MATHEMATICS IN OUR MODERN

WORLD

CHAPTER 01:
MATHEMATICS in our
world
Common notions
What is mathematics? associated with
 Mathematics is all about the mathematics:
unbelievable patterns of numbers
formed by nature and of the 1. Numbers and counting
universe. 2. Numeric geometric patterns
3. Patterns of movements

 Mathematics is all about language

in different forms like patterns
shapes, music, among others.
 Mathematics is all about what our
eyes can see, what our ears can
hear and even what we can
perceive in our physical
environment.
Any person can recognize the
beauty of nature’s mathematical
patterns without any
mathematically training.
recognize the clues of patterns in
nature

 Mathematics is the language we

understand.
deduce the underlying
rules and regularities
 A formal system of thought for
recognizing, classifying and
explaining patterns.
(stewart,1995) nature’s
patterns are not just there to be
admired. They are vital clues to WHERE IS
the rules the govern natural MATHEMATICS?
processes.
1. WE SEE HINTOR CLUES OF IT
IN THE NATURE
2. IN OUR DAILY ROUTINE
 3. IN OUR WORK
4. IN PEOPLE OR COMMUNITY
1. NUMBERS,
5. IN EVENTS SYMBOLS AND
NOTATION.
2. OPERATIONS,
WHAT IS
EQUATIONS,
MATHEMATICS FOR?
FUNCTIONS.
1. TO HELP US 3. PROCESS
UNRAVEL THE 4. PROOF
PUZZLES OF
NATURE, AND TO
WHO USES
SERVE AS A
MATHEMATICS?
USEFUL WAY TO
THINK ABOUT  MATHEMATICIANS
NATURE. WHO SPECIALIZE IN
2. ORGANIZE EITHER PURE OR
PATTERNS AND APPLIED FIELDS.
REGULARITIES AS
WELL AS  SCIENTIST
IRREGULARITIES STUDYING EITHER
3. TO BE ABLE TO NATURAL OR
PREDICT SOCIAL SCIENCES.
4. TO HELP
USCIONTROL THE
WEATHER AND  PRACTICALLY
EPIDEMICS EVERYONE USES
5. PROVIDE TOOLS FO MATHEMATICS IN
CALCULATIONS DEALING WITH
EVERYDAY LIF
ACTIVITIES, EVERY
WHAT IS
INDIVIDUAL USES
MATHEMATICS ALL
DIFFERENT
ABOUT?
 MATHEMATICS AT  FIBBONACCI (1770-
DIFFERENT 1250), ALSO KNOWN
PURPASES AT AS LEONARDO
DIFFERENT TIMES BIGOLLO PISANO
FO DIFFERENT (WHICH MEANS
PURPOSES USING LEONARDO
DIFFERENT TOOLS TRAVELLER FROM
WITH DIFFERENT PISA), IS ONE OF
ATTITUDES. THE BEST KNOWN
MATHEMATICIANS
OF MEDIEVAL
GALILEO GALILEI EUREOPE.
‘THE LAWS OF
 TOOK A TRIP TO
NATURE ARE
SEVERAL ARAB
WRITTEN IN THE AND EASTERN
LANGUAGE OF COUNTRIES IN 1202.
MATHEMATICS’  WROTE A BOOK
TITLE LIBER ABACI
(BOOK OF
FIBBONACCI CALCULATION).
SEQUENCE AND
THE GOLDEN  HE INTRODUCED
RATIO MODUS INDORUM
(METHOD OF THE
INDIANS) TODAY
{THE KNOWN AS THE
HINDU-ARABIC
FIBBONACCI
NUMERAL SYSTEM.
SEQUENCE}
{FIBBONACCI ‘S
RABBIT
PROBLEM}

