Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Subject Name: Electric Circuit Analysis

Subject Code : EE T32

Prepared by:

Verified by: Approved by:

UNIT II
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS FOR AC CIRCUITS
Review-Loop and Nodal method for AC circuits. Theorems-Thevenin‟s, Norton‟s, Superposition,
Compensation, Tellegan‟s, Reciprocity, Maximum power transfer theorems, Millman‟s theorem–
Applications to AC circuits.

2- MARKS

1. State superposition theorem.(APRIL’12)

It states that the response of a linear circuit with multiple sources is given by algebraic sum
of response due to individual sources acting alone.

2. State Thevenins theorem (April 2011) (APRIL’12) (APRIL 13)

It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source VTH, in
series with single impedance Zth

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3. State Norton’s theorem (APRIL’12)

It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source, IN in
parallel with single impedance Zth.

4. State maximum power transfer theorem? (Nov 2010) ( APRIL’12) (April 2013)
Max power is transferred to load impedance if the load impedance is the complex conjugate
of the source impedance.

5. What is the conditions of maximum power transfer theorem. (Nov 2011) (April 2011)
To obtain maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance
of the load must equal the resistance of the source

6. State the steps to solve the super position theorem.

➢ Take only one independent voltage or current source.
➢ Obtain the branch currents.
➢ Repeat the above for other sources.
➢ To determine the net branch current just add the current obtained above.

7. What is the limitation of superposition theorem? (NOV 11) (April 2011)

➢ Superposition theorem is valid only for linear systems.
➢ This theorem can be applied for calculating the current through or voltage across in
particular element.
➢ But this superposition theorem is not applicable for calculation of the power.

8. State the steps to solve the Thevenin’s Theorem (NOV’11)

➢ Remove the load resistance and find the open circuit voltage Voc
➢ Deactivate the consta t sources (fro voltage source remove it by internal resistance &
for current source delete the source by OC) and find the internal resistance (RTH) of
the source side looking through the open circuited load terminals
➢ Obtain the thevenin’s equivalent circuit by connecting VOC in series with RTh
➢ Reconnect the load resistance across the load terminals.

9. List the applications of Thevenins theorem.

➢ It is applied to all linear circuits including electronic circuits
represented by the controlled source.
➢ This theorem is useful when t is desired to know the effect of the response
in network or varying part of the network
IL = VOC / (RTH+RL)

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10. What are the limitaions of Thevenins theorem. (Nov 2011)

➢ Not applicable to the circuits consisting of nonlinear elements
➢ Not applicable to unilateral networks
➢ There should not be any magnetic coupling load between the load and the circuit
➢ In the load side, there should not be controlled sources

11. State the steps to solve the Norton’s theorem.

➢ Remove the load resistor and find the internal resistance of the
source N/W by deactivating the constant source.
➢ Short the load terminals and find the short circuit current
➢ Norton’s equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping R TH in parallel with ISC
IL= (ISC.RTH) / (RTH+RL)

12. What is the maximum power in a circuit?

Max power:VOC2 / 4R

13. Write some applications of maximum power transfer theorem. (APRIL ‘14)
➢ Power amplifiers
➢ Communication system
➢ Microwave transmission
➢ Car engines

14. What are the limitations of maximum power transfer theorem?

➢ The maximum efficiency can be obtained by using this theorem is only 50% . It is
because of 50% of the power is unnecessarily wasted in Rth.
➢ Therefore this theorem only applicable for communication circuits and not for power
circuits where efficiency is greater importance rather than power delivered.

15. Define source transformation.

The current and voltage sources may be inter changed without affecting the remainder of
the circuit, this technique is the source transformation. It is the tool for simplifying the circuit.

16. Explain the purpose of star delta transformation.

The transformation of a given set of resistances in star to delta or vice versa proves
extremely useful in circuit analysis and the apparent complexity of a given circuit can sometime by
very much reduce.

17. State reciprocity theorem. (April 2011)

In a linear, bilateral network a voltage source V in a branch gives rise to a current I, in
another branch. If V is applied in the second branch, the current in the first branch will be I. the
ration V/I is a constant called transfer impedance or resistance.

18. State compensation theorem (April 2011)

When the resistance R of a branch carrying current I is increased to R+dR the changes that

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take place can be found by connection series voltage I×dR opposing the current flowing in the
branch of reisitance R+dR. this voltage is called compensation voltage VC.
19. State Millmans theorem. (Nov 2010) (April 2012) (April 2013)
In any network, if the voltage V1, V2,…, Vn with internal impedances Z1, Z2,…, Zn respectively,
are in parallel, then these sources may be replaced by a single voltage source V in series with
single impedance Z.

20. State Tellegens theorem. (Nov 2011) (April 2014)

In any network, the summation of instantaneous power or the summation of complex power
of sinusoidal source is zero. The network may be linear, non linear, passive or active and time
variant or varying.

