Contrib Mineral Petrol (1992) 112:520-542
Contributions to
Geochemistry of tholeiites from Lanai, Hawaii
H.B. West 1, M.O. Garcia z, D.C. Gerlach 3., and J. Romano 2.*
1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Universityof Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
2 Department of Geology and Geophysics,University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
3 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,CA 94550, USA
Received April 1, 1991/Accepted May 18, 1992
Abstract. Lanai is the third smallest of the fifteen princi-
pal subaerial shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian hotspot.
This volcano apparently became extinct during the shield-
building stage of volcanism, as shown by the absence of
both alkalic cap and post-erosional lavas. Major and trace
element analyses of 22 new samples collected primarily
from 3 stratigraphic sections show that Lanai tholeiites
span a large range in composition. Some Lanai lavas are
unique geochemically among Hawaiian tholeiites in hav-
ing the lowest abundances of incompatible trace elements
of any Hawaiian lavas and well-developed positive Eu
anomalies. The geochemical characteristics of these low-
a.bundance Lanai tholeiites are not the result of alteration,
differences in mantle source modal mineralogy, the pre-
sence of residual accessory mantle phases or fractional
crystallization of such phases, assimilation of depleted
[MORB] wall-rock, or accumulation/resorption of phe-
nocrysts or xenocrysts. Incompatible trace element ratios
(e.g., Nb/La, Nb/Th, La/Th, La/Hf, Ce/Pb) in Lanai thol-
eiites span considerable ranges and form coherent trends
with each other and with absolute abundances of these
elements. Large variations in La/Sm, La/Yb, and absolute
REE abundances at constant MgO suggest that Lanai
tholeiites formed by variable amounts of partial melting.
However, large ranges in incompatible element ratios can-
not be explained solely by variations in partial melting of
a geochemically homogeneous source, but must reflect
geochemical heterogeneities in the Lanai source. Partial
melting modeling indicates that the mixed Lanai source is
probably LREE-enriched [i.e., (La/Yb)cN > 1]. One com-
ponent in the Lanai source, exemplified by the low-
abundance tholeiites, has markedly lower REE/
HFSE, Th/HFSE, alkali/HFSE, and Ce/Pb ratios than
other Lanai or Hawaiian tholeiites and may indicate the
presence of recycled residual subduction zone materials in
the Hawaiian plume source. The positive Eu anomalies
* Now at Charles Evans and Associates, 301 Chesapeake Drive,
Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
** Now at Masa Fujioka and Associates, 99-1205 Halawa Valley
Street, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, USA
Correspondence to: H.B. West
Mineralogy and
Petrology
9 Springer-Verlag1992
that characterize the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites are
not the result of plagioclase accumulation or assimilation
but are a feature of this source component. Progressive
temporal geochemical variations in Lanai tholeiites from
2 stratigraphic sections indicate that the source composi-
tion of these lavas probably evolved over time. This
change could have resulted from a progressive decrease in
the extent of partial melting of the Lanai source. The
compositional variability of Lanai tholeiites suggests that
geochemical heterogeneities in their source are larger than
the scale of partial melting. Lanai tholeiites could not have
formed by smaller degrees of partial melting of plume
material than did the larger-volume Hawaiian shields.
Therefore, volume differences between Haw~tiian shields
must be controlled primarily by differences in the volume
of supplied plume material rather than by differences in
the degree of partial melting. The premature cessation of
eruptive activity at Lanai may be attributed to relatively
large degrees of partial melting of a small plume.
Introduction
Geochemical studies of Hawaiian lavas have contributed
significantly towards understanding the nature and evolu-
tion of the suboceanic mantle. New insights are gained
into the cause and extent of isotopic and geochemical
heterogeneity in the source of Hawaiian hotspot volcan-
ism as more volcanoes are studied and others examined in
more detail. Results of early reconnaissance studies of
Hawaiian volcanoes (e.g., Tatsumoto 1978)suggested that
isotopic ratios for each volcano were distinct and spanned
restricted ranges. Recent studies have shown that the
evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes (i.e., shield-building, alk-
alic cap/post-shield, post-erosional/rejuvenation) is ac-
companied by systematic isotopic variations (Chen and
Frey 1983; West and Leeman 1987; Kurz and Kammer
1991). Recent investigations of Kahoolawe (West et al.
1987; Leeman et al. in press) and Mauna Loa (Kurz and
Kammer 1991) show that, even within the shield-building
stage, geochemical and isotopic variability can be signifi-
cant.

Strontium, lead, and neodymium isotope data for
shield-building lavas from Hawaii form linear arrays
thought to result from mixing between isotopically dis-
tinct source components (Stile et al. 1983, 1986; Roden et
al. 1984; Staudigel et al. 1984; Feigenson 1984, 1986;
Hegner et al. 1986; West et al. 1987; Tatsumoto et al. 1987;
Kurz and Kammer 1991). An important approach to
delineating the nature of these source components is to
examine lavas from volcanoes that define the end-mem-
bers of these arrays. Results from a reconnaissance Pb, Sr,
and Nd isotope study of shield-building tholeiites from the
Maui Volcanic Complex showed that" Lanai exemplifies
one extreme of the Hawaiian shield-building array (West
et al. 1987). The exact nature of the source component(s)
representing this end-member is uncertain; both primitive
mantle/bulk silicate Earth (the " P M " component; see
White 1985) and enriched mantle (e.g., the " E M I " com-
ponent; Zindler and Hart 1986) components have been
suggested as possibilities.
The Hawaiian hotspot has produced shield volcanoes
with volumes ranging from 6.4 x 103 km 3 (West Maui) to
157 ~ 0 0 ' W
I I
[]Craters
9 Cones
.~ Dikes
< - / O u t e r caldera
boundry
Contour interval 50Oft
I E i
0 5km
KALAMANL
158~W 157 ~
I { I I
I KAHOOL IAWE ~ I I
I i
Fig. 1. Map of the island of Lanai (after Stearns 1940) showing
locations of the three sampled stratigraphic sections (Kalamanui
Gulch, Wawaeku, and Manele Bay) and other sample locations
(Poaiwa, Maunalei Gulch). Inset map shows the location of Lanai
521
42.5 • 103 km 3 (Mauna Loa) (Bargar and Jackson 1974).
This range is even more extreme if the leeward volcanoes
of the Hawaiian Chain are included. Any explanation for
the cause of variations in shield volumes for hotspot
volcanoes has implications concerning the relationship
between volcano size and partial melting in the hotspot
source. For example, volume variations between shield
edifices could be related to differences in the extent of
partial melting of similar volumes of plume material or to
differences in the volume of plume material supplying
each volcano. It has, however, been difficult to evaluate
these possibilities because the geochemistry of shield-
building lavas from the small-volume Hawaiian volcanoes
has not been studied as extensively as that of the larger
Hawaiian shields. Lanai's small size and distinct isotopic
character make this volcano an excellent candidate for
assessing geochemical heterogeneity in the Hawaiian
plume source.
To assess the nature of components in the source of
Hawaiian lavas and the geochemical heteogeneity of
small-volume Hawaiian shield volcanoes, we collected
156~ '
I I
20 ~
55'
DNA I ~hlA N
20 ~
45'
relative to other volcanoes of the Maui Volcanic Complex: East and
West Molokai, West Maui, Haleakala (East Maui), and Kahoolawe
(after West et al. 1987). Solid line around the islands is the 180 m
submarine contour
522

lava samples from three stratigraphic sections o n L a n a i
a n d analyzed them for m a j o r a n d trace element composi-
tions. T h e p u r p o s e of this p a p e r is to (1) show that some
L a n a i tholeiites are geochemically distinct from other
H a w a i i a n tholeiites, (2) examine possible m e l t i n g models
for the origin of these lavas, a n d (3) evaluate the n a t u r e of
geochemical heterogeneities in the source of H a w a i i a n
shield-building lavas.
tion limits are in the pg-g-~ range. The isotope masses used to
determine elemental concentrations and estimated precision and
accuracy, based on replicate analyses of BHVO-1, are listed in
Table 1.
Results
Petrography

Brief geologic description, previous investigations, Samples from this study are similar petrographically to tholeiites
and sampling from other Hawaiian volcanoes (e.g., Kilauea, Mauna Loa). Lanai
tholeiites range from nearly aphyric ( < 0.1 vol.% total phenocrysts)
to picritic ( > 15 vol.% olivine phenocrysts). The major phenocryst
The island of Lanai, which rises to a maximum elevation of 1027 m
phase is olivine with minor or no plagioclase (0.0 2.4 vol.%) and/or
above sea level, is one of 6 shield volcanoes that form the Maul
clinopyroxene (0.~0.7 vol.%) (Table 2). In hand specimen, all sam-
Volcanic Complex (Fig. 1). Lanai is the third smallest of the fifteen
ples appear unaltered. In thin-section, some samples exhibit minor
principal Hawaiian subaerial shield volcanoes, with an estimated
ground-mass oxidation and contain olivines with thin ( < 0.01 mm)
volume of 12 • 103 km 3 (Bargar and Jackson 1974). This volcano has
iddingsite rims. None of the samples contain secondary phases
three rift zones, trending south, southwest, and north-west, that
associated with alteration of basaltic lavas (e.g., zeolite, clay miner-
exend outwards from the central Palawai caldera (Fig. 1). The
als, calcite).
principal period of shield-buildingvolcanism culminated in collapse
of the caldera, followed by sporadic volcanic activity on the southern
portion of the island and along the northwest rift zone (Stearns
Major and trace elements
1940). Lanai appears to be the only extinct volcano within the
principal Hawaiian Islands without surface exposures of alkalic cap
The new samples, like the five samples analyzed by Washington
or post-erosional lavas.
(1923) and Bonhommet et al. (1977), are all tholeiites. Major element
Potassium-argon ages for six lava samples collected from the
compositions of Lanai lavas (Tables 3A-3C) are similar to those of
flanks of Lanai range from 1.20 • 0.17 Ma to 1.46 4- 0.25 Ma
other Hawaiian tholeiites, except that most contain lower total
(Bonhommet et al. 1977), although younger ages with large relative
errors were reported for 3 samples collected from Maunalei Gulch in
the island's interior (0.71 • 1.27 to 0.86 • 0.55 Ma; Naughton et al.
1980). Five major element analyses of Lanai lavas have been pub-
lished previously (Washington 1923; Bonhommet et al. 1977), in- Hawaiian Isotope SysLematies
cluding 4 of the age-dated samples (Bonhommet et al. 1977). These 0.7050
four samples were analyzed for trace elements by instrumental \
neutron activation analysis (INAA) (Budahn and Schmitt 1985) and EM1 PM
for Sr, Pb, and Nd isotopes (West et al. 1987). Results of the isotope 0.7045 "k
study revealed that tholeiites from Lanai, along with those from
Koolau and Kahoolawe, define an end-member for Hawaiian lavas. I~MVC SB L~va~
Lavas from these volcanoes have less radiogenic Pb and more 0.7040
radiogenic Sr and Nd than lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes
(Fig. 2). z,,~.r ~ ~EM
We collected twenty lava samples from three stratigraphic sec- 0.7035
tions on Lanai: the south coast (Manele Bay; ~ 163 m of section), J Eratee~la / ~ . 51 Kilauea
9I PSB L a v a s _ ~
the east flank (Wawaeku Gulch; ~ 43 m of section), and the west 0.7050
coast (Kalamanui Gulch ~ 20 m of section) (Fig. 1). Lavas exposed HIMU
in these sections consist of massive (4-8 m thick) a'a flows and thin- t DM
bedded (0.5-1 m thick), highly vesicular pahoehoe flows. We also 0.7025 L ...... / ..........
17.0 18.0 19.0
. . . . . .

collected a sample from Poaiwa, located on the northeast coast of

Lanai, and obtained a split of a sample (reported in Naughton et al.
1980) from Maunalei Gulch, the deepest section exposed on Lanai.
Analytical methods
Samples were analyzed for major and trace (Nb, Zr, Y, Ba, Rb, Sr, Sc,
V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) element compositions by X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) at the University of Hawaii following the method of Norrish
and Chappell (1977). The University of Hawaii XRF facility consists
of a fully-automated, wavelength-dispersive Siemens SRS 303 AS.
The major element analyses have about a 1% relative error, based
on repeated analyses of standard rocks.
Abundances ofTi, Mn, Cr, Ni, Sc, V, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Sn, Cs,
Rb, Sr, Ba, REE, Y, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, U, Th, and Pb were determined
by inductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry (ICP-
MS) in the Nuclear Chemistry Division at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL) using analytical techniques developed
there. Analyses were done on 2 instruments, a VG Elemental
PlasmaQuad PQI and a VG Elemental PlasmaQuad PQ2. Detec-
2~176
Fig. 2. Hawaiian isotope systematics for 2~176 versus
STSr/S6Sr. Shown are fields for shield-building(SB) lavas from Lanai,
other volcanoes of the Maui Volcanic Complex (MVC), and
Kilauea, and for post shield-building (PSB) lavas from Haleakala.
Hawaiian shield-building lavas form a linear array, with Lanai and
Kilauea defining the end-members. The Kilauea end-member could
represent an enriched mantle component close in composition to
Kilauea lavas (e.g., "EM"; West and Leeman 1987) or one containing
more radiogenic Pb (e.g,, "HIMU"; Zindler and Hart 1986). The
Lanai end-member could represent a primitive mantle component
("PM"; White 1985) or one that is isotopically more extreme (e.g.,
"EM l"; Zindler and Hart 1986). Post shield-buildinglavas define an
opposing trend, probably reflecting contamination of plume mag-
mas by a depleted mantle ("DM") component (e.g., oceanic litho-
sphere or asthenosphere; Chen and Frey 1985; West and Leeman
1987). Data from: Tatsumoto (1978), Chert and Frey (1985), Hegner
et al. (1986), Newsom et al. (1986), Stille et al. (1986), West and
Leeman (1987), West et al. (1987), and Chen et al. (1991)
 523

Table 1. Consensus values for BHVO-1 and the mean and percent standard deviation of three replicate analyses obtained by ICP-MS for this
study. Also shown are the isotope masses used to determine elemental concentrations for ICP-MS. Data given in ppm

