L-1 MINERAL RESOURCES
 Metallic
 Gold, Silver, Thin, Copper
 Non-Metallic
 Sand, Talc, Fluorite, Sulfur
Mineral Resources
 a mineral resource is a volume of rock
enriched in one or more useful
materials
 is a concentration or occurrence of
solid material of economic interest in
or on the Earth’s crust
Mineral
 the world mineral can be any
substance that comes from earth (e.g.
sand, stone, gemstone)
MOST MINERALS ARE PROCESSED
Example: IRON
 found in abundance in minerals
 least to extract from oxide minerals
like hematite (Fe203)
 occurs in other substances like
pyroxene
 less concentrated
 increase construction cost
NOTE: In general, the higher the
concentration of the substance, the
more economical it is to mine.
ORE
 body of material from which one or
more valuable substances can be
extracted economically
 is natural rock or sediment that
contains one or more valuable
minerals, typically containing metals,
that can be mined, treated and sold at
a profit
 ORE DEPOSIT consists of or minerals
that contain valuable substance
GANGUE MINERALS
 is the commercially worthless material
that surrounds, or is closely mixed
with, a wanted mineral in an ore
deposit
 the separation of valuable mineral
from gangue minerals is known as
mineral processing, mineral dressing,
or ore dressing
 occur in the deposit but do not
contain valuable substance
 basically, they are wastes
Determining the concentration necessary
in mineral deposit for profitable mining
CONCENTRATION FACTOR
 economical concentration average
crustal abundance
ORIGIN OF MINERAL RESOURCES
1. Magmatic Ore Deposits
2. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
3. Sedimentary Ore Deposits
4. Placer Ore Deposits
5. Residual Ore Deposits
A. MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS
 also known as Orthomagmatic Ore
Deposits
 deposits are substances concentrated
within a body of igneous rock by
magmatic processes like crystal
fractionation and crystal setting
 can concentrate or minerals
containing valuable substances by
taking elements that were widely
spread in low concentration and
concentrating them in minerals that
separate from the magma
PEGMATITES
 water and elements that do not enter
the minerals are separated from the
magma by crystallization -> end up
as the last residue of the original
magma -> injected into fractures
surrounding the igneous intrusion->
crystallizes as a rock
CRYSTAL SETTLING
 as minerals crystallized from a magma
body, heavy minerals may sink to the
bottom of the magma chamber
CRYSTAL SETTLING  occurs in a closed marine
 greater density and magnetic environment where evaporation is
convection-> sinking of crystals-> greater than water inflow.
crystal accumulation-> develops  As most of the water evaporates, the
layering dissolved substances become more
B. HYDROTHERMAL ORE DEPOSITS concentrated in the residual water
 refers to concentration by hot and would eventually precipitate.
aqueous fluids flowing through  Iron Formations
fractures and pores spaces in rocks  made up of repetitive thin layers of
 groundwater-> heats up-> hot water-> iron-rich chert and several other iron
cooler places-> dissolve substances-> bearing minerals
cooler places-> precipitates->  appear to be of evaporite type deposits
concentration of substance with a
higher value D. PLACER ORE DEPOSITS
Different Types of Hydrothermal Ore  are deposits formed by the
Deposits concentration of valuable substances
 MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS through gravity separation during
 at oceanic spreading centers sedimentary processes
 hot fluids scavenge elements  concentration would be according to
 migrate back toward seafloor = the specific gravity of the substance
precipitate  usually involves heavy minerals that
 Massive sulfides originate at hot are resistant to transportation and
vents in the ocean where weathering
sulfide=enriched water flows out of  the source rock of a placer deposit
the seabed. These sites of escaping may become an important ore body if
hot water are called hydrothermal located
vents.
 VEIN DEPOSITS E. RESIDUAL ORE DEPOSITS
 near igneous intrusions  formed and concentrated by chemical
 hot water scavenge metals and silica weathering reactions at the earth’s
 when injected to open fracture, surface
precipitates quartz  during the process, the volume of the
 Veins are mineral deposits which original rock is greatly reduced by
form when a preexisting fracture or leaching
fissure within a host rock is filled with Important factors:
new mineral material.  parent rock composition
