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An Excitation Spectrum Criterion For The Vibration-Induced Fatigue
An Excitation Spectrum Criterion For The Vibration-Induced Fatigue
Proceedings of IMECE2002
ASME International
ASME International Mechanical Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Congress
Congress & Exposition
& Exposition
November 17–22, 2002 New Orleans,
November 17–22, 2002, New Orleans, Louisiana Louisiana
IMECE2002-32847
IMECE2002-32847
Pierre.Moussou@edf.fr
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study is to determine an easy-to-use criterion The velocity spectrum criterion appears less penalizing than the
to evaluate the risk of vibration induced fatigue of small bore 12 mm/s criterion and more conservative than the strict
pipes. enforcement of the ANSI-OM3 standard.
The failure mechanism considered is the resonant amplification Comparisons with former studies show that the velocity
of a stationary broadband excitation of the main pipe by natural spectrum criterion leads to the correct fatigue diagnosis.
modes of the small bore pipe, leading to bending stresses above
the fatigue limit of the steel.
INTRODUCTION
Based on the Euler beam theory, a simple model is built up for Several failures of small bore piping systems occurred in
the natural mode shapes of the small bore pipe close to its root. the French nuclear power plants in the past years because of
It is shown that the velocity spectrum at the root of the small fatigue due to flow-induced vibrations [1,2]. Evaluation of the
bore pipe is equal to the RMS value of the bending stress risk of fatigue failure is then required for the small bore pipes in
multiplied by a function of the natural frequency, the damping steady operating conditions.
coefficient, the speed of elastic waves in the steel, the Young Expertise methods for the vibrations of small bore pipes
modulus and a non-dimensional factor weakly depending on the such as modal analysis and operating deflection shapes analysis
geometry of the small bore pipe. are well established nowadays [3]. The control of small bore
pipes is yet an issue because of their large number in safety
A maximum velocity spectrum can then be deduced, assuming related systems. Time-consuming methods of expertise cannot
that a small bore pipe vibrates mainly on its natural mode be used, and simple criteria are requested to optimize control
shapes. The maximum excitation spectrum is defined for each operations.
frequency f as the one which would generate a maximum Technically speaking, the main difference between main
bending stress equal to the endurance limit of the steel, would pipes and small bore pipes vibrations is that the excitation
the small bore pipe have a natural frequency equal to f. sources of the small bore pipes are forced displacements, with a
Using envelope values of the dimensional factor, the stress rather complicated spectrum as shown in Figure 1 (the spectrum
intensification factor, the peak factor and the endurance limit of shown is the square root of the Power Density Spectrum of the
the steel, one obtains the following maximum velocity spectrum velocity, expressed in mm/s.sqrt(Hz)). As can be seen, the
for the stainless steel : excitation spectrum of a small bore pipe can exhibit a
v < 6 mm / s / sqrt(f) significant level up to 400 Hz, with several modes.
The usual control technique for the vibrations of piping
and the following maximum velocity spectrum for the ferritic
systems is the application of ANSI-OM3 criteria [4,5,6]. Based
steel :
on the theory of vibrating beams, it stipulates that if the RMS
v < 2.7 mm / s / sqrt(f)
velocity everywhere on a pipe is lower than a value depending
on the pipe parameters, there is no risk of fatigue failure.
NOMENCLATURE
C1 non-dimensional coefficient of the ANSI-OM3,
describing the influence of concentrated masses
and varying from 0.25 to 1
C3 non-dimensional coefficient of the ANSI-OM3,
describing the added mass factor (water), varying
from 1 to about 1.3 for small bore pipes
C4 non-dimensional coefficient of the ANSI-OM3,
Figure 2: a complicated small bore pipe layout in a
describing the velocity to stress ratio as a function
safety piping system
of the layout and varying from 0.7 to 1.33
csteel speed of the compression waves in steel, equal to
In a similar approach, a widespread rule of thumb stipulates
that a pipe which vibrates below 12 mm/s is not exposed to (E/ρsteel)½ : 5000 m/s for current steel.
vibration-induced fatigue. E Young modulus of the steel (MPa)
There is yet no indication in the ANSI-OM 3 standard to f frequency (Hz)
determine the location of the maximal velocity on complicated fn natural frequency of the small bore pipe (Hz)
small bore pipes, such as the one reproduced in Figure 2. The F shear force spectrum in the small bore pipe
on-site technician has then to determine by himself the maximal ( N / Hz )
velocity point of the small bore pipe. This can be a time- Fpeak peak factor: ratio of the maximum value to the
consuming operation: for instance, the small bore pipe RMS value of the stress, equal to 3.5
reproduced in Figure 2 would require at least six to seven points G( u ) non-dimensional elastic energy in the root of the
of measurement in the three directions in order to determine the small bore pipe, equal to:
very location where the velocity is maximum. Besides, such an cos 2u e −2u
operation may be difficult to achieve whenever a highly G ( u) = u + − 2e − u sin u −
2 2
radioactive environment surrounds the small bore pipe.