Consensus a
Value +_ n ICP-MS % SD Masses b

Se 31.8 1.3 36 34.4 4.9 45

Ti 16220 380 31 16948 4.0 47, 49
V 317 12 26 336 3.9 51
Cr 289 22 36 275 3.4 52
Mn 1300 62 43 1355 3.2 55
Ni 121 2 29 109 8.0 60
Cu 136 6 15 139 2.7 63
Zn 105 5 15 113 0.6 66
Ga 21 2 6 20.7 2.6 69
Rb 11 2 27 11.0 12.4 85
Sr 403 25 32 428 6.7 88
Y 27.6 1.7 22 27.1 15.6 89
Zr 179 21 27 176 5.2 90, 91
Nb 19 2 19 19.6 0.5 93
Mo 1.02 0.10 9 1.16 1.3 95,97
Sn 2.1 0.5 8 2.1 29.8 117, 118, 119, 120
Cs 0.13 0.06 8 0.102 8.8 133
Ba 139 14 37 139 10.9 137,138
La 15.8 1.3 53 16.0 4.5 139
Ce 39 4 56 42.8 4.9 140
Pr 5.7 0.4 9 6.17 7.0 141
Nd 25.2 2.0 45 25.7 6.0 143, 145
Sm 6.2 0.3 53 6.23 4.5 147, 149
Eu 2.06 0.08 50 2.18 4.3 151
Gd 6.4 0.5 31 6.63 2.5 157
Tb 0.96 0.08 35 0.880 4.7 159
Dy 5.2 0.3 28 4.94 2.3 161, 162, 163
Ho 0.99 0.08 16 0.888 5.4 165
Er 2.4 0.2 18 2.35 4.2 166, 167
Tm 0.330 0.040 16 0.291 6.6 169
Yb 2.02 0.20 57 1.87 5.3 173, 174
Lu 0.291 0.026 32 0.249 5.3 175
Hf 4.38 0.22 30 4.09 5.6 178, 180
Ta 1.23 0.13 26 1.21 3.9 181
Pb 2.6 0.9 7 1.09 5.5 206, 207, 208
0.98 ~
Th 1.08 0.15 32 1.09 8.3 232
U 0.42 0.06 15 0.392 3.0 238

n, # of samples.
a Gladney and Roelandts (1988), Govindaraju (1989)
b Where more than one mass is listed, averages were used to establish concentration
Isotope dilution value, determined at the University of Hawaii (K. Spencer, analyst)

alkalies (Na20 + K20) at a given SiO 2 content. The A1203/CaO
ratios of Lanai lavas are similar to values for M a u n a Loa lavas, but
they are distinctly higher ( > 1.3) than those of Kilauea tholeiites
( < 1.3) and lower than ratios in Koolau tholeiites (1.4-1.7). With
decreasing MgO content, SiO2, A1203, CaO, Na20, and TiO 2
contents increase systematically. Total iron, as FeO, decreases with
decreasing MgO (although the data are somewhat scattered), down
to about 7 wt.% MgO, at which point FeO begins to increase. The
K 2 0 and P 2 0 5 contents and AIzO3/CaO ratios are not correlated
significantly with MgO content.
Lanai tholeiites span a considerable range in incompatible trace
element contents. For these lavas, abundances of these elements are
not correlated with MgO content. Several samples contain ex-
tremely low abundances of immobile incompatible trace elements
(i.e., elements not affected significantly by surface alteration; e.g.,
Th < 0.5 ppm, Nb < 7 ppm, Zr < 100 ppm, La < 3 ppm,
Sm < 2 ppm, Yb < 1 ppm; Table 3). These low-abundance tholeiites
have the lowest REE concentrations of any Hawaiian lavas. They
also have among the least-fractionated relative REE contents of any
Hawaiian lavas; e.g. (La/Sm)c N = 0.9-1.1 and (La/Yb)c N = 1.9~.8
(Figs. 3-4; C N = element abundances normalized to mean CI-
chondrite; Anders and Grevesse 1989). M a u n a Loa lavas also have
low (La/Sm)cN (0.92-1.51), but they have slightly higher (La/Yb)cN
ratios (2.5 3.9) than do the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites (based
on Manna Loa data from BVSP 1981; Newsom et al. 1986; Tilling et
al. 1987; Rhodes 1988). The low-abundance Lanai thoteiites have Th,
light rare-earth element (LREE), Pb, Zr, and Hf contents that fall
within the range for average normal mid-ocean ridge basalts
(NMORB); heavy rare-earth element (HREE) and Y abundances are
lower in these lavas than in N M O R B (Fig. 5). The Cs, Rb, and U
contents of the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites are also low; how-
ever, in some Lanai samples, abundances of these elements may have
been affected by minor alteration (see the discussion in the following
section).
The REE contents of the low-abundance Lanai lavas are not
correlated with MgO (Figs. 3, 4a) and are significantly lower than
REE abundances in other Hawaiian tholeiites of equivalent MgO
content. For example, sample LMan-2 (7.2wt.% MgO, < 3%
524

Table 2. Modal mineralogy of tholeiites from Lanai, based on 1000 point counts for each sample

Olivine Clinopyroxene Plagioclase

mph ph mph ph mph ph gm

Wawaeku
LWaw-1 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 98.7
LWaw-2 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.6 96.4
LWaw-4 7.6 6.9 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.5
LWaw-4b 7.4 16.0 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.2 74.7
LWaw-5 2.7 4.4 1.0 0.0 12.7 0.0 79.2
LWaw-6 4.3 8.2 0.9 0.0 5.6 2.3 78.7
LWaw-7 3.5 11.4 1.5 0.0 8.1 0.6 74.9
LWaw-8 1.8 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.9
Manele
LMan-2 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.1 1.4 1.7 94.9
LMan-3 1.0 0.5 0.3 0,2 4.1 1.7 92.2
LMan-4 3.4 4.1 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.7 90.9
LMan-5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 97.8
LMan-6 0.3 0.3 1.9 0.0 . 5.8 0.1 91.6
Kalamanui
LKal-1 2.6 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 91.5
LKal-3 2.3 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 95.5
LKal-4 3.6 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.1
LKal-5 4.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 95.8
LKal-6 0.6 0.1 1.4 0.7 8.1 2.4 86.7
Poaiwa
LPoa-1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 99.8
Maunalei
KA-25 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.9 97.0

ph = phenocryst, m p h = microphenocryst, gm = groundmass

IO0 , , , , , , , , 4 , , , , , 1

Wawaeku! Kalamanui
.4~..m

"0
L~
;g
t-
0 or
~I0
0 O
,,4 - "A"--. x ,t ~ A ~ ' ~

C.) kWaw-5 (8.0 wt.% MgO) 9 LKal-2 (6.2 wt.% MgO) ~J~-~
[] LWaw-2 (6.5 wt.% MgO) O
0 O [] LKal-5 (6.7 wt.% MgO)
rc 9 LWaw-6 (8.9 wt.% MgO) n- 9 LKal-6 (6.7 wt.% MgO)
o LWaw-1 (6.1 wt.%MgO) A o LKaI-8 (9.2 w1.% MgO) C
A LWaw-4b (14.8 wt.% MgO) * LKal-4 (10.9 wt.% MgO)
r i i i i i i i i r i r i i i i i i i i J I i i i

La Ce Pr NdPmSmEu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er TmYb Lu La Ce Pr NdPmSmEu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er "I'm Yb Lu

I O0 i , i i , , 4 i , , i i ~ , , 10 , , , , i i i f , , i , , i f

Manele Poaiwa & Maunalei

. m

r ;5
O =
o
i--10 c-10
O O
9 CMan-6 (7.3 wt.% MgO)
O [] LMan-5 (7.6 wt.% MgO) O
or" 9 LMan-3 (7.,3 wt.% MgO) n- o LPoa-I (7.1 wt.% MgO)
c LMan-4 (10.4 wt.% MgO) KA-25 (6.6 wt.% MgO) D
9 LMan-2 (7.2 wt.% MgO) B
1 _ i i i i i i i 5 i i i p i
1
La Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu GdTb Ely H0 Er TmYb Lu La Ce Pr Nd PmSm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er TmYb Lu

Fig. 3A-D. Rare-earth element abundances in representative Lanai tholeiites normalized to mean Cl-chondrite (Anders and Grevesse 1989).
A Wawaeku Gulch section. B Manele section. C Kalamanui Gulch section. D Maunalei Gulch and Poaiwa
 525

Table 3A. Major and trace element data for tholeiites from Wawaeku Gulch, Lanai. Major element data are given in weight percent. Trace
element data are given in ppm

LWaw-1 LWaw-2 LWaw-4 LWaw-4b LWaw-5 LWaw-6 LWaw-7 LWaw-8

SiO 2 48.44 51.18 48.17 49.24 50.45 48.52 49.24 50.41

A1203 15.05 14.20 11.58 11.75 13.78 12.89 12.80 12.27
Fe20 3 12.40 13.00 12.53 12.34 12.41 12.91 12.82 12.67
MgO 5.86 6.48 14.48 14.79 7.93 11.82 11.69 12.48
CaO 9.41 9.87 8.04 8.56 10.06 8.82 8.91 8.84
Na20 1.85 2.01 1.17 1.19 1.63 1.48 1.46 1.23
K20 0.08 0.18 0.04 0.12 0.16 0.06 0.10 0.29
P20~ 0.15 0.21 0.12 0.13 0.20 0.15 0.17 0.19
TiO2 2.21 2.40 1.67 1.70 2.05 1.99 1.96 1.88
MnO 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17
LOI 2.59 0.52 1.88 0.49 1.19 1.47 1.00 0.08
Total 98.13 100.21 99.81 100.48 100.01 100.25 100.31 100.51
Cs 0.021 0.031 0.004 0.019 0.007 0.004 0.001 0.060
Rb 0.18 1.27 0.11 1.54 0.38 0.10 0.15 5.07
Sr 374 380 243 259 338 293 286 332
Ba 45.9 78.0 32.8 34.6 83.1 52.6 61.5 108.0
La 4.97 8.41 4.52 4.67 10.07 7.68 7.27 9.46
Ce 12.56 21.38 10.88 12.42 23.72 14.61 16.07 28.18
Pr 2.12 3.75 1.91 2.00 4.10 3.44 3.30 4.52
Nd 9.40 16.00 8.30 9.00 17.10 14.60 14.50 21.00
Sm 2.65 4.33 2.34 2.55 4.60 4.10 4.06 6.85
Eu 1.22 1.70 0.99 1.06 1.70 1.78 1.66 2. 82
Gd 3.00 4.75 2.86 2.98 5.15 4.28 4.45 9.45
Tb 0.439 0.688 0.404 0.437 0.720 0,675 0.652 1.500
Dy 2.79 4.09 2.50 2.59 4.33 4,11 3.91 9.22
Ho 0.506 0.721 0.444 0.459 0.789 0,737 0.720 1.900
Er 1.42 1.99 1.30 1.25 2.15 1,98 1.96 4.90
Tm 0.188 0.269 0.172 0.180 0.274 0.279 0.261 0.662
Yb 1.20 1.71 1.05 1.09 1.74 1,71 1.72 4.12
Lu 0.169 0.227 0.152 0.144 0.239 0.230 0.221 0.587
Y 20.3 28.5 20.4 19.2 32.9 25.7 27.1 85.9
Y* 17.3 24.6 18.3 16.0 - 22.7 23.9 64.2
Hf 3.16 3.43 2.05 2.12 2.81 2.60 2.48 2.70
Zr 137.8 148.4 89.0 92.7 122 110 107.3 118.4
Nb 8.56 9.02 6.70 6.73 7.58 7.65 7.51 8.01
Pb 0.80 1.02 0.60 0.61 0.91 0.75 0.76 0.85
Th 0.436 0.504 0.337 0.352 0.441 0.423 0.415 0.440
U 0.063 0.123 0.060 0.073 0.130 0.079 0.094 0.164
Mo 0.42 0.78 0.37 0.49 0.69 0.41 0.52 0.86
Sn 3.31 2.62 1.91 2.78 2.65 2.95 1.75 2.55
Sc 37.7 37.3 33.3 31.9 37.2 31.8 34.0 32.2
V 310 353 256 264 308 263 267 258
Cr 305 226 669 662 398 685 716 573
Ni 95.9 95.1 715 682 159 439 444 429
Cu 91.4 92.1 86.5 103 116 96.2 103 77.8
Zn 111 114 94.1 101 103 99.8 100 120
Ga 17.2 17.4 12.3 12.5 15.9 13.8 13.9 14.7
Ti 15109 15993 10638 10739 12998 11483 11705 10973
Mn 1223 1308 1213 1287 1300 1230 1244 1284

phenocrysts) contains 2.6 ppm La, whereas tholeiites from other
Hawaiian volcanoes with similar MgO contents have La abun-
dances typically four or more times higher (Fig. 4). Note that picritic
tholeiites from Kilauea with > 19 wt.% MgO have significantly
higher incompatible element contents than do the low-abundance
Lanai tholeiites (e.g., 6.9-11.5 ppm La; BVSP 1981; Casadevall and
Dzurisin 1987a, 1987b; Tilling et al. 1987) (Fig. 4). Even 2 of the most
incompatible element-poor Hawaiian tholeiites, a picrite from
Mauna Loa with 23.7 wt.% MgO (Tilling et al. 1987) and another
from Kahoolawe with 16.7 wt.% MgO (Leeman et al. in press), have
higher La abundances (5.7 and 5.5 pprn La, respectively). Chen and
Frey (1983) suggested that the most primitive Haleakala tholeiite in
their study (sample C-122; 16.3 wt.% MgO) could represent a
primary magma, yet that sample contains nearly three times as much
La as some of the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites.
The low-abundance Lanai tholeiites have positive Eu anomalies
(Fig. 3), a rare feature in Hawaiian rocks (Eu/Eu* = 1.03-1.61,
where Eu* is the extrapolated Eu abundance taken between Sm and
Gd), In Lanai lavas, Eu/Eu* is correlated with highly incompatible
element abundances and several incompatible trace element ratios
(e,g., La, Th, La/Yb, La/Sm, Nb/La, Nb/Th~ La/Th, Sr/Nd), but it is
not well-correlated with most major elements or with elements and
elemental ratios indicative of plagioclase control (e.g., SiO2, AlzO3,
M g ~ , A1203/CaO, Al2Oa/TiO2, Sr). Sr is correlated strongly with
Zr abundance [-correlation coefficient (r) = 0.955], indicating these
elements were simiarly incompatible in the genesis of Lanai lavas.
Several highly incompatible trace element ratios in Lanai lavas
span significantly larger ranges than have been recognized pre-
viously for Hawaiian tholeiites (e.g., Nb/Th 16-34, La/Th 9 23,
Nb/La 0.75 3.11, Nb/U 49-103, Ce/Pb 12-33; excludino samples
526

Table 3B. Major and trace element data for tholeiites from Manele, Lanai. Major element data are given in weight percent. Trace
element data are given in ppm

