POLYGRAPHY

i
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

Copyright @ 2020 Meynard O. Comecilla and Renante B.Salvaña
All rights reserved by the author. No portion of this work may be copied,
reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines or notes, whether printed, mimeographed,
typewritten, copied in different electronic devices or in any other form, for distribution
for sale, without the written permission from the author, except some terms with the
citation from the writer.
ISBN: ________________
First Edition, 2020
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Gov. GuadingAdaza Street, Sta Cruz, Dapitan City, 7101
Tel. N. (065) 906-8294
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Preface
Education continues in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic that affects all
human affairs and activities' normal or regular flow. The demand for producing flexible
learning materials is very timely, sup letory to temporary face-to - face interruption. This
module focuses on the basic comparative models of policing, as well as learning and
evaluation activities and evaluation tool. This is intended to develop the student's skills in
conducting research and have a comparison on the different models of policing
throughout the world.
Polygraphy (Lie detection techniques) refers to the manner in which selected
physiological responses are simultaneously recorded. It is a recorder of the psycho-
physiological changes occurring within the examinee’s body as the polygraph examiner
asks series of questions. Basically, the polygraph instrument is a combination of medical
devices used by physicians in monitoring and checking the physical conditions of their
patients. As an example is questioned about a certain event or incident, the instrument
records and monitors the relative changes in the examinee’s heart rate, blood pressure,
respiratory rate, and electrodermal activities.
This is a self-instructional material purposely designed for modular instruction
only and for use for free by the Third Year students in the College of Criminal Justice
Education of Jose Rizal Memorial State University.
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Acknowledgment
This work would not have been feasible without the financial support of the Jose
Rizal Memorial State University and the College of Criminal Justice Education. I am
especially indebted to Dr. Daylinda Luz R. Laput, President of the University, Dr. Rowell
B. Pallega, CCJE Dean, and to the Flexible Learning Committee who embraced my
career ambitions and who actively worked to provide me with the safe academic time to
achieve those ambitions.
I am grateful to all those I've had the pleasure of working with during the making
of this module. To my colleagues, Dr. Nancy, Dr. Alipoyo, Dr. Daymiel, Prof.
Macaranas, Prof. Villarus, and Prof. Salvaña who shared their insights and thoughts on
making this module possible.
Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this module than the
members of my family. I would like to thank my parents who help and support me in my
journey. To my wife Geme al and my son Meygie whose love, support and guidance are
with me in whatever I pursue. They are the ultimate supporters and fan of mine.
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Table of Contents
Page No.
Page No.
Title Page i
Copyright Page ii
Preface iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of contents v
Unit 1: Taking a tour of the Lafayette Polygraph System/Computerized

Polygraph machine. 2
Unit 2: Polygraph-Lie detection deceptography- The art and science
of lie detection. 7
Unit 3: Need to know concepts 13

Unit 4: Methods of detecting deception 24
Unit 5: Polygraph techniques 36
Unit 6: Evaluation of Polygraph test result 51
References: 62
Rubrics 63
Summative assessment 65
Index 74
Appendices 75
Glossary 76
Answer Key 79
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About the author LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES 87
FORENSIC 5 - LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

Meynard O. Comecilla
Renante B. Salvaña
Lie detection technique is a course that deals with the study of lie detection and
interrogation. It covers the methods and techniques of conducting polygraph examination and
other conventional methods of detecting deception. The focus of the study is the uses of
polygraph instrument and the standard procedures of polygraph examination including modern
deception detection techniques.
General Objectives
At the end of the course, the student should be are able to:
1. State the significant of studying the human nervous system physiology in relation to lie
detection;
2. Make an outline of the historical development of Lie Detection.
3. Identify and define the underlying principles of each scientific method of detecting
deception;
4. Enumerate the principal uses, objectives and technical procedures of polygraph;
5. Formulate questions, describe chart markings, and interpret chart probing; use the
interrogation technique as applied in polygraphy;
6. Enumerate completely the qualifications and responsibilities of polygraph examiner, and;
7. Explain the legal implication of observing the ethics of criminal interrogation.
Specific objectives
At the end of the topic, the students shall understand the concept of computerized
polygraph machine, the features and benefits of the Lafayette Polygraph system.
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TOPIC OUTLINE
UNIT 1 – Taking a tour of the Lafayette Polygraph System/Computerized
Polygraph machine.
The Lafayette Polygraph Workstation provides a state-of-the-art polygraph system with

all the benefits of a modern personal computer (PC). The Lafayette Polygraph System closely
emulates the familiar chart and pen instruments; plus, it introduces the advanced capabilities
of a high-speed PC in a user friendly manner. The Lafayette Polygraph System was designed
with new computer users in mind.
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the Unit, you will be able to:
 Create idea of the Lafayette polygraph system, the important uses and its function.
 Understand how it works, the hardware and software requirements.
 Recognize the features and benefits of Lafayette Polygraph system
PRETEST
_________________1. It is a folder containing a variety of essential information about a test
subject and polygraph test results. The PF contains biographical1 (personal history)
information, exam2 information, questions 3 you've asked, charts 4 , that have been recorded,
reports 5 , that have been generated, as well as any notes in the PF Notes.
_________________2. You can use a __________to print text, such as biographical data,
exam data or reports. You can also print graphics such as physiological chart data. The
Lafayette Polygraph System supports a wide selection of Windows printers.
_________________3. The Lafayette Polygraph System consists of a PC running Windows
and its peripheral devices. The PC has an optional internal floppy drive (local secondary
drive), an internal hard disk (local primary drive), monitor, keyboard, and mouse. The high-
resolution monitor provides optimum chart display.
_________________4. It is used in conjunction with the PC to record examination chart data
by converting physiological signals to digital form. The DAS receives input from the
pneumatic respiratory sensors (P1 and P2), the cardio sensor, the EDA sensor, and the
auxiliary (e.g., movement) sensors.
_________________5. These are the detection devices that are attached to the subject and
connected to the DAS for input to the Lafayette Polygraph System workstation. You'll work
with the following sensors:
Thank you for answering the test. You may refer page no.______ for the key answer. If
you got 3, please see page no.______
2 for further readings.
CONTENT
What are the hardware and software requirements?
The Lafayette Polygraph System consists of the following three components:
1. The PC and software
2. The Data Acquisition Subsystem (DAS), and sensors
3. the printer
The PC and Software.

The Lafayette Polygraph System consists of a PC running Windows and its peripheral
devices. The PC has an optional internal floppy drive (local secondary drive), an internal
hard disk (local primary drive), monitor, keyboard, and mouse. The high-resolution monitor
provides optimum chart display. The keyboard offers a set of arrow keys, a numeric keypad,
and a row of function keys. The mouse can be used to scroll through screens, access
pulldown menus, and perform editing functions.
You use the PC and software to create and open polygraph files (PFs), enter and store
biographical and exam information, create and edit question templates, record physiological
data and print charts and reports.
The Data Acquisition Subsystem (DAS)
The DAS is used in conjunction with the PC to record examination chart data by
converting physiological signals to digital form. The DAS receives input from the pneumatic
respiratory sensors (P1 and P2), the cardio sensor, the EDA sensor, and the auxiliary (e.g.,
movement) sensors. The DAS then sends the input to the workstation to be recorded and
displayed. Before you can record charts, the DAS must be connected to the PC. If it is not
connected, you can review and edit existing examination data as well as create new files, but
you cannot record new charts.
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Sensors
Sensors are the detection devices that are attached to the subject and connected to the
DAS for input to the Lafayette Polygraph System workstation. You'll work with the
following sensors:
The Printer
You can use a printer to print text, such as biographical data, exam data or reports. You
can also print graphics such as physiological chart data. The Lafayette Polygraph System
supports a wide selection of Windows printers.
Taking a Tour of the Lafayette Polygraph System
The Lafayette Polygraph Workstation provides a state-of-the-art polygraph system with
all the benefits of a modern personal computer (PC). The Lafayette Polygraph System closely
emulates the familiar chart and pen instruments; plus, it introduces the advanced capabilities
of a high-speed PC in a user friendly manner. The Lafayette Polygraph System was designed
with new computer users in mind; therefore, if you're new to the PC world, you'll have no
problem adapting! Be sure to read the following topics for a ge
What are some features and benefits of the Lafayette Polygraph System?
The Lafayette Polygraph System utilizes the intuitive, graphical Windows interface and
features pull-down menus, mouse capability to initiate commands and functions, easy-to-use
dialog boxes, and context-sensitive help. Inexperienced users can learn to use the Lafayette
Polygraph System quickly. Experienced users can take advantage of the advanced
capabilities of the Lafayette Polygraph System.
The PC provides features unavailable with current analog polygraph systems:
1. Physiological waveforms are converted to digital format, allowing them to be
recorded and stored on high density magnetic media (computer disks) rather than on
long strips of chart paper.
2. All the examination information, including biographical data, charts, and reports are
stored on high-density magnetic media, reducing the need for paper files.
3. The audio and video can be recorded for the entire examination without gaps. The
resulting file becomes an integral part of the examination. When the audio/video file
is replayed, it is synchronized automatically with chart playback as appropriate.
4. All previously recorded chart sensor data can be displayed and reviewed.
5. Sensor Controls provide the ability to adjust the gain for a specific chart trace.
6. On-screen buttons, function keys, and user-selectable keystrokes provide alternate
methods for entering data and selecting commands
The benefits of the Lafayette Polygraph System include:
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1. High-resolution, real-time graphic display of physiological waveforms.
2. High-capacity storage capabilities for subject data and chart waveforms.
3. High-speed networking operation.
4. Customizable chart, trace, examination, and administrator preferences.
5. Customizable Personal History, Exam/Series Information, and Final Report
templates.
6. Advanced printing capabilities.
What is a polygraph file?

A polygraph file (PF) is a folder containing a variety of essential information about a test
subject and polygraph test results. The PF contains biographical1 (personal history)
information, exam2 information, questions3 you've asked, charts4 , that have been recorded,
reports5 , that have been generated, as well as any notes in the PF Notes. Optionally, the PF
will also contain audio/video files you have recorded as well as fingerprint information for
the subject. The PF is the primary element for conducting a test; you must open a PF to use
most of the Lafayette Polygraph System functions.
How is Information Stored?

All the information on your PC is stored on the hard disk. Think of a hard disk as a type
of filing cabinet. Folders are used to store groups of similar information, much like a folder
in a filing cabinet. Each folder can contain one or more files or other folders. You can store
different types of files in the same folder, such as text documents, graphics, and applications
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Activity: On the space provided, write for 150 words your view/s in Computerized Lafayette
Polygraph system and how it more convenient than the analog polygraph machine? Submit your
output to the college by turning in the link to the google class______________ on or before the
reflected schedule. See Rubrics in Written Outputs on page no.______.
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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Assessment
What is your stand in the information storage of the computerized polygraph machine? Is it more
convenient or prone to manipulation? Do it for 150 words and Cite example
______________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________.
Congratulations for a job well done. You have successfully completed the
activities of this unit. If you have not completed the task or you have difficulties in
answering the tasks, you can reach your facilitator through our google
class_____________ or via text messages/ phone calls with this mobile phone number:
________________________. You can also write your insights or thoughts on the text
TOPIC
box below OUTLINE
about the activities taken under this unit.
You can now proceed to the next level of performance activities in Unit 2.
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UNIT 2 – POLYGRAPH-LIE DETECTION DECEPTOGRAPHY- The art
and science of lie detection
Polygraph or Lie detector is a popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. The instrument was
so named because it is commonly used in lie detection. During the test, polygraph makes various
recordings of a person’s physiological responses which will be interpreted by the polygraphist to
determine whether the subject has been lying or not.
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Enumerate the parts and its function of Polygraph machine.

 Understand the different terms that are commonly used in the entire polygraph study.
 Recognize the difference of truthful and deceitful.
PRETEST
_________________1. As often used in our discussion, refers to any person undergoing
polygraph examination. He may be a suspect, the complainant, the witness, the victims or
relative of the victim or suspect (in cases of criminal investigation or interrogation) or he
may be an aspiring job applicant (in cases of employment un a government of private
institution undergoing screening though loyalty test or integrity checking.
_________________2. It is common used in our study, creating a false or misleading
impression with the intention of wrongfully affecting the acts, opinion, or affection of
another.
_________________3. It refers to the recorded tracings of all the emotional patterns
permanently on the charts or graphs from series of questions.
_________________4. It is one that is exhibited by the subject to a particular question,
which is a deviation from the norm.
_________________5. It is act of deceiving of misleading which is accomplished by lying.
you got 3, please see page no.______ for further readings.
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CONTENT
PARTS/FUNCTIONS OF POLYGRAPH
PNEUMOGRAPH
1. Pen Stop Bracket – used to mount a pen stop.
2. Center – used to manually select baseline position of pen.
3. Sensitivity – controls level of amplification.
4. Vent – (open-allows outside air to enter equalizing the system with atmospheric
pressure); (Close – closes system to outside air to facilitate recording mode).
GALVANOGRAPH
1. Center – controls pen baseline position in Manual or auto mode.
2. Ohmmeter – measures subject’s skin resistance to aid interpreting test result.
3. Auto/manual – GSR recording mode select switch.
4. Sensitivity – controls level of amplification.
5. 1k – calibrating test button.
KYMOGRAPH
1. Motor drive – pulling the paper into 6 inches per 1 minute.
2. Chart compartment.
PARTS OF POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT
1. Pen Lifter – raises or lower pens to 3 positions.
2. Program Pacer – a programmable cueing device for question and answer spacing.
3. Paper Tear Bar – provides cutting edge for convenient removal of charts.
4. Foam Pen Hold-Down – keeps pens in place when instrument is being transported.
5. Attached compartment – storage for all forms and supplies. Slightly smaller in
Executive Ultra scribed.
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6. Accessory storage & optional calibration checking fixture – slightly smaller in
execution ultra scribe.
7. Subject Connections – stylish grouping provides neat, professional appearance.

