4.

5 Graphs of Sine & Cosine

Functions
• Sketch the graphs of sine and cosine
functions.
• Use amplitude and period to help
sketch the graphs.
• Sketch the translations of the graphs.
 Sine Curve
• ! = sin &
• Domain: All real numbers
• Range: [-1, 1]
• Period: 2'
 Cosine Curve
• ! = cos & Line is inverse sine curve

• Domain: All real numbers

• Range: [-1, 1]
• Period: 2'
 Amplitude
• The amplitude of ! = # sin ' and ! = # cos '
represents half the distance between the
maximum and minimum values of the function.

Amplitude =
lat
when ! > 1, the basic curve is _______________
stretched vertically
when 0 < ! < 1, the basic curve is ________________
shrunk vertically
The result is that the graphs of sine and cosine range
between −! and ! instead of between -1 and 1.
 Period
The period of ! = # sin '( and ! = # cos '( is
given by:
Period =

when 0 < b < 1, the period is greater than 2π and represents

a horizontal ____________
stretch of the basic curve

when b > 1, the period is less than 2π and represents a

horizontal _____________
shrink of the basic curve
Examples
Find the period and amplitude.

• ! = 2 sin 5'
Period
Amplitude 2
! #$
• ! = " cos %
Amplitude
Period
EI 72 it 7 4
& '$
• ! = − sin
% "

I YI Is
Period 2t
Amplitude 8,1
 Five Key Points
• To sketch the graphs of the basic sine and cosine functions, it
helps to note five key points in one period of each graph: the
intercepts, maximum points, and minimum points.
crosses x axis

• Recall that the graph of ' = −)(+) is a reflection in the x-axis.

Thus, if a is negative, the curve is reflected and the order of the
maximum and minimum values will switch.
 map aint yin int smax t
amp
Example lo h 5,0 rt Ez0 2T

noggin epos cuz

period 2g
max
! 0,2K
• Sketch the graph of ! = cos &
"
 1 int 2 men 3 int 7 min S.int
3 T 0 Ez 3 Largo
Example Co O
I
amp 3
period Zit
• Sketch the graph of ! = 3 sin &
 Horizontal Stretching & Shrinking
• If the period of the sine or cosine function is not 2., the
graph of the curve is either stretched or shrunk horizontally.
• To find the five-key points for sketching, divide the new
period-interval into four equal parts.
$ O bat
Example: Sketch the graph of ! = sin % Amp I horiz stretch
Period 2,11 24.2 44
COMA
YI
1 int 2max 3 int 4 min S
in
Co O it 1 24,07Gt 1 CarO

i x increments
by
increasing
a
 Horizontal Translations
The constant c in the equations
! = # sin('( − -) and ! = # cos('( − -)
results in horizontal translations (shifts)

• The left and right endpoints of a one-cycle interval

can be determined by solving the equations:
bx car
bx 2 0
• To find the five-key points for sketching, divide the
new interval into four equal parts.
 Vertshrink
Example horizchorischinulstretch

• Sketch the graph of ! = sin & −

!
"
#
$
Ish
x 13 0 x I 2A AMP Period 2x
period
EEE
I I
E3 j it
1 int 2 max 3 int 4min
15,07 LE LEOSCE

S.int
E O

i ÉÉÉ
 Vertical Translations
The constant d in the equations
! = - + # sin(0' − 1) and ! = - + # cos(0' − 1)
results in vertical translations (shifts)

• The shift is d units up for d > 0 and d units down for d < 0.
• The graph will oscillate about the horizontal line y = d
instead of the x-axis.
• After finding the five-key points as normal, add/subtract
the value of d to all of the y-coordinates to apply the shift.
Example
it ie
than 1
bigger
horiz shrink parentheses
in
• Sketch the graph of ! = 2 + 3 cos 2&
1 may 2 int 3 min
AMP 3 Period II O IT
CE 02 CE 3 4,02 increment E
g 2

d 2
2

up 2 Add 2to all y values

Lrt 3

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