terms. However, we had to select the most relevant material for our thesis from
among them. It was for this reason that we were compelled to go through different sources to locate relevant
information. Mainly from the university library and utilizing an available search engine, these documents were
gathered. The appropriate research materials were also found by utilizing Google Scholars, JSTOR, Research Gate,
and LIBRIS. Researchers employed keywords such as social behavior, intimacy, and address terms when searching
scholarly articles. Pakistani Punjabi spouses will be asked to fill out a structured questionnaire survey as the major
source of data. The questionnaire consisted of twenty-one questions related to social behavior, intimacy, and
address terms used by Punjabi spouses. The qualitative technique will also be employed in this study, and the data
is gathered through unstructured interviews with Punjabi couples. The sampling design is defined as a framework
utilized by the researcher to choose the survey sample for inclusion in the final report. The researcher assessed
that a sample size of 200 respondents would be sufficient for conducting the survey procedure. These responders
are assisting the researcher in gathering information about the impact of social behavior, and intimacy on address
terms used by Punjabi spouses. The researcher uses a 5-point Likert scale to build the questionnaire for the survey.
It assists the researcher in obtaining survey data from the respondents who have been selected for the study. The
researcher additionally employs the random sample approach to collect the data responses provided by the
respondents during the study process. Researchers consider that this data collection technique is necessary for the
achievement of their objectives in terms of the research project. The researcher will also interview the spouses
with unstructured interview questions. The interviewees were selected at random. As a result of the unstructured
interview, this research is highly dependent on primary sources that we have gathered from the unstructured
interview. However, the researcher will approach them with direct and indirect questions to get accurate
information. This course of action will help the researcher to find out the social background of those spouses and
to understand the nature of the relationship shared by those spouses with one another. Survey questionnaires are
distributed by researchers as a technique of acquiring information from those who respond to them. Researchers
will be able to obtain more precise information about social behavior, intimacy, and address terms used by Punjabi
spouses due to a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Analytic techniques such as SPSS will be used to
evaluate the information gathered from the survey responses. The SPSS analysis technique enables the researcher
to collect and analyze the required information. And the interviews will also be conducted to ask the unstructured
interview questions regarding social behavior, intimacy, and address terms from Punjabi spouses. The independent
variables are social behavior and intimacy. The term "social behavior" refers to any activity in which one member
of a species affects another member of the species. This is because of the interplay between the members of the
group. If you give something, you expect to get something back in return. This comparison may be applied to the
way people interact with one another in society. Emotional connection and togetherness are the hallmarks of
intimacy. Mutual trust, care, and acceptance are common in intimate partnerships. Address terms used by Punjabi
spouses are a dependent variable. There are several ways to address someone in writing and speech: words,
phrases, names, or titles (or any mix of these). Address terms or forms of address are sometimes known as address
terms. Term of affection, nickname, pronoun, and pejorative all fall under this category. This conceptual
framework will be drawn in this study.independent dependent variables variable Purposeful sampling strategy
Population and Sample Size: The target population of this research study will be the Punjabi spouses as primary
participants for the collection of data. There will be no specification or categorization regarding the experience in
the married life of spouses it will be assessing the overall population of Gujrat for the achievement of the research
objective. Study participants consisted of Punjabi spouses from different departments. It will be nearly
quite difficult for researchers to reach every member of the target population. By selecting from the targeted
population, the researcher intends to get the necessary data. In total, 200 Punjabi spouses from urban and rural
areas will participate in the survey. Of the participants, 50% were male, and 50% were female. There are different
ways that researchers may adopt to access their potential participants. My selected participants will be the Punjabi
Spouses of Pakistan. These respondents have different backgrounds and different many causes. Based on
objectives an unstructured interview guide and questionnaire will be developed. My research purpose will be to
know the impact of social behavior and intimacy on address terms used by Punjabi spouses. Both quantitative and
qualitative approaches have been employed by me. Interviews are a frequent strategy used by researchers
conducting qualitative research. I gathered information through interviewing people and recording it in the form of
notes, transcripts, or recordings. There is a lot of debate in the literature on which of these strategies should be
employed. Reliability, cost (both monetary and time), and data loss are just a few of the concerns. In this debate,
the role of technology is important. Aside from direct coding's ability to replace previous technologies, newer
technologies are often perceived as a substitute for older technologies (transcript, to working from a tape
recording). In addition, technology has made it feasible to combine the advantages of file notes, transcripts, and
working from tape recordings without accumulating each method's drawbacks. Because, it increases the
effectiveness, efficiency, and economy of qualitative data management. Keeping and storage of data It is possible
to collect a huge amount of data throughout a qualitative research project. For example, I kept data in the form of
hard-copy documents or computer files or photocopies. When calculating, researchers should familiarize
themselves with the criteria for record-keeping before performing a study. As quickly as feasible, data should be
transformed into a form that can be retrieved. Researchers might benefit from following two guidelines: For future
reference, both a hard copy bound in a notebook and an electronic copy of the data might be used to verify the
date when the data was input. I faced numerous problems to complete the fieldwork. The problems varied from
each category of respondents. Some married girls did not tell their real stories because they are not familiar with
me. So they reveal many things during the interview. They were quite nervous and afraid. Soon the problem is
solved and they feel relaxed. Privacy during the interviews was another issue. I cannot interview in front of any
irrelevant member. Most respondents were uneducated that’s why they could not give proper answers to the
questions. This chapter ordinarily tries to find out the relevant literature about how language skills as a way of
communication, how it is coupled with society, and the manner it keeps and presentations human members of the
family. inside the situation of social psychology, attempts were made to find out the numerous elements of
language with regards to society, which within the deeper sense help the linguists to discover the real moves and
reactions of language in society. This chapter additionally explains reputation markers i.e. power and team spirit
(at the start borrowed from social psychology). the ones are the number one troubles, that are addressed in this
financial ruin. solutions to the ones questions are critical to imparting a theoretical basis for this dissertation.
Address terms are characterized because the words used to begin a communicate. address phrases, a phonetic
indication of articulation, are the selection of suitable and putting-based terms to call any individual. deal with
phrases are the phonetic symptoms that may be carried out to stand out enough to be located and determined in
a communicate (Keshavarz, 2001). George yuletide (2006) characterizes sincere phrases that cope with shape as
phrase and expression that is applied for the individual with whom the speaker converses. Esmae'li (2011) clarifies
that styles of cope with are "terms or articulations used to demonstrate effective own family contributors between
human beings or to show the distinction in personality, role and financial health". Momentarily, cope with phrases
are the ones semantic articulations which might be utilized by audio machine to name others, to attract in others,
to elude others, to reveal his/her and his/her recipient's character and social role. also, they will be the appearance
of sentiments, problems, feelings, tests, standpoints, responses, and convictions that he has for his recipients of a
speaker. moreover, they function the person, demeanor, nature, conduct and standing of the audio device. cope
with terms are characterised as the words used to begin a discussion. address phrases, a phonetic indication of
articulation, is the choice of suitable and placing primarily based word to call any individual. address phrases are
the phonetic signs which are utilized to stand out enough to be observed and word other in a dialogue (Keshavarz,
2001). George xmas (2006) characterizes in simple phrases that address shape is word and expression that is
applied for the individual to whom speaker converses with. Esmae'li (2011) clarifies that kinds of address are
"phrases or articulations used to illustrate certain members of the family between people or to show the
difference in personality, position and financial wellness". Momentarily, deal with phrases are the ones semantic
articulations which might be used by speakers to name others, to attract in others, to elude others, to reveal
his/her and his/her recipient's personality and social role. additionally, they're the arrival of sentiments,
considerations, feelings, exams, standpoints, responses, and convictions that he has for his recipients of a speaker.
moreover, they feature the individual, demeanor, nature, behavior and status of the audio system. Fitch (1991)
observed that address forms are the best way to define qualities, standards, and practices of various social factors.
Oyetade (1995) characterized address forms as words or titles used as part of intuitive and dyadic part of speech in
any conversation. There is a vast diversity and variation in the choices and usage of address forms in Punjab,
Pakistan (Claude Lévi-Strauss, 1952), there are many reasons behind such diversity. Pakistan being the part of Sub-
Continent and before partition as being with Hindus and Sikhs communities their language use and choices vary
accordingly. According to Larina (2015) speakers of Indian English and Hindi in every day communication keep on
switching English and Hindi address forms. They observed Indian bilinguals and noticed that people who follow and
adopt Indian traditions and cultural norms show more respect towards Hindi honorifics in address forms. However
people while showing attitudes and values to strangers prefer to use English address forms. They both worked on
the impact of cultural values, social organizations, communication styles and categorization of reality on use of
address forms. Researches by Delbrück (1889), Hocart (1928), Galton (1957), Friedrich (1966), Szemerényi (1977)
and Kullanda (2002) on kin terms and kinship terminology of Indo-European languages, during research they
observed that kinship terms and choices varies as per language and its use. During their research they traced out
the kinship system of Europe in association with Hindi, non-Indian languages and other languages used in different
areas to a cognatic set up followed by English language. It is also discussed that cross marriages between the
cousins also affect the use of kinship terms in any society. According to Redcliffe- Brown (1935) there is a
correlation relation between the kin terms and social classification. As forms of marriages, behavior and attitude of
relatives along with other social factors make up a kinship system in any society. Domestic values, customs of
marriages and social classification of relatives, living areas like village, town or city along with social factors help a
society to choose best form of address in kinship domain. Kin system and classification of relatives all together give
name to kinship system in any language and society. Urdu has separate terms for both sides of relatives as
compare to those English kin termsreflects the image of paternal side. For-example in English, the son and
daughter of mother’s and father’s sister and brother are nephews and niece, where as in Urdu its bhanja and
bhanji for mother’s sister son and daughter . And for fathers’ brother the terms like bhateja and bhateji are used.
Researchers examined that Urdu kinship terminology is no doubt extensive as compare to English. It’s not just the
culture region, religion but impact of different languages and historical background along with other social factors
that shape the choice of kin terms while addressing other. He also in the following research noted that differences
in choices of address forms are also due to new trends in urban areas as compare rural. Level of education,
residential areas, level of income, social network and media all are playing vital role and mostly people prefer
borrowed terms like auntie, uncle, wife, hubby, etc. In the view point of Fitch (1991) and Morford (1997) use of
different address form in any community transfers the culture and social customs of that community, as different
languages reflects different culture. The topic as such has not been tackled and researched in a detail from wider
and vast comparative sociolinguistics point of view while comparing address forms and its use according to
different region as per their use and choices of address forms in kinship domain. A thorough study and good
mastery of address forms is necessary to understand the cultural and intercultural communication of a society. .
This process needs not only a good understanding of the rules, but also the taking of all relevant factors into
consideration. Thus, it is significant to find out the diversity and choices of address forms present in different
regions of Punjab, Pakistan. The present study assumes that address forms in different languages along with
different social factors not only reflect the choices, social class but also act as an identity marker One-of-a-kind
linguists have attempted to define the phenomenon of language. each definition specializes in language as a
means of verbal exchange. "Language is by and large human and non-instinctive technique of communicating
thoughts, feelings and goals by way of a machine of voluntarily produced symbols."(Sapir: 1921). This definition
stresses that language is the maximum effective, convenient and permanent way and shape of communication.
there are many other method of conversation like visitors lights, street symptoms, and so forth. Language is the
first-class means of self-expression. It is through language that human beings specific their mind, dreams, feelings,
emotions; it is through language that they keep information and experience from one individual to every other,
from one technology to any other. maximum of the activities within the international are carried on thru it or
through it. It is through language that human beings interact. it's miles language again that yokes present, beyond,
and destiny together. (however, this definition of language with the aid of Sapir suffers from positive inherent
weaknesses, as language is not sincerely a means of conversation.) Language now not best facilitates us to talk
with each different but it additionally has many other characteristics; it impacts human relations in lots of ways. it
is a social phenomenon. In any community, it enables inside the interaction among or greater humans. it's far a
way of nourishing and growing subculture and setting up human family members Language is the lifeblood of a
society and a primary manner of building social truth. but, a society can choose another language with the
inevitable death of previous language (Language shift and Language demise). as an example, Sanskrit does no
longer exist these days due to the fact the people who used it decided on some other language. It indicates
language is a social phenomenon and an integral a part of society. it is very hard to observe the shape of society
with out taking note of this social phenomenon. Man is a social animal. He can't live on my own. The factor that
forces him to have interaction is his desire to be a part of his community. For this purpose, he makes use of
language because it is a way of conversation. (Sapir: 1921). Each person knows what is supposed to appear while
English people who have by no means met before come face to face in a train- they begin speakme about the
climate. In some instances this can surely be due to the fact they appear to locate the problem exciting. the
majority, although, aren't particularly inquisitive about analyses of climatic conditions, so there have to be
different motives for verbal exchange of this kind. One rationalization is that it can regularly be embarrassing to be
by myself in that agency of a person you aren't familiar with and now not communicate to them. If no conversation
takes region the environment can become alternatively strained. but, by means of talking to the opposite
individual about a few impartial subject matter just like the climate, it's miles viable to strike up the relationship
without without a doubt having to say very much. educate conversation of this kind is a good example of the type
of essential social feature this is frequently fulfilled by using language. Language isn't always only a means of
speaking facts; it is also a very critical imply of setting up and keeping the relationships with other humans. there is
also a second rationalization. it's miles quite viable that the first English person, likely subconsciously, would love
to get to recognise positive matters approximately the second one- for example what kind of process they do and
what social repute they've. without this type of facts he or she will no longer make sure exactly a way to behave
toward them'. (Trudgill: 1995, p.1). Ferdinand de Saussure claims that speech is totally character (Hudson: 1982, p.
106). but it's far very widely known that speech is a social phenomenon and a number one way of socialization. but
the above-quoted traces prove that it's far a language that establishes social relationships, and it also conveys
information about the speaker and the relationship among speaker and hearer. but, the regulations or skills for the
usage of it are, often discovered from others, in only the identical way as a linguistic item is learned. (Hudson: 1982
p. 116) distinctive theories have been offered to provide an explanation for why human beings are willingly
engaged in social interaction. Evring Goffman has advanced a principle with a particular hobby in a dialogue of
speech and is involved with what Goffman has referred to as 'Face-paintings', i.e. the manner wherein someone
keeps his 'face'. The face is the general public self-image. It deals with the presentation of a consistent photo to
other humans, however you will advantage or lose face by means of improving or spoiling this picture. (Hudson:
1982, p. one hundred fifteen). The device used as a Face Saving Act or Face Threatening Act is a linguistics variable.
(Levinson: 1992) The linguistic variables, which sociolinguists have studied, are the ones where the meaning stays
constant but the shape varies. Variables may be lexical, grammatical, and phonological. This idea changed into
developed via William Labov on the way to be able to take care of linguistic version. The use of those variables is
very essential to understand the relation between audio system and hearers. The maximum obvious supply of
affect on linguistic variables is the speaker himself, i.e. the type of person he is and the stories he has had. (some
other obvious source of have an effect on is the formality of the scenario.) Sociolinguists have studied diverse
varieties of differences among the audio system, which includes area of foundation or of present house,
socioeconomic reputation, intercourse, race, and age. In line with the principle of acts of identity, such factors will
have an impact on human beings's speech handiest to the extent that they constitute social companies with which
audio system can perceive themselves with the kind of individual who uses it. There are, perhaps, linguistic gadgets
in every language that reflect social traits of the speaker; of the addressee, or of the relation between them.
consequently, speech that carries such gadgets, tells a hearer how the speaker sees those characteristics, and he
may be considered to have infringed a norm that governs speech if he makes use of objects, which imply the
wrong characteristics'. (Hudson: 1982, p. one hundred twenty). As stated above, linguistic gadgets assist to make
out the relationship shared by using the audio system and hearers. The relations among the addresser and
addressee are of various ranges. these family members may be both of electricity or of harmony. Address
structures and group environment can't be isolated as the two works next to each other. Address structures show
the social connection of both the speaker and the recipient. A speaker utilizes the assortment of address structures
as per his social climate. "At the point when we address an individual we should utilize reasonable term contingent
upon the proper circumstance where we are in." (Maloth, 2011) Moghaddam et al (2011) express "Address terms
are unequivocally accepted to show relational connections, particularly the degree and levels of amenability in a
general public." To Akindele (2008) they are the openness of questioners' social connection and distance. To him
they show feelings of speakers and are utilized to save the essences of questioners. Speech displays the social
members of the family among the speaker and the addressee, most particularly the electricity and solidarity
manifested inside the courting. these phrases were borrowed from the sector of social psychology and Brown has
brought them in sociolinguistics. before exploring the connection between Pakistani husbands and other halves in
terms of "energy' and 'cohesion,' it's miles crucial to recognize what precisely these phrases suggest. The term
'power' is self-explanatory, i.e. it's miles associated with the unequal statuses or family members, as an instance,
the relation among instructor and pupil and the relation between boss and people is that of strength. cohesion,
then again, is tougher to define. It worries the social distance among the human beings-how lots revel in they've
shared, how many social traits they share (faith, intercourse, age, location of origin, race, occupation, hobbies,
etc.), how some distance they are prepared to percentage intimacies, and different factors. for example, the
relation among husband and spouse is certainly one of harmony in Western societies. those terms help the linguist
to understand the true dating between audio system and hearers in social contexts. Social intimacy and distance is
critical to discover the 'face' (public image) of someone and the relation of that person with others. The excellent
and best way of signaling social intimacy and distance is through the use of a person's name indirect addressing. In
English, the simple desire is among first name or name with the last call, but several different conventions are
viable in certain settings, which includes the use of the last call handiest in enterprise or educational settings, or
using abbreviations. The range of viable paperwork is simple to nation, but the factors that govern the choice of
bureaucracy are often complicated and hard to summarize. as an example, while could two human beings use FN,
first name, or TLNs, title names, reciprocally to every different? when might one speaker use FN and the name
names?" (David Crystal; 1997, p. 44). For the English speaker, the clearest linguistic markers of social family
members are non-public names, such as John and Mr. Brown. those one-of-a-kind names are the alternatives for
the addresser via which he addresses or talks to the addressee. however it's far very difficult for the addresser to
address the hearer by means of his first name, circle of relatives name, or speaker has to apply his name name for
addressing. the nature of the connection among the speaker and addressee i.e. of strength and harmony can be
judged through the use of these address phrases. If the speaker addresses the hearer by means of his first name
i.e. John then the connection is of excessive cohesion. John has much less electricity than the speaker. in the equal