Facilitate set-up and storage.
8. Mechanic Cardio Module – recording part of mechanical pneumo channel.
9. Galvanic Skin response module – recording part of GSR channel.
10. Multi Function Module – selectable recording module. Can be used as:
a. Electronic pneumo channel
b. Electronic cardio channel
c. Cardio activity Monitor (CAM)
d. Cardio tech, or other accessories
11. Mechanical Cardio module – recording part of mechanical cardio module.
12. Paper storage compartment – recording part of mechanical cardio module.

13. AC Power Receptacle – power cords connect here; international standard design for
easy cord replacement.
14. Power Switch and circuit breaker – applies power to instrument built-in reset table
circuit breaker protects instrument and eliminates need for fuses. To re-set, simply press
“off” and then “on” again.
20. Pneumo 2 – pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal) Pneumograph.
21. Cuff – pneumatic connection for cardio channel subject cuff tubing.
22. Pump – pneumatic connection for hand pump used to inflate subject cuff.
23. Mechanical cardio switch – disengages mechanical cardio module from pneumatic
system for low-pressure electronic cardio operation.
POLYGRAPH-LIE DETECTION DECEPTOGRAPHY

POLYGRAPHY – Is defined as the scientific detection of deception through the use or aid of a
polygraph.
POLYGRAPH – derived from the two Greek Words “POLY” which means many or more and
“GRAPHOS” which means writing.
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It is a device or an instrument capable of recording charges in blood pressure/pulse rates,
respiration and galvanic-skin reflex or GSR as indicative of emotional excitement, especially of
lying when questioned.
DECEPTION – is act of deceiving of misleading which is accomplished by lying.
LYING – as a common used in our study, creating a false or misleading impression with the
intention of wrongfully affecting the acts, opinion, or affection of another. It can be
accomplished either by:
1. verbal terms spoken by mouth
2. acts, feign, ruses or other means by which man may be able to get desired results
through marks and symbol.
DETECTION – is the act of discovering the existence or presence of something hidden or
obscured.
EMOTION – is a complex state of feeling involving conscious experience, internal and external
physical responses, and power to motivate the organism to action.
STIMULI – is the forced or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the
preceptors.
REACTION – is any activity aroused in an organism by a stimulus, which is if mental
processes.
RESPONSE – is any reaction, usually in muscular or glandular processes that depends upon
stimulation.
SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is one that is exhibited by the subject to a particular question, which
is a deviation from the norm.
SUBJET – as often used in our discussion, refers to any person undergoing polygraph
examination. He may be a suspect, the complainant, the witness, the victims or relative of the
victim or suspect (in cases of criminal investigation or interrogation) or he may be an aspiring
job applicant (in cases of employment un a government of private institution undergoing
screening though loyalty test or integrity checking.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER/POLYGRAPHIST or merely EXAMINER/EXPERT – is the
one conducting the test or examination.
POLYGRAPH TEST or POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION – is the whole process of the
questioning or the taking of one chart from a series of questions or all of the charts and
questions sheets used in the test.
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POLYGRAPH CHART/POLYGRAM or CHARTGRAPH – refers to the recorded tracings
of all the emotional patterns permanently on the charts or graphs from series of questions.
TRUTH VS LIE
TRUTH LIE
It is a recollection of a perception The Deliberate communication or

without any intention to distort or presentation of information to another,
deceive. either verbally, written or by gesture,
with the deliberate intension to deceive
and mislead someone who is requesting
the truth.
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Activity: On the space provided, write for 150 words your view/s on the lie detection deception?
Submit your output to the college by turning in the link to the google class______________ on
or before the reflected schedule. See Rubrics in Written Outputs on page no.______.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________.
Assessment
What is your stand on the truth vs lie and give your own interpretation of these two base on your
own undertanding? Do it for 150 words and Cite example
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
TOPIC
box below OUTLINE
about the activities taken under this unit.
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UNIT 3 – Need to know concepts
In criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper

prosecution of offenders. Criminal investigators must exert all effort to determine lying
not only on the part of the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act –
witnesses, victims, etc. In Criminal investigation, polygraph examination is optional and
the subject may refuse to take the test, while in Pre-employment screening of job
applicants, it is mandatory for it is part of the requirements for hiring potential employees
by some companies and employment agencies.
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Define the important terms that will commonly used in the subject.
 Understand the different concepts on the techniques and concept of polygraph.
 Recognize the sign of lying subject on external observation or observable clues and
none-verbal behavior.
 Identify the personalities that contributed in the creation of polygraph machine.
PRETEST
_________________1. It is a popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. The instrument
was so named because it is commonly used in lie detection. During the test, polygraph
makes various recordings of a person’s physiological responses which will be interpreted by
the polygraphist to determine whether the subject has been lying or not.
_________________2. These are those who don’t usually think of themselves are true
“liars”. They justify their lies as harmless and beneficial. They sometimes tell only part of
the truth, and not suspected of lying at all.
_________________3. Refers to an aid in investigating criminal incidents and issues, speeds
up the process of investigation and eliminates innocent suspects.
_________________4. It refers to either untruthful or falsehood statements, any act that
devices or creates false impression. It is also synonymous to deceit, deception, or fabrication.
_________________5. These are the most difficult type, these persons have no conscience
and shows no regret for dishonesty and manifestation of guilt.
_________________6. Refers to those who love to lie and are excited by the challenge of
how being detected. For them an interview is a contest that they want to win; they realize that
they will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing them
confesses.
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_________________7. It is the observation of the subject’s behavioral responses liked with his
verbal utterances. Gordon stated, that “the corresponding line of suspect assessment is the
nonverbal and that in order achieve a high level of assessment reliability; the verbal portion of
the assessment needs to be links with the more obvious responses of non-verbal behavior.
_________________8. It is the physiological effectors in polygraph examination. It is
responsible in regulating physiological mechanism that corrects the slightest deviation from a
particular standard within very fine limits.
_________________9. Are those who seldom tell a lie. They are quick to ask forgiveness from
the individual that they lied to and are often respected for their attempts at being truthful and
humility to admit when they commit lies.
_________________10. This refers to someone who continually lies as their habit. It tends to be
their normal manner of responding to questions of others regardless of how small or large the
question is. They are feeling discomfort of being truthful because lying makes them feel right.
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CONTENT
Need to Know Concepts
What is Polygraphy?
It is the scientific method of detecting deception using a polygraph instrument. This is the
new name of Lie Detection.
What is Polygraphy?
The term “Polygraph” simple means “many writings”. The name refers to the manner
in which selected physiological responses are simultaneously recorded. It is a recorder of the
psycho-physiological changes occuring within the examinee’s body as the polygraph examiner
asks series of questions.
Basically, the polygraph instrument is a combination of medical devices used by physicians in
monitoring and checking the physical conditions of their patients. As an example is questioned
about a certain event or incident, the instrument records and monitors the relative changes in the
examinee’s heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and electrodermal activities.
IS A POLYGRAPH A LIE DETECTOR?
Lie detector is a popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. The instrument was so
named because it is commonly used in lie detection. During the test, polygraph makes various
recordings of a person’s physiological responses which will be interpreted by the polygraphist to
determine whether the subject has been lying or not.
Consequently, the polygraph instrument does not detect lie itself but the examiner. It only
assists in detecting persons lying and/or truthfullness through its recorded physiological
responses.
What is the other name of the Polygraph?
Polygraph in some instances is also called “Truth Verifier” for in vast majority of the
instances the instrument verifies a person’s truthfulness.
 What are the concepts of Polygraph Examination?
Polygraph examination is used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting deception
or verifying the truthfulness if his statements.
It is done by recording identifiable physiological reactions of the subject, such us; blood
pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance.
It is based on the theory that “a conscious mental effort on the part of a normal
person to deceive causes involuntary physiological changes that is in effect a body’s
reaction to an imminent danger to its well-being.”
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What are the objective of a polygraph Examination?
Polygraph examination is conducted in order to?
1. Obtain additional investigative leads to the facts of the case/offenses.
2. Ascertain if the person is telling the truth.
3. Locate the fruits or tools of the crime and whereabouts of wanted persons.
4. Identify other persons involved (accomplices of crime)
5. Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses.
6. Eliminate the innocent suspects.
What are the Principal Uses of the Polygraph Examination?

1. Criminal Investigation
It aid in investigating criminal incidents and issues, speeds up the process of investigation
and eliminates innocent suspects.
2. Pre-employment screening of the job
3. Honesty test (periodic test)
Note: In Criminal investigation, polygraph examination is optional and the subject may refuse
to take the test, while in Pre-employment screening of job applicants, it is mandatory for it is part
of the requirements for hiring potential employees by some companies and employment
agencies.
What is the significance of Lie Detection in Criminal Investigation?

In criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper prosecution of
offenders. Criminal investigators must exert all effort to determine lying not only on the part of
the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act – witnesses, victims, etc.
What is Lie?
refers to either untruthful or falsehood statements, any act that devices or creates false
impression. It is also synonymous to deceit, deception, or fabrication.
What is meant by “Detection”?
this means refers to the act of detecting discovering, perceiving, finding or uncovering
something hidden or obscure.
Why do people lie?
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What drives a person to lie is the fear of detection and possible exclusion by the offended
community. He may feel that detection would cause embarrassment, and on the part of crime
suspects, it is the fear of penalty and punishment, thus placing their whole life at stake.
What are the common Kinds of Lies?
Lying can be devastating, it does not only hurt the one who is being lied to, but it also
hurts the one who tells it. Lying is common denominator in many of our lives and recognizing
some of the different types might help us in dealing with the liar in our lives.
The following common kinds of lies:
1. White Lie or Benign Lie
These are lies committed to preserve, protect or maintain the harmony of friendship or
relationship.
2. Pathological Lie
This is a lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong.
3. Red Lie
This is prevalent in communist countries or communist infested nations. This involves
political interests and motives because this is a part of communist propaganda strategy.
4. Black Lie
A lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or
discredit one’s good image.
5. Malicious or Judicial Lie
This is very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie that is intended purely to mislead or
obstruct justice by a guilty accused person.
What are the Different Types of Liar?

1. Sociopathic Liars
are those who lie continuously to get their own way, without care or concern for others.
They are goal-oriented.
2. Compulsive Liars
Someone who continually lies as their habit. It tends to be their normal manner of
responding to questions of others regardless of how small or large the question is. They are
feeling discomfort of being truthful because lying makes them feel right.
3. Occasional Liars
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Are those who seldom tell a lie. They are quick to ask forgiveness from the individual
that they lied to and are often respected for their attempts at being truthful and humility to admit
when they commit lies.
4. Panic Liars
Those who lie in order to avoid the consequences of a confession. They are afraid of
embarrassment and they believe that confession will just make the matter truth.
5. Occupational Liars
They are considered to be Practical Liars for they lie when it has a higher “pay off”
than telling the truth.
6. Tournament Liars
Are those who love to lie and are excited by the challenge of how being detected. For
them an interview is a contest that they want to win; they realize that they will probably be
convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing them confesses.
7. Psychopathic Liars
These are the most difficult type, these persons have no conscience and shows no regret
for dishonesty and manifestation of guilt.
8. Ethnological Liars
Are those who are taught not to be a squaler.
9. Pathological Liars
Are person who cannot distinguish right from wrong due to their sick mind.
10. Black Liars
Are persons who always pretend what he is and what he thinks of himself.
11. White Liars
These are those who don’t usually think of themselves are true “liars”. They justify their
lies as harmless and beneficial. They sometimes tell only part of the truth, and not suspected of
lying at all.
What is the Psychological Theory of the Lying Person

Telling a lie is usually an emotional experience. A conscious act of lying causes the mind
of a person, which produces an emotion of fear or anxiety, manifested by fluctuations in pulse
rate, blood pressure, breathing and perspiration.
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in the Polygraph Examination
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Autonomic Nervous System or ANS is the physiological effectors in polygraph
examination. It is responsible in regulating physiological mechanism that corrects the slightest
deviation from a particular standard within very fine limits.
ANS found at the center of the brain and its central controls are in the “hypothalamus”
– this is a group of nerve cells of the brain that reflexes.
Those that we cannot control consciously such as out heart beat, pulse rate, increase and
decrease in blood pressure and the expansion and constriction of arteries are governed by the
autonomic nervous system.
It makes a decision for the subject as to whether it is threatening situation or not.
If affirmative, the hypothalamus immediately activates the sympathetic subdivision of
the autonomic nervous system.
When the sympathetic system is activated, it immediately prepares the body for the fight
or flight situation causing the adrenal glands to secrete hormones known as epinephrine and
norepinephrine, so that the blood will be distributed to those areas of the body where it is most
needed to meet the emergency, such as the brain and the largest muscle groups.
Polygraph through its transducers

monitor and record responses
19
What are the usual problems encountered by police investigators during
interrogation?
During interrogation, police investigators always encountered difficulties like:
1. Determining whether the subject is telling the truth regarding the crime under
investigation.
2. Obtaining admission or confession from a suspect after his guilt has been established;
and
3. Reluctance of fearful witnesses and information who are possessing information to
disclose them to the interrogator.
What are the external observable Signs and Symptoms of Lies/Deceptions?

Generally, when a person fears to be detected signs and symptoms which indicate lies,
guilt or deception, could be observed such as:
1. Stammering (to speak with many pauses)
2. Swearing to or before God that he did not commit the offense.
3. Pointing his guilt to somebody else.
4. Refuses to answer questions thru alibis and excuses.
5. All the time absent-minded
6. Always requesting for repetition of questions
7. Often asks counter-questions and counter queries
8. Often asks permission to go to comfort rooms, etc.
What are the other observable clues of Deception or Lying.

1. False facial expression (masking)
2. Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead.
3. Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of eyeballs, elevation of upper eyelids
4. Squinting of the eyes (showing envy, distrust)
5. Twitching of the lips
6. Excessive winking of the eyes
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7. Failure to look the inquirer “straight into the eyes”
8. Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple and the vein at the temple due to dryness of throat or
mouth.
9. Quivering of nose or nostrils.

