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Control and Coordination
Control and Coordination
BIOLOGY
CLASS:-X
CHAPTER-2
REFLEX ACTION
This is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is not under the voluntary control
of the brain.
Reflex action is a sudden action in response to something in the environment.
The pathway (or route) taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called as reflex arc.
Reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord.
The reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus.
E.g. if we touch a hot object, we very quickly pull away our hand without thinking.
The receptors are p[resent in skin which sense the heat and takes the signal to the spinal
cord through sensory neuron. The response is conveyed through the motor neuron. Relay
neuron in the spinal cord joins the two neurons.
HUMAN BODY
Brain is the main coordinating center of the body.
Brain and Spinal Cord constitute the central Nervous System.
The Central Nervous System receives information from all parts of body and integrates it.
The nerves communicate with the muscles for various actions like walking, talking etc.
The communication between the Central Nervous System and other parts of the body is facilitated
by the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Peripheral Nervous System comprises of nerves arising from the brain i.e. cranial nerves and
nerves arising from spinal cord i.e. spinal nerves.
The Brain has three major parts. I.e. Fore brain, mid brain and Hind brain
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
The plants do not have nervous system and sense organs.
The plants can sense things like light, gravity, chemicals, water and touch etc. by the
actions of hormones in them.
Plants show two different kinds of movements. One dependent on growth. Other
independent of growth.
The leaves of sensitive plants move very quickly in response to touch.
When a seed grows, the root goes down and stem comes up in air.
HORMONES IN ANIMALS
The Hormones are chemicals which are released from endocrine gland which help in
coordination of various activities inside the body.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands. They pour their secretion directly into the blood.
The different endocrine glands are: -
Adrenal gland – present on top of 2 kidneys.
--Secrete Adrenaline.
-Increases heart rate, breathing rate, Blood Pressure and Carbohydrate Metabolism
- it prepares the body for emergency situations.
Thyroid Glands- attached to wind pipe.
- Secretes Thyroxin (contains iodine)
-It controls the carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in body.
-Deficiency of Iodine in diet leads to disease called as Goitre.