manner address time period, Mr. Brown is used by the addressee if Mr. Brown has extra energy than the speaker.
(Hudson; 1982:p.122-123) Brown and Levinson have given a few markers of power and solidarity. 'touchy objects'
i.e. those whose form varies with energy-team spirit, are used to refer to the addressee. In English, the most
effective touchy gadgets are personal pronouns. those non-public pronouns mark the relation between speakers
and hearers. the opposite marker is 'verb bureaucracy which may be nice studied in the Korean language, wherein
little can be said with out the use of those verbs. it's miles almost inevitable that speech will replicate the ones
relations. 'Verbs' also are signals of electricity-harmony. the selection among those verbs is made according to
strength-solidarity family members among the speaker and the verb's challenge. the following sort of linguistic
marker of power-team spirit is at the 'vocabulary stage. using vocabulary objects indicates the interrelation among
the speaker and hearer. Susan Ervin-trip has devised a chart that indicates the factors that circumstance a
speaker's choice of cope with in American English due to the fact it is taken into consideration that the quality
manner of signaling strength-cohesion is through modes of address. (David Crystal: 1997 p. 44) the following chart
suggests the yankee deal with device however every tradition has a distinct deal with device. American address
system (after S. Ervin-Tripp, 1972). Beside the right names, polite pronouns are used to address the addressee. A T-
V difference system exists in sociolinguistics, which constitutes the pronouns that display the one of a kind tiers of
appreciate, intimacy, power, and familiarity. 'A difference made with the aid of many languages of the arena
between familiar styles of the second one-character pronouns (similar to English you) and polite and formal
paperwork. In sociolinguistics, these are known as T and V pronouns respectively, after the first letter of the
familiar and well mannered forms in French, tu and vous'. (Trudgill: 1992, p.73). T and V forms observe a complex
set of regulations. those bureaucracy perform a number of social capabilities however it's miles hard to capture
and summarize these features. In Latin, the T forms are used for addressing one character and the V bureaucracy
for a couple of persons. This conference was evolved to consult the Roman Emperor the use of the plural form
'vos'. steadily, the top instructions had been additionally showing respect thru the use of V paperwork simplest.
They have been also the usage of T forms for the lower training, but the lower lessons addressed every different by
using the usage of T form and V paperwork to deal with the upper classes. Later, V shape become used as signal of
any kind of social distance, at the same time as the T shape turned into used as marker of social closeness and
intimacy. between equals, it have become feasible to apply either Tor V, relying on the team spirit one wanted to
convey. the subsequent chart gives an opportunity to make a hypothesis approximately naming practice precisely,
and additionally helps to make clear interlanguage differences. This sort of diagram has been used to identify the
factors governing using T or V paperwork in Yiddish (S. Ervin- trip, 1972; p, 45) In Pakistan, the addresser
additionally makes use of distinctive pronouns to deal with the hearer. The women, who share the relationship of
strength, use 'Aap' (in Urdu) or 'Tusi' (in Punjabi) for addressing their husbands, roughly equal to V form. these
forms of address are equivalent to V shape and give an explanation for the relation of distance and dominance.
within the equal manner, the girls who percentage the connection of closeness and cohesion deal with their
husbands as "Tum' (in Urdu) and 'Tu' (in Punjabi). these forms are equivalent to T shape and show off the relation
of frankness and intimacy. Use of language in society is influenced by many things. It is possible that every person
will use her/his own way in using the language, especially in terms of dictions. Gender is one of the examples that
can differentiate language choice chosen by people in society. Spolsky (1998: 36) states that language can be used
to show, give, and pass information about social differences. Therefore, reflexes of gender differences also can be
found in the study of language. In conclusion, the way men and women speak is different in terms of masculine
and feminine morphology. In English, the position of women in conversation tends to be lower than men. As stated
by Eckert and McConnell (2003:158-9), women are disempowered since they are force to use powerless language
which then make them tend to speak ineffectively in convey their thoughts. Gender indeed has influenced the way
people use language in their daily conversations. Spolsky (1998: 37-8) explains further that some people believe
when women are involved in conversation, mostly they will discuss about the topic of home and activities related
to it. On the other hands, men’s topic is closely related to several subjects, such as the outside world and economic
activities. However, when women and men have equal opportunities or education, there is a high possibility that
women will be more sensitive than men in the way they use language. If people want to enhance their
understanding in language and human behavior, they can study or observe language patterns of men and women.
It is because men and women have their own characteristics in using language. Tanen (2003:7-8) clarifies this case.
First, women will spend a lot of time with their friends by involving in discussions, and even telling their secrets to
each other. Second, they also tend to give suggestions rather than orders. Third, men always involve in a large
group and they also tend to be more active than women. Thus, men with higher status will use an appropriate
language which can keep them as the focus of people’s attention. Women and men are indeed different in the way
they use language. In terms of labeling women and men in using language, Chaika (1982:204) states that the
labeling toward men and women can be seen in English vocabulary. Then, she gives an example: when a person is
labeled with several negative labels, such as talkative and gossipy, then people will right away assume that this
person must be a woman. In the other hand, man always labeled with a positive label since man is portrayed as
persistent as and much more pleasant than a woman. Lakoff (in Speer, 2003:22-23) identifies some differences
between the language use and speech styles of men and women. First, women have a tendency of 18 using a
wider range of color terms than men in daily conversation. They also differentiate more precisely between shades
of the same color. Women use words, such as beigu, ecru, aquamarine, and lavender which men never say.Still
according to Lakoff (in Speer, 2003:22-23), the second difference is that women tend to speak or express their
thoughts without strong emotions. For example, they tend to choose expression, such as ‘Oh dear’ better than
‘shit’. Third, men and women use different kind of adjectives to express their thoughts on something. For example,
women tend to use adjectives like “adorable” than “great”, “charming” than “terrific”, “sweet” than “cool”, and
“lovely” than “neat”. Fourth, women tend to use more declarative statements that are formed into a question by
the use of a tag. At first they convey their opinion on something, but it ends into a question with the use of tag.
Fifth, women use more rising intonation in their conversation than men. Furthermore, Tannen in Speer (2003:30)
states men and women live in different world of words and they learn to use language with their friends as they
grow up. She also adds that men have to be successful in competing others and also have to struggle to maintain
their independence since they live in a hierarchical society. On the other hand, women will fight to maintain
intimacy and preserve their network of connection. Alongside physical and mental contrasts there exits social
contrasts among manly and female. As indicated by the "distinction hypothesis" other than living in a similar
climate they (male and female) make diverse relationship with society and this distinction is reflected from the
language of the two sexual orientations. Salami (2004) makes reference to that "Sex contrasts can be reflected in
the way (s) language is utilized to talk about people." Cinardo (2011) likewise specifies in such manner as "The jobs
which guys and females order in their lives are reflected in the manners in which they convey themselves,
including their strategy for collaboration." According to Salami (2004) the hidden suppositions about male and
female can be reflected in their phonetic practices. "There is positively a lot of proof of the contrasts among ladies
and men in the space of language" (Meng, Li and Wang, 2007). As per Meng, Li and Wang (2007) "Ladies will in
general be more verbally respectful than men." The division between the discourses of both the genders can be
seen by the decision in language structures and subjects of discussion (Subon, 2011). Salami (2004) specifies about
address structures as per sex contrast in his examination in Yoruba people group where ladies are not expected to
address their spouses by first name however by some other location terms like charm terms or pet name like
"'eleyingoolu' (gold-toothed) or teknonym terms like 'Baba Tomi'(Tomi's dad). In everyday existence, human
beings connect to one another through different languages; it doesn’t matter, whether it is their native or non-
native language. Humans’ minds, emotions, and minds can all be expressed via conversation. They'll talk and form
relationships with others through communication. However, a hit communication is hardly ever as simple because
it appears. Only while every celebration knows the other's mind, emotions, and goals can a success verbal
exchange be achieved. one of the examples of communication problems is patterning. it can generate problems
due to the fact that human beings are every so often unaware that it happens in any respect stages of
conversation. Patterning happens on 3 levels, in line with Hymes (in Saville and Troike, 2003:11-12). These levels
include society, organization, and character. Language and speakers are associated with social communication
styles in terms of features, discussion categories, attitudes, and ideas. Communication is patterned on the group
level by way of sex, age, social status, and occupation. Verbal exchange is utilized to show one's person and
specific one's expression on a non-public degree. Conversation at this stage can correctly describe the speaker's
nation. To talk his or her wrath, the speaker, as an example, raises the volume of her or his speech. Individuals who
want to speak ought to be privy to those patterns with the intention to communicate efficiently. Humans can
specific their minds, feelings, and thoughts greater absolutely if they hold close communication styles. Troubles
that usually stand up in communication can be removed by using figuring out the ones patterns. The use of deal
with phrases is a communication phenomenon this is prompted by way of patterning. The manner people name or
address a person else is likewise called deal with phrases. In line with Wardhaugh (2006:268), people deal with
others in an expansion of methods, which include by using name, first name, last name, and so on. The nation of
the speaker is represented in the preference of specific styles of cope with phrases. Using titles like "doctor" or
"Professor" to deal with different people, for instance, denotes the least personal courting between the speaker
and the addressee. It’s far clear that the speaker and the addressee are unusual with one another and do no longer
have a close courting. The social function or rank of others, gender, age, familial courting, occupational hierarchy,
race, and degree of closeness all impact the usage of address phrases (2006:272). This finding demonstrates that
communication patterning has a massive effect, especially within the usage of deal with phrases. Because language
cannot be remote from the subculture wherein it exists, each language has its precise manner of employing deal
with words. it will be difficult for individuals who do not belong to the same lifestyle to recognize the basic
concepts of ways to utilize the addressing phrases of another language. Moreover, in regular life, human beings
are aware of at least two styles of language: spoken and written. Those types of language also have a tremendous
effect on how people understand the message that others are trying to deliver. Language isn't definitely a means
of communication. It plays a variety of features in any society, one in every of its capabilities, is the preservation of
social relationships. The technical time period used for this feature of language is 'phatic", a term coined by way of
the anthropologist Malinowski. He turned into struck by means of how much of the language this is used is actually
formulaic and meaningless. (Finch: 1998; p.24) those 'formulaic' and superficially meaningless expressions are the
muse- stone of human members of the family. Malinowski's very own phrases on this regard are well worth
quoting. “I suppose that, in discussing the characteristic of speech in mere sociability, we come to one of the
bedrock aspects of guy's nature in society. There may be in all people the tendency to congregate, to be
collectively, to enjoy every different agency. Many instincts and innate traits, along with fear or pugnacity, all the
forms of social sentiments along with ambition, vanity, ardor for power, and wealth, are structured upon and
associated with the fundamental tendency which makes the presence of others a need”. (From Quirk, 1962, p. 58)
However, language would not sincerely keep human members of the family; it additionally displays the family
members. It signals the relations among exclusive humans. (Trudgill, 1995) The way human beings talk to every
different is a clear indication in their mutual dating. Due to the fact as a minimum the beginning of the Nineteen
Seventies, linguists have come to be privy to deciphering language in contexts not in isolation. With this trending
linguistic technique towards language, sociolinguistic have highlighted the role of language in exclusive social
contexts and vice versa. Holmes (1992 p.1) announces that "inspecting the way human beings use language in
exclusive social contexts gives a wealth of records approximately the manner language works, as well as about the
social relationships in a community." Humans use extraordinary styles of speech in step with the social contexts
they're engaged in (Keshavarz 2001 p.five). This includes that language is not used best to trade information;
rather, whilst accomplishing social linguistic interactions, language users consciously or unconsciously screen their
identities (Formentelli 2009 p.179), their cultural and social history and their relationships to their addressees and
their referents. Human beings use language to speak to each different in their each day lifestyles. Communication
is an effective way to explicit human beings minds, emotions, and thoughts. via verbal exchange, they can engage
and build relationships with others. However, speaking efficiently isn't as easy as it appears. Powerful conversation
can simplest be reached if every participant can understand the thoughts, emotions, and goals of every different.
Patterning is one of the examples of problems in communication. It can create problems because now and again
human beings do no longer aware of the fact that it occurs in any respect tiers of conversation. in line with Hymes
(in Saville and Troike, 2003:eleven-12), patterning occurs in 3 degrees, namely societal, organization, and man or
woman degree. Conversation styles on the social level in terms of its functions, speaks categories, attitudes, and
concept are associated with language and audio system. on the organization stage, verbal exchange is patterned as
intercourse, age, social repute, and profession. At the man or woman degree, verbal exchange is used to show
expression and persona. At this degree, conversation can without a doubt describe the condition of the speaker.
For example, the speaker increases using quantity in her/his speech to explicit his/her anger. People who need to
talk need to apprehend the ones styles to make the conversation runs smoothly. it is crucial due to the fact by
understanding patterns in verbal exchange, people can express their minds, feelings, and mind without a doubt. by
know-how the ones patterns, issues that generally occur in communication may be erased. In keeping with Crystal
(2002), it's far generally predicted that there are 6,000 to 7,000 languages inside the global. Considering times
immemorial, history has witnessed the delivery and demise of languages as an inevitable a part of human life
(Clark, 1995; Mufwene, 2001; Thomason, 2001). Consistent with Sasse (in Janse 2000: ix), the closing five hundred
years have visible the disappearance of extra than 1/2 of the world’s languages. The arena saw the emergence of
the phrases ‘language shift’ and ‘language renovation’ at some stage in the decade of Nineteen Sixties. The term
language shift refers to a circumstance in which a network gives up its native language and adopts another
language that is typically strong and dominant inside the society (Fasold, 1984; Hoffman, 1991). considering that
then, many researchers have explored numerous minority languages from the perspective of language shift and
language protection which consist of cook Island Maori (Davis, 1998), Gujarati and Samoan (Roberts, 1999) Dutch
(Hulsen, 2000), eastern (Nakanishi, 2000), Romanian (Borbely, 2000), Navajo (Schaenglod, 2004) and Italian
(Finocchiaro, 2004). These researchers have analyzed these languages and highlighted a range of things, which
lead to the adoption of 1 language and desertion and abandonment of any other, which is typically the local
language. however, a close evaluation of the concept of language shift well-known shows that it does now not
don't forget the position of native speakers of a particular language in maintaining or discarding their native
language. It does no longer clearly deal with the motives of language shift as to whether or not the audio system
left their language because of political, social, financial, and psychological motives or bodily coercions and threats
(Asif, 2005). Saiqa Asif (2005), a linguist, is the pioneer of the time period, ‘language desertion. There’s a close
connection among language and society. In social context, the look at of language can deliver people a clue on how
they 13 can prepare their social network. Each society has its very own traits in the use of language; one society
can also use distinct methods in the use of it. As a remember of reality, even one sure language can be spoken
otherwise by using some one-of-a-kind societies. That form of phenomenon is called a language range. in step with
Hudson (in Wardhaugh, 2006:25) a variety of language is a group of linguistic gadgets which has a similar
distribution, along with English, London English, etc. This is in line with Atchison’s theory. He (2003:114) states that
sociolinguistics is a area of take a look at that identifies the differences of language, particularly the variant of a
sure language. This form of language may be associated with some outside elements, inclusive of geographical
region or a community institution. The lifestyles of this style of languages may additionally motive problems for
folks that do no longer belong to the same group. They could infrequently, or even cannot, understand the
language spoken with the aid of some other network organization. As formerly stated, language has a near
connection with a society in which the language is used, for this reason, those who do no longer belong to the
identical institution ought to recognize the language to get intact statistics. Deal with bureaucracy is defined as the
words used to start a conversation. Address form, a linguistic signal of expression, is the selection of appropriate
and context-primarily based phrases to name a person. deal with terms are the linguistic signs which are used to
get attention and point out different in a verbal exchange (Keshavarz, 2001). George xmas (2006) defines in easy
phrases that cope with form is phrase and word that is used for the character to whom speaker talks with. Esmae’li
(2011) explains that types of deal with are “words or expressions used to signify positive members of the family
among people or to expose the distinction in identity, function and social status”. in short, address terms are the
ones linguistic expressions which are used by speakers to name others, to draw others, to refer others, to reveal
his/her and his/her addressee’s identification and social role. Moreover, they're the manifestation of feelings,
thoughts, feelings, evaluations, outlooks, reactions, and ideals that he has for his addressees of a speaker. In
addition, they highlight the personality, disposition, nature, conduct, and standing of the speakers. How social
relationships are hooked up and proven among language customers in a given community is one of the essential
issues of sociolinguistic. Levinson (1983 p.54) states that "the single maximum obvious way wherein the
relationship between language and contexts is meditated inside the shape of languages themselves is thru the
phenomenon of deixis". As defined via The Linguistics Encyclopedia (Malmkjᴂr 2002 p.455), deixis is "the manner
in which individuals in linguistic encounters relate what they are saying to the time, place and individuals in the
discourse." There are exceptional categories of deixis, amongst which might be social deixis, which encompass
styles of deal with and honorifics in addition to phrases of reference. pupils of sociolinguistics and pragmatics
agree with the area of terms of address and kinds of reference is critical because all the linguistic, in addition to
extra-linguistic functions fulfilled by means of language, are conveyed at some stage in injecting them in discourse
(Formentelli 2009 page 180 ). furthermore, the best use of a time period of address or form of reference might
lead to a a success interplay, or, conversely, every so often it's miles the misuse of a single addressing term or
referring shape that causes a false impression that hinders powerful communication. Language has been studied
seeing that a long time ago. In the first length, they have a look at of language is in general worried with the
observe of the shape of language or called linguistics. Language is used to communicate with other human beings
in society this means that that language can't be separated from society. As stated via Hymes (1974: 83),
sociolinguistics is the maximum current and the maximum not unusual term for a study that relates they have a
look at of linguistics with anthropology. In this sort of observe, people now not handiest perceive language as an
object which stands on my own but additionally as an object which has a connection to society. in step with
Stockwell (2007: 264), sociolinguistic is the department of linguistics that investigates the relationship between
language and society. As a result, based totally on the above clarification, it's miles clean that language and society
indeed have a robust courting in view that language is the primary device to speak in society. Moreover, as stated
through Spolsky (1998:3), language lives in social structures in which society makes use of it to communicate.
Similarly, the context in sociolinguistics is very critical. In keeping with Tagliamonte (2006:3), many sociolinguists
argue that language occurs in context. it is able to be influenced by using the speaker of that language and also
wherein it's far getting used and the purpose why the speaker the usage of it. He also adds that private records and
identity can be visible in a language that is utilized by sure speakers. Whilst the speaker uses a certain language in
communication, surely he/she is expressing his/herself to his/her interlocutor. In quick, language can be studied
through linguistics seeing that linguistics will measure human being’s capacity in the usage of language that has
many regulations and constraints. however, language is used to speak with different human beings in society so
the existence of linguistics is not good enough to explain the phenomenon. Sociolinguistics appears to provide an
answer since it identifies the connection among language and society This term 'sociolinguistic' has specific
meanings for exclusive human beings. 'This socially constituted linguistic' is concerned with social in addition to
referential which means (Dell Hymes; 1997, p. 14). This various area addresses certain essential issues like how
language displays structure and dominates social existence. Earlier, it became considered that language is honestly
a way of verbal exchange however now it is a well-hooked up fact that it also affects human relations (Trudgill:
1995). Whilst two humans meet every other, they do not genuinely alternate phrases; instead the words they use