LMan-2 LMan-3 LMan-4 LMan-5 LMan-6

SiO 2 52.14 53.00 51.11 52.96 52.35

AI20 3 13.80 14.05 12.92 13.19 13.87
Fe20a 11.70 11.46 12.11 11.82 11.58
MgO 7.17 7.29 10.45 7.58 7,22
CaO 10.01 9.86 9.53 9.65 9.88
Na20 1.79 1.77 1.58 1.67 1.73
K20 0.18 0.24 0.20 0.48 0.48
P205 0.09 0.13 0.I0 0.17 0.23
TiO 2 2.14 1.95 1.78 2.03 2.02
MnO 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16
LOI 0.85 0.01 0.69 0.57 0.37
Total 100.03 99.91 100.63 100.28 99.89
Cs 0.032 0.038 0.029 0.067 0.071
Rb 2.71 3.74 2.76 6.74 6.24
Sr 330 334 266 331 335
Ba 63.7 67.4 52.4 85.9 81.0
La 2.63 4.23 3.60 6.92 9.12
Ce 7.33 11.51 9.63 18.43 23.81
Pr 1.21 1.86 1.57 2.95 3.77
Nd 5.50 8.40 6.90 12.30 16.20
Sm 1.75 2.49 2.08 3.49 4.55
Eu 1.03 1.22 1.04 1.26 1.59
Gd 2.14 2.87 2.51 3.81 4.79
Tb 0.344 0.434 0.391 0.543 0.707
Dy 2.04 2.70 2.41 3.33 4.19
Ho 0.377 0.487 0.432 0.579 0.740
Er 1.04 1.34 1.24 1.68 2.05
Tm 0.150 0.192 0.176 0.223 0.264
Yb 0.94 1.19 1.09 1.39 1.74
Lu 0.128 0.166 0.153 0.195 0.230
Y 14.2 19.1 17.1 22.8 29.2
Y* 11.8 16.1 14.8 19.5 24.7
Hf 2.93 2.65 2.12 2.80 2.81
Zr 124.0 116.2 88.7 118 116
Nb 8.18 7.72 6.20 8.57 8.41
Pb 0.61 0.69 0.59 0.95 0.89
Th 0.241 0.277 0.247 0.449 0.527
U 0.080 0.100 0.090 0.155 0.170
Mo 0.87 0.85 0.74 0.81 1.09
Sn 0.80 2.14 0.78 2.19 2.46
Sc 35.2 31.6 32.3 34.4 33.2
V 295 284 274 279 285
Cr 348 324 59 l 324 290
Ni 140 153 347 119 133
Cu 69.5 69.4 108 104 114
Zn 102 101 95.1 97.4 101
Ga 15.6 15.6 13.6 14.9 15.5
Ti 13015 12074 10563 12001 12063
Mn 1257 1265 1294 1262 1266

with low K20/P2Os, high Ba/Rb, and high K/Rb, which may have
undergone minor alteration). In addition, some of these ratios in
Lanai tholeiites vary systematically with absolute abundances of
these elements (Fig. 6). These results refute the contention that ocean
island basalts (OIB) and M O R B possess constant Ce/Pb (25 _+ 5)
and Nb/U (47 _+ I0) ratios that are independent of trace element
abundances (Hofmann et al. 1986; Hofmann 1986, 1988; Newsom et
al. 1986). This result is not unique to Lanai; tholeiites from Kahool-
awe also display relatively large variations in Nb/Th ratios (9.6-32.5)
that vary systematically with incompatible element abundances
(Leeman et al. in press).
The low Ce/Pb ratios of some Lanai tholeiites approach esti-
mated primitive mantle values (9.15-9.59; Hofmann 1988; Sun and
McDonough 1989). The samples with low-Ce/Pb have low La/Th
ratios (as low as about 9) that are near-chondritic (chondritic La/Th
approx. 8; Anders and Grevesse 1989) and La/Hf ratios that overlap
chondritic values (chondritic La/Hf ~ 2.3; Anders and Grevesse
1989). The Ce/Pb ratios of unaltered samples are correlated
strongly with Nb/La, Nb/Th, La/Sm, La/Yb, and La/Hf ratios.
In contrast to the highly variable nature of some incompatible
element ratios in these lavas, Zr/Hf ratios are relatively constant
(43.2 • 1.4) and non-chondritic (chondritic Zr/Hf approx. 38; An-
ders and Grevesse 1989). The Ba/Rb ratios of unaltered Lanai lavas
(12-24) generally are higher than either the average OIB value of
12.45_ 0.30 (Hofmann and White 1983) or the primitive mantle
value of 11.3 _+ 0.2 (Hofmann 1988).
 527

Table 3C. Major and trace element data for tholeiites from Kalamanui gulch, Maunalei gulch, and Poaiwa. Major element data are given in
weight percent. Trace element data are given in ppm

LKaI-1 LKal-2 LKal-3 LKal-4 LKal-5 LKal-6 LPoa-1 KA-25

SiO2 50.46 51.42 50.76 51.92 51.83 53.05

A120 3 12.98 13.56 12.33 14.49 13.74 13.64
Fe20 3 12.40 - 12.23 12.08 11.88 12.31 12.04
MgO 10.09 - 9.12 10.81 - 6.69 7.09 6.64
CaO 9.46 9.26 8.97 10.17 10.35 9.92
Na20 1.41 1.57 2.34 2.02 2.27 1.83
K20 0.07 - 0.15 0.18 - 0.25 0.35 0.39
P2Os 0.18 - 0.15 0.09 - 0.16 0.16 0.13
TiO2 2.12 1.66 1.66 2.05 2.18 2.12
MnO 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.17
LOI 1.06 - 1.09 0.20 - 0.53 0.01 0.39
Total 100.38 - 100.37 99.54 - 100.32 100.41 100.33
Cs 0.006 0.070 0.029 0.018 0.070 0.031 0.046 0.040
Rb 0.40 6.55 1.79 1.50 5.46 4.00 4.83 5.40
Sr 286 344 256 257 306 322 339 301
Ba 47.0 108.2 41.0 48.6 95.6 64.8 73.0 67.4
La 6.70 9.01 5.08 2.59 8.27 6.31 7.54 4.99
Ce 16.54 24.16 13.28 6.94 22.43 16.57 18.44 13.55
Pr 2.59 3.85 2.07 1.12 3.66 2.57 2.99 2.15
Nd 10.90 16.70 9.50 4.90 15.20 11.00 12.90 9.60
Sm 2.87 4.63 2.79 1.58 4.02 3.18 3.48 2.83
Eu 1.25 1.73 1.13 0.74 1.49 1.33 1.49 1.49
Gd 3.25 4.87 3.17 1.76 4.23 3.57 4.12 3.20
Tb 0.483 0.735 0.473 0.292 0.655 0.516 0.583 0.475
Dy 2.83 4.27 2.89 1.77 3.74 3.09 3.54 3.08
Ho 0.510 0.817 0.531 0.327 0.716 0.584 0.647 0.542
Er 1.34 2.11 1.44 0.94 1.84 1.60 1.79 1.60
Tm 0.198 0.291 0.203 0.132 0.239 0.227 0.248 0.219
Yb 1.16 1.84 1.24 0.82 1.60 1.38 1.54 1.43
Lu 0.165 0.259 0.178 0.116 0.226 0.194 0.216 0.191
Y 21.2 31.3 20.7 12.6 26.4 22.2 26.5 21.7
ya 18.1 18.1 11.2 - 19.6 23.0 19.1
Hf 2.47 2.91 2.08 1.99 2.72 2.62 2.79 2.79
Zr 115 119.0 87.6 88.4 I l 0.1 115.9 128.2 124.0
Nb 10.40 9.37 5.88 6.53 8.01 8.47 8.41 7.90
Pb 0.75 0.79 0.56 0.56 0.78 0.75 0.75 0.74
Th 0.392 0.474 0.337 0.289 0.444 0.451 0.441 0.365
U 0.105 0.152 0.084 0.097 0.130 0.127 0.138 0.150
Mo 0.70 1.28 0.65 0.56 0.91 0.79 0.75 1.02
Sn 3.12 2.36 194 1.59 1.75 1.77 2.38 1.21
Sc 32.7 30.9 29.2 31.1 31.8 31.8
V 302 - 247 227 288 299 290
Cr 553 - 395 547 - 257 260 265
Ni 302 98.6 176 286 153 135 110 92.4
Cu 105 116 118 111 49.8 105 106 114
Zn 114 118 102 93.2 107 101 108 103
Ga 14.4 16.4 13.3 12.7 14.6 15.2 15.8 15.5
Ti 12869 9354 9246 11704 12780 12145
Mn 1339 - 1313 1227 - 1226 1275 1235

Major elements determined by XRF at the University of Hawaii.

Trace elements determined by ICP-MS at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
a Determined by XRF at the University of Hawaii

Alteration effects locations (samples LWaw-1, LWaw-2, LWaw-4, LWaw-5, LWaw-6,

Some Lanai samples have low alkali (Na20, K20, Rb, Cs) contents
and low K20/P2Os ( < 0.9), high K 2 0 / R b ( > 0.1), and high Ba/Rb
( > 25) ratios, compared to other samples (K20/P2Os: 0.9-3.0,
KzO/Rb: < 0.1, Ba/Rb: 12-24) (Fig. 7a). Similar geochemical fea-
tures in tholeiites from Haleakala and Kohala have been ascribed to
mobilization of alkalies during subaerial alteration (Feigenson et al.
1983; Chen and Frey 1985). Almost all of the altered Lanai samples
are from the Wawaeku section, located on the windward side of the
island where rainfall is somewhat higher than at the other sampled
LWaw-7; sample LKaI-1, from the Kalamanui section, may also
have been affected by minor subaerial alteration). Lavas from the
wet, windward flank of Mauna Kea also were found to have lost
alkalies relative to lavas from the dry, leeward flank of the volcano
(Frey et al. 1990a), even though they are much younger than lavas
from Lanai (0.1 0.3 Ma versus 0.7 1.5 Ma).
The negative correlation between K 2 0 / P 2 0 s and Ba/Rb ratios
at K20/P205 < 1.0 probably results from alkali loss during altera-
tion (Fig. 7a). The positive correlation between K 2 0 / R b and Ba/Rb
and the negative correlation between Rb/Cs and Ba/Rb suggest that,
528

100 d 100
Low-Abundance Lanai Tholeiites ,_~_,_ 'M~sc Hawaiian 'Thoieiite~
R a n g e f o r Average N M O R B
i m
c/
e._ ii "O
c- c-
O ~i!i:::ii:". . . . "o O
~"10 c-10
O
9 Kilauea basalt (7.3 wt.% MgO)
O O [] Kilauea picrite (17.5 wt.%MgO)
O O z~ Haleakala pierre (16.6 wt.% MgO)
rr 9
/:~ Manele
Wawaeku (14.8 wt.% MgO)
(7.2 wt.% MgO)
rr 9 Koolau basalt (11.8 wt.% MgO)
x Kahoolawe pierre (16.7 wt.% MgO) B
9 Kalamanui (10.9 wt.% MgO) A o MaunaLea picrite (23.7 wt.% MgO)
, ~ i ~ i i i i p i i i ' ' i . ~ , , i i ~ p i i

La Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd Tb Dy He Er TmYb Lu La Ce Pr NdPmSrn Eu Gd Tb Dy He Er TmYb Lu

Fig. 4A, B. Rare-earth element abundances in Hawaiian tholeiites Miscellaneous tholeiitic basalts and picrites from Kilauea (basalt:
normalized to mean Cl-chondrite (Anders and Grevesse 1989). A BHVO-1, Table 1; picrite: BVSP 1981), Mauna Lea (BVSP 1981),
Representative low-abundance Lanai tholeiites from the Manele, Kahoolawe (Leeman et al. in press), Koolau (Roden et al. 1984) and
Kalamanui, and Wawaeku stratigraphic sections. The range for Haleakala (Chcn and Frey 1983). MgO contents listed are based on
averaoe normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (NMORB; Hofmann 1988; major element data recalculated to 100% on an anhydrous basis
Sun and McDonough 1989) is shown by the stippled field. B with all iron as F e e

and Thompson 1979). Alteration does not, however, appear to have

Low-Abundance Lanai Tholeiites produced systematically lower Ce/Pb ratios in Lanai lavas, as
unaltered samples span a larger range in Ce/Pb than do altered
100 samples (12-33 versus 16-26; Fig. 7b).
The scatter of data on plots of U versus other highly incom-
c patible trace elements (e.g., Th, LREE) is probably the result of U
loss during subaerial alteration of some of the sampled Lanai lavas.
Studies of oceanic basalts have shown that U is mobile during low-
> 10 temperature alteration (Macdougall et al. 1979; Hart and Staudigel
,m
,m
1982). The U loss in Lanai lavas produced generally higher Nb/U
and Th/U ratios in altered relative to unaltered samples (Fig. 7c).
E Transitional tholeiitie and alkalic lavas from the rainy east flank of
Mauna Kea also have high Nb/U and Th/U ratios that are probably
the result of surface alteration (Kennedy et al. 1991).
O The lack of significant correlation between most incompatible
O trace elements (e.g., Th, Nb, Zr, Hf, REE, Y, Pb, Ba, Sr) or ratios of
re
0.1 OsRbBaTh U Nb K LaeePb Pr NdSrSmHf Zr ri EuGdrbDyHo u ErrmYbLu

Fig. 5. Incompatible trace element abundances in representative

low-abundance Lanai tholeiites normalized to primitive mantle.
Shown for comparison are a typical Kilauea tholeiite (BHVO-1; 35
data listed in Table 1), the average OIB estimate of Sun and OIB + MORB 9
\
\
McDonough (1989), and a stippled field representing the range for
NMORB (Hofmann 1988; Sun and McDonough 1989). Normali- .Q
zing values are from Hofmann (1988). The sequence of elements is 13_ 2 5
based on the order of increasing compatibility in oceanic basalts
suggested by Hof~ann (1988)
O
15.
,-:.: :,:.:q~,:.:'.'.....'.-:....-:
=============================================================================:~:~:~: : :+..: :.:,:-:+.,:+:.:..-....... -: ; ; ;-;.N,:.:,:.:.;.:
during surface alteration of Lanai lavas, Rb was more mobile than
either K or Cs. Chert and Frey (1985) also concluded that Rb was ~ Primitive Mantle
5 ~ 1 i i i i , i i
lost preferentially to K in lavas from Hateakala. In contrast, altered
pillow rims of submarine lavas have lower K/Rb, Cs, and K/Cs than 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
do fresh pillow interiors, indicating an apparent increasing order of La
mobility of K < Rb < Cs (Hart 1969).
Some of the altered Lanai samples have negative Ce anomalies, Fig. 6. Ce/Pb versus La for Lanai tholeiites. The range in Ce/Pb for
resulting in relatively high La/Ce ratios compared to those in ocean island basalts [OIB] and mid-ocean ridge basalts [MORB]
unaltered Lanai lavas (0,39 0.53 versus 0.34-0.41; Fig. 3@ The (25 _+ 5; Hofmann et al. 1986; striped field) and for primitive mantle
negative Ce anomalies in rocks altered by seawater have been (Hofmann 1988; Sun and McDonough 1989; stippled .field) are
attributed to oxidation of Ce to its tetravalent state (e.g., Ludden shown for comparison
 529

500 []

400 .\ A t-
O

0
9
[]
[]
D (I. []
..~_~3 0 0 o
c- []
e~
a3200 P
o []
1 O0 [] A
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 La/Hf
K20/P205
[]
500 B r

._<2 []
400 9 (R
O
IL
r
~.~.300 r [] []
Q.

m200 9
[]
&
1 O0 9 .e-, [] B
(D
10 15 20 25 30 35
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 15 20 25 30 35 Ce/Pb
Ce/Pb
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . , ,
[]
soo C r
O C
<..,