10. A peculiar monotone of the voice.
11. A forced laugh
12.Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another.
13. Through Postural Reaction.
14.Fidgeting (uneasiness), tapping or drumming.
15. Swinging of legs or one leg over the other.
16. Unnecessary movements of hands and feet (like scratching, nail biting, thumb or finger
sucking).
17. Pulsation of the artery in the neck.
18. Incoherence, trembling and sweating of the whole body.
The Non-verbal Behavioral Assessment

Nonverbal Behavioral Assessment is the observation of the subject’s behavioral
responses liked with his verbal utterances. Gordon stated, that “the corresponding line of suspect
assessment is the nonverbal and that in order achieve a high level of assessment reliability; the
verbal portion of the assessment needs to be links with the more obvious responses of non-verbal
behavior.
What are the areas to note when assessing non-verbal behavior?
Areas to Truthful Deceptive

Observe
General -Often they will learn slightly forward, -Often show very close and
indicating interest in what is being said. defensive positions, such as
Posture
Shoulders tend to remain squared and crossed arms and/or legs
the body is aligned with the interviewer
-often lean back or stretch out
their legs.
-They assume a position to
defeat, with their shoulders
21
forward and their chin on
their chests.
Head and -shows appropriate facial expression -smiling at an inappropriate

Face and head positioning point-false smile.
-appearing to be surprised,
angry or disgusted.
Eyes -Maintains normal eye contact-looking -Breaks in eye contact, which

straight in appropriate point occurs at the appropriate
time.
-Not squinting too often for subject with
normal eye condition. -Exaggerated eye contact or
maintain eye-to-eye contact
too long trying to replicate
sincerity
-closing, blinking and
squinting of the eyes
Arms and -Sit with the elbows away from the -Elbows are close to the body
Hands body.
-closed arms or legs or out
-arms crossed across his stomach. retched legs.
-touches his chest as he is talking -arms across the chest.
-pointing away form the body
when he is talking
-hands crossed tightly in front
of him.
Sense -Shows no sign of stress responsive -touching or scratching the

Arousal behavior nose as the suspect answers a
Gestures critical question, or is
explaining something.
Feet and -Generally use open and “settled” foot -Runners feet position
legs and legs positions.
- Crisscrossing of feet when
-Sits with arms open, palms up and legs sitting
apart throughout the interview.
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Activity: On the space provided, write for 200 words. Based on the chart explain in your own
idea about the assessing non-verbal behavior? Submit your output to the college by turning in the
link to the google class______________ on or before the reflected schedule. See Rubrics in
Written Outputs on page no.______.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________.
Assessment
What is your stand about the state of “white liar that define those who don’t usually think of
themselves are true “liars”. They justify their lies as harmless and beneficial. They sometimes
tell only part of the truth, and not suspected of lying at all. Explain it in your own idea either you
agree or not. Do it for 200 words and Cite example
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________.
box below about the activities taken under this unit.
23
UNIT4 – METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
In criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper

prosecution of offenders. Criminal investigators must exert all effort to determine lying
not only on the part of the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act –
witnesses, victims, etc. In Criminal investigation, polygraph examination is optional and
the subject may refuse to take the test, while in Pre-employment screening of job
applicants, it is mandatory for it is part of the requirements for hiring potential employees
by some companies and employment agencies.
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Be acquainted with the different methods of detecting deception.

 Understand the ancient forms of determining truthful and deceptive subject practiced
in different countries.
 Recognize the diverse types of ordeals and the methods applied.
PRETEST
_________________1. It is common in Africa. The methods was that the subject will be asked
to plunge their right arms into the boiling water to the elbow and step into the other side of the
fire. All are told to undergo the test without a murmur. And when all are finished, they are told to
return at the same time the next afternoon. The one who showed blisters would prone the thief
(Point out who is the one who steal among his tribe.
_________________2. Refers to a severe test of character or endurance, trying course of
experience and a medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical
tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the
result being considered as divine judgment of guilt or innocence.
_________________3. A fight between the accuser and the accused, whoever lost the battle will
be adjudged guilty. Originated in India where an accuser could hire somebody or bigger one to
fight the accused.
_________________4. The accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or oil and
ask to pick up stone in it. If he remains unhurt then he is innocent. Practiced in Asian Countries.
_________________5. The accuser and accused each were made to stand with arms crossed on
their breast. The one who endured the longest was deemed to have told the truth. The other, is
liar. Practiced in Europe.
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_________________6. A donkey was placed in one room alone and was observed. If the donkey
cried as judge of the guilty of crimes, then the accused is guilty.
_________________7. An ordeal practiced by the Indians. It is formed with a kind of rice called
Sathee, prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats the rice then spits upon an
eyeful leaf. If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swell or he trembles, he
is declared then a liar.
_________________8. Used in a wide region of Eastern Africa. The ordeal of the “sassy bark”
or red water was used where the accused is made to fast for twelve hours then swallows a small
amount of rice until he is imbibed in dark colored water. This water is actually emetic (an agent
that induces vomiting) and if the suspect ejects all the rice, he is considered innocent; otherwise
the accused is guilty.
_________________9. An Ordeal practiced by the West Africa Region where the accused first
fasted for 12 hours and the given small amount of rice to eat followed by large amount of black
colored water. If the concoction was vomited, the accused was pronounced innocent, otherwise
guilty.
_________________10. This trial is reserved for the clergy, and administered with pomp and
ceremony. If the accused was guilty, it was believed that Angel Gabriel will descent form heaven
and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him. Practiced in the European
countries.
25
CONTENT
METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

The search for a reliable means to identify the untrustworthy is as ancient as man. Some
techniques were founded in superstitious and/or the religious belief that “God would in some
way reveal the truth and disallow the immorality ”. Many of these attempts, in fact had some
psychological and physiological basis, other methods relied solely on fear of continued pain and
torture.
History, early human beings have their own way of determining lie or guilt on the part if
the accuse or accuser. Their common method is thru the application of “ordeal”.
Ordeal is a severe test of character or endurance, trying course of experience and a
medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as carrying
or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the result being
considered as divine judgment of guilt or innocence.
It is also a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “Dei
Indicum” meaning “Malicious decision”.
The term “Trial by Ordeal” refers to the ancient method of trial in which the accused
was exposed to physical danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was innocent.
Trial by Combat according the historian this was the ancient method or trial in which
the accused was exposed to physical danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was
Innocent.
Early methods of Detecting lies.
1.Red Hot Iron Ordeal
Practice on the hill tribe of Rajhmal in the North Bengal. The accused placed his tongue
to red hot iron nine (9) times unless burned sooner. If burned, he is put to death as he is guilty.
Not only just licking the iron but also he is made to carry the metal into his arms.
2. Ordeal by balance
An ordeal practiced in Vishnu, India. The scale of balanced is used where the accused is
placed in the other end while a counter balance is made. If he were found to be lighter that before
then he will be acquitted.
3. Boiling Water ordeal
Common in Africa. The methods was that the subject will be asked to plunge their right
arms into the boiling water to the elbow and step into the other side of the fire. All are told to
26
undergo the test without a murmur. And when all are finished, they are told to return at the same
time the next afternoon. The one who showed blisters would prone the thief (Point out who is
the one who steal among his tribe)
4. Ordeal by Rice Chewing
An ordeal practiced by the Indians. It is formed with a kind of rice called Sathee,
prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats the rice then spits upon an eyeful
leaf. If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swell or he trembles, he is
declared then a liar.
5. Ordeal of the Red Water
Used in a wide region of Eastern Africa. The ordeal of the “sassy bark” or red water was
used where the accused is made to fast for twelve hours then swallows a small amount of rice
until he is imbibed in dark colored water. This water is actually emetic (an agent that induces
vomiting) and if the suspect ejects all the rice, he is considered innocent; otherwise the accused
is guilty.
6. Combination of Drinks and Food Ordeal
An Ordeal practiced by the West Africa Region where the accused first fasted for 12
hours and the given small amount of rice to eat followed by large amount of black colored
water. If the concoction was vomited, the accused was pronounced innocent, otherwise guilty.
7. Trial by Combat
A fight between the accuser and the accused, whoever lost the battle will be adjudged
guilty. Originated in India where an accuser could hire somebody or bigger one to fight the
accused.
After the fight the loser will be adjudged as guilty of crime. It became the legal ordeal in
England during the time of “King Henry III”.
8. Trial by Torture
The accused was put into a severe physical test. If the accused can endure such torture, he
will be considered innocent.
9. Drinking Ordeal
The accused was given a decoction to drink by a priest – if innocent; no harm befalls him,
but if guilty, will die. Practiced in Nigeria and India.
10. Trial of the Eucharist
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This trial is reserved for the clergy, and administered with pomp and ceremony. If the
accused was guilty, it was believed that Angel Gabriel will descent form heaven and prevent the
accused from swallowing the food given to him. Practiced in the European countries.
11. Ordeal by heat and fire
The accused was compelled to walk bare footed through a fire, if he remains unhurt then
he is innocent. Practiced in East Germany, early Scandinavian countries and Early England.
12. Ordeal of Boiling Oil or water
The accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or oil and ask to pick up
stone in it. If he remains unhurt then he is innocent. Practiced in Asian Countries.
13. Ordeal of Red hot Needle
A red hot needle was drawn through the lips of the accused, if innocent, no blood will be
seen flowing out. Practiced in East Africa.
14. Ordeal of the Tiger
Accuser and Accused were placed together in the same and a tiger set loose upon them. If
both were spared, further elimination followed. Practiced in Thailand.
15. Test of the cross Ordeal
The accuser and accused each were made to stand with arms crossed on their breast. The
one who endured the longest was deemed to have told the truth. The other, is liar. Practiced in
Europe.
16. Donkey’s Tail Ordeal
A donkey was placed in one room alone and was observed. If the donkey cried as judge
of the guilty of crimes, then the accused is guilty.
Known countries that practiced Ordeal?
1. Burma
The accused and the accuser were given each identical candle and both were lighted at
the same time. The holder of the candle that consumed faster was adjudged the liar.
2. Borneo
The accuser and the accused were presented by shell fish placed on a plate. An irritating
fluid was then poured on the shell fish and the litigant whose shell fish moved first was adjudged
the winner.
3. Greece
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A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped,
whoever was in line with the blade was supposed to be guilty as pointed out by the divine
providence.
4. Nigeria
The priest granted greased a feather and pierced the tongue of the accused. Of the feather
passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty,
Another method in Nigeria was the practice of pouring corrosive liquid into the eyes of
the accused who was supposed to remain unharmed if innocent.
Pouring boiling oil over the hand of the accused with the usual requisites for guilt or
innocence (if remain unharmed, he is innocent).
5. Europe and Early United States (17th Century)
Trial by water was commonly used on those accused of witchcraft. The accused was
bound (hand and foot) and then cast into the body of water. If the accused sank, he was hauled to
the surface half-drowned and deemed innocent. If he floated, he was deemed guilty and burned
to death.
Forerunners of Scientific methods of Detecting Deception
1. Hypnotism
This method was introduced by an Austrian Physician Franz (Friedrich) Anton

Mesmer in 1778. He believed in animal magnetism, by which in his own personal electro-
magnetism, therapeutic effect influenced other persons.
These effects produced were attributed to the state of mind of a subject whereby he is set
up, and thereby instructed to sit quietly and gazed at flashing light or shiny object tangled in
front of his eyes and to cooperate with whatever the hypnotist would to do
Detected deception through hypnotism was not admissible in court due to the following:
 It lacks the general scientific acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis in
ascertaining the truth from falseness.
 The possibility that the hypnotized subject will deliberately fabricated.
 The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility will produce distortion
of the fact rather that the truth.
 The state of mind and professionalism of the examiner are too subjective to
permit admissibility of the expert testimony.
2. The Word Association Test
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This method was introduced in 1879 by Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) – an English
Scientist and Anthropometries. His experiment was later developed by Dr. Carl Gustav Jung
(1875-1961) – A Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist and the founder of Analytical Psychology.
This method is done by giving a subject a long list of carefully selected stimulus words or
objects with other pictures combined with other irrelevant words, other pictures combined with
the instruction to respond with the very first word that may come to subjects mind.
3. The truth Serum Method
This method was introduced by Dr. Edward Mandel House (1858-1938), a U.S.
Physicist and diplomat and a confidential adviser to former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.
The term “truth serum” is a Misnomer. The procedure does not make someone tell the truth and
the thing administered is not a serum but is actually a drug.
The objective of the test is to extract from the subconscious mind of the subject the stored
contents of the mind called “Memory”. During the test, a drug called Byosine Hydrobromide is
usually administered hypodermically to the subject in repeated doses until a state of delirium is
induced. When the proper point is reached, the questions were answered by the subject
truthfully.
Of all the deception detection methods, the “Truth Serum” test is considered as the most
favorable and effective if all the following conditions proper to the conduct of the test will be
observed.
 Then test must be performed by skilled experimenter, operator,
technician or physician.
 The subject expresses his consent to undergo the test.
 The dosage of drugs injected or administered is sufficient for

acquiring desired results
 There is sufficient time during the test.
 Assurance of result is acquired to determine truth or deception.
4. Narco-Analysis or Narco-Synthesis
This method of detecting deception was practically the same as that administration of
truth serum. The only difference is the drug used. The Drug Sodium Amytal or Sodium
Pentothal is administered to the subject.
5. Intoxication
This was practiced by means of drinking alcoholic beverages as stimuli to obtain truth on
the part of the subject. The subject for interrogation will be allowed to take alcoholic beverages
30
up to the point of intoxication. Theoretically, when under the influence of alcohol, the power of
control is said to be diminished; thus the subject will tent to tell everything he knows or reveal all
the relevant information. Interrogation is to be made during the excitatory effect of alcohol.
Methods of Detecting Deception through Regular Police Works.
The Police methods sought to answer the legal investigative process are the so called
“Five Wives and One Husband” technique or the 5 W’s and 1H. These questions are used to gain
the so called “three eyes” (3 Is) of investigation which refers to the following:
1. Information gathering
Through record check, surveillance and intelligence check.

