Academic Year 2021-22

Unit: Functions Grade: MYP 5

Key concept: Logic Related concept: Model, Change
Global context: Scientific and Technical Innovation
Exploration: Students will explore modernization, industrialization and
engineering.
SOI: A logical way to understand change and models can enhance our
understanding of engineering techniques used for modernization.

Connection with SOI: Students will explore how modelling of functions for
different real-life scenarios can enhance our understanding of engineering
techniques used for modernization.
_____________________________________________________________________________

v Inquiry questions:

1) How can relationships be modelled using different equations?

2) How can you apply domain and range in real life?

3) Can every real-life scenario be modelled as functions?

v Relation

Given any two non-empty sets A and B, a relation R from A to B is a subset of

the Cartesian product A x B and is derived by describing a relationship
between the first element (say x) and the other element (say y) of the ordered
pairs in A & B.

Consider an example of two sets, A = {2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4,

5}. The Cartesian product A × B has 30 ordered pairs such as A × B = {(2, 3),
(2, 5)…(10, 12)}. From this, we can obtain a subset of A × B, by introducing a
relation R between the first element and the second element of the ordered
pair (x, y) as

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R = {(x, y): x = 4y – 3, x ∈ A and y ∈ B}

Then, R = {(5, 2), (9, 3), (13, 4)}.

v Representation of Relation

A relation is represented either by Roster method or by Set-builder method.

Consider an example of two sets A = {9, 16, 25} and B = {5, 4, 3, -3, -4, -5}. The
relation is that the elements of A are the square of the elements of B.

• In set-builder form, R = {(x, y): x is the square of y, x ∈ A and y ∈ B}.

• In roster form, R = {(9, 3), (9, -3), (16, 4), (16, -4), (25, 5), (25, -5)}.

v Types of relations:

1) One-to-One:As the name suggests, this relationis just one to one. Imagine we
are sharing apples with school children and each child receives one and only
one apple. In such a case we say the mathematical relation between the school
children and the shared apple is one-to-one. Every school child receives one
apple.

In mathematical terms, we say that each element in the domain has only one
image in the co-domain and each element in the co-domain is associated with
only one element in the domain. In particular, each element of the domain has
a unique image.

2) One-to-many: This mathematical relation is one element to many others. Let’s

revisit our school children example. If it is found out that at least one school
child received more than one apple, then the relation is no longer a one-to-one
relation, it becomes a one-to-many relation.

In mathematical terms, we say that one element in the domain has many
images in the co-domain. That is to say, it is not all elements of the domain
that has unique images.

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 3) Many- to- one: To illustrate let’s go back to our school children and the apple
scenario. Now assuming 2 school children are asked to share one apple. So
many school children (2 in this case) are sharing just one apple. The relation is
many-to-one.

The moment the domain and co-domain of a one-to-many relation switches

sides, we get a many-to-many relation.Therefore, in mathematical terms, a
many-to-many relation is a relation in which several or many elements in the
domain have one image in the co-domain.

4) Many-to-many:Like we have done all along, let us use the school children and
apple illustration to make it even clearer .
Furthermore, assuming in the sharing of the apples to the school children,
some children (that is two or more) are allowed to share one apple and also
others (that is some individuals) are allowed to have more than one apple.
Now in such a scenario, we have a many-to-many relationship. Because one
child can have more than one apple and one apple can be shared by more than
one child.

So in mathematical terms, we say several elements in the domain have many

elements in the co-domain. And several elements in the co-domain are
associated with many elements in the domain.

v Functions :

A function is a relation that maps each element x of a set A with one

and only one element y of another set B. In other words, it is a relation
between a set of inputs and a set of outputs in which each input is
related with a unique output. A function is a rule that relates an input
to exactly one output.

It is a special type of relation. A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a

function if every element of set A has one and only one image in set B and no
two distinct elements of B have the same mapped first element. A and B are
the non-empty sets. The whole set A is the domain and the whole set B is
codomain.

v Representation of functions:

A function f: X →Y is represented as f(x) = y, where, (x, y) ∈ f and x ∈ X and y ∈

Y.

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For any function f, the notation f(x) is read as “f of x” and represents the value
of y when x is replaced by the number or expression inside the parenthesis.
The element y is the image of x under f and x is the pre-image of y under f.

The notation f : X →Y means that f is a function from X to Y. X is called the

domain of f and Y is called the co-domain of f. Given an element x ∈ X, there
is a unique element y in Y that is related to x. The set of all values of f(x)
taken together is called the range of f or image of X under f. Symbolically.
range of f = { y ∈ Y | y = f (x), for some x in X}

v The Vertical Line Test

You can check whether a graph represents a function by using the vertical
line test. The test states that a graph represents a function if and only if all
vertical lines intersect the graph at most once.

Example:

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Consider the graph shown

You can see that no vertical lines pass through two points on the graph.
Note that (−2,0) and (1,−2) are open points and are not on the graph. So, the
vertical lines x=−2 and x=1pass through only one point on each of the line
segments.
Therefore, the graph shown is of a function.

v Some specific types of functions:

(i) Identity function: The function f : R → R defined by y = f (x) = x for each x

∈ R is called the identity function.
Ø Domain of f = R; Range of f = R

(ii) Constant function: The function f : R → R defined by y = f (x) = C, x ∈ R,

where C is a constant ∈ R, is a constant function.
Ø Domain of f = R; Range of f = {C}

(iii) Polynomial function: A real valued function f : R → R defined by y = f (x)

= a0 + a1 x + ...+ anxn , where n ∈ N, and a0 , a1 , a2 ...an∈ R, for each x ∈ R, is
called Polynomial functions.