{FIBBONACCI
SEQUENCE}
DEFINITION;
(FIBBONACCI
PATTERN: THE NUMBERS)
NUMBER OF PAIR OF LET FN DENOTE THE
RABBITS FOR ANY NTH FIBBONACI
MONTHS CAN BE NUMBER (NTH TERM IN
DETERMINED BY THE FIBBONACCI
ADDING THE SEQUENCE), AND LET F1
NUMBER OF PAIRS OF = 1 THEN FOR N> 3, 2 FN =
RABBITS IN EACH OF FN -1 + FN-2.
THE TWO PREVIOUS 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 27, 35,
MONTHS. 55, 89, 144
 GOLDEN RATIO
FIBONACCI
NUMBERS
 FIBBONACCI APPROACH THE
SEQUENCE HAS NUMBER
MANY Φ(PHI)ALSO
INTERESTING KNOWN AS THE
PROPERTIES. GOLDEN RATIO.
AMONG THESE IS THIS IS
THAT THIS APPROXIMATELY
PATTERN IS VERY EQUAL TO 1.618.
VISIBLE IN NATURE
LIKE THE SPIRAL 1/1 =1 13/8 =
ARRANGEMENT OF 1.6250
SUNFLOSER SEEDS, 2/1 =2 21/13 =
THE NUMBER OF 1.6154
PETALS IN A 3/2 = 1.5 34/21
FLOWER, SHAPE OF =1.6190
SNAIL’S SHELLS. IT 5/3 = 1.6667 55/34
IS ALSO =1.618
INTERESTING TO 8/5 = 1.6 89/55
NOTE THAT THE =1.618
RATIOS OF
SUCCESIVE
  Denoting Φ=x/y to be the
golden ratio, (Φ is the {GOLDEN RATIO}
capital Greek letter phi)
become:
 Φ=1 + 1 simplying
Φ equation.
 Φ+1 get the lcd Φ= 5-1 = 0.168 =
on the GOLDEN RATIO
Φ right side of 2
the equation. CONJUGATE.
 Φ2=Φ+1 apply
cross
multiplication. {BINET’S FORMULA}
 Φ2=Φ-1=0  THE NINTH
transpose terms on FIBBONACCI
the right side to NUMBER ISGIVEN
the left side BY THE FOLLOWING
FORMULA:

[ quadratic equation]
Φ2- Φ-1=0 a=1
Ax2+bx+c=0 b=-1
C=-1 {SYMMETRY &
Φ=x ORDER OF
ROTATION}
_
X=-b + B2-4AC
2A
 THE FIGURE ABOVE
IS SYMMETRIC
ABOUT THE AXIS
INDICATED BY THE
DOTTED LINE.

 NOTE THAT THE

LEFT AND RIGHT
PORTIONS ARE  Starfish w fivefold
EXACTLY THE symmetry.
SAME.

 THIS TYPE OF
SYMMETRY KNOWN
AS LINE OR
BILATERAL
SYMMETRY, IS
If you will try to rotate
EVIDENT ON MOST
the spider web and
ANIMALS,
starfish as shown on the
INCLUDING
above figure by several
HUMAN.
degrees, you can still
achieve the same
 Spider web with three-
appearance as the original
fold symmetry.
position. This is known as
rational symmetry.

{ORDER OF
ROTATION}
 PRESERVING THE
 ANGLE OF ORIGINAL
ROTATION θ= 360 ° FORMATION IS
N CALLED ANGLE OF
ROTATION.
 THE SMALLEST
ANGLE THAT A
FIGURE CAN BE
ROTATED WHILE
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND
SYMBOL

COMMUNICATE
IDEAS TO OTHERS.
{LANGUANGE}  THE LANGUAGE OF
MATHEMATICS
 IS A SYSTEMATIC WAS DESIGNED:
WAY OF  NUMBERS
COMMUNICATION  SETS
WITH OTHER  FUNCTIONS
PEOPLE USE OF  PERFORM
SOUNDS AND OPERATIONS
CONVENTIONAL 
SYMBOL.
{SYMBOLS
{IMPORTANCE OF COMMONLY USED}
LANGUAGE}
1. THE TEN DIGIT: 0 1
23456789
 LANGUANGE WAS 2. OPERATIONS: + - ÷ ×
INVENTED TO 3. SETS ⊆ ∩ ∪
 4. VARIABLES: A B X
YZ O = the setoff rational
5. SPECIAL SYMBOLS: numbers.
=><< >
Q = the set of irrational
numbers.
MATHEMATICS
SYMBOL C = the set of complex
numbers.

{MATHEMA
TICAL
LANGUAGE
IS:
{SOME IMPORTANT
SETS}
N= {0,1,2,3,…] = the 1.PRESICE
sets of natural 2.CONCISE
numbers. 3.POWERFUL
W= {0,1,2,3,…} = the
set of whole numbers.

Z={… -3,-2,-1, 0, 1,2,3,

…} = set of integers.

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
  CAN BE A NUMBER, A SINGLE VARIABLE OR A
COMBINATION OF NUMBERS, LETTERS AND
OPERATION SYMBOLS.

 WE BEGIN TO SEE VARIABLES, OR LETTERS

THAT ARE USED TO REPRESENT NUMBERS.