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11 MARKS

1. Explain the mesh current analysis in detail?

The mesh or loop current analysis is illustrated by the circuit in fig

The above circuit has three mesh or loop currents I1, I2 and I3. Assume all the currents are
clockwise direction. It may be observed that in mesh analysis only the voltage sources are present.
By applying KVL, We can form three mesh equations.

Mesh I

Mesh II

Mesh-III

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The above three equation can be written in the form of a matrix

The currents I1, I2 and I3 can be found out by using Cramer’s rule
The generalised mesh equations can be written as,
[Z][I]=[E]
where
Z = Loop impedance matrix
I = Current matrix
E = Input voltage matrix.
Now by applying Crarncr’s rule, We can find the three mesh currents

2.1.1Mesh equations by inspection

The following steps are used to write the mesh equation in matrix form.
1.First convert the current source into voltage source.
2.All the impedances through which the loop current I1 flows are summed and denoted by Z11.Here
Z11 is the self impedance of loop 1.
3.All the impedances through which loop current I1 in the lst loop and I2 in the 2ndloop flow are
summed up. This is denoted by Z12. The sign of the term Z12 is negative if the two currents I1 and I2

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through Z12 are in opposite directions. If Z12 is positive, this means that I1 and I2 are in the same
directions.
4.Let E1 be the voltage source on the lst loop through which the loop current I1flows. The sign of E1
is positive if the direction of E1 is same as that of I1, otherwise the sign of E1 is negative. If there is no
source in the lst loop, we can write input voltage source as zero.
The matrix general form of mesh analysis is
[Z] [I] = [E]

2. Consider a circuit, determine the current using mesh analysis

for loop-1
Z11= Z1+ Z2
Z12= Z2
voltage=E1
for loop-2
Z22= Z2+ Z3
Z21= Z2
voltage=E2
Matrix form

By applying cramers rule we can find I1 and I2.

Ist loop:
Z11 = Z1 + Z2
Z12 = - Z2
Z13 = 0
Voltage source = E1

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2nd loop:
Z22 = Z2 + Z3 + Z4
Z21 = - Z2
Z23 = Z4
Voltage source = 0
3rd loop:
Z33 = Z4 + Z5
Z31 = 0
Z32 = -Z4
Voltage source = - E2 (negative sign because current I3 flows from + to - terminal of voltage source)
Matrix form

By applying cramer’s rule we can find I1 ,I2 and I3.

3. By determine the power dissipated by each resistor on the following circuit of figure by mesh
current method. (APR’11)

SOLUTION:

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By applying Cramer’s rule, we find the mesh currents I1, I2 and I3

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4. Explain the nodal analysis in detail?

As an example for nodal analysis, we shall consider the circuit shown in figure

Some convenient junction between elements is chosen as a reference or datum node.

In many electrical circuits this reference is most conveniently chosen as a common terminal or the
ground terminal. This circuit consists of three nodes. It is possible to write (n - 1) equations for the
above circuit. By applying KCL at node (1),
I1 -IZ1 -IZ2 = 0
Which interms of node voltages and admittances

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By applying Cramer’s rule we can find the node voltages V1 and V2

The generalised node equations can be written as

[Yl[Vl=[I]
Where
Y=Node admittance matrix
V=Column matrix of the node voltages with respect to the reference node.
I=Column matrix of input currents.
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Node equations by inspection

The following steps are used to write the node equation in matrix form.
1.First convert all the voltage sources into current sources.
2.The admittances of all branches connected to node 1 are summed up and denoted by Yu. Here Yu is
the self admittance of node 1.
3.All admittances connected to node 1 and node 2 are summed up and denoted by Y12. Y12 is the
mutual admittance of node 1 and 2. This Y12 is written with negative sign. If admittance is connected
between nodes 1 and 2, then Y12 = 0.
4.A current source is connected to node 1 is I1. It can be written on the right hand side of the
equation. The current flowing towards node 1, the sign of the current I1 is positive, otherwise it is
negative. There is no current source in the node 1, then I1=0.
By applying KCL in the circuit we can form nodal equations. The matrix general form of Nodal
analysis is
[Y][E]=[I]

5. Use Nodal voltage method to find the voltage of node 'm' and ‘n’ and currents through j2Ω
and -j2 Ω reactance in the network. (APRIL 2011)

SOLUTION:
First, voltage sources are converted into equivalent current sources

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Now the circuit becomes

We can write nodal equations by inspection.

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SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

6. Determine the current I using Superposition theorem.

This circuit can be broken into its two constituent components as shown.

Using series parallel addition of impedances, we can obtain the supply currents as follows.

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7. Calculate current flowing through the branch containing the capacitor using Superposition
theorem

Solution:
Considering 10V source alone 5V source is short circuited Here 5Ω and -j5Ω are connected in
parallel and this total impedance is in series with j1Ω.