400 / " [] 9
O
0. []
J:3 ~ O~, .o_
300 p.
r

Q3200 9

[]
1 00 9 u'J
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Nb/La
25 50 75 1 00 1 25 1 50
Nb/U Fig. 8A-C. Incompatible trace element ratios versus relative strati-
graphic position for tholeiites from Lanai. A La/Hf, B Ce/Pb, and C
Fig. 7A-C. Variations in (A) KzO/P205, (B) Ce/Pb, and (C) Nb/U
Nb/La ratios change progressively upsection within the Manele
with Ba/Rb ratios for lavas from Lanai, showing the geochemical
(triangles; approx. 163 m thick) and Wawaeku (open squares; approx.
effects of subaerial alteration. See text for discussion
43 m thick) sections

those elements (e.g., Nb/Th, Zr/Hf, La/Sm, La/Yb, La/Th, La/Hf,

Sr/Nd, Ba/Zr, Ce/Pb) and K20/PzO 5 and Ba/Rb ratios indicates
that absolute abundances of these incompatible elements and their
ratios were not affected significantly by alteration.
Temporal geochemical variations
Lavas from two of the three sampled stratigraphic sections on Lanai
display systematic correlations between relative stratigraphic posi-
tion and incompatible trace element ratios. At Manele, the thickest
sampled section, incompatible trace element ratios change progres-
sively with relative stratigraphic position (Fig. 8). Nb/Th, Nb/U,
Nb/La, Sr/Nd, Zr/Sm, and Eu/Eu* ratios systematically decrease
upsection and Ce/Pb, La/Hf, La/Th, La/Sm, and La/Yb ratios
systematically increase upsection. Lavas from the Wawaeku section,
the next thickest sampled section, show similar, although slightly
scattered, trends for Nb/La, Sr/Nd, Zr/Sm, Ce/Pb, La/Hf, and
La/Th ratios. Lavas from Kalamanui Gulch, the smallest section,
show no systematic temporal variations in incompatible trace ele-
ment ratios. None of the sections show any evidence for systematic
temporal variations in major element contents or absolute trace
element abundances.
Discussion
Low-abundance Lanai tholeiites
The low-abundance Lanai tholeiites are distinct from
other Lanai tholeiites and Hawaiian tholeiites in general.
The low-abundance tholeiites contain significantly lower
abundances of certain highly incompatible elements (e.g.,
Th, REE, P, alkalies, Y), are less LREE-enriched (i.e., they
have nearly flat REE patterns), and have positive Eu
anomalies that are unrelated to their modal plagioclase
contents, These geochemical characteristics are a primary
feature of the lavas and do not reflect alteration (see the
section on alteration). There are several potential mech-
anisms that could have produced these geochemical fea-
tures: (1) fractionation of minor accessory minerals, (2)
differences in modal mineralogy of the source mantle, (3)
interaction with hydrothermal fluids, (4) assimilation of
530
depleted (MORB) wall-rock, (5) accumulation or resorp-
tion of phenocrysts or xenocrysts, (6) formation by higher
degrees of partial melting than were other Hawaiian
tholeiites, assuming the respective sources had similar
compositions, or (7) derivation from a less-enriched source
containing significantly lower abundances of these ele-
ments, assuming the primary magmas of other Hawaiian
tholeiites were generated by similar degrees of partial
melting. The viability of these mechanisms is discussed
next.
Fractionation of accessory phases
Fractionation of mineral phases common to basaltic
rocks (i.e., olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene) is incapable
of depleting these magmas in incompatible elements (e.g.,
REE, Th, U, Zr, Hf, Y, alkalies, P). However, certain of
these elements are compatible in minor accessory phases
found in some basalts (e.g., amphibole, apatite, sphene,
zircon, phlogopite). Fractionation of such phases could
decrease the abundances of some elements, normally con-
sidered incompatible, in residual melts.
However, both careful petrographic examination and
geochemical evidence have revealed no evidence of any of
these accessory phases in Lanai lavas. The strong, positive
correlations between highly incompatible trace elements
(e.g., Th, LREE) and elements incorporated into potential
accessory minerals [P20~-apatite; Zr-zircon, amphi-
bole; Ba-phlogopite; middle rare-earth elements
(MREE) sphene, apatite; HREE garnet, spheric, zircon,
amphibole] do not support significant fractionation of
these phases. Furthermore, the nearly flat to slightly
enriched REE patterns of the Lanai tholeiites preclude
significant fractional crystallization of either HREE-rich
(e.g., garnet, amphibole, zircon) or LREE + MREE-rich
(e.g., apatite, sphene, zircon) accessory phases.
Mantle source mineralogy
The retention of minor accessory phases in the mantle
during melt extraction can produce magmas containing
anomalously low abundances of certain incompatible ele-
ments. For example, the high field-strength element
(HFSE) (e.g., Zr, Hf, Ti, Nb, Ta, V) depletions in some arc
basalts have been attributed to the retention of titanates in
the residual source of these lavas following partial melting
(e.g., Saunders et al. 1980). However, it is unlikely that the
presence of residual accessory phases in the Lanai source
produced the low incompatible trace element contents of
the low-abundance tholeiites. Such a scenario would re-
quire a fortuitous combination of residual accessory
phases (e.g., phlogopite, apatite, amphibole, zircon,
spheric) such that elements of differing geochemical affin-
ity (e.g, Ba, REE, Zr, Y, Th, Nb, Pb) would be comparably
low in the resulting magmas.
Could the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites have form-
ed from a source that is identical geochemically to the
source of other Hawaiian tholeiites, but which differs in
the relative proportion of garnet and clinopyroxene? The
melting of 2 sources having identical geochemical com-
positions but with different clinopyroxene/garnet ratios
can produce magmas that contain different absolute REE
abundances and have different REE patterns. For ex-
ample, at the same percent partial melting, melts formed
from a low clinopyroxene/garnet source will have higher
HREE concentrations and steeper negative REE patterns
than would melts formed from a high clinopyroxene/gar-
net source. These geochemical differences result because
garnet contains higher absolute HREE abundances than
does clinopyroxene and enters the melt preferentially over
clinopyroxene. However, differences in the proportion of
garnet and clinopyroxene in the Lanai source relative to
the source of other Hawaiian tholeiites cannot explain the
low incompatible element contents of the low-abundance
Lanai tholeiites. Concomitant deficiencies both in ele-
ments whose concentrations are controlled by residual
garnet or clinopyroxene (e.g., HREE, Y) and in elements
that are highly incompatible in these phases (e.g., LREE,
Th, U) cannot result solely from differences in clinopyrox-
ene/garnet ratios.
Assimilation of M O R B wall-rock
The low-abundance Lanai tholeiites have REE, Zr, Hf,
and Y abundances lower than average NMORB (Figs.
4-5). Unless the Hawaiian lithosphere is significantly
more depleted in these elements than typical NMORB,
both direct bulk assimilation or partial assimilation of
MORB wall-rock by ascending Lanai magmas are pre-
cluded. In addition, isotopic data for Hawaiian shield-
buildin,q lavas are inconsistent with a depleted component
in their source (West et al. 1987). Isotopic data for Lanai
tholeiites indicate these lavas were derived from a source
containing a significant "Koolau" component (i.e., radiog-
enic Sr, unradiogenic Pb) (Fig. 2). This component has
been identified as enriched mantle (e.g., Staudigel et al.
1984; Zindler and Hart 1986; Sun and McDonough 1989)
and primitive (e.g., White 1985; West and Leeman 1987)
mantle, but it is inconsistent with a depleted MORB
source or depleted MORB lithosphere.
Hydrothermal alteration
Although submarine hydrothermal waters are character-
ized by pronounced positive Eu anomalies (e.g., Michard
et al. 1983; Campbell et al. 1988), interaction between such
fluids and stored or ascending magmas could not, re-
alistically, have produced the low incompatible element
abundances and positive Eu anomalies in the low-abun-
dance Lanai tholeiites. First, REE concentrations in hy-
drothermal fluids are too low (10 - 9 g_g-1 to 10 -12 g_g-1
range, typically) to have affected the geochemistry of these
lavas (ppm range) significantly, except at unrealistically
high water/rock ratios (e.g., W/R > 105; Michard and
Albarede 1986). Second, hydrothermal waters have steep
LREE-enriched patterns, which are uncharacteristic of the
low-abundance Lanai tholeiites. Third, the Lanai samples
from this study reveal no petrographic signs of the exten-
sive hydrothermal alteration that such high water/rock
ratios imply, although, admittedly, the affects of very
minor hydrothermal alteration may not be obvious.
 531

Phenocryst accumulation and assimilation 1.7

1.6 A
Phenocryst accumulation can produce low abundances of 1.5
incompatible elements in magmas via a dilution effect.
However, the principal phenocryst phase in Lanai tholeii- 5t.4
tes is olivine whose accumulation cannot account for the
substantial differences in La/Sm and La/Yb ratios and in LU 1.2
9
9 & 9

absolute REE abundances observed for lavas with equi- 1.1

valent MgO contents (Fig. 3b). k 9 9
1.0
The low-abundance Lanai tholeiites have positive Eu
0.9
anomalies whose magnitudes generally increase with de- 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
creasing incompatible element abundance. The most com- AI2Oa/TiO2
mon interpretation of positive Eu anomalies in basaltic 1.7
rocks is plagioclase accumulation or assimilation. How-
1.6 B
ever, there are several lines of evidence which taken in toto
negate these processes as the principal cause of the Eu 1.5

anomalies found in Lanai tholeiites. 1.4

1. The Eu/Eu* ratios of Lanai lavas are not correlated 1.3
"-I
with modal plagioclase; therefore, it is unlikely that the LU 1.2 &9 9
positive Eu anomalies result from plagioclase phenocryst
1.1 AA
accumulation. Most Lanai lavas lack relict grains and AA A 9
embayed phenocrysts of plagioclase. Thus, if plagioclase 1.0
assimilation was involved in the genesis of these lavas, it 0.9
would have to have been exceedingly efficient (i.e., pla- 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
gioclase would have to have been completely resorbed), as Nb/ka
has been suggested by Elthon (1984) for aphyric oceanic
60 ,,
basalts. C
2. The major and trace element compositions of Lanai 50
tholeiites are inconsistent with these lavas having under.
gone significant plagioclase fractionation or assimilation. 40 i A
The major element compositions of Hawaiian tholeiites Z
with MgO > 6.8 wt.% are controlled primarily by olivine 30 A,O.

subtraction and addition (e.g., Wright 1971). Like tholeii-

tes from other Hawaiian volcanoes, lavas from Lanai have 20

relatively constant AlzO3/CaO with decreasing MgO and 10

increasing FeO*/MgO, up to FeO*/MgO = 1.8, where, 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
presumably, pyroxcne and plagioclase join olivine as frac- Nb/La
tionating phases (Fig. 9). This trend is inconsistent with
Fig. 10A C. Correlations between major and trace element ratios
sensitive and insensitive to plagioclase addition or removal for Lanai
lavas. A Eu/Eu* is not correlated with A1203/TiO 2 ratios, indicating
1.8 Mauna Loa ~ Koolau that plagioclase addition or removal was not significant in these
lavas. B and C Highly incompatible trace element ratios insensitive
to plagioclase control (Nb/La) are positively correlated with ratios
indicative of plagioclase fractionation or accumulation (Eu/Eu* and
Sr/Nd)
(~1.4
either plagioclase fractionation or assimilation in these
lavas.
Plagioclase assimilation should produce readily
observable effects on the abundances of certain elements
1.0 ~ ' ' ' and on certain elemental ratios sensitive to plagioclase
0.5 ~.0 ~.5 2.0 2.5 (e.g., A1203, A1203/CaO , AIzO3/TiO2, Sr). However,
FeO*/MgO Eu/Eu* ratios in Lanai lavas do not correlate with these
Fig. 9. AI203/CaO versus FeO*/MgO for tholeiites from Lanai geochemical parameters, but do correlate strongly with
(triangles), where FeO* is total iron recalculated as FeO. Fields for trace element ratios insensitive to plagioclase addition or
Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Koolau tholeiites are shown for compari- removal (e.g., Nb/La, Nb/Th, La/Th) (Fig. 10). Therefore,
son. See text for discussion. Data sources: Garcia (unpub.), Macdon- we do not interpret correlations of ratios such as Sr/Nd
ald and Katsura (1961, 1964). Macdonald (1968), Jackson and and Eu/Eu* with Nb/La, La/Th, Nb/Th, and Ce/Pb as
Wright (1970), Wright (1971), Wright and Fiske (1971), Wright et al.
(1975), Moore et al. (1980), BVSP (1981), Roden et al. (1984),
having been produced by plagioclase assimilation.
Thompson et al. (1984), Lipman et al. (1985), Newsom et al. (1986), 3. We quantitatively tested the possibility that Lanai
Lockwood et al. (1987), Ho and Garcia (1988), Wilkinson and magmas containing higher absolute REE abundances and
Hensel (1988) no Eu anomalies (potential parent magma) could have
532
assimilated plagioclase to produce magmas containing
lower REE abundances and positive Eu anomalies (poten-
tial daughter magma). First, pairs of potential parent and
daughter magmas were selected from each of the
sampled stratigraphic sections (potential parental mag-
mas: LMan-5, LKal-5, LWaw-5; potential daughter mag-
mas: LMan-2, LKal-4, LWaw-1). Then, we calculated the
REE composition of plagioclase required to produce the
observed daughter magmas through assimilation of plag-
ioclase by the potential parent magmas. The results for one
example (the LMan-5/LMan-2 parent/daughter
pair) are shown in Fig. 11. For this example, no solutions
are obtained for < 70% plagioclase assimilation. Other
potential parent-daughter magmas produce similar
results: the LKal-5/LKal-4 and the LWaw-5/LWaw-1
pairs require > 80% and > 60% plagioclase assimila-
tion, respectively. Calculated plagioclase REE composi-
tions range from nearly flat to LREE-depleted,
i.e., (La/Sm)cN _< 1. In contrast, REE patterns of plagio-
clase megacrysts and phenocrysts reported in the literat-
ure typically are significantly more LREE-enriched and
have more pronounced positive Eu anomalies (Fig. l l
insert).
The results of REE modeling calculations show that
implausible amounts of plagioclase assimilation ( > 60%)
are required to produce the positive Eu anomalies of the
1 00 i i
LMan-5
0 producing the geochemical features of the low-abundance
r-- LMan-2
0 a \ aJa~_a~
('-1o
O 90o - . . . . . these processes.
0 7
rr
i i i i
La Ce Pr Nd PmSm Eu Gd Tb Dy He Er TmYb Lu
~)
100
i--
"0
C
0
r-" 10
o graphic examination reveals that many of the olivines in
0 1
0
rr
0,1
La Ca Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd Tb Dy He Er Tm Y b Lu
Fig. 11. Calculated rare-earth element compositionsof plagioclases
required to produce low-abundance Lanai tholeiite LMan-2
through assimilation of plagioclase by a potential parent magma
having the composition of sample LMan-5. Calculated plagioclase
compositionsfor 70-90% assimilationare shown as dashed lines. No
solutions are obtained for < 70% plagioclase assimilation. Insert
shows REE compositionsof representative plagioclasephenocrysts
and megacrysts(Higuchiand Nagasawa 1969; Schnetzlerand Phil-
potts 1970;Paster et al. 1974;Fujimakiet al. 1984;Morseand Nolan
1985; Phinney and Morrison 1990)
low-abundance Lanai tholeiites (Fig. 11). Such large
amounts of plagioclase assimilation would drastically in-
crease the AI20 3 and Sr contents of the resulting magmas.
However, the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites have lower
or just marginally higher A1/O 3 and Sr contents than do
associated lavas containing higher incompatible element
abundances and no Eu anomalies. Using the calculated
equilibrium plagioclase composition of LMan-5 (Anvv),
60% plagioclase assimilation would produce a magma
containing substantially higher A120 3 (21.8 versus
13.9 wt.% AlzO3) and Sr (434-556 versus 330 ppm Sr;
based on Sr abundances in plagioclase separates from
basalts; Philpotts and Schnetzler 1970; Fujimaki et al.
1984) contents than those observed for LMan-2. Even for
plagioclase assimilation as low as 10%, the resulting
magma would have higher A120 3 and Sr contents
(14.7 wt.% A1203, 348-369 ppm Sr) than LMan-2. The
other models tested produced similar results.
We conclude that the low-abundance tholeiites cannot
be related to other Lanai lavas by plagioclase assimilation
or accumulation.
Source geochemical heterogeneity and partial melting
variations.
On the basis of the arguments discussed, we reject
fractionation of minor accessory phases, differences in
mantle source mineralogy, hydrothermal alteration, as-
similation of depleted (MORB) wall-rock, and phenocryst
accumulation or assimilation as mechanisms capable of
Lanai tholeiites. In the following sections, we examine
whether the distinctive characteristics of these lavas res-
ulted from variable degrees of partial melting, geochemi-
cal heterogeneity in the Lanai source, or a combination of
1. Lanai primary magmas. To evaluate the roles of partial
melting and source heterogeneity in the genesis of Lanai
lavas, primary magma compositions must be inferred.
Estimates of Hawaiian primary magma compositions
Calculated Plagioclase range from 12~5 wt.% MgO (e.g., Wright 1971, 1984;
i i ~ i I i i
Irvine 1977; Maaloe 1979; Leeman et al. 1980; BVSP 1981;
Chen and Frey 1983; Wilkinson 1985; Nicholls and Stout
1988; Wilkinson and Hensel 1988; Garcia and Hulsebosch
1990; Clague et al. 1991; see Table 4). The most mafic
Lanai lava in our sample suite is picritic (sample LWaw-
4b: 16 vol.% olivine phenocrysts, Mg4~ ~ 71), but it
is unlikely that it represents a primary magma. Petro-
LWaw-4b are xenocrysts, which suggests that it is accu-
mulative. The high Ni/MgO ratio of this sample (Ni/MgO
= 48.4) is also indicative of olivine accumulation (BVSP
1981). Furthermore, LWaw-4b contains plagioclase and
clinopyroxene phenocrysts, which in Hawaiian tholeiites
.usually form only in evolved liquids ( < 7 wt.% MgO;
Wright 1971).
Our best sample for inferring the composition of Lanai
primary magmas is LKal-4. It has nearly 11 wt.% MgO,
Ni/MgO = 26.3, approx. 5 vol.% olivine phenocrysts, no
plagioclase or elinopyroxene phenoerysts, and the lowest
abundances of several incompatible elements (e.g., REE,
P, Hf, Y) among samples from this study. We infer that
LKal-4 probably evolved from primary magma by olivine
 533

