Ha Noi university of Science and Technology

School of Mechanical Engineering

Project Report

Electronics 1
Gas alarm and Fan speed control

Advisor: Dr.Sc. Nguyen Canh Quang

Lê Ngọc Anh 20185235

Nguyễn Hoàng Long 20185274
Nguyễn Duy Quát 20185290
Đinh Trọng Dũng 20185248
 January 10, 2021

Table of content

1. Abstract
2. The overview
2.1. Problem Statements
2.2. Requirements
2.3. Expected deliverables
3. Block Diagram
4. Methodology to the project
4.1. Gas sensor socket
4.2. Controling fan by PWM
5. Detailed design of system
5.1. Sensor block
5.1.1. Main component
5.1.2. Operation and component selection
5.2. Fan control
5.2.1. Main component
5.2.2. Operation and component selection
6. Result of your system design and recommendation
7. References
1. Abstract
Every year, thousand of people lose their lives because of accidents related
to fire. There are many reasons which cause the issues. A majority of fatal
fires happen in Viet Nam when someone go to sleep and forget to lock gas
tank. So, they are unaware of the fire until there is not adequate time to
escape. About two-thirds of home fire deaths occur in homes with no fire
alarms or no working fire alarms. The fact that, the price of fire alarm in the
market is higher than average income in Viet Nam. So, almost houses in Viet
Nam do not have the fire alarm. This is reason why our group decided to
make a cheap fire alarm system for everyone. Properly installed and
maintained smoke alarms are considered to be one of the best and least
effective means of providing an early warning of a potentially deadly fire and
could reduce by almost half the risk of dying from a fire in your home.
2. Overview
2.1. Problem statement
- In this system, we have to solve to main problems: how to detect smoke
and control the fan to pull out the smoke. This system require high
accuracy because if there is any errors, it could thread health and safety of
people.
- Our mission is to make sure the alarm system and fan system to operate
precisely. When the sensor detects the smoke in the air, it will send a signal
to buzzer. If the level of smoke in the air is high enough, the fan is
automatically turned on and push the smoke out.
2.2. Requirements
- Completing the project by using devices which was taught in Electronics 1
such as diodes, transistor, operation amplifier….If any digital devices is
used in projects, this part is not evaluated for the result of group.
- To have a good response the requirements above of the project, each
member of the group must have fundamental knowledge of electronic
devices as well as linear circuit. Furthermore, in order to fully fulfill those
conditions, members should study further not only on how to use and
connects electronic devices but also on frequency response. In addition, this
project is a good chance for our group to enhance our teamwork skills and
to practice more on the designing process of an engineer.
2.3. Expected deliverables
- The system can work properly
- Each member have deeper understanding about 3 main devices: diode,
transistor, operation amplifier and can apply them in life.
3. Block Diagram

- There are 3 main blocks: power source, sensor block, fan control block.
- Power source provides energy for whole system.
- The gas sensor (MQ-2) detect the level of the gas in the enviroment and
send the signal to the comparator (LM358). If the level of smoke is high,
the buzzer and led will be turned on.
- Then when it reach dangerous level, the fan in control block will be turned
on automatically by the motor driver (NE555)
4. Overall methodology to the project
4.1. Gas sensor socket

- Smoke sensor is cheap, small and usefull device in electronics. it have a

wide range applications in our daily life.

4.2. Controling fan by PWM

- Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique for
controlling analog circuits
- PWM is used in many applications, ranging from communications to power
control and conversion. For example, the PWM is commonly used to control
the speed of electric motors, the brightness of lights, in ultrasonic
cleaning applications, and many more.

- The duty cycle, denoted by D, is the ratio of the ON time to the period of
the signal, i.e. D = M/T. D can range from 0 to 1 and is sometimes expressed
as a percentage, i.e. from 0% to 100%. The power supplied to the load is
controlled by varying the duty cycle
5. Detailed design of system
5.1. Sensor block
5.1.1 Main components
Gas Sensor MQ-2:
- MQ2 sensor is a 6 pin semiconductor device that can detect gas and
smoke. It is round and somewhat pyramid-like having a base on which the
sensor is mounted and a protective forged.

