5

Successive Differentiation
5.1. Definition and Notation. If y be a function of x,
1tsdifferential cocfficient dyldx will be, in general,
function of x which can be differentiated. The differential
coefficient of dy/dx is called the second differential
coefficient of y. Similarly, the differential coefficient of the
seconddifierential coefficient iscalledthethird diferential
coefficient, and so on. The successive differential
coefficients of y are denoted by

dy dy d'y
dx dx2 d3
the nth differential coefficient of y being d
d"
This method of differentiating a function successively is
called successive differentiation.
Alternative methods of writing the nth differential coefficient are

Inthe last case, the first, second, third etc. differential coefficients
would be written as y', y".y'"', etc.
The value of a differential coefficient at x = ais usually indicated by

adding a suffix; thus (y, ),-. or (y,),. If y=f(x), the same thing can
also be indicated by f" (a).
Ex. 1. If z1- +yy1-x =a, show that

d2 (1- 2
We have x1-+yI- =a, (1)
Let x = cos a and y = cos B, then (1) becomes

73

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 74 DIFFEREN'TIAL CALCULUS

cos a -cos'(p + co8pVcos' a -a

sin ( ( ) - d
or cosa sin p+cos sin =a

or a+sin"a so that cos *+C08 y=sin a

Ditterentiating w.r.t. *
V1-
dy I-y' (2)
or
dr VI-x
Ditferentiating again w.r.t. x, we get

- 2 2)-- 2v1
(-2)
dy
-x

-
V- VI-x
by (2))
-x
yv-x+x
(1-x2

Hence dy -a
by (1))
d' (1-
Ex. 2. If y= a cos (log x)+ bsin (log x), show that

y +X Y+y=0.
Avadh 08 (1st part), Bundelkhand 06,11,12 (1st part)]
We have y= a cos (log x)+ b sin (log x) (1)

Therefore =l-a sin (log x)]. +[bcos (logx)].

or xy -asin (log x)+bcos (log x)

=

Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get,

xy+y =(-acos (log x). [-bsin (log

x)].
x))= [using (1))
--lacos (log x)+ bsin (log
-

=
X
X

Hence x'y +x y, +y=0.

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 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION 75

Ex.3 If x=a (G-sin 9), y= a (1-cos ) , find at G=.

d
Delhi 2008
Here
a (9-sin 9) = a(1-cos 9)
and
y=a (1-cos 6) =a sine
d
dydy d asin
dx d dx a (1-cos 6)
or dy_2sincos6 = Cot 6
dx 2sin 6
dy =-cos ec 1
d2 } -cos ec
1
a(1-cos )
a (1-cos 6)

or
=cos
d2 4a
*/0--at
4a
=T
Ex. 4. If p =at cos*0+b sin, (1)
prove that p+ ab
Jabalpur 03, 06]
p
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. 6, we get
dp
2p -2a' sin ecos 0+2b sin ecos
or
2p=(b -a )sin 29 (2)
Again differentiating (2) w.r.t. 6, we get

2 = 2(b -a Jcos 28

or
= (8*-d )cos 29 (3)
Multiplying (3) by p', we get
p p(b-a' Jcos20
i.e.
pa=p ( -d')cos20-p

PRADEEP YEROX (ENTER HINDU COIEGE R x AACR HANEEAT caLre n s aAcA2a 01

 16 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUUS

=p(6-a?) (cos? 0-sin' 0)- sin 20, ?

[Using (2)
4
=
p(b cos*0+a sin2 0)-p?(a cos* 0+b sin )
-(a +b°-2ab )sin Ocos 0
=(a cos 0+6 sin2 0) (b2 cos? e+a' sin2
0)- p'
-(a +b°-2a?b )sin 2 ecos* 0, [Using (1)1
or
p'+p =a'b (cos* 0+sin ' 0+2sin Ocos* 0)
=
a'b (cos? 0+sin 0) =a'b
or
p+- Hence Proved

EXAMPLES
1. If y=A sin mx+ B cos mx, prove that
+m'y=0.
y,
2. If y=e" sin b, prove that
-2ay,+(a* +b) y =0.
3. If y= Ae"
Kanpur 2005
cos (pt + c), show that

d"y+2+n*y=0
d2 dt
where n=p? +k3.

Lucknow 11, Kashi Vidyapeeth 12]

4 If y=sin (sinx), show that y, + y, tan
x+ ycos x =0.
5.
Patna 20051
If y= asin (log x), show that
x* y, +xy, + y= 0.
6 If y -3ax +x =0, show that + -=0 Agra 03|
7. If y= log x, show that y,=_3-2logx Agra 2008
x
8. If ay =sin (x+ y), prove that y[l+(dy/ d«)}' =0
9. 1f x=
log o, y=¢ -1, find
10. If ax* +2 hxy + by +2gx +2 fy+ c =0, show that
Dy=a(hx +by +fwhere A= abc +2fgh -af -

bg? -
ch?

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 17
S U C C E S S I V E D I F F E R E N T I A T I O N

ANSWERS

nth
9. 4 40. Calculation
of the nt
Standard Results.
5.2.
derivative. b)
If y=(ax + b)", then y, =m.a(ax +
(1) Hence
b)", etc.
(m-1).a (ax
+
m + /)a" (ax +b)"
1)(m-2). ..(m-n
(m-
D (ax +b)"
m

In particular, b)n.
b)=(-1)" n!a" (ax
+
+
D' (ar and all the
is a positive integer,
the (m +1}th be
would
If m coefficients of (ax +b)"
successive differential

zero. etc.
ae", y, = a'e",
(2) If y=e",then
=

D'e" =a'e".
In general,
a)" a*
(3) Similarly D"a* =(log
(ax + b), then y, (ar + b)*, =a

(4) If y= log
+b),y, =(-1)a' (ax + b)", etc.
=(-1) a (ax
(n-1)!a"
+b)=
general, D° log(ax
In
(ax+6)
(5) If y= sin (ax +b),
+ b+T),
y acos(ax +b) =a sin (ax
+ b+ t ) =a' sin (ax
+b+ t),
y, =a' cos(ax
b+ ); etc.
y =a' sin(ax +
In general,
D sin (ar+b)=a" sin (ax + b +n t).
(6) Similarly
D' cos (ax+b)=a" cos (ax + b + n t).
Corollaries. Putting a = l and b =0, we have
D' sin x sin(x + nT),
and D" cos x =Cos (X + nT).
 78 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(7) If y=e" sin (bx + c), then

y = e b cos (bx + c) + a e sin (bx + C).

Putting a =r cos o and b =r sin o, we have

y =re" sin (bx + C+0).
Similarly y, =r* e* sin (bx + c +20); etc. In general,
D°{e"sin (bx+ c)} =r"e"sin (bx+ c+no),
where = (a+b*), and o =tan"(b/a).
(8) Similarly
D"{e"cos (bx+ c)} =r"e" cos (bx+ c +no),
where r and o have the same meaning as before.
5.3. Decomposition into a Sum. Before applying the
above standard results to particular functions, it is often
necessary to break up the given function into a sum of
suitable functions. Some methods for this are dealt with
below.
(1) Partial Fractions. For finding the nth differential
coefficient of a fraction whose numerator and denominator
are both rational integral algebraic functions, the
given
fraçtion must be decomposed into its partial fractions.
x
Ex. Find the nth derivative of Bilaspur 2009
(x-3x+2)
We have x
(x-3x+2) x 8-2
(x-1)x-2) =X+3--x-1+&

by breaking into partial fractions.

d
Therefore, if n>1, d" (x-1)(x-2)
8
=(-1)**'(n (r-1 (-2)
(2) Use of De Moivre's Theorem. Even when we
cannot break up the denominator of a given algebraic
fraction into real linear factors, the above method can be used
 79
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION
or
after
resolving the denominator into its linear factors, real
imaginary.
Ex.1. Find the nth differential coefficient of tan

Delhi 07,
Lucknow 10]I
If y tan x then =1/(1+x').

Now
1+x (x +i)(x - i) 2ix-i x+i)

Thereforey, =D- --1 (n-1)!1

2i (x-i x+ i)
To get rid ofthe 'i' in the above derivative, put
x=rcos o, l=rsin 0; then

1
y -)(n-1)!
. 2ir" (cos - i s i n ¢) " (cos + isin 4 ) ° )

isin )"
-1)!(1/2i) r" {(cos o-i sin )" (cos +
-

=(-1)"(n
= (-1) (n-1)!(1/2i)r " {(cos nÙ + isin nÙ) - (cos no- isin ro))

= (-1)*(n-1)!" sin n
= sin" since l=rsin ]
But
Hence D" tanx =(-1)*" (n-1)!sin" ¢sin nd,
tan'x.
where 5
Find the nth differential coefficient of
sin' x cos x.

Ex. 2.
Let coS x+isin then cosx- isin x =
z
2cosx= z + z ' , 2 i s i n x = z - z
Therefore

Also, by De Moivre's Theorem,

zP z"".
2/sin px = -

2 cos px =z" + z"

Therefore 2' 2' i sin'xcos'x=(z -z') (z + z"')

=('-:*)-2(z-:")-2(z-z")+6('-:*)
=2 isin 8r-4 isin ár -4 isin 4x + 12isin 2x.
Hence
D'(sin' xcos' x) =2 8" sin (&r+ m)-2.6" sin (6r + m)
-2.4 sin (4x +m)+ 6.2" sin (2x +m)

pRADEtp vepaveEAITED 4IAID coucrr o y a CP. MAAICnAtPA1rer anADLc. g12onc?ADA 9711491324

 80
DIFERENTIAL CALCULUS
to
Trigonometrical
break up
transformation. It is possible
of products powers of sincs and cosines into a
sum by T'rigonometry

F. I. Find the nth

differential coefficient of
pRADEFP EROV, AIO1.1.
yCO XCos 2x cos 3x p
Here
yCOS xcos 2xcos 3x
(2cos 3x, cos x).cos 2x (cos Ax +con
2x).cos 2x
{(2cos 4xcos 2x+ 2cos' 2x)
(cos 6x cos 2x+ I+ cos 4x)
+

i.e.
y(Cos óx +Cos 4x +Cos 2x + l) so that

y,6 co Grn4 co4x*nco 2

Ex2. If y=sin mx +COS mx, show that
y.m[1+(-1)'sin 2mx2 |Patna 06, Bilaspur 10, 131
Since D" {sin (ax b)} =a" sin
+ (ax +b+;m)
and
D'{cos (ax +b)}= ad' cos (ax +
b+}m),
we have
y, =m" sin (mx
+nm) +m" cos (mx PRADEEP XFRVISTATIOMARY uGp
+ nm)
m"[{sin (mx+ mm)+ cos (mx+
l/281io2424, 7C2c4Ji62
=

m)}']"
°

m"|sin (mx +{nm)+ cos' (mx+ m)

+2sin (mx +nm)
cos (mx + m)]"
=
mf"[1+ sin 2(mx+m) =m"[l+sin (nm +2mx)]"?
=m°[l+(-1)' sin 2mx], since sin (m+0)= (-1) sin
EXAMPLES
Find the nth differential coefficients of

sin'x. S i n 3xsin 2 x. |Lucknow 04]

COS cos' xsin'x
4e cos xsin x. |Lucknow 12]
(ax (ax+b)/ (cx+ d) L4cknow 06, Kushi Vidyapeeth 10]

1-5x+6x* Aan'(2x/ (1-x* )}. |Lucknow 11

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 SUCCESSIVE DIE ERENTIAIION

8 t y- tan '|(1)/(1- ). find y, |Patna 201

If yme" sin bx, then showthat -2ay, (a'+b )y,
| Kumaon 2013

-1nin"9 (n+1)6,
cos (n+
s i n 0 cos 1)0,
prove prove that y,
where tan (a/x) Kanpur 09,
Kumaon 13
11. 1f y= (x-1)", prove that y, (2)!.
4gra 03, 04, 06, Jalbalpur 04, Rohilkhand 06

[HINT. y=x"-"C,""C, x" .. +(-1)"J

ANSWERs

1.sin(r+ }nn) sin (3r +}nn).

2.{cos (x+nn)-S" cos (Sx + nn)}.
3. 2sin (x+n n)+ 3" sin (3x+nn)-5"sin (Sx+ n n)
4. (a +1) " e" sin {x+ntan(1/a)}+
(a +9) e " sin (3x+n tan"(3/ a)}
5. (-1 (n!)c" (bc-ad) (cx+d)"-
6. (n!)3'(1-3x)*-2(1-2)-)

6, where 0 tan (1/x).

=2(-1)""(n-1)!sin" 0 sin
n
7. y,
where tan 0=
8. y, =(-1)"(n-1)!sin"0 sinn 6,
This theorem is useful for
5.4. Leibnitz's Theorem.
coefficient of the product of
finding the nth differential
two functions. It is as follows:
fu and v be any two functions of x, having differential
then
coefficients ofthe nth order,
D"'u. Dv + "C, D*-* u. D'v
D"(uv)= (D" u).v+ "C,
+.+ "C, D** u.D' v t . . . t u . D " v.

Patna
05, Agra 07, Kumaon 08,
A vadh
Rewa 04, Delhi 04, 05,
05, 07, 11, Allahabad 11]
05, 07, 09, Meerut 08, 09, Magadh
mathematical induction.
We shall prove this theorem by
Assume that the above result is true
for a particular value of
to x, we have
n. Then, differentiating with respect
 82 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
D"' (uw) ={ (D" *' u).v + D" u.D v}
+
"C, {D" u.Dv+D"' u D' v} +...
"C, {D"-'*' u. D' v+ D"- u. D'*' v}+
+

+{D u.D" v + u. D"*' v}.

Rearranging, we have
D*' (uw) =(D"*' u). v +(1+
"C,)(D" u.D v) +...
+("C, "C,)(D"* u.D'*' v)+... + u.D"*' v.
+

But "C, +."C,., "*'C,. =

+1 r+1
Hence D"*' (u») =
(D"*' u).v+n*'C, D" u.D v +..
+*'C, D"- u.D'*' v +...+u. D"*' v.
Therefore, if the theorem i_ true for any value of n, it is
true for the next value of n.
But it is easy to see that holds
it for n 2, for
D(uv) =(D u).v+u. Dv
Therefore D'(uv) =(D'u).v +2D u.Dv+ u.Dv
Hence, by induction, the theorem must be true when
n =3, and also when n 4; and so on. Thus it must be true for
=

every positive integral value of n.

Ex.1. If x =sin [(log y)/ a]). prove that
(or
(1-x.2 -(2n+1)zy.. -(»*+a )y, =0
1Jubalpur 03, Indore 03, Guwalhati 05, Allahabad 05, Avadh 06,
Agra 06, 08, Rohilkhand 03, 10 (1st part), Raipur 15]
Since = esn , we have
e n (1-) = a'y.
or
1-
Differentiating this w.r.t. x, we get
(1-x)2y,y -2 ' = 2a*yy,
or (1-x)-xy, =a'y Dividing by 2y,]
Applying Leibnitz 's theorem, we get
(1-x*)y,2 -(2x) n Yas1 -n (n-)y, -x y.. n y , =a'y.

or (1-x) y, 2 -(2n+1)x y, -(n* +a) y, =0

 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION 85

EXAMPLES
Find the nth differential coefficients of
2. sin x log (ax + h)

xcos x Meerut 2010

4 Find the fourth derivative of e' logx. Lucknow 2008]
t If y-xe', show that
d"y
dx"
(n -1)-
dx
n(n-2) dx 2( n-1)(n-2)
Bundelkhand 08, Lucknow 12]
y=xlogx, prove that , = (n--1)!/x.
Sagar 03, Patna 04, Bilaspur 08, Agra 101
D (7 If y=(r*-1)", provethat
u lala
=0
(r-)y..2+2x y,. -n(n+ 1)y.
Rewa 04, Rohilkhand 06, Patna 06, Meerut 08, Magadh 10, 11|
A
8. If y=acos (log x)+bsin (log x), show that
xy.2 + (2n+1) xy,. , +(n* +1)y, =0.
Lucknow11, Kashi Vidyapeeth 121

9 If cos" (y/b)= log (x/n)", prove that

x y2 + (2n+1)xy,., +2n'y, =0
Lucknow 06, 07, Raipur 10)
Agra 04, Indore 06,
10. Ify=e , prove that
(1+x)y,. 2 + {2(n+ 1)x- 1} y,.
+n (n+
1) y, =0
Allahabad 12
Delhi 05, Avadh 10,
Avadh 05, Allahabad 09
x, prove that
11.If y= tan
+n(n + 1) y, =0
(1+x) yn.2 +2(n+1) x y,.
12. If y =sin , prove that
(1-x*)y,.2 -(2n+ l) xy,., -n'y, =0
Bundelkhand 11|
Rewa 03, Lucknow 05,
sin xprove that
13. If
y J-
(1-x)y,. I -(2n + 1) xy,-n'y, =0
Allahabad 04 (1st part), Kanpur IU

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 86 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

14. If y=sin xlog (x° + 2r +1), prove that

=0.
(+ 1)',. +(21 +1) (r+1) v,,, +(n'+4 )
,
y,
|Kumaon 09, 12
15. If x + y = 1, prove that

dr" )=n!{y-(C}y'x+ ('C,)y'*+..+(-1Y'*')

Rohilkhand 07, Kanpur 08, Patna 081
16. By forming in two different ways the nth derivative of x",
prove that

14n(n-1)2
3.23
(n-1)'
.2.3
(n-2 (2)
(n!)
[HINT: First find the nth derivative of the product of x" and x"; next
that of r".]
Delhi 03,Jabalpur 061
ANSWERS
1.
e{(ax +b) +3an (ax + b)* + 3n (n-1) a' (ax+ b)
2. (-1
+n
(n-1) (n-2) a'}.
(n-1)ta"(ax+b)"sin x-"C, (n-2)!a"(ax b)*"cosx +

-"C (n-3)!a"* (ax+ b)** sin x

+C,(-1) (n-r-1)! a* (ax+ b)** sin (x+/ra)+...)
log (ax+ b) sin (x+mm).
+

3. x(x-3n (n -1)} cos

(x+nt)j+n{3x* -(n-1(n-2)sin(x + nr)}
4 e (log x+4 x -6x +8x-6x).
5.5. Value of the nth
differential ccefficient for.
special values of x. Sometimes, although we
able to find the nth differential may not be
coefficient in a con1pact form
for the general
value of x, we can find it for some special
value of x. The procedure will be clear from the
examples. following
Ex. 1. If y=sin (m sin x), show that
(1-xy 2 - (2 +1)x y,. -(n' -m y, =0.
Jabalpur 04, Indore 05, Delhi 06, Avadh 03,
07,
Kashi Vidyapeeth 11, Raipur 14] Magadh 09,
and also find y, (0).
Gorakhpur 03, Poorvanchal 04, Himachal 04,06,
07, Agra 111
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 87
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION

x)) so that
We have y=sin (m sin (1)
m
c o s (m sin x).
-

V1-x2. y,
=
m cos (msin x)
or

Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get

m
(msinx)x
-

-x y =m(-1)sin
(2)
or (1-x*)y -x
y, +my=0
we have
times by Leibnitz's Theorem,
Differentiating this n

(1-x*) y,:2 + "C, (-2x)y,. +

"C, + m'y, =
0.
"C,-2)y, -x y,,1 -1. y,
=0
y, +m*y,
-n(n-1) y, - x y..
-n
or (1-x*)y..2 -2nx y,.
G)
or (1-x*)y+2(2n+1)x y,. -(n* -m*) y, =0
Putting x =
0 in (3), this gives
(4)
y2(0)=(n' -m*)y,(0)
m and y, (0) 0
=

But by (1) and (2), y, (0)

=

Hence, by (4) y,».Y4»Ys...

are all zero at x =0.
But if n is odd,

y, (0) {(n-2)
= -m} y,-0)
- m}{(n -4) -m'}y,-4(0)= e t c .
{(n-2)
=

So y,(0)={(n-2) -m*}{{n -4) -m*}

n-6)-m'}... 1-m*}m
Ex. 2. If y=[x+V1+x*]", find y,(0)
Kumaon
05, Meerut 06, 07, 09,
Agra 04, Delhi 04 (2nd part), Jabalpur
12 (2nd part), Bundelkhand 14, (2nd
10, Avadh 04, 09, 11, Raipur
part)
Here y=[x+Vl+x*j" (1)
Then m[x+V1+x* r + m+Vl+x]
V1+x
or 1+xy =my (2)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get VI+x y, + =V, = m y,
V1+x
 SS DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

( d ) x y , =mI+x mmy using (2

or (1+)xy, -m y=0 (3)
Differentiating this n times using Leibnitz's Theorem, we get

(+))+2nx y.., +n (n-1) y, +x y,. , +ny, -m' y, =0

(1+r). +(2n+ 1)xy.., +(n -m)y, =0 (4)
Putting -0 in (), (2). (3) and (4), we get
y (0) -
1. n (0) m, y (0)= m and

(m-r*)y. (0) (5)

Putting n=1,2,3, 4 etc. in (5), we get
,(0)= (m* -I)», (0)= m(m* -1')
(0)= (m-2*) y, (0) =m(m -2)
y,(0)= (m -3*) y, (0)=m (m -1 (m* -3*)
,(0)=(m-4*) y, (0) =m(m -2 m -4)
In general, when n is odd, then

y.(0)=[m -(n-2) ]Um -(n-4)].. (m -1i)m

and when n is even, then
y.(0)=[m' -(n-2)*][m' -(n-4)*]. -2)m
EXAMPLES
If y=[log {x+ y1+x }P, find (y. )
Rohilkhand 04, Meerut 05, Kashi Vidyapeeth 09 (2nd part)]
2 If y=tan"x, then
prove that (1+x)+2xy =&
Find the value of y, (0) and show that when n= 2p,
then its value is 0,
(n-1)!, (n-1)! respectively.
-
4p+1,4p+3,
4gra 02, Jabalpur 07
3 If y= (tan 'r), show that

(..)+2n°(o, ), +n (n -1 (n-2)(, ), =
4 Ify= (sin x, show that
(1-x)y.. -(2n+ 1) xy,., -n'y, =0
Delhi 05, Agra 08, Alahabad 121
PRADEED.XEROY CENTER HINDU COLLEGr &Y A
 89
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION

Delhi 2005]
Also find y, (0). Himachal 2005|
if y=cos (m inx), find y.(0).
6 1f y=e"*" ', prove that
=

)y.
1-x )y.2-(2n+ 1)xy., -(n+a
=0.
and hence find the value of y,
at x

06, 08,
Rohilkhand 10, 12
IPatna 04, Gorakhpur 05, Agra
ANSWERS,
1. 0 when n is odd, and
when n is even.

(-1) (n-2)*(n-4) (n-6)....22

(n-4)..4.2.2when n is even.

4. 0 when n is odd; (n -2)

5. 0 when n is odd;
is even.

-m)(42 -m).... {(n-2) - m} when n

m (2 is odd.
]...(3+al+a*).a whenn
J[(n-4)+a
6. l(n-2) a
+

a').a when is n even

n-2)+ a]l(n-4)+a*}..(4+a (2+

SHOP
424