2. Investigation
Through interrogation and/or interview to obtain admission or confession.
3. Instrumentation
Through criminalistics processes with the use of the different investigative forensic
sciences such as medico legal or forensic medicine, forensic chemistry, forensic photography,
forensic photography, forensic ballistics, questioned documents examination, dactyloscopy and
polygraphy or deceptography.
What is the scientifically accepted method of detecting deception?
During the 19th Century, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian –Known as the “Father of
Criminalistics” defined a search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigation. He
asserted that “a large part of the criminalistics work is nothing more than a battle against
lies. He has to discover the truth and must fight the opposite, he meets the opposite at every
step”.
Timeline of the Modern Polygraph.
Dat Contributor Component

e
Feature
185 Jacques D’ Arsonval – A French scientist who declared that Galvanometer

1 electricity is generated by the body. This is known as External Component
Friction. He asserted that those sweat glands in the body at
times store the electricity and at other times discharge them.
His works helped in the development of galvanograph.
31
188 Charles Samson Fere – A French Scientist who discovered Galvanometer
8 that electrodermal response is caused by an increase in the Component
action of the heart and vital energy converted with human
emotions. He asserted that human body has the ability to
generate, store, discharged high voltage of static electricity.
189 Angelo Mosso – Studied fear and its influence on the heart. Cardiograph
5 His observations subsequently formed the basis for the
Component
technique employed in his developed
SPHYGMOMANOMETER.
189 Cesare Lombroso employed the first scientific instrument to

5 detect deception. This instrument known as Cardiograph
HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH measured changes in pulse and
Component
blood pressure when suspects were questioned about their
involvement in or knowledge of a scientific response.
The procedure on the use of the

“HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH” in detecting deception begins
with the subjects hand which was placed in water-filled tank
sealed with membranes of rubber then he will be shown
pictures connected with the crime or will be asked for
relevant facts of the crime. The pulsation of blood was then
recoded
189 George Sticker – first person to suggest the use of the Galvanograph
7 galvanograph for detecting deception. He theorized that the Component
galvanic skin phenomenon was influenced by exciting mental
impressions.
190 Sir James Mackenzie – a famous English heart Specialist Idea/Invention

6 who wrote an article entitled, “The Ink Polygraph”. His
invention however was not for Lie detection purposes, rather
for the use in medical examination. Nevertheless, it did
contain the essential feature of the present day instrument.
190 Otto Veraguth was the first to use the term

7 “PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX”-an idea that the electrical
Galvanograph
phenomenon was due to the activity of the sweat glands
Component
32
190 Hugu Munsterburg – proposed and advocated that lie test Idea/ Proposal
8 based on lie detector should be admissible as evidence in
court.
191 Vittorio Benussi successfully detected deception with a Pneumograph

4 pneumograph – a instrument that graphically measures an Component
examinee’s inhalation and exhalation and demonstrated that
changes in breathing patterns accompany deception.
191 William Marston – dealt with the sphygmomanometer which Cardiograph

5 was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure Component
readings during the course of examination. He was also
noted in the development of the pneumograph, which
records breathing patterns, and the galvanometer, which
registers changes in skin resistance
191 Harold Burtt – Determined that respiratory changes were Cardiograph

8 indicative of deception. He found out that changes in systolic Component
blood pressure were of greater value in determining
deception than changes in respiration.
192 John Larson – developed that “Larson Polygraph”, an Complete

1 instrument capable of continuously recording blood instrument
pressure, pulse and respiration. It was made on a
polygraphic apparatus in a portable form and became the
first assemblage of apparatus used by his co-workers in the
Berkeley Police Department.
Under the Larson Polygraph, a strip of paper on which the
tracings are recorded is mounted on two drums, which are
turned by a spring mechanism known as a kymograph. The
paper is smoked to reduce the friction of the styluses or
recording levers which were actuated in many Tambours.
192 Leonarde Keeler developed a compact portal instrument Complete

5 using a modification of the Erlarger Pressure reducer that Instrument
permits the blood pressure changes to be recorded over a
greater range.
In 1949, he invented the Keeler Polygraph which
components that simultaneously recorded changes in blood
pressure, pulse rate and respiration as well as the newly
developed galvanic skin reflex. He also devised the chart
33
paper, a better methof of questioning and incorporated the
kymograph. He also devised metal bellows.
193 Capt. Clarence D. Lee designed the Lee Psychograph Complete

0 consists essentially of four units –chart drive or recording Instrument
unit,, pneumograph or respiration unit, cardiograph or
pulse-blood pressure unit and the stimulus signal Unit
193 Chester W. Darrow made a third modification to the Complete

2 Larsonm Cardio-Pneumo Psychopath, by adding a Instrument
galvanometer. The new instrument, included a psycho-
galvanometric record, electrodes on the palm and back of the
hand, as well as a continuous blood pressure record, and a
pneumographic record.
194 John E. Reid devised an instrument for recording muscular Complete

5 activity. He invented his own Reid Polygraph which was Instrument
capable of recording simultaneously the blood pressure and
pulse rate, respiration tracings and rendered much more
accurate readings
194 Cleve Backster developed the Control Question Technique Idea/Technique

7 which introduce a lie in the polygraph chart to establish a
yard stick so that one would know what the reaction really
means. According to the Backsters technique, if this person
responds to this control lie to a greater extent than does to
the actual questions under investigation it assume and
establish the subject is telling the truth at that point. If the
reverse is true it state that he is not telling the truth at that
point.
195 Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns were know as lie detector Invention
1 specialist in Michigan City, Indiana, USA, who invented the
Electronic Psychometric Using Electrodermal Response as a
basis for lie detection. Both have proven that a result a lie
detection tst using their instruments was 95% accurate.
34
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Activity: On the space provided, write for 200 words your insight about the ancient ordeals
whether or not it is humane or inhumane? Submit your output to the college by turning in the
link to the google class______________ on or before the reflected schedule. See Rubrics in
Written Outputs on page no.______.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________.
Assessment
What is your stand about the Intoxication and Narco-Analysis or Narco-Synthesis - one of the
scientific method in detecting deception and relate it on the controversial case of the flight
attendant Decera . Do it for 250 words and Cite example
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Congratulations for a job well done. You have successfully completed the activities
of this unit. If you have not completed the task or you have difficulties in answering the
tasks, you can reach your facilitator through our google class_____________ or via text
messages/ phone calls with this mobile phone number: ________________________. You
can also write your insights or thoughts on 35the text box below about the activities taken
under this unit.
UNIT 5 – POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES
In criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper prosecution of

offenders. Criminal investigators must exert all effort to determine lying not only on the part of
the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act – witnesses, victims, etc. In
Criminal investigation, polygraph examination is optional and the subject may refuse to take
the test, while in Pre-employment screening of job applicants, it is mandatory for it is part of
the requirements for hiring potential employees by some companies and employment agencies.
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Comprehend the necessary condition for an effective polygraph testing.

 Understand the four major component of polygraph machine and its function.
 Recognize the diverse types of ordeals and the methods applied.
PRETEST
_________________1. It is a statement of fact by the accused, which do not directly involve
acknowledgement of guilt in committing or having participated in the commission of an offense
_________________2. It is a declaration made by a person voluntarily, stating or acknowledging
that has committed or participated in the commission of a crime.
_________________3. It is an automatic organ that continues to beat even when removed from
the body of provided with proper blood. The rate and force of the heart beat as regulated by two
sets of nerves
_________________4. It is caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and expansion of the
chest cavity those results in the air rushing out of the lungs.
_________________5. This is the most current popular name for the human body phenomenon
in which the body, mainly the skin, changes resistance electrically upon the application of certain
external stimuli.
_________________6. Refers to the interfering response caused by voluntary physical
movement by the subject during the lie test and is found between step 4 and 5 of the reaction
chain. The result of such physical movement causes physiological (muscles) changes to take
place within the body that shows up electro-dermal response.
_________________7. It refers to the interfering response originating at step 1 of the reaction
chain in the form of unwanted auditory or stimuli. The slamming of the door or the ringing of
36
telephone, a cough or sneeze by spectators in the room or any unusual noise to which the subject
is not accustomed at the location, will usually produce outside interference response.
_________________8. They they exist when the heart is contracted and the valves are open with
the blood rushing into the arteries.
_________________9. This is the chart-drive recording unit of the instrument. It has a
synchronized motor that drives the charts at the rate of six (6) to believe (12) inches per minute
and its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines which are spaced either at one-half of an
inch interval, represents five or ten seconds interval on the chart. This provides the polygraphist
with a means of determining pulse rate and the questioning space.
_________________10. This is the fourth and the bottom pen of the instrument. This cardio unit
is a mechanically operated unit. It is a high pressure system. This system records changes in
mean blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat by means of a medical blood pressure cuff
containing a rubber bladder that s wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the
bladder against the brachial artery.
37
CONTENT
The Polygraph Technique
Polygraph Examination
is generally used an investigative aid/technical aid in the investigative process. It is used
to verify if the statement of the victims/complainant, establish the credibility of the witnesses,
evaluates the truthfulness of the suspects.
In Law Enforcement, Polygraph examination is significant because it is considered as
one among the most effective way of establishing the truth.
What is the ultimate Objective of Conducting Polygraph Examination?
The ultimate objective of Polygraph examination is to obtain the subject’s admission or
confession to the offense committed.
Admission is a statement of fact by the accused, which do not directly involve
acknowledgement of guilt in committing or having participated in the commission of an offense
while Confession is a declaration made by a person voluntarily, stating or acknowledging that
has committed or participated in the commission of a crime.
The Tripod Foundations of Polygraph Technique
1. The Mechanical Basic Premise
The polygraph machine is mechanically capable of making graphical records containing

reliable information regarding physiological changes.
2. The Physiological basic Premise
Among the physiological changes that may be recorded and identified are those that
automatically occur only following the stimulation of specific nervous system component and
from which stimulation of those specific nervous system components can be reliably diagnosed.
3. Psychological Basic Premise
Under the polygraph leg premise, the specific nervous system component whose
stimulation can thus be diagnose are so stimulated by the involuntary mental and emotional
processes of deception specially of that individual has something at stake and the prevailing
circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to detection is quite possible though undesirable.
Physiological Phenomena as basis of detecting deception as per the tripod foundation.
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1. Blood pressure and Heart beat Frequency
Increase in blood pressure and heartbeat frequency following relevant questions and the
suppression of breathing are the criteria for detecting deception.
Ink curves as shown on the heartbeat recorded on a moving graph paper of a polygraph
represent the beat frequency (pulse). A. Systolic or high pressure – they exist when the heart is
contracted and the valves are open with the blood rushing into the arteries. B. Diastolic or Low
pressure – this exists when the values are closed and the heart relaxed.
Take note: Normal blood pressure is 120/80
The Heart is an automatic organ that continues to beat even when removed from the
body of provided with proper blood. The rate and force of the heart beat as regulated by two sets
of nerves – a. the sympathetic set – which accelerate the beat and b. the cranial autonomic
system – which retard the beat.
It is also known as adrenaline – a certain hormone that increases the heartbeat
frequency.
2. Breathing as a means of detecting deception
Breathing consists of two steps:
Inspiration (Inhalation) – caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and expansion of
the chest cavity those results in the air rushing out of the lungs.
Expiration (exhalation) – caused by relaxation of the diaphragm and contraction of the
chest cavity resulting in the air rushing out of the lungs.
Take Note: the following affects the breathing rates.
1. Muscular exercise (muscles movement/jogging)
2. Anticipation of muscular exercise (thinking to perform heavy work)
3. Recalling mentally emotional experience
4. Mental Activity
5. Anxious expectancy
6. Shock
7. Surprise
3. Electro-dermal response
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this is the most current popular name for the human body phenomenon in which the
body, mainly the skin, changes resistance electrically upon the application of certain external
stimuli. It consists of two categories – normal response and the abnormal response.
Examples of Abnormal Response
1. Machine Fright Response
Interference abnormal response that originates in Step 2 (flight of the machine) of the
reaction chain or situational fright. It appears on the first question or so and no longer appears
throughout the test.
2. Physical Movement Response
Interfering response caused by voluntary physical movement by the subject during the lie
test and is found between step 4 and 5 of the reaction chain. The result of such physical
movement causes physiological (muscles) changes to take place within the body that shows up
electro-dermal response.
3. Outside interference response
Interfering response originating at step 1 of the reaction chain in the form of unwanted
auditory or stimuli. The slamming of the door or the ringing of telephone, a cough or sneeze by
spectators in the room or any unusual noise to which the subject is not accustomed at the
location, will usually produce outside interference response.
 Factors that affects the accuracy of the Polygraph Results
1. The instrument
2. The condition of the subject
3. The condition of the examination room
4. The qualification and skills of examiner
The limitations of the Polygraph Technique

1. It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for investigation.
2. It is not a lie detector but only a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts, it record responses.
4. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent
5. The test will not be given until enough facts have been established to permit the examiner
to prepare a complete set of suitable questions.
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6. The test will not be given without the voluntary consent to the subject.
7. No indication will be given to any person or placed in any report that a person will be
considered guilty because he refused to take the test.
8. A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained with the subject.
9. No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
10. No examination will be conducted on unfit subject.
Barriers to the polygraph examination.
there are instances where it is impossible to make an analysis of polygraph tests because
of the following:
1. Pathological Liar (a person who cannot determine right and wrong)
2. Mental cases
3. Persons under the influence of intoxicating liquor
4. Narcotics related cases
5. Various heart and other organic troubles.
How does polygraph instrument works?