- Out of 6 terminals, 3 terminals of the gas sensors are connected to +Vcc

which are at one side. On the other side, one terminal is pulled to the
ground via resistor R1, and the middle pin is connected to the ground. The
remaining pin is the output pin of the sensor
LM393:
- The LM393 is a Dual in package comparator IC, meaning the IC has two
comparators inside a single 8-pin package
 LM393 IC Features / Technical Specifications:
+ Two separate voltage comparator operational amplifiers in a single
package.
+ Can be operated from single and dual power supplies.
+ Operated from wide supply voltage from 2V to 36V.
+ Requires low operating current around 400uA only.
+ Requires very low input bias and offset current.
+ It output can be easily used to drive most logic systems.
+ High Accuracy
+ Reliable to use in commercial devices.
+ Low cost
+Suitable for portable / battery operated devices.
5.1.2. Operation

- This block includes a gas sensor and a LM393 comparator. The positive
terminal of LM393 is connected to potentiometer. The negative terminal is
connected to the output of the sensor to take data from it.
- We can change the sensitivity of the sensor by easily adjusting the value of
the potentiometer.
- Operation: when the level of smoke in the air is lower than the level that we
have set up by the potentiometer, the input at positive terminal is higher than at
negative. So, the output is low.
- In contrast, when sensor detects smoke, the resistance of sensor falls, so the
input at negative terminal is higher than postive terminal. The output of
comparator is high.
 Component selection:

Resistor R1: 10k Ohm

Potentiometer: maximum 10k Ohm
Capacitor C3: 0.1 μF

5.2 Fan control block

5.2.1. Main component
- The NE555 timer is a very stable timer device that generates accurate time
delays and oscillations. In the time delay mode, it functions so that an
external resistor and capacitor controls time, particularly during the
Oscillation state, two external resistors and one capacitor control the free-
running frequency and duty cycle

Pin configuration
The important features of the 555 timer are :
• It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5
Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
• Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.

• The external components should be selected properly so that the

timing intervals can be made into several minutes along with the
frequencies exceeding several hundred kilohertz.

• The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor-transistor logic (TTL)

due to its high current output.

• It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm) per degree

Celsius change in temperature, or equivalently 0.005 %/ °C.

• The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable.

• The maximum power dissipation per package is 600 mW and its

trigger and reset inputs has logic compatibility.
 Diode 1n4007
• 1N4007 is a rectifier diode with the maximum current carrying
capacity 1A and it withstand peaks up to 30A.

• Average forward current is 1A

• Non-repetitive Peak current is 30A
• Reverse current is 5uA.
• RMS reverse voltage is 700V
• Peak repetitive Reverse voltage is 1000V

5.2.2 Operation and component selection

Operation:
 - The Source 12V charges for the capacitor C4 through resistor R4,
potentiometer VR2 and Diode D3. In that time, the voltage through C4 is
increasing and the output is high.
- When capacitor C4 discharges, the current go through VR2 and diode D2 to
pin 7. The output is low.
- The width of pulse can be adjusted by the potentiometer VR4 and equation

Where: Ra : resistor in the right side of the potentiometer

Rb: resistor in the left side of the potentiometer

Component selection

Diode D2, D3: 1N4004

Resistor R2: 1k Ohm

Resistor R3: 10k Ohm

Resistor R5: 220 Ohm

Capacitor C4, C5: 100nF

6. Result of your system design and recommendation

- In general, this project can operate properly. However, because of lack of
knowledge and experience, it still got some errors such as delay…
 - In the futute, we will reseach to implement more function and technology
to make this project better.
7. References
1. NE555 Datasheet - 555 Timer IC - Philips - DataSheetCafe.com
2. Thomas L.Floyd and David Buchla. Fundamental of analog design. 2st ed.
[pdf]