no longer simplest refer however additionally play a pivotal position in figuring out their mutual relations, social
standings, and backgrounds, and many others. Wardhaugh (2006: 10) states there are a few viable relationships
between language and society. First, social shape can have an impact on or determine each linguistic shape and
conduct. Age-grading is an instance of why social structure in society influences the choice of language. In this
case, kids will talk in a different way from adults in phrases of dictions and vice versa. 2nd, the possible relationship
rather than the primary that linguistic shape may impact or determine social shape and behavior; it is able to have
a robust effect on social shape. 0.33, language and society have the opportunity to steer each other. Fourth,
language and society don't have any dating. In other words, they independently stand without influencing every
other. The dialogue isn't always best approximately the relationships among language and society but additionally
about how the members of society used language. Widdowson (1996:three) states that language has an critical
function in people’s existence in view that it can be used to satisfy their wishes, cooperate with each other, and
survive in lifestyles. It also helps people to provide present and future desires as language are the simplest way to
speak. Terms of address are characterized through Braun (1988 p.7) as 'phrases and phrases used for addressing'.
They’re, as Keshavarz (2001 p.6) has elegantly defined them, "linguistic forms that are utilized in addressing others
to attract their interest or for regarding them within the path of a communication." Parkinson (2013), also,
provides other 'communication functions' of terms of address: 'summoning, organizing, and preserving contact
with the addressee throughout a conversation; ordering and cajoling, and calling the addressee something.' these
linguistic bureaucracy might also 'encompass pronouns, honorific „pronoun substitutes‟, names, nicknames,
teknonyms, titles, and different phrases used vocatively' (Parkinson 2013). they are linguistically as well as
cognitively critical in displaying how addressees are perceived and labeled through their addressers (Maalej 2010
p.148) Fishman (1964) is the pioneer of the terms ‘language shift’ and ‘language maintenance.’ given that then,
numerous studies on different languages were conducted from the perspective of language shift, language loss and
language loss of life in comparison to language upkeep because the quantity of loss of life languages is increasing
with the passage of time (Fase et al., 1992: 397). Language shift refers to a scenario wherein a network as a whole
steadily offers up its local language in favor of another language this is dominant within the society. The
culmination of language shift is the death of the deserted language (Trudgill, 2003). Language renovation, instead
of language shift, refers to a state of affairs wherein a community keeps its original language, in preference to
adopting every other language, despite the fact that it's miles suppressed in special domain names of the society.
In such groups, people keep their local language thru various activities consisting of making it their domestic
language, ensuring its transmission to the younger technology, and considering it as a strong symbol in their
unique cultural and ethnic identification (Batibo, 2005). A phenomenon this is influenced through patterning in
communication is the usage of address terms. cope with terms also are called the way human beings call or cope
with someone else. Wardhaugh (2006:268) states there are various ways on how people cope with others such as
by way of the use of the name, first name, ultimate name, and many others. The selection of sure types of deal
with terms is pondered in the condition of the speaker. For example, the usage of titles such as “physician” or
“Professor”, to deal with different humans suggests the least intimate among the speaker and the addressee. it can
be concluded that the speaker and the addressee do not recognize each different and do no longer have a close
courting. He provides that using the address phrases is influenced through social repute or rank of different,
gender, age, own family relationship, occupational hierarchy, race, and degree of intimacy (2006:272). This
phenomenon proves that patterning in conversation has a terrific affect, in particular within the use of cope with
phrases. every language has its own way of the use of the deal with terms for the reason that language can't be
separated from the society wherein the language exists. folks who do now not belong to the same society will
discover it difficult to apprehend the simple guidelines of a way to use the addressing terms of every other
language. Moreover, in daily life, humans recognize as a minimum types of language particularly spoken and
written language. The ones kinds of language actually have a top notch impact within the manner human beings
recognize the message which other human beings want to supply. Many people trust that written language has a
tendency to be easier to be understood because it refers back to the formality and standardization of language. On
the other hand, the spoken language is greater tough to be understood than the written one. Furthermore, spoken
language is equal to the society where the language is used. Consequently, it is a need to for people who do no
longer speak the identical language to get deeper information of a positive language if they want to communicate
with foreigners. Folks that do no longer belong to the same society may be hard to understand the language. A
important phenomenon that supporting events its role in developing and exposing the human courting is the
manner of addressing as when a speaker speaks, now not handiest does he encode phrases but additionally well-
known shows many different things together with his persona, his mind, his ideology, his tradition, his subculture,
his vicinity, his family, his repute, and so on. A social setup can't fail to make its audio system know what to speak
wherein, while, and how. In a social installation an individual behaves with other individuals of the society
according to his courting with them for a success verbal exchange. Every member of a society has unique degrees
of courting with the alternative contributors of the society. This phenomenon can be determined via the verbal
exchange of participants of a society in distinctive situations. An unmarried person may be addressed by using
exclusive cope with forms in one of kind situations. Deals with forms are considered a key aspect of effective
communication and a scale to decide the status of the connection of audio system. Naeni (2011) records,
“Addressing term is one of the critical equipment of conversation which is utilized in society.” Xiaomei Yang (2010)
takes address forms as a machine, used to know approximately the connection of audio system. He also considers
address bureaucracy crucial for a success and influential communication as addressing a person is a contextualized
interest as exceptional contextual elements are concerned in the choice of cope with bureaucracy. They’re
cohesion, gender, age, social reputation, schooling, profession, economical popularity, and pragmatic elements. In
a social setup, whilst talking we use distinct bureaucracy to deal with different human beings. Even for a single
character, exceptional deal with forms is used in keeping with the scenario. This examine pursuits at exploring the
address forms in the Urdu language in relation to factors like social factors, contextual elements, and the
relationship among audio system, level of intimacy, stage of hierarchy, ideology, religion, and intercourse. It will
additionally discover the distinction in deal with forms utilized by the male and ladies in Pakistan. Cope with
bureaucracy and social setting can't be separated as each works side via side. Address terms show the social
relation of both the speaker and the addressee. A speaker makes use of a ramification of cope with forms in
accordance with his social environment. “Whilst we cope with someone we should use appropriate terms relying
on the precise situation where we're in.” (Maloth, 2011)Moghaddam et al (2011) specific “deal with phrases is
strongly believed to happen interpersonal relationships, specifically the quantity and stages of politeness in a
society.” To Akindele (2008) they're the publicity of interlocutors’ social relation and distance. To him, they show
the emotions of speakers and are used to keep the faces of interlocutors. Along physical and intellectual contrasts
there exist social contrasts among manly and woman. As indicated with the aid of the "distinction speculation"
aside from living in a similar climate they (male and woman) make a diverse dating with society and this distinction
is reflected from the language of the two sexual orientations. Salami (2004) makes connection with that "sex
contrasts can be meditated within the manner (s) language is utilized to talk approximately humans." Cinardo
(2011) likewise specifies in this sort of manner as "the jobs which men and women order of their lives are reflected
in the manners where they convey themselves, along with their strategy for collaboration." in line with Salami
(2004), the hidden suppositions about ladies and men can be meditated of their phonetic practices. "There is
definitely a variety of evidence of the contrasts among men and women in the space of language" (Meng, Li, and
Wang, 2007). As consistent with Meng, Li, and Wang (2007) “ladies will, in preferred, be greater verbally respectful
as guys." The division between the discourses of both genders can be seen via the choice in language systems and
subjects of dialogue (Subon, 2011). Communication exposes the nature of the connection of interlocutors.
Addressing each other is massive as it discloses their identities, their reputation in society, and their
photo/function inside the communication. Being contextual using a selected address form in a specific state of
affairs has a few cultural, social, and ideological histories deal with phrases is socio-cultural-oriented. Their roots
can be seen deep in a society and a lifestyle. Afful (2011) pens down, “that deal with forms constitute a vital a part
of verbal conduct thru which the conduct, norms, and practices of a society may be recognized.” Moghaddam and
et al (2011) pen down as, “the use of language in interaction involves more than certainly changing data
approximately mind and genuine things between one man or woman to any other; it is an vital method in which
the relationships amongst humans are mentioned and negotiated.” furthermore, he explains that “participating in
conversations, human beings consciously or unconsciously display their identities, their belonging to a selected
lifestyle or group and also their dispositions to grow to be near or distant from others. A good sized linguistic
vicinity in which all these functions are highlighted is “sorts of address”. 'Power' and 'Solidarity', the two terms
borrowed from social psychology had been used to determine the kind of mutual dating of or extra than two men
and women. The diploma of intimacy or distance within the mutual relationships of different participants of a
network may additionally vary from character to character due to the fact people are related to each other in
distinctive ways. This relative diploma of intimacy or distance may be measured via language in preferred and the
paperwork or phrases of address specially. Trudgill defines these cope with forms as: Terms and terms used to deal
with other people in conversations, conferences, letters, etc. deal with bureaucracy may additionally consist of
pronouns which include you, titles such as Sir and Madam, names inclusive of John and Mr. Smith, and
endearments and expressions which include mate, pal, expensive, honey. In all communities, there are norms
concerning who uses which bureaucracy to whom, what the social implications are of the usage of one shape or
any other, and on which occasion’s particular paperwork can be used. In Britain, it'd be uncommon to cope with a
chum with the aid of name plus surname, e.g. Mr. Smith, and more ordinary to deal with them by their first name,
e.g., John. in lots of languages, speakers also should choose second-individual pronouns corresponding to English
you, consistent with sociolinguistically appropriate norms. Selection usually includes a choice of T and V pronouns'.
(Trudgill; 1992, p.9) When human beings communicate to every different, the language they use famous the
degree of social intimacy or distance between the speaker and the addressee. Sociolinguistic best friend, language
may be defined as a fixed of linguistic items' wherein every object has its own unique social distribution with
respect to the circumstances of use (Hudson: 1982, p.24). While the speaker makes use of these linguistic gadgets,
they mirror the kind of dating they enjoy with each other. One of the maximum significant methods of signaling
social intimacy and distance and expertise them is an evaluation of these modes of address. Brown and Fodor
(1961) added two terms 'electricity' and 'harmony to consult the family members of closeness and distance
respectively among the speaker and the addressee. (Hudson: 1982). The time period 'power' describes the unequal
family members at the same time as 'team spirit' explains the close and intimate courting among the speaker and
addressee. Face-to-face interplay, wherein humans directly come into contact with each other is the nice putting
to apprehend unique varieties of relations a number of the humans. every language is probably predicted to have
some type of signaling variations in relations a few of the people (the relation of both strength or of unity or of
each) which can be defined by way of connection with the intense significance of each electricity and unity in face-
to-face interactions among people and the want for each person to make it clear how he sees those relations
(Trudgill: 1992). In each language, those relations are of different stages. Different factors are involved which mark
distance or closeness between audio system and hearers. These elements are kinship family members, economic
role, academic background and plenty of others. Frequently a unmarried linguistic characteristic is sufficient to
indicate the social distance such as the precise phrases or phrases used whilst people meet and cope with each
different by way of name, or select pronouns for speaker to or approximately every other. But, the social setting is
an vital factor inside the selection of the mode of address. In any situation, audio system will choose from the
range of types available to them in their verbal repertoires depending on which personal and social identification
they wish to mission. Through selecting a pronunciation or a grammatical form or phrase related to and symbolic
of a particular group within the society, they'll be projecting their identification as a member of that social group
(Trudgill: 1992, p. eight). Unlike Ferdinand de Saussure's declare that speech is totally individual, it has been
proved that like language speech is also social. Speech, shorter or longer strings of linguistic items used on
particular occasions for precise purposes in face-to-face relationships, permits us to communicate with every other
at a much extra state-of-the-art level. Among many other features, one of the uses of speech is certainly to set up
or toughen social family members-what Malinowski called Phatic Communion (Hudson; 1982). Speech may
additionally replicate the social relationship between the speaker and the addressee. It is one of the most critical
approaches in which one person offers his non-public photo for others to assess both via what one says and the
way one says it. This private image may be explored and explained with the introduction of terms i.e. strength and
harmony. These phrases were brought into sociolinguistic through the social psychologists Brown and Fodor
(1961). ‘Power' is self-explanatory; it offers with the unequal fame of the addresser and addressee. 'cohesion'
issues the social distance among the humans how a good deal experience they have got shared, how many social
traits they have got shared (age, sex, profession, and many others.), how a ways they may be prepared to
proportion intimacies, and other elements. (Hudson: 1982, p. 122) In Pakistan, the manner humans use language
to cope with each different reflects their dating with others. keeping in view the previous research conducted in
the subject of sociolinguistic and Labovian secular linguistics, it's miles possible to say that the way husband and
spouse deal with every other in Pakistani society, is a linguistic variable having special variants, every one of which
reflects the relationship of both energy or harmony. A linguistic variable is 'a linguistic unit, occasionally referred to
as a sociolinguistic variable, advanced by means of Labov. So one can be capable of deal with linguistic variant'.
Variables can be lexical and grammatical but are most often phonological". (Trudgill: 1992, p.50) In Pakistan, the
way women use language to cope with their husbands reflects their social dating with their husbands. An average
Pakistani Punjabi girl would address her husband by way of Using his proper name with the addition of the word '
‫'صاحب‬, which is equal to English word ‘Mr. Using the caste of her husband with the addition of ' ‫'صاحب‬at the end
like “‫”چوھدری صاحب‬etc. Addressing him indirectly like child's father with the use of child's name. For instance,
'yasir’s father' or ‫ 'یاسر کے ابو‬in Urdu etc. Husband address his wife Husband address his wife“‫ ”بیگمجی‬In Punjabi
they used to call “‫ ”نئ‬or “‫ ”اے‬Using the V form of Urdu/Punjabi pronoun contexts' among equals it became feasible
to use either T or V forms, relying at the degree of solidarity one needed to carry.'(David Crystal; 1997, p. forty five)
Some of these variants have their very own social importance. The choice of one variation rather than some other
is prompted by way of a number of social factors and highlights one or the other social element. In predicting an
individual's choice among the exceptional opportunities the ordinary role courting between individuals inside the
interplay proves to be the most crucial element'. (Susan Gal: 1997) As said earlier, language performs distinctive
roles in different conditions. It’s far hypothesized that the mutual courting of husband and wife is meditated via
the choice of one variant cited above. The choice made by a spouse might reflect the relative degree of electricity
or cohesion of their dating. Those terms of cope with are the keys to expertise the relation of distance or of
intimacy between husbands and wives, that's suffering from many elements. It appears that evidently language
regularly encourages, or maybe forces, us to outline our relations with what we talk about. If we are relating to
someone we locate ourselves relative to him in terms of cohesion and electricity."(Hudson: 1982, p. 128). That is
the fact that exclusive persons in unique conditions use one-of-a-kind phrases. As an example, in Pakistani society,
married women deal with their husbands in a different way when they're with their circle of relatives or while
they're with their children’s, or while they may be alone. it is continually the superior one who uses the high team
spirit shape first which shows less electricity and more intimacy between the speaker and the hearer or vice versa.
To identify variation in the choices of address terms used by Punjabi husband and wife To analyze social behaviors
reflected by Punjabi spouses while using address terms. To investigate social factors involved in the choice of
different address terms by the spouses How do husband and wife differ in their choices of address terms? What
are the social behaviors reflected by Punjabi spouses while using address terms? What are social factors involved
in the choice of different address terms used by spouses? The consequence of the research is predicted to provide
a detailed sociolinguistic description of the phrases of deal with and forms of reference utilized by Punjabi
speakers. It’s far was hoping that the examiner will contribute to the growing frame of information the cope with
terms and phrases of reference in Punjabi. Expectedly, this have a look at will offer a few sizeable implications for
the sociolinguistic analysis of Punjabi address terms. Offering a comprehensive account of addressing terms and
referring bureaucracy used will assist the readers of Punjabi speakers to be aware about the varying nature of
language in step with social contexts. Specially, the studies are intended to pick out and describe the kinds,
functions, and social elements influencing the selection of cope with terms used by Punjabi spouses. This studies
with a bit of luck can make a contribution greater know-how approximately sociolinguistics, particularly to the
students of linguistics. Furthermore, this research may be a reference of deal with terms for his or her observe. In
addition; this studies hopefully may be useful to the readers in well-known, in improving their expertise on address
terms. This dissertation exposes “a sociolinguistic study of address terms used by Punjabi spouses”. The data is
collected from some rural and urban regions of Gujrat because the people of those regions are familiar to the
researcher. So it changed into easy for the researcher to collect the information. The collection of the data from
the selected areas and then the generalization did now not pose any difference. In everyday life, people connect
with one another through language. People’s minds, feelings, and thoughts can all be expressed through
communication. They may communicate and form relationships with others through communication. However,
successful communication is rarely as simple as it appears. Only when each party understands the other's
thoughts, feelings, and desires can successful communication be achieved. One of the examples of communication
issues is patterning. It can generate issues since people are sometimes unaware that it occurs at all levels of
communication. Patterning happens on three levels, according to Hymes (in Saville and Troike, 2003:11-12). These
levels include society, group, and individual. Language and speakers are related to social communication patterns
in terms of functions, discussion categories, attitudes, and concepts. Communication is patterned at the group
level by sex, age, social standing, and occupation. Communication is utilized to display one's personality and
express one's expression on a personal level. Communication at this level can accurately describe the speaker's
state. To communicate his or her wrath, the speaker, for example, raises the volume of her or his speech. People
who want to communicate should be aware of these patterns so that they can communicate effectively. People
can express their minds, feelings, and thoughts more clearly if they grasp communication patterns. Problems that
commonly arise in communication can be eliminated by identifying those patterns. The use of address terms is a
communication phenomenon that is influenced by patterning. The way individuals call or address someone else is
also known as address words. According to Wardhaugh (2006:268), individuals address others in a variety of ways,
including by title, first name, last name, and so on. The state of the speaker is represented in the choice of specific
sorts of address terms. The use of titles like "Doctor" or "Professor" to address other individuals, for example,
denotes the least personal relationship between the speaker and the addressee. It is clear that the speaker and the
addressee are unfamiliar with one another and do not have a close relationship. The social position or rank of
others, gender, age, familial relationship, occupational hierarchy, race, and degree of closeness all impact the
usage of address words (2006:272).This finding demonstrates that communication patterning has a significant
impact, particularly in the usage of address words. Because language cannot be isolated from the culture in which
it exists, each language has its unique manner of employing address words. It will be difficult for people who do
not belong to the same culture to comprehend the basic principles of how to utilize the addressing phrases of
another language. Furthermore, in everyday life, people are aware of at least two types of language: spoken and
written. These forms of language also have a significant impact on how people perceive the message that others
are attempting to convey. 1.1.1 Importance of Language Language is not simply a means of communication. It
performs a variety of functions in any society, one of its functions, is the maintance of social relationships. The
technical term used for this function of language is 'phatic", a term coined by the anthropologist Malinowsk. He
was struck by how much of language that is used is simply formulaic and meaningless. (Finch: 1998; p.24) These
'formulaic' and superficially meaningless expressions are the foundation- stone of human relations. Malinowski's
own words in this regard are worth quoting. “I think that, in discussing the function of speech in mere sociability,