Table 4. Major and trace element data for estimated Hawaiian primary magmas. Major element data are given in weight percent. Trace
element data are given in ppm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Si02 46.75 47.95 48.05 48.37 46.95 46.17 48.00 48.74 49.57
A1203 9.01 9.29 9.89 11.36 13.10 7.83 11.00 11.10 10.51
F%O3 - 13.44 1.14 - - 2.27 2.06
FeO 11.13 10.80 10.25 11.00 11.36 11.00 9.23 9.41
MgO 21.81 21.19 16.31 14.07 14.55 25.00 14.50 15.51 17.03
CaO 7.30 7.03 7.77 9.58 10.16 6.29 9.00 8.37 7.66
Na/O 1.47 1.51 1.67 1.90 1.73 1.26 2.00 1.90 1.99
K20 0.31 0.23 0.26 0.49 0.08 0.23 0.40 0.37 0.15
PzOs 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.23 - 0.12 - 0.20 0.08
TiO2 1.58 1.37 1.83 2.28 2.02 1.35 1.35 1.71 1.42
MnO 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.22 - 0.16 0.12
CrzO 3 0.21 0.20 0.19 - 0.12
NiO - - 0.09 . . . . 0.09 -
La 8.2 5.5 7.1 . . . . . 2.20
Ce 22.0 14.7 18.8 - - 5.89
Nd - 12.3 - - - 4.2
Sm 3.7 3.2 3.73 . . . . 1.34
Eu 1.15 1.06 1.39 . . . . 0.63
Tb 0.55 0.55 0.7i . . . . 0.248
Ho - - 0.8 0.277
Yb 1.22 1.3 1.73 . . . . . 0.70
Lu 0.24 - - - 0.098

1, Calculated Kilauea primary magma (Wright 1984)

2, Calculated Mauna Loa primary magma (Wright 1984)
3, Postulated primary magma, Haleakala tholeiite (Sample C-122; Chen and Frey 1983)
4, Kilauea Iki primitive liquid (Irvine 1977)
5, Kilauea Iki parent magma (Green and Ringwood 1967)
6, Prehistoric Kilauea caldera primary magma assuming 25 wt.% MgO (Wright 1971)
7, Hawaiian parent magma (BVSP 1981)
8, Mauna Loa picrite primary magma (Wilkinson 1985)
9, Calculated Lanai primary magma for sample LKal-4. See text for method of calculation. Major element data normalized to 100% after
setting FeZ+/(Fe 2+ + Fe 3+) to 0.90

fraetionation alone. Maaloe and Hansen (1982), Garcia
and Hulsebosch (1990), and Clague et al. (1991) proposed
that some Hawaiian primary tholeiites have M g O con-
tents of approx. 17 wt.%. A mixture of 85% LKal-4 and
15% Fo90 olivine would yield a m a g m a with 17 wt.%
MgO. The choice of olivine composition has little affect
on the calculated primary m a g m a composition. F o r ex-
ample, a less-forsteritic olivine (e.g., Fo86.8, the calculated
equilibrium olivine composition for LKal-4) changes the
estimated mixing proportions by just 1%. To calculate the
R E E composition of this Lanai primary m a g m a , the R E E
contents of LKal-4 were diluted t h r o u g h the addition of
15% olivine phenocrysts (Table 4, column 9). The calcu-
lated R E E abundances for this Lanai primary magma, as
well as abundances in sample LKal-4 itself, are lower than
those calculated by Wright 0984) or Chen and Frey (1983)
for Kilauea, M a u n a Loa, and Haleakala primary m a g m a s
(Table 4).
The calculated Lanai primary m a g m a and other calcu-
lated m o d e r a t e - M g Hawaiian primary m a g m a composi-
tions (14 17 wt.% M g O ) fall along the 2 0 k b cotectic
defined by glasses from the reversal experiments of
F a l l o o n et al. (1988) on calculated equilibrium partial
melts of Hawaiian pyrolite (Fig. 12). This pressure is
within the stability field of garnet, depending on temper-
ature and volatile content (e.g., O ' H a r a et al. 1971; Green
1973; Maaloe and J a k o b s s o n 1980; Taylor and Green
1988) and corresponds to approx. 65 km depth. Earth-
quakes occur under the active Hawaiian volcanoes to
depths of approx. 60 k m (Eaton and M u r a t a 1960; E a t o n
t962; R y a n et al. 1981; Dzurisin ct al. 1984; Klein et al.
1987). Sixty to sixty-five kilometers is a m i n i m u m depth
for segregation of Hawaiian tholeiitic m a g m a s from their
source. The source of these m a g m a s must lie below the
lithosphere because t h e r m o d y n a m i c constraints (Morse
1991), volume considerations (Frey and Roden 1987), and
isotopic compositions (West et al. 1987) preclude Ha-
waiian tholeiites from being derived t h r o u g h melting of
oceanic lithosphere. Estimates of the depth to the base of
the lithosphere beneath Hawaii range from a b o u t 70 km
to > 100 km (e.g., Leeds 1975; Watts 1978; Liu and Chase
1989).
2. Partial melting models. Experimental, m a j o r element,
and R E E data yield conflicting interpretations concerning
the a m o u n t of melting required to generate Hawaiian
primary tholeiites (see Feigenson 1986; Frey and Roden
1987; Frey et al. 1990b). Partial melting estimates based
on geochemical models range from 2%, leaving a garnet
lherzolite residue (Budahn and Schmitt 1985), to 40%,
leaving a harzburgite residue (Wright 1984). The low
degrees of melting suggested by B u d a h n and Schmitt
(1985) require unrealistically large volumes of sub-
lithospheric mantle to be consumed. F o r a shield the
volume of Lanai and a postulated plume diameter of
534
10kb<
20kb1 5 i / /
30kb
0] q lations were performed for a spinel lherzolite source, but
Hy
9 L a n a i Tholeiites
* Lanai Primary Magma
Hawaiian Pyrolite
9 Hawaiian Primary Magmas
Fig. 12. Olivine (Ol) Quartz (Q) Plagioclase (Pl) molecular nor-
mative ternary comparing Hawaiian primary magma estimates,
including Lanai, with olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene _
spinel + liquid cotectics of Hawaiian pyrolite at 5, 10, 15, 20, and
30 kb (cotectics from Falloon et al. 1988; Jaques and Green 1980).
The locus of liquids in equilibrium with a dunitic residue is defined
by the tie-line intersecting the olivine apex and Hawaiian pyrolite.
Moderate-MgO (14 17wt.% MgO) Hawaiian primary magmas
(solid dots)are given in Table 4. All data were normalized to 100%
on an anhydrous basis after setting Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) to 0.90
25 km (approx. the areal diameter of Lanai), a cylindrical
volume of sub-lithospheric mantle more than 1200 km
deep would have to be melted. This is a minimum estimate,
because the volume of the Lanai shield calculated by
Bargar and Jackson (1974) may be up to 50% too low
because it ignores subsidence (Moore 1987). Wright's
(1984) model also seems to require an excessive volume of
sub-lithospheric mantle to be melted (2.5 x 106 km 3) to
account for the postulated volume of enriched material
(25 000 km 3) (see Frey and Roden 1987). This is equivalent
to a cylindrical volume of sub-lithospheric mantle approx.
5100 km deep.
To constrain the extent of partial melting in the Lanai
source, we evaluated several melting models using our
calculated primary magma composition. A primitive
source (i.e., flat REE pattern, REE abundances approx.
2.6x chondrite; Hofmann 1988) was used, because Lanai
lavas have Sr, Pb, and Nd isotopic compositions possibly
consistent with such a component in their source. The
maximum amount of partial melting required to generate
the Lanai primary magma from a primitive source can be
calculated from the equilibrium non-modal melting equa-
tion (Shaw 1970) assuming bulk D = 0 for highly incom-
patible trace elements (e.g., LREE). This approach yields
values in the range 25-29% partial melting for LREE to
MREE (La ~ Sm). Using bulk D values calculated from
relevant mineral/melt D LREE values (Prinzhofer and Alle-
gre 1985) for a source containing 5 14% garnet, the
maximum amount of partial melting is constrained to
26-28% partial melting.
We calculated melt compositions for up to 30% modal
and non-modal equilibrium batch melting for a range of
garnet peridotite source modal mineralogies; a represen-
tative result is shown in Fig. 13a, b. Calculated melting
curves do not match REE patterns of the Lanai primary
magma or the low-abundance tholeiites. Although LREE
abundances in the Lanai primary magma are consistent
with approx. 25% partial melting, calculated H R E E
abundances do not match those observed (Fig. 13a). The
REE patterns of Kahoolawe and Mauna Loa picritic
tholeiites fall roughly along the 10% melting curve, al-
though H R E E abundances do not match closely (Fig.
13b). If these Hawaiian picrites are not primary magmas,
then the degree of partial melting must be > 10%, pro-
vided these lavas are not cumulates. Similar melting calcu-
neither modal nor non-modal melting curves could repro-
duce the observed enrichments in LREE over H R E E for
either the Lanai primary magma or the Hawaiian picritic
tholeiites. To yield the observed REE compositions of
these potential primary magmas, a spinel lherzolite source
must be LREE-enriched.
Several incremental melting models were tested; results
for the most successful one are shown in Fig. 13c. The
LREE (La --* Sm) and H R E E (Tm ~ Lu) contents of the
Lanai primary magma fall approximately along the calcu-
lated melting curve for 30% non-modal melting of a
pyrolite source. Calculated and observed MREE
(Gd ~ Er) contents differ significantly, which could be an
artifact of the non-linear increase in published MREE
H R E E distribution coefficients for garnet. Rare-earth ele-
ment distribution coefficients for clinopyroxene and gar-
net in mantle peridotite under high pressure and temper-
ature are not well-determined. Thus, incremental melting
potentially can account for the relative LREE-enrichment
of the Lanai primary magma without having to invoke a
LREE-enriched source. However, this mismatch also
could result if the Lanai source is more LREE-enriched
(i.e., higher LREE/HREE) than the source composition
used in the modeling.
We calculated potential source REE compositions for
various degrees of partial melting of a garnet peridotite
source containing 5-14% garnet, leaving garnet as a
residual phase. If the Lanai primary magma formed by
_> 20% partial melting of such a source, then the Lanai
source was LREE-enriched. For 25% partial melting,
roughly consistent with maximum partial melting esti-
mates, the Lanai source would have contained near-
primitive absolute LREE abundances (2.5x chondrite) and
1.1x to 1.8x chondrite H R E E abundances (Fig. 13d).
Isotope systematics show that the source of Hawaiian
shield-building lavas is heterogeneous (e.g., Staudigel et al.
1984; Tatsumoto et al. 1987; West et al. 1987). Therefore,
the calculated REE composition of the Lanai source must
represent a mixture. If the Hawaiian source is a mixture of
primitive and enriched components, we can constrain
their proportions in Lanai magmas using calculated REE
compositions of the bulk Lanai source (Fig. 14). For a
mixed source consisting of > 40% primitive component,
no solutions are obtained (i.e., negative REE abundances
 535

.01
Batch Melting |.o,... Incremental Melting
100: Garnet Lherzoli~e "',,. Garnet Lherzolite
Model "'-.. Model
60:20:10:10 "'- 61:15:10:14
.10 . . . . . . ~ ~- -~_ "~

10 . 5 0 - - -

9
oWawaeku (15.0 wt.~ MgO)
a Manele (7.3 wt.~ MgO) zx Uanele (7.3 wt.~ MgO)
[]Kalamanui (11.0 wt.~ MgO) u Kalamanui (11.0 wt.~ MgO)
~r Kalgmanui Primqry Magma # K a l g m a n u i Primary Magma C
(17 wt.~ MgO) A (17 wt.~ MgO)
9 1
x= .0~_ Batch Melting Source Compositions
~DIO0 "'--- Garnet LheTzoli~e P r i m a r y Magma F = .25
""-. Model 10
r o , . ~ 0:10:10
O

10:
Primitive Mantle
.~-a~. 4 .... ~;~,,o ~ o -o-o
a Kilauea picrite (19.! wt.~ MgO) .
A Mauna Loa pierite (21.2 wt.~, MgO,) zx Model 60:20:10:10 - ~ . . a~. _, o 4 .
~-Kahoolawe picrite ,(16.7 wt.~ MgO) B
O Haleakala picrite (16.6 wt.~ MgO 9 Model 61:15:10:14 "~--a'-a--~..~
La Ce Pr Nd PmSmEu Gd Tb Dy Ha Er TmYb Lu Lo Ce Pr Nd PmSmEu Gd Tb Dy Ha Er TmYb Lu

Fig. 13A D. C1 chondrite-normalized rare-earth element plots for the calculated Lanai primary magma. B Representative tholeiitic
selected partial melting models. A Calculated non-modal equilib- picrites from Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Kahoolawe and Haleakala. C
rium batch melting curves (dashed lines) for 1%, 10%, 20%, and Calculated non-modal incremental melting curves (dashed lines) for
30% non-modal partial melting of a primitive mantle source com- 1%, 10%, 20%, and 30% partial melting of a pyrolite source (61%o
position (data from Hofmann 1988). Assumed source modal miner- olivine, 15% orthopyroxene, 10% clinopyroxene, 14% garnet; Duffy
alogy: olivine 60%, orthopyroxene 20%, clinopyroxene 10%, and and Anderson 1989). The melting increment used is 0.1%; curves
garnet 10%o (based on modal abundances in the undepleted, sheared represent total aggregate melt compositions. D calculated Lanai
garnet lherzolite PHN-1611; Boyd and Nixon 1972; Shimizu 1975). source compositions (dashed lines) for 25% non-modal batch mel-
Modes of minerals entering the melt: olivine 10%o, orthopyroxene ting of two source modal mineralogies assuming a primitive mantle
10%, clinopyroxene 40%, garnet 40% (Leeman et al. 1980; Frey source composition. Garnet was not completely consumed during
1984). Partition coefficients are from Prinzhofer and Allegre (1985). melting
Shown are representative low-abundance tholeiites from Lanai and