• Linear Function: The polynomial function with degree one. Such as y = x

+ 1 or y = x or y = 2x – 5 etc. Taking into consideration, y = x – 6. The
domain and the range are R. The graph is always a straight line.

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 • Quadratic Function: If the degree of the polynomial function is two,
then it is a quadratic function. It is expressed as f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c are constant & x is a variable. The domain and
the range are R. The graphical representation of a quadratic function
say, f(x) = x2 – 4 is

• Exponential function: An exponential function with base b is defined

by f (x) = abx where a ≠0, b >0 , b ≠1, and x is any real number. The
base, b, is constant and the exponent, x, is a variable.

Shape: Most exponential graphs will have this same arcing shape.

Rate of Change:
This graph does not have a constant rate of change, but it has constant
ratios. It is growing by common factors over equal intervals.

In the following example, a = 1 and b = 2.

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 • Trigonometric functions are functions of angles in geometry, which
means they take angle measures as input. They relate the angles of a
triangle to the length of its sides.

There are three basic trigonometric functions. As we can see in the image, if
the point A on the circle is connected with its center, a right triangle is
formed.

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The three basic trigonometric functions can be defined as sine, cosine, and
tangent.
1. Sine (sin) or Sin(x) is defined as the opposite divided by the hypotenuse.

The function cosecant or csc(x) is the reciprocal of sin(x) and is defined as

the hypotenuse divided by the opposite.

2. Cosine (cos) or cos(x) is defined as the adjacent divided by the

hypotenuse.

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The function secant or the sec(x) is the reciprocal of cos(x) and is defined as
the hypotenuse divided by the adjacent.

3. Tangent (tan); the tan(x) is defined as the opposite divided by the

adjacent.

The function cotangent or cot(x) is the reciprocal of the tan(x) and is

defined as the adjacent divided by the opposite.

One more important point to note here is that the angle measures in radians
are denoted as:
180 degrees = π radians

Domain and Range of Sin(x)

To find the domain and range of sin(x) let's imagine a circle with radius 1
and center at the origin. For any point on this circle, if we draw a right-
angled triangle its hypotenuse will always be 1. Like this:

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As we understand, the sin(x) is defined as the opposite divided by the
hypotenuse. For this unit circle, at any point, sin(x) is equal to opposite / 1.
This measure of opposite can be defined for all the points on the circle,
indicating that the angle x can take any value. So, the domain of sin(x) is all
real numbers.
Also, the value of sin(x), depending on the point on the circle, can go to a
maximum of 1 at x = 90 degrees and a minimum of -1 at x = 270 degrees.
So, the range of sin(x) is -1 to 1.
In short, for y = sin(x):
Domain = [+ ∞, - ∞]
Range = [-1, +1]
The function y = sin(x) can be plotted as shown in this image:

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The domain and range of csc(x) can be calculated as follows: the csc(x) is
the reciprocal of sin(x). Its domain and range can be found from the domain
and range of sin(x). The csc(x) cannot be defined for those values of x for
which sin(x) = 0. Its domain is all real numbers excluding x = 0 degrees, 180
degrees, 360 degrees, and so on. Similarly, as the value of the range of sin(x)
lies between -1 to 1, the value of its reciprocal is either greater than or equal
to 1 or lesser than or equal to -1.
Therefore, for the function y = csc(x):
Domain = R - nπ
Range = all values that belong to the set [- ∞, - 1] ∪ [+ 1, + ∞]

Domain and Range of Cos(x)

We can calculate the domain and range of cos(x). As we saw in the case of
sin(x), for any point on a unit circle, the cos(x) is equal to adjacent / 1.

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The measure of adjacent can be defined for all the points on the circle,
indicating that the angle x can take any value. So, the domain of cos(x) is all
real numbers.
Also, the value of cos(x), depending on the point on the circle, can go to a
maximum of 1 at x = 0 degrees and a minimum of -1 at x = 180 degrees. So,
the range of cos(x) is from -1 to 1.
In short, for y = cos(x):
Domain = [- ∞, + ∞]
Range = [- 1, + 1]
The function y = cos(x) can be plotted as seen in the graph:

The graph of the tangent function looks like this:

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The domain of the function tan (x) is all real numbers except the values
π
where cos (x) is equal to0 , that is, the values ! +πn for all integers n. The
range of the tangent function is all real numbers.

References:

“Relation and Function: Representation, Types, Operations, Videos, Q&As.”

Toppr, 1 Aug. 2018, www.toppr.com/guides/maths/relations-and-
functions/.

Roberts, Donna, and Frederick Roberts.Exponential Functions -

MathBitsNotebook(A1 - CCSS Math),
mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/FunctionGraphs/FNGTypeExponenti
al.html.

Study.com, Study.com, study.com/academy/lesson/domain-range-of-

trigonometric-functions-their-inverses.html.

Trigonometric Functions,
www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/trigonometric-
functions.

“Types of Relations:One-to-One, Many-to-Many, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many.” - High

School Math Made into a Novel., 25 June 2019,
www.justicemath.com/index.php/2019/01/18/types-of-relations/.

The Vertical Line Test, www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/vertical-line-

test.

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