we come to one of the bedrock aspects of man's nature in society. There is in all human beings the well known
tendency to congregate, to be together, to enjoy each other's company. Many instincts and innate trends, such as
fear or pugnacity, all the types of social sentiments such as ambition, vanity, passion for power and wealth, are
dependent upon and associated with the fundamental tendency which makes the presence of others a necessity”.
(From Quirk, 1962, p.58). However, language doesn't simply maintain human relations; it also reflects the
relations. It signals the relations among different humans. (Trudgill, 1995) The way people talk to each other is a
clear indication of their mutual relationship. Since at least the beginning of the 1970s, linguists have become aware
of interpreting language in contexts not in isolation. With this trending linguistic approach towards language,
sociolinguistic have highlighted the role of language in different social contexts and vice versa. Holmes (1992 p.1)
declares that "examining the way people use language in different social contexts provides a wealth of information
about the way language works, as well as about the social relationships in a community." People use different
styles of speech according to the social contexts they are engaged in (Keshavarz 2001 p.5). This entails that
language is not used only to exchange information; rather, while engaging in social linguistic interactions, language
users consciously or unconsciously reveal their identities (Formentelli 2009 p.179), their cultural and social
background and their relationships to their addressees and their referents. People use language to communicate
to each other in their daily life. Communication is an effective way to express people minds, feelings, and thoughts.
Through communication they can interact and build relationship with others. However, to communicate effectively
is not as easy as it seems. An effective communication can only be reached if each participant can understand
thoughts, feelings, and desires of each other. Patterning is one of the examples of problems in communication. It
can create problems because sometimes people do not aware of the fact that it occurs at all levels of
communication. According to Hymes (in Saville and Troike, 2003:11-12), patterning occurs in three levels, namely
societal, group, and individual level. Communication patterns at the social level in terms of its functions, talk’s
categories, attitudes and conception are related to language and speakers. At the group level, communication is
patterned as sex, age, social status, and occupation. At the individual level, communication is used to show
expression and personality. In this level, communication can clearly describe the condition of the speaker. For
example, the speaker increases the use of volume in her/his speech to express his/her anger. People who want to
communicate should understand those patterns to make the communication runs smoothly. It is important
because by understanding patterns in communication, people can express their minds, feelings, and thoughts
clearly. By understanding those patterns, problems that usually occur in communication can be erased. 1.1.2
Language Desertion According to Crystal (2002), it is generally estimated that there are 6,000 to 7,000 languages in
the world. Since times immemorial, history has witnessed the birth and death of languages as an inevitable part of
human existence (Clark, 1995; Mufwene, 2001; Thomason, 2001). According to Sasse (in Janse 2000: ix), the last
five hundred years have seen the disappearance of more than half of the world’s languages. The world saw the
emergence of the terms ‘language shift’ and ‘language maintenance’ during the decade of 1960s. The term
language shift refers to a condition where a community gives up its native language and adopts another language
which is usually strong and dominant in the society (Fasold, 1984; Hoffman, 1991). Since then, many researchers
have explored various minority languages from the perspective of language shift and language maintenance which
include Cook Island Maori (Davis, 1998), Gujarati and Samoan (Roberts, 1999) Dutch (Hulsen, 2000), Japanese
(Nakanishi, 2000), Romanian (Borbely, 2000), Navajo (Schaenglod, 2004) and Italian (Finocchiaro, 2004). These
researchers have analyzed these languages and highlighted a range of factors, which lead to the adoption of one
language and desertion and abandonment of another, which is usually the native language. But, a close analysis of
the concept of language shift reveals that it does not take into account the role of native speakers of a particular
language in maintaining or discarding their native language. It does not clearly address the reasons of language
shift as to whether the speakers left their language due to political, social, economic, and psychological reasons or
physical coercions and threats (Asif, 2005). Saiqa Asif (2005), a linguist, is the pioneer of the term, ‘language
desertion. 1.1.3 Language and Society There is a close connection between language and society. In social context,
the study of language can give people a clue on how they 13 can organize their social community. Every society has
its own characteristics in using language; one society may use different way in using it. As a matter of fact, even
one certain language can be spoken differently by some different societies. That kind of phenomenon is called as
language variety. According to Hudson (in Wardhaugh, 2006:25) a variety of language is a group of linguistic items
which has similar distribution, such as English, London English, etc. This is in line with Atchison’s theory. He
(2003:114) states that sociolinguistics is a field of study that identifies the differences of language, especially the
variation of a certain language. This variety of language can be associated with some external factors, such as
geographical area or a community group. The existence of this variety of language may cause problems for people
who do not belong to the same group. They can hardly, or even cannot, understand the language spoken by other
community group. As previously stated, language has a close connection with society where the language is used,
for that reason people who do not belong to the same group have to understand the language to get intact
information. Address forms are defined as the words used to start a conversation. Address form, a linguistic sign of
expression, is the choice of suitable and context based word to call someone. Address terms are the linguistic signs
that are used to get attention and mention other in a conversation (Keshavarz, 2001). George Yule (2006) defines
in simple words that address form is word and phrase that is used for the person to whom speaker talks with.
Esmae’li (2011) explains that forms of address are “words or expressions used to indicate certain relations
between people or to show the difference in identity, position and social status”. Briefly, address terms are those
linguistic expressions that are used by speakers to call others, to attract others, to refer others, to show his/her
and his/her addressee’s identity and social position. Moreover, they are the manifestation of feelings, thoughts,
emotions, opinions, outlooks, reactions, and beliefs that he has for his addressees of a speaker. In addition, they
highlight the personality, disposition, nature, behavior and status of the speakers. 1.1.4 Social Deixis How social
relationships are established and shown between language users in a given community is one of the fundamental
issues of sociolinguistic. Levinson (1983 p.54) states that "the single most obvious way in which the relationship
between language and contexts is reflected in the structure of languages themselves is through the phenomenon
of deixis". As defined by The Linguistics Encyclopedia (Malmkjᴂr 2002 p.455), deixis is "the way in which
participants in linguistic encounters relate what they say to the time, place and participants in the discourse."
There are different categories of deixis, among which are social deixis, which include forms of address and
honorifics as well as terms of reference. Scholars of sociolinguistics and pragmatics believe the area of terms of
address and forms of reference are crucial because all the linguistic as well as extra linguistic functions fulfilled by
language are conveyed throughout injecting them in discourse (Formentelli 2009 p.180). Moreover, the
appropriate use of a term of address or form of reference might lead to a successful interaction, or, conversely,
sometimes it is the misuse of a single addressing term or referring form that causes a misunderstanding that
hinders effective communication. 1.1.5 Sociolinguistics; investigate the relationship between language and society
Language has been studied since long time ago. At the first period, the study of language is mostly concerned with
the study of structure of language, or known as linguistics. Language is used to communicate with other people in
society which means that language cannot be separated from society. As stated by Hymes (1974: 83),
sociolinguistics is the most recent and the most common terms for a study which relates the study of linguistics
with anthropology. In this type of study, people not only identifying language as an object which stands alone but
also as an object which has a connection to the society. According to Stockwell (2007: 264), sociolinguistic is the
branch of linguistics which investigates the relationship between language and society. Thus, based on the above
explanation, it is clear that language and society indeed has a strong relationship since language is the primary tool
to communicate in society. Moreover, as stated by Spolsky (1998:3), language lives in social structures in which the
society uses it to communicate. In addition, context in sociolinguistics is very important. According to Tagliamonte
(2006:3), many sociolinguists argue that language happens in context. It can be influenced by the speaker of that
language and also where it is being used and the reason why the speaker using it. He also adds that personal
history and identity can be seen in a language that is used by certain speaker. When the speaker uses a certain
language in communication, actually he/she is expressing his/herself to his/her interlocutor. In short, language can
be studied through linguistics since linguistics will measure people’s ability in using language that has many rules
and constrains. However, language is used to communicate with other people in society so the existence of
linguistics is no longer adequate to explain the phenomenon. Sociolinguistics appears to give a solution since it
identifies the relationship between language and society This term 'sociolinguistic' has different meanings for
different people. 'This socially constituted linguistic' is concerned with social as well as referential meaning (Dell
Hymes; 1997, p. 14). This diverse discipline addresses certain important problems like how language reflects
structure and dominates social life. Earlier, it was considered that language is simply a means of communication
but now it is a well-established fact that it also influences human relations (Trudgill: 1995). When two persons
meet each other, they do not simply exchange words; rather the words they use not only refer but also play a
pivotal role in determining their mutual relations, social standings and backgrounds etc. Wardhaugh (2006: 10)
states there are some possible relationships between language and society. First, social structure can influence or
determine both linguistic structure and behavior. Age-grading is the example why social structure in society
influences the choice of language. In this case, children will speak differently from adults in terms of dictions and
vice versa. Second, possible relationship is opposed to the first that linguistic structure may influence or determine
social structure and behavior; it may have a strong effect on social structure. Third, language and society have a
possibility to influence one another. Fourth, language and society have no relationship. In other words, they
independently stand without influencing each other. The discussion is not only about the relationships between
language and society but also about how the members of society used language. Widdowson (1996:3) states that
language has an important role in people’s life since it can be used to fulfill their needs, cooperate with each other,
and survive in life. It also helps people to provide present and future needs as language is the most effective way to
communicate. 1.1.6 Terms of Address Terms of address are characterized by Braun (1988 p.7) as 'words and
phrases used for addressing'. They are, as Keshavarz (2001 p.6) has elegantly defined them, "linguistic forms that
are used in addressing others to attract their attention or for referring to them in the course of a conversation."
Parkinson (2013), also, adds other 'communication functions' of terms of address: 'summoning, establishing, and
maintaining contact with the addressee throughout a conversation; ordering and cajoling; and calling the
addressee something.' These linguistic forms may 'include pronouns, honorific „pronoun substitutes‟, names,
nicknames, teknonyms, titles, and other words used vocatively' (Parkinson 2013). They are linguistically as well as
cognitively important in showing how addressees are perceived and categorized by their addressers (Maalej 2010
p.148) Fishman (1964) is the pioneer of the terms ‘language shift’ and ‘language maintenance.’ Since
then, various studies on different languages have been conducted from the perspective of language shift, language
loss and language death as compared to language maintenance as the number of dying language is increasing with
the passage of time (Fase et al., 1992: 397). Language shift refers to a situation where a community as a whole
gradually gives up its native language in favor of another language which is dominant in the society. The
culmination of language shift is the death of the abandoned language (Trudgill, 2003). Language maintenance, as
opposed to language shift, refers to a situation where a community maintains its original language, instead of
adopting another language, even if it is suppressed in different domains of the society. In such communities,
people retain their native language through various activities such as making it their home language, ensuring its
transmission to the younger generation and by considering it as a strong symbol of their unique cultural and ethnic
identity (Batibo, 2005). A phenomenon that is influenced by patterning in communication is the use of address
terms. Address terms is also known as the way people call or address someone else. Wardhaugh (2006:268) states
there are various ways on how people address others such as by using title, first name, last name, etc. The choice
of certain types of address term is reflected in the condition of the speaker. For example the use of the title such as
“Doctor” or “Professor”, to address other people indicates the least intimate between the speaker and the
addressee. It can be concluded that the speaker and the addressee do not know each other and do not have close
relationship. He adds that the use of the address terms are influenced by social status or rank of other, gender,
age, family relationship, occupational hierarchy, race, and degree of intimacy (2006:272). This phenomenon proves
that patterning in communication has a great influence, especially in the use of address terms. Every language has
its own way in using the address terms since language cannot be separated from the society where the language
exist. People who do not belong to the same society will find it difficult to understand the basic rules of how to use
the addressing terms of other language. Moreover, in daily life people know at least two kinds of language namely
spoken and written language. Those types of language also have a great effect in the way people understand the
message which other people want to deliver. Many people believe that written language tends to be easier to be
understood because it refers to formality and standardization of language. On the other hand, the spoken
language is more difficult to be understood than the written one. Moreover, spoken language is identical to the
society where the language used. Therefore, it is a must for people who do not speak the same language to get a
deeper understanding of a certain language if they want to communicate with foreigners. People who do not
belong to the same society may be difficult to understand the language. A crucial phenomenon that exercises its
role in developing and exposing the human relationship is the way of addressing as when a speaker speaks, not
only does he encode words but also exhibits many other things such as his personality, his thoughts, his ideology,
his culture, his tradition, his region, his family, his status, etc. A social setup cannot fail to make its speakers know
what to speak where, when and how. In a social setup an individual behaves with other members of the society
according to his relationship with them for successful conversation. Every member of a society has different levels
of relationship with the other members of the society. This phenomenon can be observed through the
conversation of members of a society in different situation. A single person can be addressed by different address
forms in different situations. Address forms are considered a key component of effective communication and a
scale to judge the status of relationship of speakers. Naeni (2011) records, “Addressing term is one of the
important tools of communication which is used in society.” Xiaomei Yang (2010) takes address forms as a gadget,
used to know about the relationship of speakers. He also considers address forms important for successful and
influential communication as addressing someone is a contextualized activity as different contextual factors are
involved in the choice of address forms. They are solidarity, gender, age, social status, education, profession,
economical status and pragmatic factors. In a social setup, while speaking we use different forms to address
different people. Even for a single person different address forms are used according to the situation. This study
aims at exploring the address forms in Urdu language in relation to factors like social factors, contextual factors,
and relationship between speakers, level of intimacy, level of hierarchy, ideology, religion, and sex. It will also find
the difference of address forms used by the male and female in Pakistan. 1.1.7 Address Terms and Social Setting
Address forms and social setting cannot be separated as both works side by side. Address forms show the social
relation of both the speaker and the addressee. A speaker uses the variety of address forms in accordance with his
social environment. “When we address a person we should use suitable term depending on the appropriate
situation where we are in.” (Maloth, 2011) Moghaddam et al (2011) express “Address terms are strongly believed
to manifest interpersonal relationships, especially the extent and degrees of politeness in a society.” To Akindele
(2008) they are the exposure of interlocutors’ social relation and distance. To him they show emotions of speakers
and are used to save the faces of interlocutors. Alongside physical and mental contrasts there exits social contrasts
among manly and female. As indicated by the "distinction hypothesis" other than living in a similar climate they
(male and female) make diverse relationship with society and this distinction is reflected from the language of the
two sexual orientations. Salami (2004) makes reference to that "Sex contrasts can be reflected in the way (s)
language is utilized to talk about people." Cinardo (2011) likewise specifies in such manner as "The jobs which guys
and females order in their lives are reflected in the manners in which they convey themselves, including their
strategy for collaboration." According to Salami (2004) the hidden suppositions about male and female can be
reflected in their phonetic practices. "There is positively a lot of proof of the contrasts among ladies and men in the
space of language" (Meng, Li and Wang, 2007). As per Meng, Li and Wang (2007) "Ladies will in general be more
verbally respectful than men." The division between the discourses of both the genders can be seen by the
decision in language structures and subjects of discussion (Subon, 2011). 1.1.8 Address Terms: Expression of Social
Culture Communication exposes the nature of the relationship of interlocutors. Addressing each other is
significant as it discloses their identities, their status in the society and their image/position in the conversation.
Being contextual the use of a particular address form in a particular situation has some cultural, social, and
ideological background. Address terms are socio-cultural oriented. Their roots can be seen deep in a society and a
culture. Afful (2011) pens down, “that address forms constitute an important part of verbal behavior through
which the behavior, norms and practices of a society can be identified.” Moghaddam and et al (2011) pen down as,
“The use of language in interaction entails more than simply exchanging information about thoughts and factual
things between one person to another; it is an important process in which the relationships among people are
outlined and negotiated.” Moreover he explains that “Participating in conversations, people consciously or
unconsciously show their identities, their belonging to a specific culture or group and also their tendencies to
become close or distant from others. A significant linguistic area in which all these functions are highlighted is
“forms of address”. 1.1.9 Power and Solidarity 'Power' and 'solidarity', the two terms borrowed from social
psychology have been used to determine the type of mutual relationship of two or more than two persons. The
degree of intimacy or distance in the mutual relationships of different members of a community may vary from
individual to individual because people are related to one another in different ways. This relative degree of
intimacy or distance can be measured through language in general and the forms or terms of address in particular.
Trudgill defines these address forms as: "Words and phrases used to address other people in conversations,
meetings, letters, etc. Address forms may include pronouns such as you, titles such as Sir and Madam, names such
as John and Mr. Smith, and endearments and expressions such as mate, buddy, dear, honey. In all communities,
there are norms concerning who uses which forms to whom, what the social implications are of using one form or
another, and on which occasions particular forms may be used. In Britain, it would be unusual to address a friend
by title plus sumame, e.g.. Mr. Smith and more usual to address them by their first name, e.g., John. In many
languages, speakers also have to select second person pronouns corresponding to English you, according to
sociolinguistically appropriate norms. Selection usually involves a choice of T and V pronouns'. (Trudgill; 1992, p.9)
When people talk to each other, the language they use, exhibits the degree of social intimacy or distance between
the speaker and the addressee. Sociolinguistic ally, language can be defined as a set of linguistic items' where each
item has its own unique social distribution with respect to the circumstances of use (Hudson: 1982, p.24). When
the speaker uses these linguistic items, they reflect the kind of relationship they enjoy with each other. One of the
most significant ways of signaling social intimacy and distance and understanding them is an analysis of these
modes of address. Brown and Fodor (1961) introduced two terms 'power' and 'solidarity' to refer to the relations
of closeness and distance respectively between the speaker and the addressee. (Hudson: 1982). The term 'Power'
describes the unequal relations while 'Solidarity' explains the close and intimate relation between the speaker and
addressee. Face-to-face interaction, in which people directly come into contact with each other is the best setting
to understand different kinds of relations among the people. Every language might be expected to have some kind
of signaling differences in relations among the people (the relation of either power or of solidarity or of both)
which could be explained by reference to the extreme importance of both power and solidarity in face-to-face
interactions between individuals and the need for each individual to make it clear how he sees these relations
(Trudgill: 1992). In every language, these relations are of different levels. Different factors are involved which mark
distance or closeness between speakers and hearers. These factors are kinship relations, financial position,
educational background and many others. Often a single linguistic feature is enough to indicate the social distance
such as the particular words or phrases used when people meet and address each other by name, or select
pronouns for talking to or about each other. However, the social setting is an important factor in the selection of
the mode of address.