Current through the capacitor

Consider 5V source alone

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Current through the capacitor

Current through the capacitor due to both the sources is IC = IC1+ IC2

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THEVENIN’S THEOREM
8. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for the network given. (APRIL 10)

SOLUTION:
Step 1: To find Vth
Remove the load resistance if present and mark the terminals as A and B.

Step 2: To find Rth

Remove the load resistance and mark the terminals as A and B.
Short circuit the voltage source, and open circuit the current source.

Step 3: Draw an equivalent circuit

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9. Determine the current I using Thevenin’s Theorem.

Consider the capacitor disconnected at P and Q.

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is

From this circuit, it follows that

10. Determine the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across AB.

SOLUTION:
To find the ZTh

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Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across AB is

11. Find the current through branch a-b of the network using Thevenin’s theorem.

SOLUTION:
To find ZTh
Remove the load impedance and short circuit the voltage source

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To find Voc

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

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NORTON’S THEOREM
12. Obtain Norton’s equivalent across terminals A and B for the network shown below (NOV 2004)

SOLUTION:
Step 1: To find short circuit current ISC
Short circuit the load resistance

Step 2: To find ZTH

Step 3:
Norton’s equivalent circuit

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13. For the circuit shown, determine Norton’s equivalent circuit between the output terminals AB.
(APRIL 2011)

SOLUTION:
To find ZTH
Short -circuit the voltage source

To find IN

Terminals AB is short circuited and there is no current in (4 -j5) Ω

Figure shows Norton’s equivalent circuit

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14. Determine the current I using Norton’s Theorem.

Consider the capacitor short-circuited at P and Q.

Norton’s admittance = ((1/20)+(1/j20)) = 0.05 – j0.05 S

or same as Thevenin’s impedance 10 + j10 Ω
The Norton’s equivalent circuit is as shown in the figure.

The current through the capacitor can be determined using the current division rule.

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MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

15. In the network shown in figure two voltage sources act on the load impedance connected to the
terminals AB. If the load is variable in both reactance and resistance, what load Z will receive
maximum power? What is the value of maximum power? (April 2012)

SOLUTION:
To find ZTH

Remove the load impedance and short 'circuit the voltage source

To find VOC
When AB is open circuited, current in the circuit is

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16. Find the maximum power transferred to the load ZL in the circuit

SOLUTION:
Remove the load impedance and short circuit the voltage sources

To find VOC

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When AB is open circuited, current in the circuit is given by

Power transferred to the load is maximum when

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RECIPROCITY THEOREM
17. In the network shown in the figure, the voltage source 100∟45˚V causes current Ix in the 5Ω
branch. Find Ix and then verify the reciprocity theorem for this circuit.

SOLUTION:
Step 1:

Step 2:

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Hence it is verified

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COMPENSATION THEOREM

18. Determine using compensation theorem, the current I, if the available capacitor is 20 µF,
instead of the 19.89 µF.

Solution

Changes in current in the network can be obtained from

Note that the direction of ∆I is marked in the same direction as the original I, so that the
source would in fact send a current in the opposite direction.

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MILLMANN’S THEOREM

19. Using Millmann’s theorem find the current in the capacitor.

Solution

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TELLEGENS THEOREM

20. In the circuit shown, determine the branch currents and voltages and hence verify Tellegens
Theorem

Solution

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By referring to the circuit, the branch voltages are obtained from the knowledge of node
voltages as shown below.

The branch currents for the impedance branches can be obtained using ohms law as shown
below.

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PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

2 MARKS

1. State superposition theorem. (APRIL’12)

2. What is the limitation of superposition theorem? (NOV 11) (April 2011)
3. State Thevenins theorem (April 2011) (APRIL’12) (APRIL 13)
4. What are the limitaions of Thevenins theorem. (Nov 2011)
5. State the steps to solve the Thevenin’s Theorem (NOV’11)
6. State Norton’s theorem (APRIL’12)
7. State maximum power transfer theorem? (Nov 2010) ( APRIL’12) (April 2013)
8. What is the conditions of maximum power transfer theorem. (Nov 2011) (April 2011)
9. Write some applications of maximum power transfer theorem. (APRIL ‘14)
10. State reciprocity theorem. (April 2011)
11. State compensation theorem (April 2011)
12. State Millmans theorem. (Nov 2010) (April 2012) (April 2013)
13. State Tellegens theorem. (Nov 2011) (April 2014)

11 MARKS

1. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for the network given. (APRIL 10)
2. By determine the power dissipated by each resistor on the following circuit of figure by mesh
current method. (APR’11)

3. Use Nodal voltage method to find the node voltage and currents through j2Ω and -j2 Ω reactance
in the network. (APRIL 2011)

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4. Obtain Norton’s equivalent across terminals A and B for the network shown below. (NOV 2004)

5. For the circuit shown, determine Norton’s equivalent circuit between the output terminals AB.
(APRIL 2011)

6. In the network shown in figure two voltage sources act on the load impedance connected to the
terminals AB. If the load is variable in both reactance and resistance, what load Z will receive
maximum power? What is the value of maximum power? (April 2012)

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