Enriched Source Component result). A 40% primitive 60% enriched source would
@ Primary Magma have (La/Yb)r ~ 11.6 for this model. If the primitive
component constitutes more than about 5% of the mixed
"~ 10
source, then the enriched component has absolute H R E E
Primitive Mantle * ~'~'-~'r
abundances less than chondritic and contains lower abso-
lute REE abundances than the primitive component.
9
xS
~~~-~'~'~~ s 3 o

Lanai Source
0 1 ",', .... --LL-- - .10/.9o
Variations in partial melting versus source differences
" .~o/.7o
o Variations in incompatible trace element ratios in erupted
9 ~x
lavas can be produced by extensive crystal fractionation of
Model 60:201 0:10 ', phases in which these elements have different distribution
~:~ 0.1 \
F .... .2 5 ' .40/.60 coefficients (e.g., clinopyroxene), melting a homogeneous
. . . . . . . . .

Lc Ce Pr Nd PmSmEu Od Tb Dy Ha Er TmYb Lu
, ,
Fig. 14. C1 chondrite-normalized rare-earth element plot of calcula-
ted compositions for the enriched mantle component in the Lanai
source for 25% partial melting. The assumed Lanai source is a
mixture of primitive and enriched components (see text for discus-
sion of assumptions). Primitive mantle abundances are from
Hofmann (1988). Source mode is the same as in Fig. 13a. Enriched
component compositions are depicted by dashed lines, with propor-
tions of primitive (PM) and enriched (EM) mantle components in
the mixed source indicated next to each line
, , , 7--- ,
source to varying extents, or melting a heterogeneous
source. We rule out crystal fractionation as having played
a significant role in producing such variations in Lanai
tholeiites because olivine was the dominant fractionating
phase. Absolute abundances of incompatible trace ele-
ments (e.g., REE, Th, U, Pb, Nb, Zr, Hf, St, Ba) in olivine
are too low to produce substantial variations in ratios of
these elements by fractional crystallization alone. Also,
Lanai tholeiites of equivalent MgO content display sub-
stantial differences in absolute REE abundances and the
536
degree of LREE/HREE enrichment. For example, three
Manele lavas with equivalent MgO contents (7.2-7.3
wt.%) have La/Yb ratios ranging from 2.80 to 5.24 and La
and Yb abundances ranging from 2.6 to 9.1 ppm and 0.94
to 1.74 ppm, respectively (Fig. 3b).
Clinopyroxene is the only phase in these rocks capable
of modifying La/Yb ratios to such an extent by crystal
fractionation. However, geochemical evidence indicates
that clinopyroxene fractionation in these lavas was insig-
nificant: (1) the positive correlation between Sc and in-
compatible element abundances (e.g., Hf, Zr, Pb), (2) the
somewhat scattered but negative correlation between
MgO contents and Sc abundances, and (3) the lack of
correlation between MgO contents and AI203/CaO
ratios.
If the Lanai source was homogeneous geochemically,
then variations in LREE abundances and LREE/HREE
ratios for spatially associated lavas with the same MgO
content suggest they are related by variable degrees of
partial melting. We tested quantitatively whether or not
the range in highly incompatible trace element ratios
found in Lanai tholeiites is too large to result solely from
partial melting variations of a geochemically homo-
geneous source. Thorimn, niobium, and lanthanum are
similar geochemically in that all are highly incompatible
during partial melting of typical mantle peridotite. If we
assume that the range in Nb/Th for Manele lavas
(Nb/ThLM,n_6 = 16.0, Nb/ThL~a,,.2 = 33.9) results solely
from variations in the degree of partial melting of a
homogeneous source and that the Nb/Th ratio of
the Lanai source can be estimated, then the percent
partial melting required to generate this range can be
calculated. These two samples are ideal for testing this
hypothesis, because they have equivalent MgO contents
(MgOLM,n.2 = 7.17 wt.%, MgOLM,,-6 = 7.22 wt.%) and
therefore appear to represent the same level of fraction-
ation.
First, we assumed that bulk Drh < bulk D Nb, because
(1) on a plot of Nb versus Th, Lanai data intersect the Nb
axis, (2) Nb/Th is negatively correlated with incompatible
element abundances, and (3) this relative order of ele-
mental compatibility in potential mantle phases (olivine,
orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet, spinel) is favored
overwhelmingly in published geochemical studies (e.g.,
Clague and Frey 1982; LeRoex and Erlank 1982; Baxter et
al. 1985; Chen and Frey 1985). Second, we assumed that
LMan-2 represents a larger degree of melting than does
LMan-6, because it contains lower incompatible element
abundances and has lower La/Sm and La/Yb ratios. Thus,
Nb/ThLian. 2 must more closely approximate the Nb/Th
ratio of the source than does Nb/ThL~,._ 6 because, with
decreasing amounts of partial melting, trace elements will
increasingly become fractionated from one another as a
function of the difference in partition coefficients. Using
Nb/ThLu,._ 2 for the postulated homogeneous Lanai
source, we calculated the percent partial melting required
to generate Nb/ThLMa,_6. Bulk D Nb and bulk DTh values
were calculated over a range of mineral-liquid partition
coefficients for both garnet and spinel peridotite assem-
blages.
Results of our modeling indicate that 4.8-7.6% partial
melting is required to produce a magma with Nb/ThLuan_6
from a source with Nb/ThLMan.2. Similar calculations
modeling the range in La/Th ratios for Manele lavas
(La/ThLMa,_2 = 10.9, La/ThLMa,_6 = 17.3) require even
smaller degrees of partial melting (0.4-1.9%). Note that
these partial estimates represent maximum values, because
we assume that LMan-2 has Nb/Th and La/Th ratios
equal to the Lanai source. If the Lanai source has more
extreme Nb/Th or La/Th ratios than does LMan-2, which
is likely because this sample must itself be derived from a
partial melt, then the percent partial melting necessary to
fractionate these ratios to the extent observed will be even
lower than our calculated values. Such small degrees of
partial melting are probably unrealistic for Hawaiian
tholeiites (e.g., Frey and Roden 1987).
Two other observations argue against Lanai tholeiites
having been derived solely by variable degrees of partial
melting of a geochemically homogeneous source. First,
the increase in La/Th ratios with increasing abundances of
these elements would require that DLa< D vh, which is
unlikely (see Hofmann 1988; Sun and McDonough 1989).
Second, variable degrees of partial melting of a homoge-
neous source, assuming clinopyroxene and/or garnet re-
main as residual phases, should produce crossing REE
patterns, which are not observed in these lavas.
We conclude that the range in highly incompatible
trace element ratios found in Lanai tholeiites is too large
to result solely from partial melting variations but must
reflect geochemical heterogeneities in the Lanai source.
The relative proportions of source components incorpo-
rated into primary melts are likely a function of the extent
of fusion, assuming these components have different solidi.
Geochemical differences in lava compositions between
Hawaiian shields could be controlled largely by differ-
ences in the proportions of these components in the plume
material supplying each volcano and in the extent of
partial melting. Lavas from isotopically similar volcanoes
may, thus, contain similar proportions of source compo-
nents, assuming these proportions are controlled by par-
tial melting. If so, then isotopically similar tholeiites from
Kahoolawe, Koolau, and Lanai, may have formed by
similar amounts of partial melting, in which case the
Lanai source contains significantly lower abundances of
incompatible elements than the Koolau or Kahoolawe
sources. A caveat to such an interpretation should be
noted: the large range in Sr-Pb-Nd isotope data for
Kahoolawe (West et al. 1987) could reflect significant
variations in the extent of partial melting in the source of
those lavas.
Considering these complexities, differences in both
geochemical composition and extent of partial melting
may characterize the respective sources of even isotopi-
cally similar tholeiites from different volcanoes. There is
no reason to presuppose that the extent of partial melting
was invariant over the duration of shield-building activity
for any Hawaiian volcano. If each volcano is fed by a
discrete blob of plume material derived from the Hawaiian
hotspot source and if this source consists of dispersed
heterogeneities, then each blob may contain different
proportions of such materials. Alternatively, all volcanoes
may tap a continuous flux of plume material in which the
proportions of isotopically distinct components vary with
time.
 537

Nature of geochemical heterogeneity i ~ i E i i i i i k i i i i i L i i i i i i i i i

in source of Hawaiian tholeiites 13l Manele

r BHV04 /~ - Low-abundance
Results from the previous section show that the source of /e e.l~i - ~ e ~ tholeiitos
Lanai tholeiites is heterogeneous geochemically. Because
incompatible trace element ratios in these lavas span 10
relatively large ranges, we infer that the extent of partial . n

melting in their source must have been insufficient to E

produce geochemically homogenized melts. Plots of in- "r-"
compatible trace elements ratios (e.g., La/Th-Ce/Pb, 13.
Nb/Th-La/Hf, Ce/Pb-Nb/Th, Ce/Pb-Nb/La, Ba/La-
O /~/ * LMan-2 --=~
Zr/Th, Nb/La-Zr/Th) form coherent trends, consistent O /l o LMan-3
with mixing between geochemically distinct source com- rr
ponents. The low-abundance tholeiites fall at one extreme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

on these trends and must therefore approximate one of the esThPb K Rb U SrBaNbLaOePr NdZr P HfSrnTi EuGdTbDy Y HoErTmYbLu

Lanai source components. i i i i i i i i ~ i i J i ~ i i i i i i i i i i

Correlations between highly incompatible trace ele- Manele

ment ratios and absolute abundances of these elements in BH~4 e/P~-. ~ High-abundance
r-.-
Lanai tholeiites (e.g., Figs. 6, 10c) could result from vari- c~ /o~" ~ tho/eiites
ations in the degree of partial melting of a geochemically
heterogeneous source. Because the low-abundance tholeii-
tes fall at one extreme on these trends, they could repre- 10
sent one extreme in the extent of partial melting in the
Lanai source. Lower absolute incompatible element E
abundances and lower La/Sm and La/Yb ratios in the EL
low-abundance tholeiites suggest they represent higher 9 BHVO - ~
degrees of partial melting than do other Lanai lavas. Thus, O 9 LMan-5
O 0 LMan-6
this component appears to dominate melt compositions at s
higher degrees of partial melting, whereas the component
1 ~ i i i i i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i r
represented by Lanai lavas containing higher incom- CsThPb K Rb U SrBaNbLaeePr NdZr P HfSmTi EuGdTbDy Y HoErTmYbLu

patible element abundances dominates at lower degrees of

partial melting. The low-abundance tholeiites could there-
fore represent a more refractory component (i.e., a less-
fusible, higher solidus component) than the other princi-
pal component in the Lanai source.
Trace element patterns of the low-abundance tholeii-
tes differ significantly from Lanai lavas containing higher
abundances of incompatible elements (Fig. 15). Compared
to other Lanai lavas, they are enriched in HFSE (Zr, Hf,
Ti, and, to lesser extent, Nb), Sr, and Eu, relative to other
incompatible trace elements (e.g., Th, U, REE, alkalies).
The low-abundance tholeiites have the lowest Ce/Pb,
La/Zr, and La/Hf ratios and the highest Nb/La and
Nb/Th ratios among Lanai lavas. Although Ce/Pb ratios
of these lavas approach primitive values (Fig. 6), the low-
abundance tholeiites have non-chondritic Nb/La and
Nb/Th ratios. Therefore, it is unlikely the low-Ce/Pb
component represents a geochemically unmodified pri-
mitive mantle component.
The Lanai low-Ce/Pb source component is character-
ized by low REE/HFSE, Th/HFSE, and alkali/HFSE
ratios, indicating it is relatively enriched in HFSE. Con-
versely, many arc lavas are enriched in LREE, alkali
metals, and alkaline earths, relative to HFSE (e.g., Gill
1981; Dupuy et al. 1982). This so-called depletion in HFSE
for arc lavas could result from the retention of residual
titanate phases (e.g., rutile, sphene) in their source follow-
ing dehydration or melting of subducting slab materials
(e.g., Saunders et al. 1980). If this residual slab material
becomes entrained within the convective regime of the
mantle, then it could contribute significantly to the source
of oceanic island basalts (e.g., Saunders et al. 1991; Weaver
Fig. 15A, B. Trace element abundances of low-abundanceand high-
abundanceLanai tholeiites from the Manete section, normalized to
primitive mantle (Hofmann 1988). The sequence of elements is based
on the order of normalized elemental abundances observed for a
typical Kilauea tholeiite: U.S.G.S. standard rock, BHVO-1
(Govindaraju 1989). Trace element patterns for the high-abundance
Lanai tholeiites resemble that of BHVO-I, with a few exceptions
(notably, K and Sr). In contrast, the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites
have elevated HFSE contents relative to other incompatible ele-
ments (e.g, REE, Th, U, alkalies)
1991). Because subducted residual slab material has
undergone previous melting and/or dehydration, it is
likely to be refractory (McDonough 1991), possibly more
so than the surrounding mantle material in which it
becomes entrained. Thus, the geochemical signature im-
parted to generated melts by such a component residing in
a mixed source may be evident in the chemistry of erupted
lavas only at relatively large degrees of partial melting.
The apparent relative enrichment in HFSE abundances in
the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites may reflect the pre-
sence of such a component in their source.
Although few quality Pb concentration data have been
published for Hawaiian lavas, available data show that
Hawaiian shield-building and transitional lavas form a
steep-sloped positive array on a plot of Ce/Pb versus
La/Hf that could reflect mixing between a low Ce/Pb, low
La/Hf component and a high Ce/Pb, moderate La/Hf
component. The low-abundance Lanai tholeiites fall at
the low Ce/Pb, low La/Hf end of this array, whereas Lanai
lavas containing higher REE abundances fall at the oppo-
sing end of the array, within the range observed for other
538
Hawaiian tholeiites (e.g., Kilauea, Mauna Loa). The
Ce/Pb ratios of Lanai tholeiites range up to approx. 33,
slightly higher than the oceanic basalt average of 25 _+ 5
suggested by Hofmann (1986); basalts from Mauna Kea
are even more extreme (mean Ce/Pb = 40 + 4; Kennedy
et al. 1991).
The nature of the high Ce/Pb, moderate La/Hf source
component in Hawaiian lavas is problematic. Kennedy et
al. (1991) observed that arc lavas have low Ce/Pb ratios
that fall between primitive/oceanic crust and continental
crust/sediment values (e.g., White and Patchett 1984;
White and Dupre 1986) and speculated that comple-
mentary arc residues could have high Ce/Pb. On the basis
of those observations, Kennedy et al. (1991) suggested that
the high Ce/Pb component in the source of Hawaiian
lavas could consist of recycled residual subduction zone
materials. However, such a component would also likely
have low La/Hf. The low REE/HFSE and Th/HFSE
ratios of the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites suggest that
it is the low Ce/Pb Hawaiian source component that may
be related to recycled subduction zone materials.
The high Ce/Pb component is unlikely to consist of