The polygraph simultaneously records various physiological phenomena by means a
horizontal kymograph. The resulting Polygram indicates tracing of external respiration in the
thoracic and abdominal cavities by means of a pneumograph tambour assembly, systolic and
diastolic contraction of the heart, as well as pulse fluctuations with the resistance of a
sphygmomanometer and psycho-galvanic skin response by means of the electrodes to the
person’s finger. Each phenomenon is recorded by a hallow tube ink styles moving across
horizontally and vertically ruled being driven by a synchronous electronic motor
The physiological changes within the examinee’s body are monitored by the following
polygraph attachments.
Respiratory rates: two rubber tubes filled with air, called pnuemographs, are placed
around the examinee’s chest and abdomen. When the chest or abdominal muscles expand, the air
inside the tubes is displaced. The digital or computerized polygraph employs transducers to
convert the energy of the displaced air into electronic signals.
Blood pressure/heart rate: A blood pressure cuff is placed around the examinee’s upper
arm. Tubing runs from the cuff to the polygraph. Again, in digital or computerized polygraphs,
these signals are converted into electrical signals by transducers.
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Galvanic Skin Resistance: This is also called electro-dermal activity and is basically a
measure of sweat on the subjects fingertips. The fingertips are one of the most porous areas on
the body and therefore are a good place to look for sweat
the theory is we sweat more when we are under stress.
Major Components of the polygraph instrument
1. Pneumograph Component
this component occupies the two/upper pens of the instrument which records the thoracic
and abdominal breathing patterns of respiratory.
This is accomplished through the use of a pneumograph consisting of two hollow
corrugated tubes about seven inches in length, each attached to a unit by a rubber hose not
longer that six feet and larger than one quarter inch in diameter.
The inhalation/exhalation of the subject causes the tubes to expand and contract, thereby
reflecting the change through billows to the pen into the chart.
2. The Galvanograph component
This is the longest and the third pen of the instrument. The electrodes are attached to
the index finger and the ring finger of the left hand, or to the palmar and dorsal ginger of the left
hand.
The electrodes used for obtaining the recording of the GSR (Galvanic Skin Resistance)
or electro-dermal responses, are fastened to the hand or finger by means of the passage of an
imperceptible amount of electrical current through the hand or finger bearing the attached
electrodes, a galvanometer unit provides recording of the variation in the flow of the electrical
current
3. Cardiograph Component
This is the fourth and the bottom pen of the instrument. This cardio unit is a
mechanically operated unit. It is a high pressure system. This system records changes in mean
blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat by means of a medical blood pressure cuff
containing a rubber bladder that s wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the
bladder against the brachial artery.
4. Kymograph Component
This is the chart-drive recording unit of the instrument. It has a synchronized motor that
drives the charts at the rate of six (6) to believe (12) inches per minute and its speed constant is
vital because the vertical lines which are spaced either at one-half of an inch interval, represents
five or ten seconds interval on the chart. This provides the polygraphist with a means of
determining pulse rate and the questioning space.
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Necessary considerations for an Effective Polygraph testing
I. Instrument
Polygraph examination uses the polygraph instrument as the device used for recording
the results. Hence, all its components and accessories must be operational and functional. The
examiner should check the sensors/transducers attached to the body of the subjects.
 Pnuemograph Tube – is fastened on the subjects chest and abdomen through the
beaded chain.
 Blood pressure cuff – the same type used by physicians is fastened to the subject
upper right arm or bicep.
 Finger electrodes – fastened to the left index and ring fingers of the subjects.
And must guided by the parts and functions of the instruments as follows:
 Pen lifter – raises or lowers pen to three (3) positions.
 Chart drive module – propels chart paper at the rate of 6-12 inches per minute.
Also known as kymograph.
 Paper Tear Bar – provides cutting edge for removal of charts.
 Mechanical Pneumo Module – recording part of Mechanical Pneumo Channel.
 Galvanic Skin reflex (GSR) module- recording part of the GSR Channel.
 Mechanical Cardio Module – recording part of mechanical Cardio Channel.
 Chart Drive Roller lever - Lifts chart drive roller for paper changes and chart
removal.
 Pneumo 1 - pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic) pneumograph
 Pneumo 2 – pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal) pneumograph.
 Cuff – connection for Cardio Channel subject cuff tubing.
 Pump - connection for hand pump used to inflate subject cuff.
 Centering control – positions pens on chart, Rotating clockwise raises the pen,
while counter clockwise rotation lowers it. Operate similarly on all channels.
 Sensitivity Control – determines the tracing size (amplitude). Rotating clockwise

increases size while counter clockwise rotation decreases size.
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 GSR mode switch – selects the operating mode for GSR channel Manual or
Automatic.
 GSR input connection – accepts plug from GSR subject attachment cord.
 Cardio Lock Lever – immobilizes Mechanical Cardio Mechanism when not in use.
 Vent- Performs venting function on pneumatic systems.
The examiner should also familiarize himself with the control mechanism of the Polygraph
Instrument.
 Resonnance Control - it allows you to clear up or make a better pattern when you
have too much pulse pressure of the subject.
 Hand Electrode – this is fastened to the hand by a stretched band. Function is to

make electrical contact with the subject.
 Panel Control – to allow the operator to control or adjust the operation with the
subject.
There are other five important Controls.

 Off and on power switch – on switch energize the galvanograph section.
 Subject’s resistance control – balances the galvo section to the skin resistance of
the sucject.
 Reactivity control – adjusts sensitivity of the galvo section.
 Self-centered normal Switch - selects either mode of operation.
 Self-centering mode – the circuit electronically centers the pen itself after every
excursion.
Control of Cardio-Sphygmograph section

 Manual centering knob – used to place cardio in its proper place on the chart.
 Vent Valve – is used to left atmospheric pressure into the system and used to
release pressure all or parts of the pressure.
 Resonance Control- is used to decrease the amplitude of the cardio tracing and
used to sharpen the diacrotic notch.
Control of Pneumograph Section
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 Manual Centering knob – used to position base line of the pneumo tacing on the
upper heavy horizontal line.
 Vent – with the vent down, the system is closed and non-operative. With the vent
up, the system is open and ready for use.
 Use of the Vent
a) To stop the pen between the tests and to prevent possible tambour
assembly.
b) To prevent pen form possible jam by moving up or down on one place

of the chart paper.
c) To stop pen during the tube adjustment
d) To assists in gaining amplitude
e) To let atmospheric enter into the system.
II. The examiner

Basis to all that has been said with regard to the utilization and accuracy of the polygraph
technique in the manner of examiner qualifications and skills. An EXAMINER must be an
intelligent person, with reasonably good educational background- preferably college degree. He
should have intense interest in human nature, and suitable personality traits which may be
evident from his otherwise general ability to “get along” with people and to be well liked by his
friends and associates. No amount of training or experience will overcome lack of these
necessary qualifications.
III. The Subject
generally, there are three types of subjects for polygraph testing
a. Suspect
b. The victim or complainant and
c. witness
IV. The Examination Room

the examination room is importantly considered for effective polygraph testing. The
condition of the room must be as follows:
 Quite room
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 Room with none of the usual police surroundings and with no distraction within the
subjects view.
 a room without window at all.
 No ornaments, pictures or other objects which would distract the attention of the
person being tested or interviewed.
 Free from noise, such as ringing of the telephone or the conversation outside the
examination room.
 No presence of other officers or expectators.
Adequate ventilation is needed with comfortable temperature. If a glass window is needed for the
purpose, it should be installed facing the subject and the lightings should not be excessive.
There should be an “observation room” Adjacent to the examination room as in psychology
laboratories. A one-way mirror must be installed on the wall in between the rooms, so the subject
may be viewed from the observation room by the co-examiners for observable behavior
symptoms relevant to the issue of truthfulness or deception.
Note: Polygraph examination normally takes from 1 to 3 hours, depending on the purpose of
examination, as well as the subjects attitude and any other factors that causes lengthy
examination.
Several Phases to follow in polygraph examination. (Page 68)
Phase 1
Initial Interview with the investigator handling the case or person requesting it.
This stages includes obtaining and evaluating of facts, determining areas the subjects
needs to be asked and the investigator must furnish the examiner the following:
 Sworn statement of the suspect/witness/victim/complainant.
 Incident or spot report, B.I. of the S,W, and V or C.
 Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as specific article
and exact amount of money stolen.
 Peculiar aspects of the offense or any strange set.
 Exact time the offense was committed.
 Known facts about the suspects action or movement.
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 Facts indicating any connection between the S, V and W.
 Exact type of weapon, tool or firearms used
 Results of laboratory test
 Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the V, S and the investigato,
Preliminary observations
Behavior observation of the subject begin from the time he enters the reception room
until he is escorted into the examination room and must be recorded by a secretary or
receptionist.
Phase II
The pre-test Interview
This is the stage of interview of the subject. The primary purpose of the pre-test interview
is to prepare or condition the subject for the test. The following should be taken considerations.
 The appraisal of subject’s constitutional right
 Obtain subject’s consent to undergo polygraph test by signing an statement of

consent.
 the taking of personal data of the subject.
 Determining his/her suitability as a subject.
 Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject.
 Informing the subject of his involvement with the case.
Phase III
The Examination Proper
After the pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed to the placement or attachment
of polygraph sensor. The first to be attached is the Pneumograph, followed by the
Cardiosphygmograph and the Galvanograph sensors.
Review all questions with the subject before the actual examination made. The examiner
should discourage any comments or statement by the subject upon test instrument must be given
of the subject upon completion of the necessary preliminary preparation.
The instrument is attached to the subject then:
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a. The blood pressure pulse cuff is wrapped the subject’s arm or bicep and the
Pneumograph tube adjusted around the chest and abdomen.
b. The cuff is then inflated to a point approximate midway between the systolic and
diastolic blood pressure.
c. The synchronous motor carrying the paper upon which blood pressure pulse respirations
recording are made is then set.
d. During the test the subject is informed that he will be asked questions which should be
answered by either “yes” or “no” only, and that they are so brief and straight to the point.
e. Approximately five (5) to ten (10) seconds after this instruction first question is asked and then
the other questions follow after or at the interval of fifteen (15) or twenty (20) seconds.
Note: The question may be written in advance of the test or the course of the test during the
intervals between the asking of each question. The phraseology of the test question is an
extremely important aspect of the examination.
Avoid lengthy questions and avoid legal terms such as rape, murder, embezzlement, etc.
Limiting scope of question – the relevant test questions used in any examination should be
confirmed to a single case investigation. The polygraph technique is not effective for stimulation
testing regarding two or more unrelated occurrences. With all the gadgets attached to the body of
the subject, the instrument will start running by applying pressure on a button. The subject the
will be asked to answer the following standard test questions.
Irrelevant Questions (unleaded/immaterial questions) – these are questions which have no
bearing to the case under investigation.
Relevant Question (leaded/material questions) – these are questions pertaining to the issue
under investigation. It is equally important to limit the number of relevant questions to avoid
discomfort to the subject. Relevant questions must be very specific to obtain an accurate result.
Control Questions – these are questions unrelated to the matter under investigation but are of
similar nature although less serious as compared to those relevant questions under investigation.
The use of control question is considered by many polygraphist to be the most reliable and
effective questioning technique.
The stimulation tests
the examiner then inspects the chart and asks the subject about his or her reaction to the
questions. The usual purpose for obtaining subject’s reactions is to allow refinements in the
questions. The questions are reviewed again and when necessary further clarified.
Technical Production of Tracings
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For Cardio Tracings:
1. The ascending limb – pulse wave causes an expansion of the arterial wall an increase
surface pressure against the cuff bladder thus forcing air from the bladder though the
tubing into the tambour. The increasing air volume the tubing into the tambour.
2. Descending limb - when a pulsed wave passes beyond cuff bladder attendant drop in a
surface pressure against bladder reverses this processes permitting the below to return to
or toward its original position.
3. Diacrotic notch – is cause by the minor secondary pulse wave passing under and beyond the
blood pressure cuff.
For Pneumo Tracings:
1. Ascending Limb – with the expansion of the chest during inhalation, the air capacity in
the pneumograph tube is increased creating a vacuum within the system, which reduces
the internal surface pressure against the below. Thus moving the bellows backward
causing a lateral clockwise or upward stroke of pen.
2. Descending limb- cause by the exhalation thus reversing this process causing an increase
in internal surface pressure against the bellows, thus moving the bellow to or toward its
original position and producing a lateral counter-clockwise or a downward movement of
pen.
For GALVO tracings:

1. The ascending limb – it is caused by the decrease of the subject’s resistance which throws the
established circuit out of balance and modifies the electric current flow through the magnetic
field surrounding the pivot-movement of the recording pen.
2. Descending limb – Physical cause is caused by a reverse in the subject resistance toward the
original position thus bringing the circuit back to or toward balance again producing a lateral
clockwise or downward movement of the pen. Mechanical cause is the fine coil springs attached
to pivot mountain pen cradle serve as counter balance for pen movement either above and below
the established base line and assists in returning the pen cradle to or towards the original
position.
Phase IV
The Post-Test Interview
the stage includes all consideration that bears on the examination. This is done just after
the instrument is turned off. If the polygraph test result indicates deception, the examiner will
then proceed to conduct short interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain confession.
However, if the polygraph indicates that the suspect is innocent, the examiner will just release
the subject cordially and thanks him/her for his/her cooperation.
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The purpose of further questioning after test are:
1. to clarify the findings;
2. to learn if there are any other reasons for the subjects responding to a relevant question,
other than the knowledge of the crime; and
3. to obtain additional information and an admission for law enforcement purposes, if the
results suggest deception.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Activity: On the space provided, write for 200 words your insight about the process of the
polygraph examination. Submit your output to the college by turning in the link to the google
class______________ on or before the reflected schedule. See Rubrics in Written Outputs on
page no.______.
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Assessment
What is your stand about inadmissibility of polygraph examination . Do it for 250 words and
Cite example.
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_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
can also write your insights or thoughts on the text box below about the activities taken
under this unit.
UNIT 6 – EVALUATION OF POLYGRAPH TEST RESULT
The basic measurement of an effective polygraph evaluation and analysis of result

comes from the factors affecting the instrument used, level of training and skill of the
examiner, condition of the subject, condition of the examination room, and the actual
examination room.
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Comprehend the necessary evaluation of the polygraph test result.

