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Note Taking and Citation: I. Plagiarism
Note Taking and Citation: I. Plagiarism
I. Plagiarism
It refers to the act of copying another person’s ideas, words, or work and pretending that they are
your own (Oxford Learners Dictionary, n.d.).
A. Plagiarism of Ideas
According to the University of Lynchburg’s “Statement on Plagiarism,” plagiarism of ideas
occurs when the writer, creator, or inventor presents other’s information, data, interpretations,
and conclusions as to his/her own. This also includes not only written but creative works such
as musical pieces, lyrics, designs, and patterns, etc.
B. Plagiarism of Language
This happens when an author gets important sentences, clauses, or words from the source claim
it as his or her own (Valdez, 2016). There are three (3) different types of plagiarism, according
to Pennsylvania State University College of Liberal Arts (n.d.), word-for-word plagiarism,
plagiarizing by paraphrase, and mosaic plagiarism.
1. Word-for-word Plagiarism
The writer simply copied a huge portion of the text, put it in his/her paper, and assumed the
ownership of the ideas by not placing any mark that the idea was borrowed, such as
parenthetical citation, quotation marks, and indention.
2. Plagiarism by Paraphrase
There are two (2) versions of this type. The first type happens when the exact ideas of the
original text are copied, and there are only a few words or phrases that were substituted
through finding its closest synonym or using a simpler term. Meanwhile, the second type
happens when the original text was paraphrased, but the writer did not put any parenthetical
citation.
3. Mosaic Plagiarism
In this type, words and phrases are lifted directly and scattered in the text or paragraph.
Often a result of disordered notetaking and lack of willingness to paraphrase, the writer
changes the introduction and the ending statement and copies the information in between.
Freedman (n.d.) views summarizing as a test of one’s judgment on what concepts should
be omitted or preserved. Listed below are some tips that she gave for summarizing a text:
Include the title and identify the author in your first sentence.
The first sentence or two of your summary should contain the author’s thesis or central
concept, stated in your own words. This is the idea that runs through the entire text–the
one you’d mention if someone asked you: “What is this piece/article about?” Unlike
student essays, the main idea in a primary document or an academic article may not be
stated in one location at the beginning. Instead, it may be gradually developed
throughout the piece, or it may become fully apparent only at the end.
When summarizing a longer article, try to see how the various stages in the explanation
or argument are built up in groups of related paragraphs. Divide the article into sections
if it isn’t done in the published form. Then, write a sentence or two to cover the key
ideas in each section.
Omit ideas that are not really central to the text. Don’t feel that you must reproduce the
author’s exact progression of thought. (On the other hand, be careful not to misrepresent
ideas by omitting important aspects of the author’s discussion).
In general, omit minor details and specific examples. (In some texts, an extended
example may be a key part of the argument, so you would want to mention it).
Avoid writing opinions or personal responses in your summaries (save these for active
reading responses or tutorial discussions).
Be careful not to plagiarize the author’s words. If you do use even a few of the author’s
words, they must appear in quotation marks. To avoid plagiarism, try writing the first
draft of your summary without looking back at the original text.
2. Long Quotation
We must also take note that bullying harms both the bully and the person being
bullied. In the United States, Shetgiri (2013) found out that: (Signal phrase)
Bullies may experience poor school adjustment and academic performance,
higher rates of alcohol and substance use, and increased externalizing
1/2 inch behavior, such as fighting and weapon-carrying. Long-term consequences
include antisocial development, intimate partner violence perpetration,
unemployment, delinquency, and criminality in adulthood. One study found
that 60% of boys who bullied in 6th–9th grades had at least one criminal
conviction by age 24 and 35; 40% of these boys had three or more convictions
by this time. Perpetrators of bullying also are more likely to have children
who bully. (pp. 21–22) (Parenthetical follows ending punctuation)
Different countries did certain measures in order to eradicate or at least lessen the
bullying cases among their youth. The Chinese education and legal authorities have
pledged to fight against school bullying and violence since then, and several anti-
bullying and anti-school violence policies have been released with strong actions.
4. Summary or paraphrase
According to David (2018), the main characteristic of nationhood its citizen’s unending
pursuit of individual happiness.
Note: If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, include the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference and remove the page numbers. APA guidelines,
however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase because it
will help the reader find the information.
B. Reference List
1. Books
Author, A. A., (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. (# of
the edition, volume). Publisher.
Note: Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to
and including 20 authors. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no
ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
2. Periodicals
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Bagumbayan, A. C. (2020). The dawn of peace. The Daily News,
Print Journal 16(1), 6–7.
Note: A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may not always be available. In these cases, use a
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
3. Electronic Sources
Lastname, F. N. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site name. URL
Group name. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site name. URL
Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, Vol.
(Issue), page numbers. DOI
Martinez, D. (2018, March 17). How to stop procrastinating?
GamersHub. https://gamershub.com/how-to-stop-
Webpage
procrastinating-3xi1afkftw
4. Audiovisual Media
Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion
picture [Film]. Production company.
Film
Goldberg, E. & Rogen, S. (Directors). (2014). The Interview [Film].
Columbia Pictures.
References:
Eastern Washington University. (2020, May 26). What is annotating and why do it?
https://research.ewu.edu/writers_c_read_study_strategies
Freedman, L. (n.d.). Summarizing. https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/researching/summarize/
Monterey Peninsula College. (n.d.). Summarizing your text. https://www.mpc.edu/home/showdocument?id=12794
Oxford Learners Dictionary. (n.d.). Plagiarize.
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/plagiarize
Pennsylvania State University College of Liberal Arts. (n.d.). Types of plagiarism. https://la.psu.edu/current-
students/documents/TypesofPlagiarism.pdf
Purdue University. (n.d.). APA formatting and style guide 7th edition.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.ht
ml
Saqueton, G. & Uychoco, M. (2016). English for academic and professional purposes. Rex Book Store, Inc.
University of Lynchburg. (n.d.). Statement on plagiarism. https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/writing-center/wilmer-
writing-center-online-writing-lab/citation-style/statement-on-plagarism/