subducted or delaminated continental crustal materials,
because Ce/Pb ratios for average continental crust
(3.~4.1; Taylor and McLennan 1985), most lower crustal
xenoliths (2.3 13; Rudnick and Taylor 1986; Rudnick et
al. 1986; Rudnick and Goldstein 1990), and oceanic sedi-
ments ( < 5; e.g., Ben Othman et al. 1989, McLennan et al.
1990) are even lower than primitive values. Average
oceanic crust (Ce/Pb -- 14.4; Taylor and McLennan 1985)
and average MORB (Ce/Pb = 25; Hofmann 1988; Sun
and McDonough 1989) values are also too low for such a
component. Therefore, it is unlikely this component
is related to contamination of ascending Hawaiian
plume melts through oceanic lithosphere and crust.
Hawkesworth et al. (1991) suggest that altered MORB
may have relatively high Ce/Pb ratios (approx. 42). How-
ever, Mauna Kea lavas have Ce/Pb ratios as high as
approx. 46 (Kennedy et al. 1991). Moreover, altered
oceanic basalts cored 200 km west of the island of Hawaii
have low Ce/Pb ratios (Ce/Pb < 18; Garcia unpub.). Also,
isotopic data for Mauna Kea tholeiites preclude extensive
interaction with MORB materials (Kennedy et al. 1991).
The high Ce/Pb ratios of the Mauna Kea lavas are also
too high to be related to a HIMU mantle component
(Ce/Pb ~ 32; McDonough 1991). Therefore, the high
Ce/Pb, moderate La/Hf component in Hawaiian lavas is
not derived from these sources. Perhaps high Ce/Pb and
moderate La/Hf ratios are an intrinsic feature of the
Hawaiian plume source. The recycled subduction zone
component could exist as blobs dispersed within this
material.
Positive Eu anomalies in the Hawaiian source mantle.
Hofmann et al. (1984) noted that lavas with low REE
abundances from the 1969-1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of
Kilauea have small, positive Eu anomalies. Positive Eu
anomalies are also present in some Puu Oo lavas erupted
in 1983 1986 (A.W. Hofmann, personal communication).
These lavas do not contain plagioclase. Although plagio-
clase accumulation is the most commonly invoked ex-
planation for positive Eu anomalies (e.g., Hawkesworth et
al. 1977; Woodhead 1988; Hoover 1989), clearly this is not
the case for Kilauea. Similarly, geochemical evidence ar-
gues strongly against such an origin for the positive Eu
anomalies in the low-abundance Lanai tholeiites. Because
neither Kilauea nor Lanai tholeiites appear to have been
affected by plagioclase accumulation or assimilation,
these positive Eu anomalies likely are an intrinsic feature
of the Hawaiian plume source.
Why are Eu anomalies absent in Lanai and Kilauea
lavas containing higher REE abundances? Absolute REE
abundances in Lanai tholeiites are correlated positively
with La/Sm and La/Yb and correlated negatively with
Eu/Eu*. Also, Eu/Eu* is correlated with highly incom-
patible element ratios that reflect source composition (e.g.,
Nb/La, La/Th, Ce/Pb; see Fig. 10). The positive Eu ano-
malies in the low-abundance tholeiites are accompanied
by low Ce/Pb and low REE/HFSE and must, therefore, be
a feature of the low Ce/Pb-low La/Hf component in the
Lanai source. If the low REE/HFSE ratios in the low-
abundance tholeiites are related to a subducted slab com-
ponent in the Lanai source, then positive Eu and Sr
anomalies may also characterize that component. It is,
however, unclear what process(es) could produce a mantle
component possessing positive Eu and Sr anomalies.
Temporal changes in source composition
Progressive upsection changes in incompatible trace ele-
ment ratios (e.g., La/Hf, Ce/Pb, Nb/La, Sr/Nd, Zr/Sm,
La/Th; see Fig. 8) are observed for lavas collected from the
2 thickest stratigraphic sections sampled on Lanai. These
geochemical variations suggest that either the source of
these lavas evolved geochemically with time or the pro-
cesses involved in generating these lavas varied with time.
Lavas with low Ce/Pb and La/Hf and high Nb/La, Eu-
Eu*, and Sr/Nd appear to have erupted preferentially
during the earlier stages of subaerial shield formation. If
these low-abundance tholeiites represent higher degrees of
partial melting than do other (younger) Lanai lavas, as
suggested earlier in this paper, then these temporal geo-
chemical changes could indicate a progressive decrease in
the extent of melting in the Lanai source. These results are
consistent with the findings of Kurz and Kammer (1991)
showing that the source of Mauna Loa tholeiites has been
changing progressively with time. We plan to sample a
thicker section of Lanai lavas in more detail to further
evaluate our findings.
Scale of geochemical heterogeneity
Several authors have discussed the possibility that the
extent of geochemical heterogeneity in MORB is correl-
ated inversely with the degree of partial melting in their
source (Batiza 1981, 1984; Macdougall and Lugmair
1985), and a similar correlation for OIB has also been
suggested (Gerlach 1990). These geochemical features
have been attributed to melting of a two-component
source consisting of small, enriched heterogeneities dis-
persed in more refractory host mantle (Sleep 1984; Batiza
1984; Macdougall and Lugmair 1985). Where the scale of
heterogeneity is smaller than the scale of melting, homo-
geneous melts are generated. Where the scale of hetero-

geneity is larger than the scale of melting, heterogeneous
magmas are produced. The salient consequence of this
model is that variable degrees of partial melting of such a
source could explain the more heterogeneous nature of
OIB versus MORB and of small-volume versus large-
volume hotspot volcanoes (Gerlach 1990).
The large ranges in incompatible trace element ratios
in Lanai tholeiites show that source heterogeneities persist
at the amounts of partial melting required to produce the
substantial volumes of Hawaiian shield volcanoes. This
supports the suggestion that heterogeneities in the
Hawaiian plume source are significantly larger than the
scale of partial melting for Hawaiian tholeiites (West et al.
1987). As discussed earlier, the geochemistry of Lanai
tholeiites indicates that the source of these lavas could
consist of distinct components with different solidus tem-
peratures. If the Lanai source components exist as large-
scale compositional heterogeneities, it implies that mag-
mas spanning a significant fraction (if not the entire
spectrum) of the compositional range of these components
can potentially be produced over the duration of
Hawaiian shield-building activity at each volcano, pro-
vided there are sufficient variations in the degree of partial
melting.
Relationship between extent of partial melting
and shield volume
The ultimate cause of the large variation in the volumes of
Hawaiian shield volcanoes is unknown, but it must be
related to the extent of partial melting, the volume of
plume material available, or a combination of the two.
The geochemical characteristics of Lanai lavas, parti-
cularly those of the low-abundance tholeiites, argue
strongly against their having formed by smaller degrees of
partial melting than that which formed tholeiites from the
larger volume Hawaiian shield volcanoes. Therefore, the
small volume of the Lanai shield cannot be explained by
smaller degrees of partial melting of Hawaiian plume
material. This suggests that differences in shield volume
between Hawaiian volcanoes must be controlled primar-
ily by differences in the volume of plume material feeding
individual volcanoes, rather than by differences in the
extcnt of melting of similar volumes of plume material.
Thus, the flux of plume material from the Hawaiian
hotspot source has varied significantly over the lifetime of
the Hawaiian hotspot.
The variation in Hawaiian shield volumes could result
from differences in the volume of discrete blobs of plume
material feeding each volcano or from changes in thc rate
plume material was supplied from the source of these
lavas. Relatively large degrees of partial melting of a
small-volume blob supplying Lanai could have resulted in
a premature exhaustion of plume material. This could
account for the cessation of volcanism at a relatively early
stage in the evolution of the Lanai shield.
Conclusions
Tholeiites from the island of Lanai exemplify one isotopic
extreme among Hawaiian lavas (West et al. 1987). Major
539
and trace element data for new samples collected from this
volcano show that some Lanai lavas are unique geo-
chemically among Hawaiian lavas. Relative to other
Hawaiian tholeiites, these unique Lanai lavas contain
significantly lower abundances of many incompatible ele-
ments (e.g., REE, Th) and have lower Ce/Pb, La/Yb,
Th/HFSE, REE/HFSE, and alkali/HFSE ratios. These
low-abundance tholeiites also possess positive Eu anomal-
ies that are not the result of plagioclase accumulation or
assimilation and probably are a feature of the Lanai
source.
The geochemical characteristics of the low-abundance
Lanai tholeiites indicate they may have formed by larger
degrees of partial melting than did other Hawaiian tholeii-
tes. The large range of highly incompatible trace element
ratios in these lavas, along with ratio-ratio and ratio-
abundance correlations, can be explained by variable
degrees of melting of a geochemically heterogeneous
source containing distinct components with different sol-
idi. These source hetcrogeneities must have been signifi-
cantly larger than the scale of partial melting. The low
REE/HFSE Lanai source component may consist of sub-
ducted slab material in the Hawaiian plume source. The
systematic temporal geochemical variations in Lanai thol-
eiites could have resulted from a progressive decrease in
the extent of partial melting which, in turn, controlled the
relative contribution of geochemically distinct source
components to generated melts.
There is no positive correlation between the volumes
of Hawaiian shield volcanoes and the apparent extent of
partial melting. Therefore, the volumes of individual
Hawaiian shields must be controlled primarily by the
volume of plume material supplying each volcano. A small
volume of supplied plume material, combined with rela-
tively large degrees of partial melting, may explain why
Lanai ceased eruptive activity during the shield-building
stage.
Acknowledgements. We thank G.P. Russ and J. Bazan for their
generous assistance and access to the LLNL ICP-MS facilities, and
T.P. Hulsebosch for his invaluable kokua with XRF analyses. We
thank Jo Ann Sinton for her expert thin-section work and
K. Spencer for his isotope dilution analysis. Mahalo nui loa to M.D.
Norman for constructive and holistic reviews of two versions of this
manuscript. We acknowledge detailed, critical reviews by F.A. Frey
and an anonymous reviewer that resulted in an improved paper.
Work on Lanai could not have been completed without the gracious
permission of Kaululaau. Research was supported in part by Na-
tional Science Foundation grants EAR90-18592 to HBW and
OCE90-12030 to MOG. SOEST Contribution No. 2966.
References
Andcrs E, Grevesse N (1989)Abundances of the elements:meteoritic
and solar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53 : 197 214
Bargar KE, Jackson ED (1974) Calculated volumes of individual
shield volcanoes along the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain. USGS J
Res 2 : 545-550
BVSP (Basaltic Volcanism Study Project) (1981) Basaltic volcanism
on the terrestrial planets. Pergamon Press Inc, New York USA
Batiza R (1981) Lithospheric age dependence of off-ridge volcano
production in the North Pacific. Geophys Res Lett 8 : 853-856
Batiza R (1984) Inverse relationship between Sr isotope diversity
and rate of oceanic volcanism has implications for mantle hetero-
geneity. Nature 309:440 441
540
Baxter AN Upton BGJ, White WM (1985) Petrology and geo-
chemistry of Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean. Contrib Mineral
Petrol 89 : 90.101
Ben Othman D, White WM, Patchett J (1989) The geochemistry of
marine sediments, island arc magma genesis, and crust-mantle
recycling. Earth Planet Sci Lett 94:1-21
Bonhommet N, Beeson MH, Dalrymple GB (1977) A contribution
to the geochronology and petrology of the Island of Lanai,
Hawaii. GSA Bull 88:1282 1286
Boyd FR, Nixon PH (1972) Ultramafic nodules from the Thaba
Putsoa Kimberlite pipe. Cam Inst Wash Ybook 71 : 362-373
Budahn JR, Schmitt RA {1985) Petrogenetic modeling of Hawaiian
tholeiitic basalts: a geochemical approach. Geochim Cosmochim
Acta 49 : 67-87
Campbell AC, Palmer MR, Klinkhammer GP, Bowers TS, Edmond
JM, Lawrence JR, Casey JF, Thompson G, Humphris S, Rona P,
Karson JA (1988) Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge. Nature 335:514-519
CasadevaU TJ, Dzurisin D (1987a) Intrusive rocks of Kilauea cal-
dera. USGS Prof Pap 1350:377-394
Casadevall T J, Dzurisin D (1987b) Stratigraphy and petrology of the
Uwekahuna Bluff Section, Kilauea Caldera. USGS Prof Pap
1350:351-375
Chert CY, Frey FA (1983) Origin of Hawaiian tholeiites and alkalic
basalt. Nature 302:785 789
Chen CY, Frey FA (1985) Trace element and isotopic geochemistry
of lavas from Haleakala Volcano, East Maul, Hawaii. Implica-
tions for the origin of Hawaiian basalts. J Geophys Res
90: 8743-8768
Chen CY, Frey FA, Garcia MO, Dalrymple GB, Hart SR (1991) The
tholeiite to alkalic basalt transition at Haleakala Volcano, Maul,
Hawaii. Contrib Mineral Petrol 106:183 200
Clague DA, Frey FA (1982) Petrology and trace element geo-
chemistry of the Honolulu Volcanics, Oahu: implications for the
oceanic mantle below Hawaii. J Petrol 23 : 447-504
Clague DA, Weber WS, Dixon JE (1991) Picritic glasses from
Hawaii. Nature 353 : 553 556
Duffy TS, Anderson DL (1989) Seismic velocities in mantle minerals
and the mineralogy of the upper mantle. J Geophys Res
94 : 1895-1912
Dupuy C, Dostal J, Marcelot G, Bougault H, Joron JL, Treuil M
(1982) Geochemistry of basalts from central and southern New
Hebrides Arc: implication for their source rock composition.
Earth Planet Sci Lett 60:207 225
Dzurisin D, Koyanagi RY, English TT (1984) Magma supply and
storage at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1956-1983. J Vole Geoth
Res 21 : 177-206
Eaton JP (1962) Crustal structure and volcanism in Hawaii. AGU
Geophys Monograph 6:13~9
Eaton JP, Murata KJ (1960) How volcanoes grow. Science
132:925 938
Elthon D (1984) Plagioclase buoyancy in oceanic basalts: chemical
effects. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:753 768
Falloon TJ, Green DH, Hatton CJ, Harris KL (1988) Anhydrous
partial melting of a fertile and depleted peridotite from 2 to 30 kb
and application to basalt petrogenesis. J Petrol 29:1257 1282
Feigenson MD (1984) Geochemistry of Kauai volcanics and a
mixing model for the origin of Hawaiian alkali basalts. Contrib
Mineral Petrol 87:109 119
Feigenson MD (1986) Constraints on the origin of Hawaiian lavas. J
Geophys Res 91:9383-9393
Feigenson MD, Hofmann AW, Spera FJ (1983) Case studies on the
origin of basalt II. The transition from tholeiitie to alkalic
volcanism on Kohala Volcano, Hawaii. Contrib Mineral Petrol
84:390-405
Frey FA (1984) Rare earth element abundances in upper mantle
rocks. In: Henderson P (ed) Rare earth element geochemistry.
Elsevier, Amsterdam New York, pp 153 203
Frey FA, Roden MF (1987) The mantle source for the Hawaiian
Islands. Constraints from the lavas and ultramafic inclusions. In:
Menzies M, Hawkesworth C (eds) Mantle metasomatism. Aca-
demic Press, New York London, pp 423-463
Frey FA, Wise WS, Garcia MO, West H, Kwon S-T, Kennedy A
(1990a) Evolution of Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii: petrologic
and geochemical constraints on postshield volcanism. J Geophys