• the Tresca stress is equal to the bending stress at the root of The three possible boundary conditions provide the
the small bore pipe, following relations between the length L of the straight part of
• the main pipe compliance is equal to zero, so that the angle the small bore pipe and the wavenumber k for the first natural
of deflection of the small bore pipe is zero at its root. mode of the small bore pipe:
• zero moment condition (see Fig. 5) :
kL = 1
• valve with a half length lv (see Fig. 6): the
Mode shape of the small bore pipe bending moment is a linear function of the abscissa x,
As indicated, we assume the deflection shape of the straight and it is equal to zero for x = L + lv. Hence we get :
part of the pipe to be almost identical to a mode shape, that is a k(L + lv) = 1
shape with a clamp condition on the right side: the main pipe • pinned or clamped condition (see Fig.8): kL ~ 4
movement is neglected in this part of the study.
The velocity spectrum and the bending moment are The straight pipes are at least as long as the valves, so that
basically complex spectra. As all physical values are to be in all the aforementioned situations, we have :
expressed as functions of σ0, we demand σ0 to be real, and all 0.5 < kL < 4
other spectra to have their phase referenced to σ0. For the sake This relation is valid for the first natural mode, and kL is of
of simplicity, the modulus symbol is omitted in the following course at least equal to 0.5 for higher modes.
when no confusion can occur. Nondimensional deflection : sin(kx)-cos(kx)+exp(-kx)
It is shown in Appendix 1 that for a given frequency, the Nondimensional moment -sin(kx)+cos(kx)+exp(-kx)
2
mode shape of the straight pipe complying with a clamp
condition on the left can be estimated as:
v( x) σ 1
= α 0 ( exp( − kx ) − cos( kx ) + sin( kx ) ) (1)
csteel E kL ~ 4 for a
and the bending moment is expressed as: 0 pinned condition
on the right side
Iσ 0
M (x) = ( exp( − kx ) + cos( kx ) − sin( kx )) kL ~ 1 for a
2 Rout -1
zero moment
where: csteel is the speed of sound in the steel condition on
the right side
α is a non-dimensional parameter, varying from 0.2 to -2
0.3 0 1 2 3 4
σ0 is the bending stress spectrum at the root of the Non-dimensional abscissa kx
small bore pipe Figure 4: small bore pipe deflection and moment
k is related to the pulsation ω by the dispersion
ω
equation: k2 =
2α csteel Rout elbow to the right:
zero moment at kL = 1
The deflection shape and the bending moment of the
straight part of the small bore pipe are shown in Figure 4. These
expressions are assumed to be valid for a wide range of
boundary conditions as shown in Figures 5 to 7. The underlying
idea is that in most practical cases, the initial straight part of 0 0.5 kx 1
length L of the small bore pipe is followed either by:
Figure 5: mode shape for an elbow on the right side
Velocity spectrum
Vall = αcsteel 0.7 = 0.28x5000 = 163 mm / s
(mm/sec.sqrt(Hz))
iFpeak E . 2.1011
2.1x 35
There is a margin factor of 1.35 between the actual fatigue 1
threshold and the ANSI-OM3 criteria. The margin factor of the
12 mm/s is equal to 13.5.
The comparison made on both cases shows that the velocity 0.5
spectrum criterion appears less conservative than the 12 mm/s
criterion and more conservative than the strict enforcement of
the ANSI-OM3 standard. This should be considered as a trend : 0
the velocity spectrum criterion could be less conservative than 0 100 200 300 400 500
the ANSI-OM3 in the case of broad-band excitations, when the Frequency (Hz)
small bore pipe vibrates on several modes simultaneously.
Figure 10: root velocity measurement of small bore
pipe #2
1.2 2 conditions
1
0.8
0.6
1
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0
Frequency (Hz) 0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 9: root velocity measurement of small bore
pipe #1 Figure 12: root velocity measurement of small bore
pipe #4 on two different plants
complying with the ASME B.3610 M-1996 standard, the term α 1st mode clamped-free bending moment
2
can be computed as a function of the outer diameter. The result
is shown in Figure 13. As can be seen, α varies from 0.2 to 0.3 1.5
0.5
Note : the dispersion relation can be rewritten as:
0
ω
k2 = 0 0.5 1 1.5
2α csteel Rout -0.5
-1
u = 1.87510407 * x / L
0.3 Figure 15: mode shape for a clamped-free beam
1st mode clamped-pinned shape
1st mode clamped-pinned bending moment
sin(u) - cos(u) + exp(-u)
0.2 -sin(u) + cos(u) + exp(-u)
2
Alpha
Schedule 10 1.5
Schedule 40 (STD) 1
0.1
Schedule 80 (XS sauf 10") 0.5
Schedule 160 0
0 1 2 3
-0.5
0
1/8 1/4 1/2 1 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 -1
1/2 Nominal diameter (inches) -1.5
u = 3.92660231 * x / L
Figure 13: values of the alpha term for tubes Figure 16: mode shape for a clamped-pinned beam
complying with ASME B.3610 M-1996