In any situation, speakers will select from the range of varieties available to them in their verbal repertoires
depending on which personal and social identity they wish to project. By selecting a pronunciation or a
grammatical form or word associated with and symbolic of a particular group in the society, they will be projecting
their identity as a member of that social group (Trudgill: 1992, p. 8). 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Unlike
Ferdinand de Saussure's claim that speech is totally individual, it has been proved that like language speech is also
social. Speech, shorter or longer strings of linguistic items used on particular occasions for particular purposes in
face-to-face relationship, allows us to communicate with each other at a much more sophisticated level. Among
many other functions, one of the uses of speech is simply to establish or reinforce social relations-what Malinowski
called Phatic Communion (Hudson; 1982). Speech may also reflect social relationship between the speaker and the
addressee. It is one of the most important ways in which one person presents his personal image for others to
evaluate both through what one says and the way one says it. This personal image can be explored and explained
with the introduction of two terms i.e. Power and Solidarity. These terms were introduced into sociolinguistic by
the social psychologists Brown and Fodor (1961). ‘Power' is self-explanatory; it deals with the unequal status of
addresser and addressee. 'Solidarity' concerns the social distance between the people how much experience they
have shared, how many social characteristics they have shared (age, sex, occupation, etc.), how far they are
prepared to share intimacies, and other factors. (Hudson: 1982, p. 122). In Pakistan, the way people use language
to address each other reflects their relationship with others. Keeping in view the previous studies conducted in the
field of sociolinguistic and Labovian secular linguistics, it is possible to say that the way husband and wife address
each other in Pakistani society, is a linguistic variables having different variants, each one of which reflects the
relationship of either power or solidarity. A linguistic variable is 'a linguistic unit, sometimes known as
sociolinguistic variable, developed by Labov. In order to be able to handle linguistic variation'. Variables may be
lexical and grammatical but are most often phonological". (Trudgill: 1992, p.50) In Pakistan, the way women use
language to address their husbands reflects their social relationship with their husbands. A typical Pakistani Punjabi
woman would address her husband by Using his proper name with the addition of the word ' ‫'صاحب‬, which is equal
to English word ‘Mr. Using the caste of her husband with the addition of ' ‫'صاحب‬at the end like “ ‫”چوھدری صاحب‬etc.
Addressing him indirectly like child's father with the use of child's name. For instance, 'yasir’s father' or ‫'یاسر کے ابو‬
in Urdu etc. Husband address his wife Husband address his wife“ ‫ ”بیگمجی‬In Punjabi they used to call “‫ ”نئ‬or “‫”اے‬
Using the V form of Urdu/Punjabi pronoun contexts' between equals it became possible to use either T or V forms,
depending on the degree of solidarity one wished to convey.'(David Crystal; 1997, p. 45) All these variants have
their own social significance. The choice of one variant instead of another is influenced by a number of social
factors and highlights one or the other social aspect. In predicting an individual's choice between the different
possibilities the habitual role relationship between participants in the interaction proves to be the most important
factor'. (Susan Gal: 1997) As stated earlier, language plays different roles in different situations. It is hypothesized
that the mutual relationship of husband and wife is reflected through the choice of one variant mentioned above.
The choice made by a wife would reflect the relative degree of power or solidarity in their relationship. These
terms of address are the keys to understanding the relation of distance or of intimacy between husbands and
wives, which is effected by many factors. It seems that language often encourages, or even forces, us to define our
relations with what we talk about. If we are referring to a person we locate ourselves relative to him in terms of
solidarity and power."(Hudson: 1982, p. 128). This is the fact that different persons in the different situations use
different terms. For instance, in Pakistani society, married women address their husbands differently when they
are with their family or when they are with their friends or when they are alone. It is always the superior one who
uses the high solidarity form first which shows the less power and more intimacy between the speaker and the
hearer or vice versa. 1.3 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. To identify variation in the choices of address terms
used by Punjabi husband and wife 2. To analyze social behaviors reflected by Punjabi spouses while using address
terms. 3 To investigate social factors involved in the choice of different address terms by the spouses 1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. How do husband and wife differ in their choices of address terms?