Res 95 : 1271-1300
Frey FA, Garcia MO, Chen CY, Wise WS, Roden M, Kennedy A,
West H (1990b) Geochemical constraints on the evolution of
Hawaiian volcanoes. In: Intraplate volcanism: the Reunion Hot
Spot. Abstr Vol p 77
Fujimaki H, Tatsumoto M, Aoki KI (1984) Partition coefficients of
Hf, Zr, and REE Between phenocrysts and groundmass. Proc
14th Lunar Planet Sci Conf: 66~672
Gareia MO, Hulsebosch TP (1990) Neutral buoyancy and the origin
of submarine picrites at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. In: Intraplate
volcanism: the Reunion Hot Spot, Abstract Vol. p 79
Gerlach DC (1990) Eruption rates and isotopic systematics of ocean
islands: further evidence for small-scale heterogeneity in the
upper mantle. Tectonophys 172 : 273 289
Gill J (1981) Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics, Springer,
Heidelberg New York London Tokyo, 390 p
Gladney ES, Roelandts I (1988) 1987 Compilation of elemental
concentration data for USGS BHVO-1, MAG-1, QLO-1, RGM-
1, SCo-1, SGR-1 and STM-1. Geostandards Newsletter
12:253 362
Govindaraju K (1989) 1989 Compilation of working values and
sample description for 272 geostandards. Geostandards News-
letter 13:1-113
Green DH (1973) Experimental melting studies on a model upper
mantle composition at high pressure under water-saturated
and water-undersaturated conditions. Earth Planet Sci Lett
19 : 37-53
Green DH, Ringwood AE (1967) The genesis of basaltic magmas.
Contrib Mineral Petrol 15 : 103-190
Hart SR (1969) K, Rb, Cs Contents and K/Rb, K/Cs Ratios of fresh
and altered submarine basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 6:295 303
Hart SR, Staudigel H (1982) The control of alkalies and uranium in
seawater by ocean crust alteration. Earth Planet Sci Lett
58:202 212
Hawkesworth CJ, O'Nions RK, Pankhurst RJ, Hamilton P J,
Evensen NM (1977) A geochemical study of island-arc tholeiites
from the Scotia Sea. Earth Planet Sci Lett 36:353-362
Hawkesworth CJ, Hergt JM, Ellam RM, McDermott F (1991)
Element fluxes associated with subduction related magmatism.
Phil Trans R Soc London A-335 : 393 405
Hegner E, Unruh D, Tatsumoto M (1986) Nd-Sr-Pb isotope con-
straints on the sources of West Maul Volcano, Hawaii. Nature
319:478-480
Higuchi H, Nagasawa H (1969) Partition of trace elements between
rock forming minerals and the host volcanic rocks. Earth Planet
Sci Lett 7:281~87
Ho RA, Garcia MO (1988) Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea
Volcano, Hawaii: implications from the 1955 eruption. Bull Volc
50 : 35-46
Hofmann AW (1986) Nb in Hawaiian magmas: constraints on
source composition and evolution. Chem Geol 57 : 17-30
Hofmann AW (1988) Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the
relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic
crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 90:297 314
Hofmann AW, White WM (1983) Ba, Rb and Cs in the Earth's
mantle. Z Naturforsch 38a:25(~266
Hofmann AW, Feigenson MD, Raczek I (1984) Case studies on the
origin of basalt: III petrogenesis of the Mauna Ulu eruption,
Kilauea, 1969 1971. Contrib Mineral Petrol 88:24-35
Hofmann AW, Jochum KP, Seufert M, White WM (1986) Nb and
Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution.
Earth Planet Sci Lett 79:33-45
Hoover JD (1989) The chilled marginal gabbro and other contact
rocks of the Skaergaard Intrusion. J Petrol 30:44'1-476
Irvine TN (1977) Definition of primitive liquid compositions for
basic magmas. Carn Inst Wash Ybook 76:454-461
Jackson ED, Wright TL (1970) Xenoliths in the Honolulu Volcanic
Series, Hawaii. J Petrol 11:405 430
Jaques AL, Green DH (1980) Anhydrous melting of peridotite at

0-15 kb pressure and the genesis of tholeiitic basalts. Contrib
Mineral Petrol 73:287-310
Kennedy AK, Kwon ST, Frey FA, West HB (1991) The isotopic
composition of postshield lavas from Mauna Kea Volcano,
Hawaii. Earth Planet Sci Lett 103:339 353
Klein FW, Koyanagi RY, Nakata JS, Tanigawa WR (1987) The
seismicity of Kilauea's magma system. USGS Prof Pap
1350:1019-1185
Kurz MD, Kammer DP (1991) Isotopic evolution of Mauna Loa
Volcano. Earth Planet Sci Lett 103:257 269
Kurz MD, Jenkins WJ, Hart SR, Clague D (1983) Helium isotopic
variations in volcanic rocks from Loihi Seamount and the Island
of Hawaii. Earth Planet Sci Lett 66 : 388-406
Lanphere MA, Frey FA (1987) Geochemical evolution of Kohala
Volcano, Hawaii. Contrib Mineral Petrol 95:100 113
Leeds AR (1975) Lithospheric thickness in the western Pacific. Phys
Earth Planet lnt 11:61-64
Leeman WP, Budahn JR, Gerlach DC, Smith DR, Powcll BN (1980)
Origin of Hawaiian tholeiites: trace element constraints. Am J Sci
280-A : 794 819
Leeman WP, Gerlach DC, Garcia MO, West HB (1992) Geochemi-
cal variations in lavas from Kahoolawe Volcano, Hawaii. Con-
trib Mineral Petrol (in press)
LeRoex AP, Erlank AJ (1982) Quantitative evaluation of fractional
crystallization in Bouvet Island lavas. J Vole Geoth Res
13:309 338
Lipman PW, Banks NG, Rhodes, JM 1985, Degassing-induced
crystallization of basaltic magma and effects on lava rheology:
Nature 317, p. 604-607
Liu M, Chase CG (1989) Evolution of midplate hotspot swells:
numerical solutions. J Geophys Res 94:5571 5584
Lockwood JP, Dvorak JJ, English TT, Koyanagi RY, Okamura AT,
Summers ML, Tanigawa WR (1987) Mauna Loa 1974-1984: A
decade of intrusive and extrusive activity. USGS Prof Pap
1350:537-570
Ludden JN, Thompson G (1979) An evaluation of the behavior of
the rare earth elements during the weathering of sea-floor basalt.
Earth Planet Sci Lett 43:85-92
Maaloe S (1979) Compositional range of primary tholeiitic magmas
evaluated from major-element trends. Lithos 12:59-72
Maaloe S, Jakobsson SP (1980) The PT phase relations of a primary
oceanite from the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. Lithos
13 : 237 246
Maaloe S, Hansen B (1982) Olivine phenocrysts of Hawaiian olivine
tholeiite and oceanite. Contrib Mineral Petrol 81:203-211
Macdonald GA (1968) Composition and origin of Hawaiian lavas.
GSA Mere 116:477-522
Macdonald GA, Katsura T (1961) Variations in the lava of the 1959
eruption in Kilauea Iki. Pac Sci 15:358 369
Macdonald GA, Katsura T (1964) Chemical composition of Ha-
waiian lavas. J Petrol 5:82-133
Macdougall JD, Finkel RC, Carlson J (1979) Isotopic evidence for
uranium exchange during low-temperature alteration of oceanic
basalt. Earth Planet Sci Lett 42 : 27-34
Macdougall JD, Lugmair GW (1985) Extreme isotopic homogeneity
among basalts from the southern East Pacific Rise: mantle or
mixing effect? Nature 313:209 211
McDonough WF (1991) Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust
and isolation of its residual eclogitic lithology. Phil Trans R Soc
Lond 335-A : 407-418
McLennan SM, Taylor SR, McCulloch MT, Maynard JB (1990)
Geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of deep-sea turbi-
dites: crustal evolution and plate tectonic associations. Geochim
Cosmochim Acta 54:2015-2050
Michard A, Albarede F (1986) The REE content of some hydrother-
real fluids. Chem Geol 55:51-60
Michard A, Albarede F, Michard G, Minster JF, Charlou JL (1983)
Rare-earth elements and uranium in high-temperature solutions
from east Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent field (13~ Nature
303 : 795-797
Moore JG (1987) Subsidence of the Hawaiian ridge. USGS Prof Pap
1350:85-100
541
Moore RB, Helz RT, Dzurisin D, Eaton GP, Koyanagi RY, Lipman
PW, Lockwood JP, Puniwai GS (1980) The 1977 Eruption of
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. J Volc Geoth Res 7:189-210
Morse SA (1991) Basaltic magma from the crust is not a free option.
EOS 72 : 161
Morse SA, Nolan KM (1985) Kiglapait geochemistry VII: yttrium
and the rare earth elements. Geochim Cosmochim Acta
49 : 1621 1644
Naughton JJ, Macdonald GA, Greenberg VA (1980) Some addi-
tional potassium-argon ages of Hawaiian rocks: the Maul Vol-
canic Complex of Molokai, Maui, Lanai and Kahoolawe. J Volc
Geoth Res 7 : 339-355
Newsom HE, White WM, Jochum KP, Hofmann AW (1986)
Siderophile and chalcophile element abundances in oceanic
basalts, Pb isotope evolution and growth of the Earth's core.
Earth Planet Sci Lett 80 : 299-3 J 3
Nicholls J, Stout MZ (1988) Picritic melts in Kilauea evidence from
the 1967-1968 Halemaumau and Hiiaka eruptions. J Petrol
29:1031 1057
Norrish K, Chappell BW (1977) X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry.
In: Zussman J (ed) Physical methods in determinative mineral-
ogy. Academic Press, New York London, pp 201-272
O'Hara M J, Richardson SW, Wilson G (1971) Garnet-peridotite
stability and occurrence in crust and mantle. Contrib Mineral
Petrol 32:48 68
Paster TP, Schauwecker DS, Haskin LA (1974) The behavior of
some trace elements during solidification of the SkaerKaard
layered series. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 38:1549-1577
Philpotts JA, Scbnetzler CC (1970) Phenocryst-matrix partition
coefficients for K, Rb, Sr and Ba, with applications to anorthosite
and basalt genesis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 34:307 322
Phinney WC, Morrison DA (1990) Partition coefficients for calcic
plagioclase: implications for Archean anorthosites. Geochim
Cosmochim Acta 54 : 1639 1654
Prinzhofer A, Allegre CJ (1985) Residual peridotites and the mech-
anisms of partial melting. Earth Planet Sci Lett 74:25l~65
Rhodes JM (1968) Geochemistry of the 1984 Mauna Loa eruption:
implications for magma storage and supply. J Geophys Res
93 : 4453-4466
Roden MF, Frey FA, Clague DA (1984) Geochemistry of tholeiitic
and alkalic lavas from the Koolau Range, Oahu, Hawaii.
Implications for Hawaiian volcanism. Earth Planet Sci Lett
69:141 158
Rudnick RL, Taylor SR (1986) The composition and petrogenesis of
the lower crust: a xenolith study. J Geophys Res 92 : 13981-14005
Rudnick RL, Goldstein SL (1990) The Pb isotopic compositions of
lower crustal xenoliths and the evolution of lower crustal Pb.
Earth Planet Sci Lett 98 : 192-207
Rudnick RL, McDonough WF, McCulloch MT, Taylor SR (1986)
Lower crustal xenoliths from Queensland Australia: evidence for
deep crustal assimilation and fractionation of continental basalts.
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50 : 1099 1115
Ryan MP, Koyanagi RY, Fiske RS (1981) Modeling the three-
dimensional structure of macroscopic magma transport systems:
application to Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. J Geophys Res
86:7111 7129
Saunders AD, Norry MJ, Tarney J (1980) Transverse geochemical
variations across the Antarctic Peninsula: implications for the
genesis of calc-alkaline magmas. Earth Planet Sci 46: 344-360
Saunders AD, Norry MJ, Tarney J (1991) Fluid influence on the
trace element compositions of subduction zone magmas. Phil
Trans R Soe Lond 335-A:377-392
Schnetzler CC, Philpotts JA (1970) Partition coefficients of rare-
earth elements between igneous matrix material and rock-for-
ming mineral phenocrysts-II. Geocheim Cosmochim Acta
34 : 331-340
Shaw DM (1970) Trace element fraetionation during anatexis. Geo-
chim Cosmochim Acta 34:237 243
Shimizu N (1975) Rare earth elements in garnets and clinopyroxenes
from garnet lherzolite nodules in kimberlites. Earth Planet Sci
Lett 25 : 26-32
Sleep NH (1984) Tapping of magmas from ubiquitous mantle
542
heterogeneities: an alternative to mantle plumes? J Geophys Res
89 : 10029-10041
Staudigel H, Zindler A, Hart SR, Leslie T, Chen C-Y, Clague DA
(1984) The isotope systematics of a juvenile intraplate volcano:
Pb, Nd, and Sr Isotope ratios of basalts from Loihi Seamount,
Hawaii. Earth Planet Sci Lett 69 : 1.3-29
Stearns HT (1940) Geology and ground-water resources of Lanai
and Kahoolawe Hawaii. Hawaii Div Hydrogr Bull 6, 177 pp
Stille P, Unruh DM, Tatsumoto M (1983) Pb, St, Nd And Hf
isotopic evidence of multiple sources for Oahu, Hawaii basalts.
Nature 304 : 25-29
Stille P, Unruh DM, Tatsumoto M (1986) Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf
isotopic constraints on the origin of Hawaiian basalts and
evidence for a unique mantle source. Geochim Cosmochim Acta
50:2303 2319
Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics
of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and
Processes. In: Saunders AD, Norry MJ (eds) Magmatism in the
ocean basins. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford London,
pp. 313 345
Tatsumoto M (1978) Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt
and its implication to mantle evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett
38 : 62-87
Tatsumoto M, Hegner E, Unruh DM (1987) Origin of the west Maui
volcanic rocks inferred from Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopes and a
multicomponent model for oceanic basalt. USGS Prof Pap
1350:723-744
Taylor SR, McLennon SM (1985) The continental crust: its com-
position and evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford
London
Taylor WR, Green DH (1988) Measurement of reduced peridotite-
C-O-H solidus and implications for redox melting of the mantle.
Nature 332 : 349-352
Thompson RN, Morrison MA, Hendry DL, Parry SJ (1984) An
assessment of the relative roles of crust and mantle in magma
genesis: an elemental approach. Phil Trans R Soc London A-
310:549-590
Tilling RI, Wright TL, Millard HT (1987) Trace-element chemistry
of Kilauea and Mauna Loa in space and time: a reconnaissance.
USGS Prof Pap 1350 : 641 689
Washington HS (1923) Petrology of the Hawaiian Islands: I. Kohala
and Mauna Kea. Am J Sci 5:465-502
Watts AB (1978) An analysis of isostasy in the world's oceans 1.
Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain. J Geophys Res
83 : 5989-6004
Weaver BL (1991) The origin of ocean island basalt end-member
compositions: trace element and isotopic constraints. Earth Pla-
net Sci Lett 104; 381-396
West HB, Leeman WP (1987) Isotopic evolution of lavas from
Haleakala Crater, Hawaii. Earth Planet Sci Lett 84: 2l 1-225
West HB, Gerlach DC, Leeman WP, Garcia MO (1987) Isotopic
constraints on the origin of Hawaiian magmas from the Maul
Volcanic Complex, Hawaii. Nature 330:216-220
White WM (1985) Sources of oceanic basalts: radiogenic isotopic
evidence. Geology 13 : 115-118
White WM, Patchett J (1984) Hf-Nd-Sr isotopes and incompatible
element abundances in island arcs: implications for magma
origins and crust-mantle evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett
67:167 185
White WM, Dupre B (1986) Sediment subduction and magma
genesis in the Lesser Antilles: isotopic and trace element con-
straints. J Geophys Res 91:5927-5941
Wilkinson JFG (1985) Undepleted mantle composition beneath
Hawaii. Earth Planet Sci Lett 75 : 129-138
Wilkinson JFG, Hensel HD (1988) The petrology of some picrites
from Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii. Contrib Min-
eral Petrol 98 : 326-345
Woodhead JD (1988) The origin of geochemical variations in Mar-
iana lavas: a general model for petrogenesis in intra-oceanic
island arcs? J Petrol 29:805-830
Wright TL (1971) Chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa in space
and time. USGS Prof Pap 735 : 1 40
Wright TL (1984) Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite: a metasomatic
model. J Geophys Res 89:3233-3252
Wright TL, Fiske RS (1971) Origin of the differentiated and hybrid
lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. J Petrol 12 : 1-65
Wright TL, Swanson DA, Duflield WA (1975) Chemical composi-
tions of Kilauea East Rift lava, 1968-1971. J Petrol 16:110-133
Zindler A, Hart SR (1986) Chemical geodynamics. Ann Rev Earth
Planet Sci 14: 493-571
Editorial responsibility. J. Patchett