 Understand the types of questions and they are constructed.
 Recognize the rules to be followed in formulating of test questions.
PRETEST
_________________1. The purpose is to get the standard tracing of the subject and to establish a
true telling pattern for the initial part of the record.
_________________2. Refers to a question which has an intense relationship to the crime or
problem being considered. This is intended to produce strong emotional response in guilty
subjects.
_________________3. These are questions that concern with elements of the crime and deals
mostly on guilty knowledge and partial involvement.
_________________4. It is designed to absorb the response generally generated by the
introduction of the first relevant questions gives the series. Reaction to these questions gives the
examiner a clue as to the subject’s attitude of willingness or voluntariness to submit to the test.
_________________5. This type of question is propounded to the subject to detect information

about a crime that only a guilty subject would have. Such information might include details
about the site of the crime or the means of committing it, such as the type of weapon used.
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_________________6. Refers to a question that has to do with inviting subject’s attention on the
probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt, by linking him and his
predicaments to the fingerprints, footprints, tool marks, etc. collected at the crime scene.
_________________7. These question are used for purposes of comparison. Essentially, truthful
subjects are believed by polygraph examiners to be more concerned (and thus, more
physiologically aroused) about control than relevant questions.
_________________8. Refers to type of questions which have no importance to the case under
investigation, these are questions which are believed to have no, or every little emotional impact
on a subject. Thus, such questions can be used as an indicator of a particular subject’s normal
baseline level of arousal. This must precede the relevant ones.
_________________9. This test is applied when the response to relevant and control questions
are similar in degree and in consistency and in a way that the examiner cannot determine whether
the subject is telling the truth or not.
_________________10. Its function is to detect and evaluate the presence of outside issue which
may suppress response to relevant questions. This is often true that the subject fear that they
might be asked about another cases in which they are involved but are not the subject matter
under investigation.
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CONTENT
The rules to be followed in the formulating of test questions.

a. questions must be simple and direct.
b. They must not involved legal terminology such as rape, murder, etc.
c. they must answerable by yes or no.
d. Must be short as possible.
e. their meaning must be clear and unmistakable phrased in a language that the subject
can easily understand.
f. they must not be in the form of accusation.
g. question must never contain an inference which presupposes knowledge on the part of
the subject.
h. all questions must refer to one offenses only.
i. all questions must refer to only one element of an offense.
j. they must not contain interference to ones religion races or belief.
What are the types of test questions and how they are constructed?
the polygraph test consists of asking the subject/person through a list of prepared
question in a planned sequence comprising of not more than twelve. At least 3 test charts are
taken, each lasting not more that four minutes with a rest interval of five to ten minutes
between charts.
There are also five set of tests that maybe applied during the polygraph examination
process.
Test I – General Question test – the purpose is to get the standard tracing of the subject and to
establish a true telling pattern for the initial part of the record.
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Test II – Number test (Psychological Test) – the purpose is to check the possible deliberate
distortion when the chosen number is asked and to obtain a chart wherein the subject is not under
stress.
Test III – Spot Responder – The purpose is to determine the responsiveness of the subject to
crucial question on sport responses.
Test IV – Mix Question – the purpose is to compare the degree of reaction between control and
relevant question.
Test V – Silent Answer test (SAT) - it is a comfirmatory test.
How does the general question test (GQT) formulated?
The GQT consists of a series of Relevant and Irrelevant Questions asked in a planned
order. Questions are so arranged as to make a comparison of responses to relevant questions with
a subject’s norm made during the answering of irrelevant questions.
The Relevant Questions
are questions directly related to the offense under investigation.
Relevant questions are further classified according to its stimulation effect when applied
namely:
Strong Relevant or Primary Relevant Question- which has an intense relationship to the crime
or problem being considered. This is intended to produce strong emotional response in guilty
subjects.
EXAMPLE:
Did you steal Nick’s Ipod?
Secondary or Weak relevant - are questions that concern with elements of the crime and deals
mostly on guilty knowledge and partial involvement.
Example:
between 10:00 to 12:00 a.m., 10 March 2011, did you open the table drawer of Mr. De la
cruz?
further, weak relevant is classified into the following:
 Sacrifice relevant or DYAT Question (do you answer truthfully) – designed to absorb
the response generally generated by the introduction of the first relevant questions gives
the series. Reaction to these questions gives the examiner a clue as to the subject’s
attitude of willingness or voluntariness to submit to the test
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Example: Regarding the stolen Ipod, do you intend truthfully to
answer each question about that?
 Knowledge question – this type of question is propounded to the subject to detect
information about a crime that only a guilty subject would have. Such information might
include details about the site of the crime or the means of committing it, such as the type
of weapon used.
Example: Do you know for sure who stole the Ipod of Nick?
 Evidence Connecting Questions – this has to do with inviting subject’s attention on the
probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt, by linking him
and his predicaments to the fingerprints, footprints, tool marks, etc. collected at the crime
scene.
Example: Were the footprints outside the house of Nick yours?

Control Questions
Are used for purposes of comparison. Essentially, truthful subjects are believed by
polygraph examiners to be more concerned (and thus, more physiologically aroused) about
control than relevant questions.
Control questions have two kinds:
 Primary Control Question – Recall the offense done from the time of childhood up to
three to five years before the occurrence of the present offense being investigated.
Example:
before reaching the age of 28, have you ever stolen anything?
 Secondary question- more specific in nature, it is based upon another sort of
wrongdoing which will enhance the subject’s opportunity for responsiveness. Its scope
include up to the present period of examination.
Example: Have you ever stolen anything from this locality?

the formulation of both types of control questions necessities reasonably certainly that the
subject’s answer is a lie.
Irrelevant Question
types of questions which have no importance to the case under investigation, these are
questions which are believed to have no, or every little emotional impact on a subject. Thus, such
questions can be used as an indicator of a particular subject’s normal baseline level of arousal.
This must precede the relevant ones.
Example: did you eat today?
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do you smoke?
are you wearing brown leather jacket now?
Do you live in Burgos , Dapitan City?
Sample set of general Question Test (QGT)
1. Have you ever been called by the name of Pedro? (Irrelevant)
2. Is today Monday? (irrelevant)
3. Do you have anything to do with the robbery at SM (Shoemart) last night? (Weak
Relevant)
4. Are you over 20 years of age? (Irrelevant)
5. Were you one of those robbed the SM last night? (Strong Relevant)
6. Have you been involved in a robbery case this year? (Control-Question Relevant)
7. Do you drink water? (irrelevant)
8. Was the pair of gloves found at SM yours? (Evidence Connecting-Relevant)

9. Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at SM last night? (knowledge Question
Relevant)
10.Have you ever been involved in any robbery in your entire life? (second control-relevant)
11. Have you deliberately lied to any question I have asked you? (relevant check question)
(optional)
Other Questions that maybe asked in the Polygraph Technique.
1.Check Question – last question asked in the lie test. It is direct question that relates to the fact
that the subject has told the truth to all questions asked in the lie test.
2.Fishing expedition test question – used to vagrants or loiters for routine interrogation. No
idea about what offense has been committed.
EXAMPLE: Have you ever been arrested before?
Are you wanted anywhere now by the police?
Supplementary Test Questions and how they are constructed.
Aside from the standard tests described earlier, the following special tests are may be
performed and incorporated as part of the procedure or may be used as supplementary tests
depending upon the result of the standard test in order to daw a better conclusion
PEAK TENSION TEST (PTT)
56
The subject may be given this test if he is not informed of the details of the offense fir
which he is being interrogated by the investigated by the investigation, or by other persons or
from other sources like the print media.
Example:
a. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Rommel is a Rolex? (this is an
introductory phrase plus padding question)
b. Is it an Omega? (Padding)
c. Is it Seiko? (Padding)
d. Is it Timex? (Padding)
e. Is it Alba Quartz? (Padding)
f. Is it a Citizen? (Padding)
GUILT COMPLEX TEST (GCT)
This test is applied when the response to relevant and control questions are similar in
degree and in consistency and in a way that the examiner cannot determine whether the subject is
telling the truth or not.
Example:
Did you steal that Ferrari toy collection?
SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION
its function is to detect and evaluate the presence of outside issue which may suppress
response to relevant questions. This is often true that the subject fear that they might be asked
about another cases in which they are involved but are not the subject matter under investigation.
Example: Are you completely convinced that the I will not ask any question on this test
that has not already been reviewed.
S.K.Y. QUESTIONS
S – Stands for Suspects
K- Means Knowledge
Y- refers to “YOU” as the subject
These three question are based on the Backster Technique group together to confirm
the previous charts and may detect indirect involvement on guilty knowledge.
Example:
(S) Do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing Nick’s Ipod?
57
(K) Do you know for sure who Stole Nick’s Ipod?
(Y) Did you steal Nick’s Ipod?
SILENT ANSWER TEST (SAT)
The test is conducted in the same manner as when relevant and control questions are
asked but the subject is instructed to answer the question silently, to himself, without making any
verbal response causes distortion in the tracing such as sniff or clearing the throat.
ZONE COMPARISON TEST
ZONE- a twenty to thirty five seconds block of polygraph chart time initiated by a question
having a unique psychological focusing appeal to a predictable group of examinees.
The five (5) Variation of the Zone Comparison Test (ZCT) are:
1. Matte Quadri-track Zone Comparison Technique –Is a polygraph technique used
exclusively for single-issue tests. It was developen by the Matte after two years of research and
experimentation with fictitious crime test used in conjunction with actual test in real-life
situations.
2. Backster Tri-zone Comparison Technique- permits the use of inside tract “fear or error”
control question and the “hope error”. When the Backster Zone comparison Technique does not
incorporate the fear/hope of error questions the only difference remaining in the test structure
between numbers one and two techniques is the position of symptoms questions which are
opposite.
The color coding to Backster are:
 Green Zone- for the control Questions
 Red Zone – for the relevant questions
 Black Zone – for the symptomatic questions
3. The department of Defense Polygraph Institution (DoDPI) Bi-spot Zone Comparison

Technique – The first zone contains the relevant questions concerning Primary, Secondary and
S-K-K (suspicion knowledge you questions). The second zone, is used when there is only one
question or issue that must be addressed in the examination.
4. Integrated Zone Comparison Technique – developed in 1978 by Nathan J. Gordon,
William M. Waid and Philip M. Concheti. This technique has the most significant departure
form the original zone comparison technique developed by Cleve Backster.
5. The Utah Zone Comparison Technique – the structure of this technique is basically the
same for single issue test as it is for multiple issue tests. However instead of using relevant
question that embraces several facts of a crime or matter under investigation, the single issue test
uses relevant question that addressed a single issue only.
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Specific Tests for Specific Events or Scenario used in the polygraph technique.
1. Known Solution Peak of Tension – This is administered when a fact relating to the
event is known only to the perpetrator of the offense and the victim, police and client.
This material fact whether it be particular sum of money, a particular make of weapon,
etc. is inserted into test comprising a list of similar items, the examinee is tested to
determine his guilty knowledge.
2. Proving Peak of Tension – this is administered to obtain information that might prove
valuable to an investigation. It is designed to determine the location, disposition, modus
operandi and amounts on the list of possibilities.
3. Pre-employment test – This test seeks to verify information contained in a job application
and develop relevant information deliberately committed by the subject.
4. Periodic test - this is conducted for the purpose of determining the honesty of employees
assigned to sensitive position. It also acts as a constant deterrent to employee’s dishonesty.
What is Chart marking?
Chart Marking is one of the most important things in the conduct of polygraph
examination because it assists the examiner in interpreting and evaluating the test result, without
these markings the examiner will find it difficult to interpret the tracings which will be the basis
in drawing out conclusions and recommendations.
to facilitate evaluation and interpretation of the test result, chart markings are made using
signs and symbols to enable the examiner determine the following:
1. Exact time the test commenced and terminated
2. Initial and final blood pressure and galvanograph reading.
3. Particular point where each question asked started and ended.