 climate
TYPES OF HYDROTHERMAL ORE  relief
DEPOSITS Residual Ore Deposits Examples:
 Stratabound Ore Deposits  Bauxite undergo intense chemical
 in lake or oceanic sediments weathering brought by prolonged
 When hot groundwater containing rains in the tropics, leaching the
valuable metals scavenged enters common elements that include silicon,
unconsolidated sediments = sodium, and calcium through
precipitate ore minerals in the pore leaching.
spaces between grains in the  Nickeliferous laterites are derived
sediment. from the laterization of olivine-rich
 lead, zinc, copper ultramafic rocks such as peridotite.
 leaching of nickel-rich ultramafic
C. SEDIMENTARY ORE DEPOSITS rocks dissolves common elements =
 these are substances concentrated by insoluble nickel, magnesium, and iron
chemical precipitation from lake or oxide mixed in the soil
sea water
 is restricted to chemical F. SECONDARY ORE DEPOSIT
sedimentation only  derived when a certain mineral
SEDIMENTARY ORE DEPOSITS TYPES deposit becomes enriched due to
 Evaporite Deposits weathering
L-2 ENERGY RESOURCES
Sources of Energy
 ENERGY BENEFITS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Energy is defined as the ability to do  low operating costs
work.  produces no greenhouse gas emissions
 The most common definition of energy PETROLEUM IS A FOSSIL FUEL
is the work that a certain force  It exists because of the decomposition
(gravitational, electromagnetic, etc) of organic material over a long period
can do. of time.
 Energy is how things change and  Petroleum can be found in which is
move. It’s everywhere around us and called reservoirs.
takes all sorts of forms.  PETROLEUM is easy to store and
transport.
ENERGY CAN BE FOUND IN MANY THINGS
AND CAN TAKE DIFFERENT FORMS FOUR PRIMARY METHODS OF
 KINETIC ENERGY TRANSPORTING OIL
 Energy of Motion  Rail
 The more massive an object is or the  Track
faster it moves the more kinetic  Tanker
energy will have  Pipeline
 POTENTIAL ENERGY NATURAL GAS
 Energy associated with an object’s  Natural gas refers primarily to methane.
position.  It is also a fossil fuel.
 When it is refined, it is colorless and
SOURCES OF ENERGY odorless but can be burned to release
 CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES large amounts of energy.
 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
TYPES OF NATURAL GAS
A. CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES  WET GAS
 Conventional Energy means the  contains methane along with Ethane
energy source which obtained fixed and Butane
reserves in nature like Oil, Gas, and  DRY GAS
Coal.  Just methane
 In other words, conventional energy is
also termed as non-renewable sources There are three other forms each with its
or fossil fuels. own extraction method.
 Non-Renewable source of energy  Shale Gas Coal
B. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE  Bed Methane
 Is the energy produced from sources  Tight Gas also known as sour gas
that do not deplete or can be Once extracted natural gas is sent through
replenished within a human’s life pipelines called gathering lines to be
time. processed.
 The most common examples include
Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Biomass,
 One of the major benefits of natural gas
and Hydropower.
is that it produces lower carbon
 This is in contrast to a non-renewable
emissions.
source energy.
 It also has some disadvantages when
extracting the natural gas there can be
PETROLEUM
leaks.
 Petroleum is this naturally occurring
A. COAL
liquid found beneath the earth’s
 coal is black
surface.
 combustible rocks made of carbon
 Primarily composed of hydrogen and
 coal is also a fossil fuel
carbon.
TYPES OF COAL
 Lignite (25-35%)
 Sub-Bituminous (35-45%)
 Bituminous (45-86%)
 Anthracite (86-97%)
 it can be extracted through underground
mining or surface mining

HARMFUL EFFECT OF COAL

 the mining practices may have
harmful effects to the coal
 another problem is that compared to
other fossil fuels coal produces the
most carbon dioxide when burned
 sulfur nitrogen mercury and heavy
metals are also released into the air
when coal is burned

A. RENEWABLE ENERGY
 energy that is collected from
renewable resources, which are
naturally replenished on a human
timescale
 SOLAR ENERGY
 solar energy simply put the sun’s heat
or light is converted to another energy
source for use
 Solar Photovoltaic & Solar Thermal
 Solar Photovoltaic
 commonly referred to as SOLAR PV
 this technology that converts sunlight
directly into direct current electricity
solar thermal