{VARIABLE}
 ANY LETTER OR SYMBOL THAT REPRESENTS
CERTAIN VALUE.
EXAMPLES: A, B, C; X, Y, Z, M,

CO-EFFICIENT 2 X 10 CONSTANT
VARIABLE

PHRASES VARIABLE
EXPRESSION
-A NUMBER INCREASED X
X+5
BY 5
-A NUMBER DECREASED Y
Y-3
BY 3
-12 MORE THAN A NUMBER 2
2+12
-6 LESS THAN A NUMBER a
a-6
-sum of 7 and a number b
7-8
-product of 5 and a number c
5c or 5c

{GEMDAS}

 IS A MNUEMONIC USED TO REMEMBER THE

ORDER OF OPERATIONS IN MATH PROBLEM.

G GROUPING SYMBOLS, PARENTHESIS, BRACKET,

BRACES ({[
E EXPONENTS
M MULTIPLICATION
D DIVISION
A ADDITION
S SUBTRACTION
MULTIPLICATION
IMPORTANT NOTES: AND DIVISION
(LEFT TO RIGHT)
 IN A PARTICULAR
SIMPLIFICATION, IF  MULTIPLICATION
YOU HAVE BOTH DOES NOT ALWAYS
 COME BEFORE
DIVISION (LEFT TO =60+20 -15 = 65
RIGHT) 3x+2y x=2 y=1/2
X+3y 3x+2X = 3 (-2) +
GEMDAS EXAMPLE: 2 (1/2) =-6 + 1= 5
3 + 6 x (5 = 4) ÷ 3 - 7 X+3Y 2+3 (1/2)
-1/2 -1/2 =10
3+6x9÷3-7
3 =54 ÷ 3- 7 {SETS}
3 +18-7  ARE COLLECTIONS
OF WELL DEFINED
=14 DISTINCT OBJECTS
IDEAS OR NUMBER.

 THE GROUPS ARE

36-2 (20 + 12 ÷ 4 X 3-2 X CALLED SETS FOR
2) +10 AS LONG AS THE
36-2 (20 + 12 ÷ 12- 4) OBJECT IN THE
+10 GROUP SHARE A
36 - 2 (21 - 4) +10 CHARACTENTICS
AND ARE THUS,
36-2 (17) +10 WELL DEFINED.
36-34+10
=12
{ELEMENTS}
20x + 5y-3z x=3 y=4  ARE OBJECTS
z=5 CONTAINED IN A
20x+5y-3z = 20 SET.
(3) +5(4)-3 (5)  COLLECTION OF
ALL THE
 INTELLIGENT MADE A PAIR OF
STUDENTS IN A BRACES { }
CLASS.

SET NOTATIONS &

SYMBOLS
 IN
REPRESENTATION
OF SETS.
THE FOLLOWING 3 NOTE:
METHODS ARE  THE ELEMENTS OF
COMMONLY USED: A SET MUST NOT BE
REPEATED.
 DESCRIPTIVE FORM
 THE GREEK LETTER
– VERBAL
EPSILON ε WILL BE
DESCRIPTION OF
READ AS ‘ AN
ELEMENTS.
ELEMENT OF,
 RULE OR SET
‘BELONGS TO’, ERC.
BUILDER FORM –
DESCRBING A SET
 THEREFORE, X ε A
BY INDICATING THE
WILL BE READ AS
PROPERTIES THAT
‘X IS AN ELEMENT
ITS MEMBERS MUST
OF THE SET A.’
SATISFY.
 ROSTER OR
TABULAR FORM –
 THE SYMBOL ∉
LISTING THE STANDS FOR ‘IS
ELEMENTS OS A SET NOT AN ELEMENT
OF.’
 BUILDER FORM}
 THEREFORE, X ∉ A
WILL READ AS ‘X  {X:X IS A VOWEL IN
ISN’T AN ELEMENT THE ENGLISH
OF THE SET A’. ALPHABET}

 {X:X IS AN ODD
DESCRIPTIVE NUMBER AND
0<X < 15}.
FORM
 {X:X IS A CUBE
 THE SET OF ALL NUMBER AND
VOWELS IN 0<X<100}
ENGLISH
ALPHABET. {ROSTER OR
 THE SET OF ALL TABULAR
ODD + INTEGERS FORM}
LESS THAN OR  {a, e, i, o, u}
EQUAL TO 15.
 {1, 3, 5,7,9, 11, 13, 15}

 THE SET OF ALL +  {1,8,27,64}

CUNE NUMBERS
LESS THAN 100.
{FINITE SET}
 ARE ELEMENTS
THAT ARE
COUNTABLE.
{RULE OR SET A= {B}
B= {1, 2, 3,4,5}
 F={THUMB,INDEX,MI
DDLE,RING,PINKY}
G={a, b, c, d, x, y, z}

{NULL SET OR
EMPTY SET}
 IS A SET WITH NO
ELEMENTS ∅, {}.

{SUBSET}
 (⊆) b is a if and only if
every element of b is in
a.