4. Corresponding identification of the question, and type and time of answer given by the
subject.
5. Duration and amplitude of reaction patterns.
6. Any instruction given or repetition of question made.
7. Any movement, cough tracing by the suspect or outside distractions that occurred.
8. Mechanical adjustment or re-adjustment made
9.Extraneous factors affecting test chart such as paper jams.
10. Time interval between questions
11. Chart number, name of subject, time, date and place taken.
59
Signs and symbols commonly used in Chart Marking
X/60/1.5A First makings on the chart
XX/60/1.5A Examiners mark after the test
X Start of the test
XX End of Test
60 MM of mercury shown in the
sphygmamometer dial
A or M Automatic or Manual Galvo Amplifier
ll Point where each question begins and end (call stimulus
mark)
+ Yes answer to question
- No answer to question
A Adjustment
T Subject talked instead f answering with single yes or no
R Request for repetition of Question
C Coughed
N Noise
S Sighed (moan)
PJ Paper Jam
SN Sniffed
BI Breathing Instruction
OS Outside Stimulus caused change of tracing
M Moved or movements
MI Movement Instruction
L Laughed
B Use of signify belched (GINHAWA SA BABA)
C+ Increase in galvo sensitivity
C- decreased in galvo sensitivity
Y Yawned
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IS Ink Stopped
CT Clear Throat
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Activity: On the space provided, write for 250 words your insight about different type of
polygraph test questions. Submit your output to the college by turning in the link to the google
class______________ on or before the reflected schedule. See Rubrics in Written Outputs on
page no.______.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________.
Assessment
What is your position about the importance of polygraph examination for employment screening
both private and government. Give recommendation for 250 words whether you agree or not to
implement it in this present situation.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
can also write your insights or thoughts on the text box below about the activities taken
under this unit.
Reference
.Abrams, S. (1989). The complete polygraph handbook. Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com.
Bashore, T. R., & Rapp, P. E. (1993). Are there alternatives to traditional polygraph
procedures? Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 3–22.
Fiedler, K., Schmid, J., & Stahl, T. (2002). What Is the Current Truth About Polygraph Lie
Detection? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24(4), 313–324.
Ginton, A., Daie, N., Elaad, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1982). A method for evaluating the use of
the polygraph in a real-life situation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 131–137.
Honts, C. R., & Kircher, J. C. (1994). Mental and physical countermeasures reduce the accuracy
of polygraph tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(2), 252–259.
Horvath, F. (1977). The effect of selected variables on interpretation of polygraph
records. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 127–136.
Iacono, W. G. (1991). Can we determine the accuracy of polygraph tests? In J. R. Jennings, P.
K. Ackles, & M. G. H. Coles (Eds.), Advances in psychophysiology: A research annual,
Vol. 4 (p. 201–207). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Grubin, D., & Madsen, L. (2005). Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review. Journal
of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 16(2), 357–369.
Kircher, J. C., & Raskin, D. C. (1988). Human versus computerized evaluations of polygraph
data in a laboratory setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 291–302.
Kleiner, M. (Ed.). (2002). Handbook of polygraph testing. Academic Press.
Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (1991). Validity of the control question polygraph test: The
problem of sampling bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 229–238.
Raskin, D. C. (1989). Polygraph techniques for the detection of deception. In D. C. Raskin
(Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence (p. 247–296).
Springer Publishing Company.
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Saxe, L., Dougherty, D., & Cross, T. (1985). The validity of polygraph testing: Scientific
analysis and public controversy. American Psychologist, 40(3), 355–366.
Synnott, J., Dietzel, D., & Ioannou, M. (2015). A review of the polygraph: history, methodology
and current status. Crime Psychology Review, 1(1), 59–83.
Rubrics for essay
FOCUS CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE CONVENTIONS

The single The presence The order developed The choice, Grammar,
controlling of ideas and sustained within use and mechanics,
point made developed and across paragraph arrangement spelling, usage
with an through facts, using transitional of words and and sentence
awareness examples, devices and including sentence formation.
of task anecdotes, introduction and structures
about a details, conclusion. that create
specific opinions, tone and
topic statistics, voice.
reasons,
and/or
explanations.
4 Sharp, Substantial, Sophisticated Precise, Evident control
distinct specific, arrangementof content illustrative of grammar,
controlling and/or with evident and/or use of a mechanics,
point made illustrative subtle transitions variety of spelling, usage
about a content words and and sentence
single topic demonstrating sentence formation.
with evident strong structures to
awareness development create
of task. and consistent
sophistacated writer’s voice
ideas. and tone
appropriate
to audience.
3 Apparent Sufficiently Fuctional arrangement Generic use Sufficient
point made developed of content that of a variety control of
about a content with sustains a logical of words and grammar,
single topic adequate order with some sentence mechanics,
with elaboration or evidence of structures spelling, usage
sufficient explanation. transitions. that may or and sentence
awareness may not formation.
of task. create
writer’s voice
63
and tone
appropriate
to audience.
2 No, Limited Confused or Limited word Limited control
apparent content with inconsistenarragemen choice and of grammar,
point but inadequate t of content with or control of mechanics,
evidence of elaboration without attempts at entence spelling, usage
a specific explanation. transitions. structures and sentence
topic. that inhibit formation.
voice and
tone.
1 Minimal Superficial Minimal control of Minimal Minimal control
evidence of and/or content arrangement. variety in of grammar,
a topic. minimal word choice mechanics,
content. and minimal spelling, usage
control of and sentence
sentence formation.
structures.
Rubrics for written discourse
A+ Excellent A – Well B+ Good B- Fairly C- Poorly

Written Written written Written Written
Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper
( 96-100) (91-95) (86-90) ( 81-85) 79 below
The student The student The student The student The student
has has well- has has has
excellently presented developed developed developed
developed and written good written his/ her poorly written
relevant relevant paper with written paper paper, no
details, ideas details, ideas some are fairly, only citations,
to the topic, to the topic, relevant very few are details of his/
includes includes details, topics related, her ideas are
citations, citations yet are presented details are poor, no
recent events, not all recent, 50 percent presented recent events
organized the he organized with citations very weak, cited, he/ she
topic the topic not and recent citations is organized
according to all with value events, he/ least and with no
the value and and she recent events importance,
importance of importance of organized the are least the student
the topic, the the topic, the topic with cited, he/she provides not
student has student some organized inspiring, no
inspired his provides not importance, with least novelty of his
readers the so all the student importance, idea, purely
novelty of his inspiring, but provides less the student personal
idea, clear, still within inspiring but provides quit opinion, not
64
capturing the novelty, his or still within inspiring, the substantiated,
main objectiveher idea is novelty, his or novelty of his in out of the
and targeted capturing but her ideas are ideas are quit objective, not
innovative the main capturing but out of the clear and no
techniques in objective not the objective objective and innovations
delivering theall are is not clearly least clear, applied.
though. targeted, he/ targeted, she/ and least
she uses he used less innovative.
innovative innovative.
Summative assessment
techniques.
Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in the Province of Zamboanga del Norte
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Gov. GuadingAdaza St., Sta. Cruz, Dapitan City Registration No. 62Q17082
Province of Zamboanga del Norte INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
NAME: _____________________________________ DATE: ____________ SCORE:

______________
I- MULTIPLE CHOICES: Instructions. Analyze and comprehend the following questions and
select and encircle the letter of your best answer. No ERASURE, erasure means wrong.
1. These concerns human feelings in response to a variety of inner and outer stimuli, which are
of paramount important to our personal and social adjustment.
a. Emotions as Motives
b. Emotions as Consciousness Experience
c. Emotions as Response
d. External Response
2. This response is very much observable even without the aid of any emotion/stress/recording
machine.
3. This involves human behavior with the motivating factors, or a power directing one’s
behavior towards (facilitation) or away (interfering) from objects and person in his
environment.
65
4. This concerns bodily reaction, usually muscular or glandular process may either be external
and internal ones. It is in this third aspect that the polygraph Examiner has to keep his eyes
wide open to all the information.
5. Scientifically known as “V’CCERAL” responses, this pertains to the responses of the
internal organs of the following system and property of the human body as applied in the
study of lie-detection with the use or aid of polygraph.
a. Nervous system
b. Internal Response
c. Respiratory System
d. Circulatory System
6. It is under in the internal response that regulates heart reaction action, blood pressure and
volume, and pulse rate.
a. Nervous system
7. Which control the glands, muscular tissues, and the rest of the nerves connected organs to
and from the brain.
a. Nervous system
8. Which take care of the inhalation and exhalation processes or the breathing cycle.
a. Nervous system
9. or the electrical properties of the skin which facilitates the change in the electrical
phenomenon of the galvanic-reflex (GSR), its resistance, and the brain potentials.
a. Excretory System
b. Nervous System
c. Effectors
d. Muscles
10. Serving as the activator of the body system, the nervous system, thru the brain and all the
nerve tissues, receives evaluates, integrates and stores any stimulus brought to the body from
the various part and organs for a specific response.
a. Excretory System
b. Nervous System
c. Effectors
d. Muscles
66
11. He is Italian physiologist who was accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin
reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer, which records electrical bodily resistance in terms of
ohms, the lowest current ever recorded.
a. Leonard Keeler c. William Marston
b. S. Veraguth d. Luigi Galvani
12. This is one type of the ancient ordeal wherein it is done by placing hot Iron Into the tongue of
suspects and guilt is establishing when tongue burn or blister.
a. Ordeal of Balance
b. Water Test Ordeal
c. Red Hot Iron Ordeal
d. Boiling water Ordeal
13. It was done through Staying in the water for several “moons” and “suns”)
14. It was done through plunging in to giant pots full of boiling water.
15. It is done by placing of stick on the lever, or by balancing through walking on rods and ropes.
16. An African method through “smelling-out” of foul odors.
a. Smell out Technique
b. Sacred Ass Ordeal
c. Card Reading
d. Palm Reading
17. It is practiced by Hindus of India; wherein a cow enter said room one at a time to touch the
tail of the cow; if the cow would make a sound then said suspects is guilty.
a. Smell out Technique
b. Sacred Ass Ordeal
c. Card Reading
d. Palm Reading
18. This are the other common practices of ordeals, except.
a. Rice Chewing Ordeal
b. Palm Reading
c. Card reading
d. Spirit of the Bottle
19. Refers to a self – incriminatory statement of facts by the accused which do not directly an
acknowledgment to commit the offense with which he is charged
a. Admission c. Confession
b. Information d. Instrumentation
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20. It is a declaration of facts directly acknowledgment the truth of the guilty as charged or of
some essential part of the commission of criminal act itself.
a. Admission c. Confession
21. It is done thru interrogation or Interview, or thru admission or confession.
a. Admission c. Investigation
22. It is done with the use of the different investigative (forensic) sciences.
a. Admission c. Investigation
23. Thru records check, Surveillance and Intelligence check
a. Information Gathering
b. Investigation
c. Information
d. Instrumentation
24. These are under in the observation method thru facial expressions, except?
a. Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead;
b. Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of eyeballs and elevation of upper eyelids;
c. Squinting the eyes (showing envy, distrust, etc.);
d. Twitching of Nose
25. These are under in the observation thru postural reaction, except?
a. Fidgeting, tapping or drumming of fingers on the chair or other surfaces
b. Swinging of arms or one arm over other
c. Unnecessary movements of hands and feet (like scratching, nail biting, thumb – or
finger sucking, etc.
d. Pulsation of the ceratoid artery in the neck
26. It raises or lower pens to 3 positions.
a. Pen Lifter c. Program Pacer
b. Paper Tear Bar d. Foam Pen Hold-down
27. It keeps pens in place when instrument is being transported.
28. It provides cutting edge for convenient removal of charts.
29. Refers to a programmable cueing device for question and answer spacing.
30. It refers to a storage for all forms and supplies. Slightly smaller in Executive Ultra scribed.
a. Accessory Storage, etc.
b. Attach compartment
c. Subject Connection
d. Mechanic Cardio Module
31. It refers to a stylish grouping provides neat, professional appearance. Facilitate set-up and
storage.
68
32. The recording part of mechanical pneumo channel?
33. It applies power to instrument built-in reset table circuit breaker protects instrument and
eliminates need for fuses. To re-set, simply press “off” and then “on” again.
a. Mechanical Cardio module
b. Paper Storage compartment
c. AC power Receptable
d. Power switch and Circuit breaker
34. Refers to power cords connect here; international standard design for easy cord replacement.
a. Mechanical Cardio module
b. Paper Storage compartment
c. AC power Receptable
d. Power switch and Circuit breaker
35. It automatically indicates whether wall outlets is properly wired and grounded for proper
instrument operation and subject safely.
a. Chart drive roller liver
b. Power Analyzer
c. Stimuli Marker
d. Pneumo 1
36. It is a pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic) Pneumograph. Nit connected in instrument
with only one pneumo channel.
a. Chart drive roller liver
b. Power Analyzer
c. Stimuli Marker
d. Pneumo 1
37. Refers to the disengages mechanical cardio module from pneumatic system for low-pressure
electronic cardio operation.
a. Mechanical cardio switch
b. Pneumo 2
c. Cuff
d. Pump
38. It is the pneumatic connection for cardio channel subject cuff tubing.
a. Mechanical cardio switch
b. Pneumo 2
c. Cuff
d. Pump
39. It is defined as the scientific detection of deception through the use or aid of a polygraph.
a. Polygraphy c. Polygraph
b. Deception d. Lying
69
40. As a common used in our study, creating a false or misleading impression with the intention
of wrongfully affecting the acts, opinion, or affection of another. These refers to?
a. Polygraphy c. Polygraph
b. Deception d. Lying
41. In this test the subject is instructed by the examiner to avoid from giving any verbal answer
o the questions that are to be asked of him during the test.
a. Mixed Question test
b. Silent Answer Test (SAT)
c. Spot Responder Test
d. Card or number test
42. Upon finishing of the first test, here is another part of the test, the examiner will show to the
subject (7) various numbered cards, face down. The card is set in such a way the examiner
will right away know which card has been chosen by the subject.
43. This test contains questions previously asked in general question test (GQT). With the same
number of the same question on the earlier test, the sequence would be
44. The test is the same with test III question of GQT is again mixed and the sequences of the
question.
45. This test is about the case under investigation. These are sequence or relevant, irrelevant and
control question asked in a designed order.
a. General Question Test
b. SKY Question
c. Symptomatic Question
d. Secondary Controlled Question
46. These three questioned grouped together by Backster confirm the previous charts and may
detect indirect involvement or guilty knowledge.
b. SKY Question
47. These questions are designed to detect and evaluate the presence of the outside issue factor is
neither a case which he is involved, but is nor a subject matter under investigation.
b. SKY Question
70
48. This is of more specific in nature and is based upon another experience or wrong doing
which will enhance the opportunity for responsiveness must not be related to the case under
investigation.
b. SKY Question
49. It is based on known lie. It must be concerned about events that transpired within three to
five years period before the case under investigation (present) occurred.
a. Control Question (Probable Lie)
b. Primary controlled question
c. Evidence connecting questions
d. Knowledge Questions
50. This is the questioned designed to prove whether the subject possess information regarding
the identity of the offender, or as to the location of the evidence or other secondary elements
of the facts of the case under investigation.
51. This is designed to stimulate the guilty subject and focus his attention on the probability of
incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt.
52. This is question designed to produce a response in the innocent subject and serves as a basis
for evaluating the subject’s perceptual set. Control questions would either be a primary or
secondary.
53. This is designed to absorb the responses generally generated by the introduction of the first
relevant question in the series. It reveals the subject’s norm plus stimulus and excitement
level.
a. Sacrifice or DYAT Questions
b. Relevant Questions
c. Irrelevant Questions
d. Control Question (Probable Lie)
54. These questions are formulated without any specific relationship with the case under
investigation.
71
55. These are primary or key questions asked by the examiner in order to resolve a specific
subject matter. Its purpose is to detect deception, as a result of this type of question in the
polygraph examination via between chart probing and interrogation.
56. The more observation made by the examiner to the subject upon his/her arrival until the
subject is brought to the examination.
a. Pre-test or Interview
b. Preliminaries
c. Attachment
d. Post/Interview/Interrogation
57. An initial interview made upon the subject before the actual test or polygraph test or
polygraph examination is made. This refers to?
b. Preliminaries
c. Attachment
58. This is the placement of the instrumental attachment upon the body of the subject for
polygraph test.
b. Preliminaries
c. Attachment
59. This phase includes all consideration that ears on the examination, just after the instrument is
turned off.
b. Preliminaries
c. Attachment
60. It was defined as an instrument or device capable of producing recordings of physiological
phenomena that may be used as the basis for the application off reliable technique for
diagnosing truth or deception.
a. Instrument
b. Pneumograph
c. Cardiosphygmograph
d. Kymograph
61. This is chart-recording unit of the instrument. It has a synchronized motor that drives the
charts at the rate of six inches per minute and its speed constant is vital because the vertical
lines, which are spaced either at one inch interval, represents five or ten seconds interval on
the chart.
a. Instrument
b. Pneumograph
72
d. Kymograph
62. A set of electrodes attached to the index finger and to the ring finger of the left hand or the
palmer or dorsal surfaces of subject’s hand. This is the longest and the third pen of the
instrument.
a. Galvanograph
b. Pneumograph
d. Kymograph
63. The blood pressure cuff containing rubber bladder that us wrapped around one of the subjects
arms in such a way as to ensure that the rubber portion of the cuff is place over the brachial
artery of the right arm for more satisfactory recordings.
a. Galvanograph
b. Pneumograph
d. Kymograph
64. A rubberized corrugated tube about seven inches in length fastened around the subject’s
chest and abdomen. This occupies the two top upper pens of the instrument which records the
thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration.
a. Galvanograph
b. Pneumograph
d. Kymograph
65. Which take care of the inhalation and exhalation processes or the breathing cycle, refers to?
a. Respiratory System
b. Circulatory System
c. Excretory System
d. Nervous System
73
Indexs
Admission 42 Nonverbal Behavioral Assessment 25