2. What are the social behaviors reflected by Punjabi spouses while using address terms?

3. What are social factors involved in the choice of different address terms used by spouses?

1.5 SIGNIIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of the research are expected to give a detailed sociolinguistic description of the terms of address and
forms of reference used by Punjabi speakers. It is hoped that the study will contribute to the growing body of
knowledge the address terms and terms of reference in Punjabi. Expectedly, this study will provide some
significant implications for sociolinguistic analysis of Punjabi address terms. Presenting a comprehensive account of
addressing terms and referring forms used will help the readers of Punjabi speakers to be aware of the varying
nature of language according to social contexts. Specifically, the research is intended to identify and describes the
types, functions, and social factors influencing the choice of address terms used by Punjabi speakers. This research
hopefully can contribute more knowledge about sociolinguistics, especially to the students of linguistics.
Moreover, this research can be a reference of address terms for their study. In addition; this research hopefully
can be beneficial to the readers in general, in improving their knowledge on address terms. This dissertation
exposes “A sociolinguistic study of address terms used by punjabi spouses”. The data is collected only from some
rural and urban areas of Gujrat because the people of these areas are familiar to the researcher. So it was easy for
the researcher to collect the information. The collection of the data from the chosen areas and then the
generalization did not pose any difference.This chapter primarily attempts to explore the relevant literature about
how language functions as a means of communication, how it is coupled with society and how it maintains and
reflects human relations. In the field of social psychology, attempts have been made to find out the various aspects
of language in relation with society, which in the deeper sense help the linguists to explore the true actions and
reactions of language in society. This chapter also explains status markers i.e. Power and Solidarity (originally
borrowed from social psychology). These are the primary issues, which are addressed in this chapter. Answers to
these questions are essential to Providing a theoretical basis for this dissertation. Address terms are characterized
as the words used to begin a discussion. Address terms, a phonetic indication of articulation, is the decision of
appropriate and setting based word to call somebody. Address terms are the phonetic signs that are utilized to
stand out enough to be noticed and notice other in a discussion (Keshavarz, 2001). George Yule (2006)
characterizes in straightforward words that address structure is word and expression that is utilized for the
individual to whom speaker converses with. Esmae'li (2011) clarifies that types of address are "words or
articulations used to demonstrate certain relations between individuals or to show the distinction in personality,
position and economic wellbeing". Momentarily, address terms are those semantic articulations that are utilized
by speakers to call others, to draw in others, to elude others, to show his/her and his/her recipient's personality
and social position. Also, they are the appearance of sentiments, considerations, feelings, assessments,
standpoints, responses, and convictions that he has for his recipients of a speaker. Moreover, they feature the
character, demeanor, nature, conduct and status of the speakers.

2.1 Language as means of communication

Different linguists have tried to define the phenomenon of language. Every definition focuses on language as a
means of communication. "Language is primarily human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,
emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols."(Sapir: 1921)

This definition stresses that language is the most powerful, convenient and permanent means and form of
communication. There are many other means of communication like traffic lights, road signs, etc. Language is the
best means of self-expression. It is through language that humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions,
feelings; it is through language that they store knowledge and experience from one person to another, from one
generation to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried on through it or by it. It is through language
that humans interact. It is language again that yokes present, past, and future together. (However, this definition
of language by Sapir suffers from certain inherent weaknesses, as language is not simply a means of
communication.)

Language not only helps us to communicate with each other but it also has many other characteristics; it
influences human relations in many ways. It is a social phenomenon. In any community, it helps in the interaction
between two or more people. It is a means of nourishing and developing culture and establishing human relations
Language is the lifeblood of a society and a primary means of constructing social reality. However, a society can
opt for another language with the inevitable death of previous language (Language shift and Language death). For
instance, Sanskrit does not exist today because the people who used it selected another language. It shows
language is a social phenomenon and an integral part of society. It is very difficult to study the structure of society
without paying attention to this social phenomenon.

2.2 Importance of Language in Social Context

Man is a social animal. He cannot live alone. The thing that forces him to interact is his desire to be a part of his
community. For this purpose, he uses language because it is a means of communication. (Sapir: 1921).

'Everyone knows what is supposed to happen when two English people who have never met before come face to
face in a train- they start talking about the weather. In some cases this may simply be because they happen to find
the subject interesting. Most people, though, are not particularly interested in analyses of climatic conditions, so
there must be other reasons for conversation of this kind. One explanation is that it can often be embarrassing to
be alone in that company of someone you are not acquainted with and not speak to them. If no conversation takes
place the atmosphere can become rather strained. However, by talking to the other person about some neutral
topic like the weather, it is possible to strike up the relationship without actually having to say very much. Train
conversation of this kind is a good example of the sort of important social function that is often fulfilled by
language. Language is not just a means of communicating information; it is also a very important mean of
establishing and maintaining the relationships with other people. There is also a second explanation. It is quite
possible that the first English person, probably subconsciously, would like to get to know certain things about the
second- for instance what sort of job they do and what social status they have. Without this kind of information he
or she will not be sure exactly how to behave toward them'. (Trudgill: 1995, p.1).

Ferdinand de Saussure claims that speech is totally individual (Hudson: 1982, p. 106). But it is very well known that
speech is a social phenomenon and a primary means of socialization. But the above quoted lines prove that it is
language that establishes social relationships; and it also conveys information about the speaker and the
relationship between speaker and hearer. However, the rules or skills for using it are, mostly learned from others,
in just the same way as a linguistic item is learned. (Hudson: 1982 p. 116) Different theories have been presented
to explain why people are willingly engaged in social interaction. Evring Goffman has developed a theory with a
particular interest in a discussion of speech, and is concerned with what Goffman has called 'Face-Work', i.e. the
way in which a person maintains his 'face'. Face is the public self-image. It deals with the presentation of a
consistent image to other people, but one can gain or lose face by improving or spoiling this image. (Hudson: 1982,
p. 115). The tool used as a Face Saving Act or Face Threatening Act, is a linguistics variable. (Levinson: 1992) The
linguistic variables, which sociolinguists have studied, are those where the meaning remains constant but the form
varies. Variables may be lexical, grammatical, and phonological. This idea was developed by William Labov in order
to be able to handle linguistic variation.

The use of these variables is very important to understand the relation between speakers and hearers. The most
obvious source of influence on linguistic variables is the speaker himself, i.e. the kind of person he is and the
experiences he has had. (Another obvious source of influence is the formality of the situation.) Sociolinguists have
studied various kinds of differences between the speakers, including place of origin or of present residence,
socioeconomic status, sex, race and age.
According to the theory of acts of identity, such factors will influence people's speech only to the extent that they
represent social groups with which speakers can identify themselves with the kind of person who uses it. There
are, perhaps, linguistic items in every language that reflect social characteristics of speaker; of the addressee, or of
the relation between them. Consequently, speech which contains such items, tells a hearer how the speaker sees
these characteristics, and he will be considered to have infringed a norm that governs speech if he uses items,
which indicate the wrong characteristics'. (Hudson: 1982, p. 120).

As stated above, linguistic items help to make out the relationship shared by the speakers and hearers. The
relations between the addresser and addressee are of different levels. These relations can be either of power or of
solidarity.

2.3 Power and Solidarity

Speech reflects the social relations between the speaker and the addressee, most particularly the power and
solidarity manifested in the relationship. These terms have been borrowed from the field of social psychology and
Brown has introduced them in sociolinguistics. Before exploring the relationship between Pakistani husbands and
wives in terms of "power' and 'solidarity,' it is essential to understand what precisely these terms mean.

2.3.1 Power

The term 'Power' is self-explanatory, i.e. it is related with the unequal statuses or relations, for instance, the
relation between teacher and student and the relation between boss and workers is that of power.

2.3.2 Solidarity

'Solidarity', on the other hand, is harder to define. It concerns the social distance between the people-how much
experience they have shared, how many social characteristics they share (religion, sex, age, region of origin, race,
occupation, interests, etc.), how far they are prepared to share intimacies, and other factors. For instance, the
relation between husband and wife is one of solidarity in Western societies.

These terms help the linguist to understand the true relationship between speakers and hearers in social contexts.
Social intimacy and distance is important to find out the 'face' (public image) of a person and relation of that
person with others. The best and most effective way of signaling social intimacy and distance is through the use of
person's name in direct addressing.

'In English the basic choice is between first name or title with the last name, but several other conventions are
possible in certain settings, such as the use of last name only in business or academic settings, or the use of
abbreviations. The range of possible forms is easy to state; but the factors that govern the choice of forms are
often complex and difficult to summarize. For instance, when would two people use FN, first name, or TLNs, title
names, reciprocally to each other? When would one speaker use FN and the title names?" (David Crystal; 1997, p.
44).

For the English speaker, the clearest linguistic markers of social relations are personal names, such as John and Mr.
Brown. These different names are the choices for the addresser through which he addresses or talks to the
addressee. But it is very difficult for the addresser to address the hearer by his first name, family name, or speaker
has to use his title name for addressing. The nature of relationship between the speaker and addressee i.e. of
power and solidarity can be judged by the use of these address terms. If the speaker addresses the hearer by his
first name i.e. John then the relationship is of high solidarity. John has less power than the speaker. In the same
way address term, Mr. Brown, is used by the addressee if Mr. Brown has more power than the speaker. (Hudson;
1982:p.122-123)
2.4 Markers of power-solidarity

Brown and Levinson have given some markers of power and solidarity. 'Sensitive items' i.e. those whose form
varies with power-solidarity, are used to refer to the addressee. In English, the only sensitive items are personal
pronouns. These personal pronouns mark the relation between speakers and hearers. The other marker is 'verb
forms which can be best studied in Korean language, where little can be said without using these verbs. It is almost
inevitable that speech will reflect those relations. 'Verbs' are also signals of power-solidarity. The choice between
these verbs is made according to power-solidarity relations between speaker and the verb's subject. The next type
of linguistic marker of power-solidarity is at the 'vocabulary level. The use of vocabulary items shows the inter
relation between the speaker and hearer.

Susan Ervin-Trip has devised a chart that shows the factors that condition speaker's choice of address in American
English because it is considered that the best way of signaling power-solidarity is through modes of address. (David
Crystal: 1997 p. 44) The following chart shows the American address system but every culture has different address
system.

American address system (after S. Ervin-Tripp, 1972).

2.5 T-V Pronoun System

Beside the proper names, polite pronouns are used to address the addressee. A T-V distinction system exists in
sociolinguistics, which constitutes the pronouns that demonstrate the different levels of respect, intimacy, power,
and familiarity. 'A distinction made by many languages of the world between familiar forms of the second-person
pronouns (corresponding to English you) and polite and formal forms. In sociolinguistics, these are known as T and
V pronouns respectively, after the first letter of the familiar and polite forms in French, tu and vous'. (Trudgill:
1992, p.73).

T and V forms follow a complex set of rules. These forms perform a lot of social functions but it is difficult to
capture and summarize these functions. In Latin, the T forms are used for addressing one person and the V forms
for more than one persons. This convention was developed to refer to the Roman Emperor using the plural form
'vos'. Gradually, the upper classes were also showing respect through the use of V forms only. They were also using
T forms for the lower classes, however the lower classes addressed each other by using T form and V forms to
address the upper classes. Later, V form was used as sign of any kind of social distance, while the T form was used
as marker of social closeness and intimacy. Between equals, it became possible to use either Tor V, depending on
the solidarity one wished to convey.

The following chart provides an opportunity to make a hypothesis about naming practice precisely, and also helps
to clarify interlanguage differences. This kind of diagram has been used to identify the factors governing the use of
T or V forms in Yiddish (S. Ervin- Trip, 1972; p, 45).

In Pakistan, the addresser also uses different pronouns to address the hearer. The women, who share the
relationship of power, use 'Aap' (in Urdu) or 'Tusi' (in Punjabi) for addressing their husbands, roughly equivalent to
V form. These forms of address are equivalent to V form and explain the relation of distance and dominance. In the
same way, the women who share the relationship of closeness and solidarity address their husbands as "Tum' (in
Urdu) and 'Tu' (in Punjabi). These forms are equivalent to T form and exhibit the relation of frankness and
intimacy.

CHAPTER #3
Research Procedure

In the previous chapter, it has been clearly stated that language establishes as well as maintains human relations.
The relation between husband and wife can be determined through the modes of address chosen by women to
address their husbands. However, it is totally the choice of the speaker to address the addressee with proper name
or by using polite pronouns.

The researcher expects that the relationship between husband and wife in rural areas is of more distance and less
intimacy, while in urban areas this relation is of less distance and of more intimacy as compared to the rural areas.
To meet this end and the objectives of the study (Chapter# 1), the researcher used the survey method, which
included the research tools of questionnaires, unstructured interviews, and of observation.

The questionnaires were distributed in certain selected areas of Gujranwala because it was not possible for the
researcher to collect the data from the whole city. To maintain the validity of the data collected through the
questionnaire, the researcher conducted the unstructured interviews.

3.1 Places

The researcher collected the data from the selected rural and urban areas, as it was convenient for the researcher
to collect it from these areas. The reason for this is, the researcher is familiar with the people of these areas. Since
it was very difficult to collect information from unknown people, therefore, the researcher expected that familiar
people to cooperate by providing correct information.

3.1.1 Rural Areas

The people of the following villages were familiar to the researcher and they helped the researcher by providing
the correct information. The villages are:

a. Ruryalla Waraich

b. Mandhyalla Waraich

3.1.2 Urban Areas

The selected urban areas comprise almost all social classes, and the people of these areas were familiar to the
researcher. The selected areas were:

a. Rahwali

b. Model Town

c. College Road

d. Dhullay

3.2 Collection of Data for the Evaluation of the Nature of Relationship between Husband and Wife

As stated earlier, the data was collected from some chosen rural and urban areas with the help of questionnaires
and unstructured interviews.
3.2.1 Questionnaire

The researcher formulated a questionnaire, for the collection of data, and all the aspects, which could influence
the results, were kept in mind. For instance, financial dependence, joint family system', 'personal position",
"educational background of both, husband and wife", "marriage experience and social class have been paid a good
deal of attention.

One hundred and ten (110) questionnaires were administered randomly among different women of rural and
urban areas. Fifty-one women were selected from the rural areas and fifty-nine married women were selected
from the urban areas and were given the questionnaires for filling. These women were also interviewed through
unstructured questions. The response was very good and all questionnaires were received back. In order to avoid
ambiguity which could be created unconsciously or by misunderstanding of the question, the researcher used the
filter. The researcher approached a well-known and socially interactive woman in every area to elicit the correct
responses from these women. She helped the researcher in collecting the right information. She also guided
women about the sense of the questions. When any woman provided wrong information consciously or
unconsciously, she, along with the researcher, guided them about the real sense of the questions.

3.2.2 Unstructured Interviews

For counter validity, the researcher interviewed the women with unstructured questions. However, the researcher
approached them with direct and indirect questions in order to get accurate information. This course of action
helped the researcher to find out the social background of those women and to understand the nature of the
relationship shared by those women with their husbands. In a number of cases, the researcher interviewed some
of the husbands too in order to judge the validity of the information provided by those married women.

3.2.3 Observation

Lastly, to determine the social background of those women the researcher used the tool of observation. The
researcher inferred their social class from their way and style of living. The researcher also observed the influence
of joint family system on the relationship between husbands and wives, and also the extent to which women's
occupation was influential on this relationship.

Chapter 4

Analysis of Data

As discussed in the previous chapters, the present study aims to explore the relationship between husbands and
wives and to determine whether it is possible to understand this relationship through analysis of the way wives
address their husbands. To serve these ends, data was collected through the sources mentioned (see Chapter # 3),
and has been analyzed from different dimensions.

4.1 Classification of Data

Since it is a qualitative research project, an effort has been made to give due importance to different responses of
the informants. As the questionnaire, administered to different married women from urban and rural areas tries to
elicit the correct response indirectly (see Appendix) it is indispensable to classify the data on the basis of certain
key factors like age, social class and education etc.

The total number of questionnaires i.e. one hundred and ten was divided and analyzed along different dimensions
to achieve the set goals of the present study. The detail of these dimensions is given below.
4.1.1. Area

As stated earlier (Chapter#1), the researcher believes that the way married women from urban areas address their
husbands or refer to them in their absence indicatos, is markedly different from the address terms used by married
women from rural areas. The mutual relationships between them can be handled in terms of power' and
'solidarity". It is believed that married women from urban areas would show the relation of solidarity rather than
power while in the case of married women from rural areas it would be exactly the opposite. To prove this point, it
is vital to analyze the data on two broader dimensions i.e. rural and urban areas.

4.1.2 Education

An important factor that goes a long way in determining the relationship between husband and wife is the
educational background of both husband and wife. One of the primary objectives of the present study is to analyze
the role of education in the relationship of 'power' and 'solidarity' between husband and wife. The researcher
believes that the educated married women would exhibit solidarity in their relations with their husbands. As one
moves down the ladder of education, more and more power would be exhibited in the marital relationships.

4.1.3 Years of Married Life

The researcher's aim is to find out all the important factors that play important roles in understanding the
relationships between husbands and wives. It is believed that the marriage experience is also one of the
influencing factors, which helps to determine 'power' and 'solidarity' relationship between husbands and wives. As
one moves down the scale of the marriage experience the solidarity would increase and power would decrease.

4.1.4 Social Class

For the sake of ease, and by following the earlier research carried out by Peter Trudgill in Norwich, a town of
England, the researcher has also categoriesed the married women into two major social classes i.e. middle class
and working class. These social classes are further categoriesed into different sub classes, which are as under:

MIDDLE CLASS (MC) Upper (UMC) Owners, directors, people with inherited wealth

Middle (MMC) Professionals, executive managers

Lower (LMC) Semi-professionals, lower managers Clerks

WORKING CLASS (WC)

Middle (MWC) Semi-skilled manual workers

Lower (LWC) Unskilled laborers, seasonal workers

The social class of these selected women is inferred from their style of living and from their social background. It is
hypothesized that the women who belong to the lower classes have different attitudes towards their husbands as
compared to those who belong to the middle classes or the upper classes. 'Members of the middle class have
access to ways to organizing their speech that are fundamentally different from the ways habitually adopted by the
working classes. (Ed. Riley, Brain.T: 2000, p.247)

4.2 Graphic Presentation of the Results

Analysis of the data has been presented in the following graphs. The axis y' shows the categories, while the axis 'X'
shows the use different ways of addressing the husbands. For the categories, the letters A, B, C, D and E are used.
The detail of these categories is given as follows:

*A stands for the women who address their husbands by their nicknames (the extreme of solidarity i.e. equa in
marital relationship)

* B stands for the women who address their husbands by their Names in their presence as well as in the absence
of their husbands

*C stands for the women who address their husbands by the addition of Sahab' in their presence as well as in their
absence.

*D stands for those women who never address their husbands by their names or nick names.

* E stands for those women who address their husbands with their names in their absence only.

Analysis of Data in graphic form

4.2 Graphs showing

According to the researcher's point of view, in rural areas the relationship of power is more eminent as compared
to the urban areas. In rural areas, almost 42% women do not address their husbands by their names or nick names
(as shown in the above graphs). 8% wives address their husbands with their nick names (which are, in fact, of
different nature as compared to the nick names used in urban areas). Usually in rural areas the whole family is
accustomed to addressing each other by their childhood nick names. Therefore, these nick names do not show the
solidarity relationship. On the other hand, in urban areas, 35% women do not address their husbands by their nick
names or names. 14% married women, in urban areas, use nick names, which exhibit the relation of complete
solidarity. The women who use proper names constitute a higher percentage i.e. 21% in urban areas as compared
to those who belong to the rural areas. So, solidarity is more eminent in urban areas and power is more prominent
in rural areas when compared to

4.3.1 Graphs showing

Women's Occupation

The workingwomen, no matter whether they belong to rural areas or urban areas show a mixed kind of
relationship with their husbands. According to the hypothesis, the workingwomen should exhibit the relationship
of more solidarity as compared to the house women. However, the situation over here is a bit different because of
some factors that are discussed in the next chapter.

In urban areas, the workingwomen show high solidarity as compared to the women of rural areas. In urban areas
29% women use proper names and 12% use nicknames to address their husbands. However, in rural areas, 34%
women do not address their husbands by any name or nicknames while 12% women use nicknames for addressing.
In the same way, in urban areas 24% married women fall in 'D' category, which is less as compared to the 34% of
the same category for rural areas. It shows that equality is more prominent in urban areas.

4.3.2 Graphs showing

House Women
4.3.2 Graphs showing

Women with Education of F.A

Less education creates a difference as the above graphs show. In rural areas, 34% women do not address their
husbands directly or indirectly. On the other hand, in urban areas, only 16% women do not address their husbands
directly or indirectly. In the same way, in urban areas 39% women address their husbands by their proper names
and in rural areas 24% women use proper names to address their husbands. In rural areas, 34% women do
Educated women share the relationship of intimacy as compared to the uneducated women. A high percentage of
women who use names for addressing their husbands exhibit more intimacy in their relationships as compared to
the low percentage of the women, who do not address their husbands with their nicks or names. In urban areas,
22% married women fall in 'A' category, while in rural areas 16% women address their husbands by their
nicknames. In urban areas, 26% women address their husbands by their proper names; on the other hand, in rural
areas, 34% women address their husbands with their proper names. Married women who are confined to their
houses, i.e. have not taken up work outside the home, share unequal relationships as compared to the
workingwomen. The above graph clearly presents the situation, in which inequality is eminent as compared to
intimacy. In rural areas, 34% wives do not address their husbands by their names or nicknames; on the other hand,
in urban areas this percentage is less. 14% women reflect equality in urban areas by addressing their husbands by
their nicknames; however, in rural areas only 8% married women come in this category. Wives who use proper
names for addressing their husbands also constitute a higher percentage in urban areas as compared to the rural
areas.

4.3.1 Graphs showing

Women with Education of B.A or B.A+

not address their husbands in their presence. So both the areas exhibit influence of less education

4.3.3 Graphs showing

Women with Education of Matric

As the ladder of education moves downward, scale of inequality increases; however, in urban areas, this distant
relation is not as prominent as in rural areas. In rural areas, 49% married women address their husbands with the
addition of 'Sahab', which exhibits a kind of unequal relationship. However, in urban areas only 14% women add
'Sahab' with the names for addressing. In rural areas, the women who address their husbands by their proper
names are 18% while in urban areas 19% women address their husbands by their proper names. In the same way,
in urban areas, 14% women use nicknames for addressing, which proves that equality is more prominent in urban
areas as compared to rural areas.

4.3.4 Graphs showing

Education Less than Matric

in rural areas, 50% wives do not address their husbands by any name or nicknames, directly or indirectly. On the
other side of the picture, in urban areas, almost 72% women do not address their husbands by their names or
nicknames. 14% women use proper names in urban areas and in rural areas 18% women use names to address
their husbands.

4.3.5 Graphs showing

Uneducated Women

In rural areas, 50% wives do not address their husbands by any kind of names and 50% wives use nicknames to
address their husbands. However, these nicknames are not proper nicknames and they pose a different kind of
relationship. In urban areas, 34% women address their husbands by their nicknames and 18% women use proper
names when they talk to them or about them. The women who do not address their husbands by their proper
names or with their nicknames in their presence or in their absence do not exist in urban areas. It has already been
stated that the relation of solidarity increases as the marriage experience increases; however, the influence of
areas is very dominating. This significance of areas is eminent in rural areas where 100% women add 'Sahab' when
they address their husbands. In urban areas, 34% women add 'Sahab' with the names of their husbands for
addressing.

4.4.2 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 3+ Years

On the whole, 79% married women do not address their husbands by their proper names or nicknames, which is a
clear indication of unequal relationships shared by uneducated women. At the bottom of the education ladder
inequality is prominent in both the areas. 74% women in rural areas and 100% women in urban areas come in the
category, where women do not address their husbands by their names or nicknames, directly or indirectly. It
shows that the women with less education share unequal relationships with their husbands.

4.4.1 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 1+ Years

4.4.5 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 10+ Years

In rural areas, 4% wives address their husbands by their nicknames and 12% women use proper names for
addressing while 25% do not address them by names or nicknames. In urban areas, 18% women use nicknames
and 54% married women use proper names to address their names. It shows that equality of relationships is
prominent in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. The women, who do not address their husbands by any
name, are more in number in rural areas than in the urban areas.

4.4.4 Graph showing

Marriage Experience of 7+ Years

In rural areas, 75% wives address their husbands by their proper names; however, only 25% wives add 'Sahab' to
address them. While in urban areas, 18% women use nicknames to address their husbands and 18% women use
names of their husband in their absence. 50% women do not address their husbands by their names or nicknames
in their presence or in their absence.

4.4.3 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 5+ Years

In rural areas, 50% Women never address their husbands in their presence; however, they address them by their
names in their absence. 50% women, in rural areas, use names for addressing. In urban areas, 24% women use
names to address their husbands and 48% women add 'sahab' with the name of their husbands for addressing.
Here intimacy is clear as compared to those women who have four years married experience.

4.4.8 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 25+ Years

In rural areas, 82% wives do not address their husbands by any name and 18% women use names for their
husbands in their absence. In urban areas, 24% women use proper names to address their husbands. 24% women
add 'Sahab' with the names of their husbands. These percentages are evidence of greater equality in urban areas
as compared to the rural areas.

4.4.7 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 20+ Years

In rural areas, 34% wives address their husbands by their nicknames and 34% women do not address their
husbands by any name or nickname. In urban areas almost 58% women do not address their husbands by any
name or nickname and 42% women add 'Sahab' with the names of their husbands. Here, inequality is more
eminent in urban areas as compared to the rural areas.

4.4.6 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 15+ Years

In rural areas, 14% wives address their husbands by their nicknames. 44% do not address them by names or
nicknames and 29% add 'Sahab' with the names of their husbands. In urban areas, 28% women use nicknames and
14% women use nicks to address their husbands. In this way, equality is more prominent in urban areas as
compared to rural areas. This view is strengthened by the lesser percentage of D categories in urban areas.

prominent in this class as compared to the other classes. However, this equality is more prominent in urban areas
as compared to the rural areas.

4.5.2 Graph showing

Middle Middle Classes

Here, in middle middle class, the percentages of A and B categories are high but less as compared to the upper
middle class. So it can be said that scale of power increases as one

4.5.1 Graphs showing Social Classes

Upper Middle Class

Socially, man has different status and roles, which are very significant in determining the relationship between
addressers (husbands) and addressees (wives). The women of upper middle class share equal relationships with
their husbands as compared to lower classes. In rural and urban areas 40% and 50% women use nicknames to
address their husbands respectively. In the same way, percentages of B category i.e. the married women who use
names for addressing their husbands, in both the areas also show that equality is

4.4.9 Graphs showing

Marriage Experience of 30+ Years

In rural areas, 62% women never address their husbands by their names or nicknames, neither in their presence
nor in their absence. 38% women add 'Sahab' with the names of their husbands. In urban areas, 18% women use
proper names. So intimacy is more eminent in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. The women who do not
address their husbands directly constitute a high percentage in urban areas.

4.5.5 Graph showing

Lower Working Class

In urban areas, 100% women do not address their husbands by their names or nicknames while in rural areas, 62%
women fall in this category. Only 24% women use proper names to address their husbands. So it can be said that
inequality increases as the scale of social class decreases.

4.5.4 Graph showing

Middle Working Classes

62% women in rural areas do not use names to address their husbands while only 16% women use proper names
to address their husbands. On the other side, almost 20% women add 'Sahab' with the names of their husbands
and 80% women come in category of D that shows the distant relationships.

moves downward on the scale of social class. High percentage of 'B' category i.e. 26% in urban areas exhibits that
the differences also exist in rural areas and urban areas.

4.5.3 Graph showing

Lower Middle Classes

High percentages of the women, who do not address their husbands by their names in their presence or refer to
them in their absence, show a gradual increase of inequality, in the lower social classes both in urban areas and
rural areas. Chapter 5 results and findings: discussion The study, qualitative in nature, follows the model of
methodology as presented in Hudson's 'Sociolinguistics'. The methodology is based on five important stages:a.
selecting speakers, circumstances, and linguistic variables b. collecting the text c. identifying the linguistic variables
and their variants in the texts d. processing the figure e. interpreting the results. The last stage in a way is the most
important and difficult of all stages. Since this is where the findings have to be fitted into a general theoretical
framework dealing with the structure of language and its relations to society and individuals (Hudson; 1982,
p.147). The hypothesis proved by the researcher is: the relationship of equality is prominent in the urban areas
rather than the rural areas. Graph# 4.2.1 proves that the married women of urban areas exhibit more solidarity
relationship with their husbands as compared to those who belong to the rural areas. At certain points, the results
vary from the researcher's point of view and it is due to some significant factors, for instance, less distance of the
selected rural areas from the main city. But on the whole, Chapter#4, Analysis of Data', has proved that the
married women exhibit more intimate relationships in urban areas as compared to the married women of rural
areas. Like in the English language, Urdu as well as Punjabi, modes of address are the best way of signaling the
social distance or intimacy. The relation of power and solidarity can be best understood in the relationship of
husband and wife. Married women use different names to address their husbands. Each address term marks the
speaker's relationship of intimacy or of power with the addressee. Married women have choices between first
name, nickname, or status title or the caste name (e.g. Haji Sahab or Sheikh Sahab etc). The use of each choice
marks a different kind of relationship in the terms of "power' and 'solidarity' as compared to other choices. If the
husband is addressed by his nickname most of the time it shows, that the husband and wife have a relationship of
high solidarity or intimacy. It also exhibits that wife has less power in relation to her husband. In other words, their
relation has less distance and more intimacy. But if the wife uses a proper name to address her husband, it also
indicates husband and wife are very intimate with each other. But this relation is of less solidarity as compared to
the relation in which women are accustomed to address their husbands by their nicknames. The use of caste name
for addressing is an extreme form of a power relationship and if married women address their husbands by their
caste names, it shows that their relationship is more of power and less of solidarity. This relation is equivalent to
the one where there is an absence of any name or nicknames for addressing. The hypothesis of the present study
states, as the scale of categories moves downward solidarity decreases and power increases. The women of 'A'
category i.e. those who use nicknames to address their husbands, constitute a high percentage in urban areas as
compared to those who belong to rural areas. In the same way, category 'D', which is an extreme form of power,
includes more women of rural areas than of urban areas (Graph#4.2.1). Thus, it has been proved, that in rural
areas the relationship between husbands and wives is of more distance and less closeness, however, the situation
in urban areas is reverse because women who share relations of solidarity are more in number than those who
share relations of power. On further analysis, it is evident that this deviation depends on factors such as,
'education", "joint family system', 'women's occupation'," married experience', and social class'. The influence of
these factors in determining the nature of relationship between husbands and wives has been discussed in the
later part of the chapter. Workingwomen share different kind of relationship with their husbands as compared to
the house women. In rural areas, the workingwomen who address their husbands by their names or nicknames
constitute a higher percentage than the house women. 58% house women never address their husbands by their
names or nicknames in their presence or refer to them in their absence. While, only 35% workingwomen never
address their husbands by any name or nickname. So, in this way, house women show relations of more power as
compared to the workingwomen (Graph# 4.2.2 and 4.2.3). In urban areas, the situation is a bit complex. Here, the
house women who reflect the power relations are more in number as compared to the workingwomen. In urban
areas, the house women who use nicknames to address their husbands constitute a higher percentage i.e. 16%, as
compared to the workingwomen i.e. 14%. The reason for this deviation is the influence of joint family system.
Usually in this system, everyone has to follow the already established set rules. Normally married women are not
allowed to address their husbands by their proper names or nicks. The second influencing factor is 'education. The
women with less education also hesitate in using nicknamess or names for addressing their husbands. (Graph#
4.3.2) 'Men are seen to reflect in their conversational dominance the power they have traditionally received from
the society, women likewise, exercise the supporting role that they have been taught to adopt-in this case, helping
the conversation along and providing men with opportunities to express this dominance' (David Crystal; 1997, p.
21). According to the researcher's view, as the ladder of education moves downward, solidarity decreases and
power increases. Married women with less education share an unequal relationship as compared to those who are
more educated. The percentage of married women, who are either graduate or post graduate and use nicknames
to address their husbands, is 20%, while those, who use proper names, are 30%. These women are more in
number as compared to those who do not address their husbands in their presence or in their absence by any
name or nickname i.e. 20% (Graph# 4.3.1). The women, whose education is up to the F.A level, show more
symptoms of distant relations rather of closeness. The situation in rural areas is the same as stated earlier because
almost 38% women fall in the category of 'D', which is an extreme form of power (Graph# 4.3.2). However, in
urban areas the picture is different, here those women who address their husbands by their names or nicknames
are more in number than those who do not use proper names or nicknames to address their husbands. The reason
is that these women belong to the middle middle class where most of the time women address their husbands by
their names because it is a fashion to address them so (Graph# 4.5.2). With further decrease of education, the
evidence of power is more prominent as compared to the evidence of solidarity. The percentages of categories "A'
and 'B' are less as one moves down the scale, which shows the recessiveness of solidarity. However, the women
who fall in category 'D' are more in number, which shows the dominance of power. These differences in numbers
show that the power increases with decrease of education (Graph 4.3.3). 70% women with the education less than
Matric lie in 'D' category and 80% illiterate women also prove that solidarity decrease with the decrease of
education (Graph# 4.3.4 and 4.3.5). Graphs# 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 clearly indicate that the added married experience
brings solidarity in the relationship of husbands and wives. Women married for a less period show clues of power
not of solidarity as compared to those who have been married for a long time. In the previous chapter, Graphs #
4.4.3, 4.4.4, and 4.4.5 follow the line of hypothesis. In these graphs, high percentages of 'A' and 'B' categories as
compared to the low percentages of 'C' and 'D' categories explain that with the increase of marriage experience
the scale of solidarity also increases. The difference lies in the category of those women, whose marriage
experience falls between 15 years to 30 years. Here the women who do not address their husbands by their names
or nicknames are large in number as compared to those who use names or nicks to address their husbands (Graphs
# 4.4.6, 4.4.7, 4.4.8, 4.4.9). This deviation is due to factors of social class difference and education. Most of these
women belong to the lower middle class and lower working class (Graph# 4.5.3, 4.5.5) and are less educated. Their
education is either up to Matric or less or they are totally illiterate (Graph# 4.2.6, 4.2.7, 4.2.8). One of the
dimensions of the hypothesis is that social class plays an important role in understanding the relationship of
husbands and wives. Women of upper classes are more conscious about their social status, In order to save face
(i.c. public image) they usually exhibit closeness and intimacy with their husbands through their modes of address.
'Women in our society are more status conscious than men, generally speaking, and therefore more aware of the
social significance of linguistic variables. (Trudgill; 1997, p. 182) Similarly in Pakistan women who belong to the
upper middle class show equality as compared to the women of the lower social classes. 50% women address their
husbands by their nicknames and 30% women address their husbands by their proper names (Graph # 4.2.18). This
percentage is high as compared to those who do not address their husbands by any name or nickname in their
presence or refer to them in their absence. As the scale of social class moves downward, the percentage of 'A'
category decreases as compared to those who belong to the upper middle class. 28% women, who belong to the
middle middle class, use proper names for addressing while 25% women do not address their husbands by any
name or nick directly or indirectly (Graph# 4.5.2). In the same fashion, graphs #4.5.3, 4.5.4, and 4.5.5 indicate that
the scale of solidarity decreases as the ladder of social class decreases, which is the actual hypothesis of the
researcher.