Autonomic Nervous System 23 Occupational liars 22
Cardiograph Component 46 Ordeal 30
Chart Marking 63 Peak Tension Test (PTT) 56
Confession 42 Polygraph 13,19
Control Questions 59 Polygraphy 13,19
Criminal Investigation 20 Polygraph File 7
Deception 14 Polygraph test or polygraph examination 9
Detection 14 Polygraph examiner/polygraphist or merely
Heart 43 examiner/expert 10
Examination Room 49 Pneumograph Component 46
Examiner 49 Pre-test Interview 51
Expiration 43 Printer 8
Evidence Connecting Questions 57 Post-Test Interview 53
Galvanograph component 46 Relevant Question 52
Guilt Complex Test (GCT) 61 Sensors 8
Irrelevant Question 52 Silent Answer Test 58

Inspiration 43 Stimulation tests 58
Instrument 46 Subject
74 14
Instrumentation 35 Symptomatic Question 57
Lie 20 Trial by Combat 30
Appendixes
75
Glossary
Admission - The accused's statement of fact, which does not explicitly require recognition of
guilt in committing or engaging in the commission of an offense, is a statement of fact.
Autonomic Nervous System or ANS - In polygraph study, these are the physiological effectors.
It is responsible for controlling the physiological process that corrects the slightest
deviation within very fine limits from a given norm.
Cardiograph Component - This is the fourth and the instrument's bottom pen. This cardio
machine is a unit that is run mechanically. It's a machine that has high pressure. Using a
medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder wrapped around the upper arm,
this device tracks improvements in the mean blood pressure, intensity and frequency of
the heart beat in a way that positions the bladder against the brachial artery.
Confession - It is a statement made knowingly by a person who has committed or engaged in the
commission of a crime, stating or recognizing that.
Deception- It is a misleading act of deceiving that is done by lying.
Detection- It is the act of finding something concealed or obscured in its life or presence.
Emotion - It is a dynamic state of feeling that includes cognitive experience, physical reactions
within and outside, and the ability to inspire the organism to act.
Galvanograph component - This is the instrument's longest and third pen. The electrodes are
attached to the left-hand index finger and ring finger, or to the left-hand palmar and
dorsal ginger.
76
Heart - It is an automatic organ that continues to beat with enough blood even when separated
from the body.
Instrumentation - Using the various investigative forensic sciences such as medical legal or
forensic medicine, forensic chemistry, forensic imaging, forensic photography, forensic
ballistics, examined papers, dactyloscopy and polygraphy or deceptography by criminal
processes.
Irrelevant questions - There are concerns that have no impact on the case being investigated.
Kymograph Component - This is the instrument's recording device for chart-drive. It has a
synchronized motor that drives the charts at a rate of six (6) inches per minute to believe
(12) and its speed constant is important because the vertical lines spaced at half an inch
interval on the chart reflect an interval of five or ten seconds. This offers the polygraphist
a way to determine pulses and questioning space.
Lie - Any act that creates or creates a false perception refers to either untruthful or false
statements. Deceit, deceit, or fabrication is also associated with it.
Lie detector - The Polygraph is a common but deceptive term. The method was so called
because it is widely used in detecting lies. Polygraph makes numerous recordings of the
physiological responses of an individual during the examination, which the polygraphist
can analyze to decide whether or not the subject has been lying.
Lying - As a common usage in our research, generating a false or misleading impression with
the intention of wrongfully influencing another's actions, opinions, or affections
Occupational liar - If it has a greater "pay off" than telling the truth, they are considered to be
Realistic Liars because they lie.
Ordeal - It is a serious test of character or courage, a test of experience and a medieval type of
judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, such as bringing or
walking over burning items or dipping his hand in scalding water, the outcome being
treated as a divine verdict of guilt or innocence.
Stimuli - The force or movement from the atmosphere enters the organism and excites the
preceptors.
Reaction - Any behavior in an organism is a stimulus, which is whether mental processes are
aroused.
Response - A reaction is any reaction that depends on stimulation, typically in muscular or
glandular processes.
Specific response - It is one which is shown by the answer to a specific question, which is a
deviation from the standard.
Subjet- As often used in our discussion, it refers to any person undergoing polygraph testing. He
may be a suspect, a complainant, a witness, a victim or a relative of the victim or suspect
77
(in cases of criminal investigation or interrogation) or he may be an aspiring job applicant
(in cases of jobs and a private institution government undergoing screening by loyalty
test or honesty check.
Polygraph examiner/polygraphist or merely examiner/expert - The person doing the test or
evaluation is the one.
Polygraph test or polygraph examination - The whole process of asking or taking one graph
from a set of questions or from all the graphs and question sheets included in the test is
the whole process.
Polygraph chart/polygram or chart graph - It refers permanently to the recorded tracings of
all emotional patterns on the charts or graphs from a series of questions.
Polygraphy - It is defined as the scientific detection of deception through the use or support of a
polygraph.
Polygraph - The two Greek words "POLY," meaning several or more, and "GRAPHOS,"
meaning writing, are derived.
Polygraph file - It is a folder containing a range of important test subject information and the
results of the polygraph test.
Post-Test Interview - The stage requires every concern that the test takes into account. Only
after the instrument is switched off, this is finished. If the outcome of the polygraph
examination reveals deceit, the investigator will then continue to perform a brief
interview.
Pneumograph Component - This part occupies the instrument's two/upper pens that record the
respiratory thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns.
Pre-test interview - This is the stage where the subject is interviewed. The main objective of the
pre-test interview is to prepare the subject for the test or condition it for it.
Relevant questions - There are issues related to the problem under investigation. In order to
avoid frustration with the topic, it is equally necessary to restrict the number of related
issues. To achieve a reliable outcome, related questions have to be very precise.
White Lie or Benign Lie - There are lies dedicated to preserving the peace of friendship or
partnership, defending or sustaining it.
78
Answer key
UNIT 1.
1. polygraph file (PF)
2. Printer
3. PC and software
4. Data Acquisition Subsystem (DAS)
5. Sensor
Unit 2
1. Subject
2. Lying
3. POLYGRAPH CHART/POLYGRAM or CHARTGRAPH
4. Specific response
5. Deception
Unit 3
1. Lie detector
2. White liars
3. Criminal investigation
4. Lie
5. White lie
6. Tournament liars
79
7. Nonverbal Behavioral Assessment
8. Autonomic Nervous System or ANS
9. Occasional liars
10. Compulsive Liars
Unit 4
1. Boiling Water ordeal
2. Ordeal
3. Trial by combat
4. Ordeal of Boiling Oil or water
5. Test of the Cross ordeal
6. Donkey’s Tail Ordeal
7. Rice chewing ordeal
8. Ordeal of the Red Water
9. Combination of Drinks and Food Ordeal
10. Trial of the Eucharist
Unit 5
1. Admission
2. Confession
3. Heart
4. Inspiration
5. Electro-dermal response
6. Physical Movement Response
7. Outside interference response
8. Systolic or high pressure
9. Kymograph Component
10. Cardiograph Component
UNIT 6
1. General Question test
2. Strong Relevant or Primary Relevant Question
3. Secondary or Weak relevant
4. Sacrifice relevant or DYAT Question
5. Knowledge question
6. Evidence Connecting Questions
7. Control Questions
8. Irrelevant Question
9. Guilt complex test
10. Symptomatic Question
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
80
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. B
14. D
15. A
16. A
17. B
18. D
19. A
20. C
21. C
22. D
23. A
24. D
25. B
26. A
27. D
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. D
33. D
34. C
35. B
36. D
37. A
38. C
39. A
40. D
41. B
42. D
43. C
81
44. A
45. A
46. B
47. C
48. D
49. B
50. D
51. C
52. A
53. A
54. C
55. B
56. B
57. A
58. C
59. D
60. A
61. D
62. A
63. C
64. B
65. A
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Mr. Meynard Oga Comecilla, was born in Obay, Polanco

Zamboanga del Norte. Graduated with the degree Bachelor of
Science in Criminology at Jose Rizal Memorial State University –
Dapitan Campus on 2011 and finished her Master of Science in
Criminal Justice with specialization in Criminology on June 2017 in
the same university. And currently He was enrolled for his last
semester and had his final oral defense in his graduate studies,
Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice Education with
specialization in Criminology at University of Cebu, Main Campus.
The author is a registered Criminologist, and a fulltime
College Instructor at Jose Rizal Memorial State University- Main
Campus, he is actively involved in research, and extension program of the University.
He is an active member of the Professional Criminologists Association of the Philippines
(PCAP). He also conducts review classes in the University review center and other review
centers in the nearby review centers on Criminology for board examination (CLE).
82
Currently he is the Extension Chairperson, and Teacher facilitator of the College of
Criminal Justice Education (CCJE), Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Main Campus.
83

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LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

First Edition, 2020

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Unit 1: Taking a tour of the Lafayette Polygraph System/Computerized

Unit 3: Need to know concepts 13

FORENSIC 5 - LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

The Lafayette Polygraph Workstation provides a state-of-the-art polygraph system with

The PC and Software.

The benefits of the Lafayette Polygraph System include:

What is a polygraph file?

How is Information Stored?

 Enumerate the parts and its function of Polygraph machine.

2. Center – used to manually select baseline position of pen.

3. Sensitivity – controls level of amplification.

2. Ohmmeter – measures subject’s skin resistance to aid interpreting test result.

3. Auto/manual – GSR recording mode select switch.

4. Sensitivity – controls level of amplification.

5. 1k – calibrating test button.

PARTS OF POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT

1. Pen Lifter – raises or lower pens to 3 positions.

7. Subject Connections – stylish grouping provides neat, professional appearance.

8. Mechanic Cardio Module – recording part of mechanical pneumo channel.

9. Galvanic Skin response module – recording part of GSR channel.

a. Electronic pneumo channel

b. Electronic cardio channel

c. Cardio activity Monitor (CAM)

d. Cardio tech, or other accessories

11. Mechanical Cardio module – recording part of mechanical cardio module.

12. Paper storage compartment – recording part of mechanical cardio module.

POLYGRAPH-LIE DETECTION DECEPTOGRAPHY

It is a recollection of a perception The Deliberate communication or

In criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper

4. Identify other persons involved (accomplices of crime)

5. Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses.

6. Eliminate the innocent suspects.

What are the Principal Uses of the Polygraph Examination?

What is the significance of Lie Detection in Criminal Investigation?

What are the Different Types of Liar?

What is the Psychological Theory of the Lying Person

Polygraph through its transducers

What are the external observable Signs and Symptoms of Lies/Deceptions?

2. Swearing to or before God that he did not commit the offense.

3. Pointing his guilt to somebody else.

4. Refuses to answer questions thru alibis and excuses.

5. All the time absent-minded

6. Always requesting for repetition of questions

7. Often asks counter-questions and counter queries

8. Often asks permission to go to comfort rooms, etc.

What are the other observable clues of Deception or Lying.

2. Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead.

3. Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of eyeballs, elevation of upper eyelids

4. Squinting of the eyes (showing envy, distrust)

5. Twitching of the lips

6. Excessive winking of the eyes

9. Quivering of nose or nostrils.

The Non-verbal Behavioral Assessment

Areas to Truthful Deceptive

Head and -shows appropriate facial expression -smiling at an inappropriate

Eyes -Maintains normal eye contact-looking -Breaks in eye contact, which

Sense -Shows no sign of stress responsive -touching or scratching the

In criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper

 Be acquainted with the different methods of detecting deception.

METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION