SOFTVERSKI SISTEMI I MENADŽMENT

TEHNOLOGIJE U ŽIVOTNOJ SREDINI

Predrag Dašić1, Valentin Nedeff2, Georgous Petropoulos3
1
SaTCIP Ltd.
2
University of Bacău
3
University of Thessaly, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Apstrakt: Novi milenijum obeležilo je novo Knowledge-Based Society (KBS), čiju osnovu uglavnom čine
nematerijalne softverske i management tehnologije. U radu je data analiza i arhitektura informacionog sistema
za životnu sredinu (EnvIS), analiza, pregled i arhitektura sistema za podršku odlučivanju za životnu sredinu
(EDSS) i analiza, pregled i arhitektura softverskih alata za procenu životnog ciklusa (LCA).

Ključne reči: životna sredina, softverski sistem, manadžment tehnologija, informacioni sistem za životnu
sredinu (EnvIS), sistem za podršku odlučivanju za životnu sredinu (EDSS

SOFTWARE SYSTEMS AND MANAGEMENT

TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIROMENT
Abstract: The new millennium marked a new Knowledge-Based Society (KBS), which mainly consists of the
non-material software and technology. In this paper is given analysis and architecture for the Environment
Information System EnvIS), analysis, review and architecture of the system to support decision-making for the
Environment (EDSS) and the analysis, review and architecture of software tools for life cycle assessment (LCA).

Keywords: Environment, Software system, Management technology, Environmental information system (EnvIS),
Environmental decision support system (EDSS)

INTRODUCTION

The new millennium marked a new Knowledge-Based Society (KBS) or shorter Knowledge Society (KS). The
basis of the society mainly consists of non-material software and technology. Some of them in the field of
quality and the environment are so called management business paradigms, such as: TQM (Total Quality
Management), TQEM (Total Quality Environmental Management), TPM (Total productive Maintenance), CIM
(Computer Integrated Manufacturing), PLM (Product Life-Cycle Management) and other [8].
Research in the field of environment is becoming more attractive with the increase of the number of inhabitants
on Earth. The scale of development concepts and technologies for Environmental Management System (EMS)
and the application of ISO 14000 series of standards is shown on figure 1. It moved in the direction of concepts
from curative, preventive to integrate from one hand, and of establishing and implementation of directives by
countries to the EU directives on the other hand, in order to come to the final goal, the so-called Integrated
Management System (IMS). In the mid 1970s environmental information systems have been curative, moving to
preventive as more accidents occurred over the thirty years time period. Since then great advances have been
made merging those two approaches to integrated approach.
Environmental management system (EMS) presents a decentralized system set up in the areas of pollution
control, central and offshore ecology, bio-degradation of wastes and environment management, toxic chemicals,
environmentally sound and appropriate technology, etc. The system by that ensures environmental information
collection, collation, storage, retrieval and dissemination to all concerned. EIS provides environmental
information to decision makers, policy planners, scientists and engineers, research workers, etc.
 2. ENVIRONMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (EnvIS)

Information System (IS) is a set of activities for the processing of information, together with associated
organizational resources such as human, technical and financial, to provide and distribute information.
Connections between objects and connection system with the environment, with information system, make the
exchange of information. Each system consists of a database and a set of programs those different classes of
users to access data in the basis for their everyday business tasks. On the basis of the information system can be
defined as a set of techniques and technologies, methods and procedures for the proper planning the collection,
preparation, transmission, storage and processing of data based on the application of computers and the
distribution and presentation of information to use for decision-making [9, 30, 33].
Classification of information systems is realized by different criteria and is given in papers [12]. According to
fields of application is developed a large number of different information systems. In field of environment of
development is Environmental Information System (EnvIS), that is for India available on Web site:
http://www.envis.nic.in/.

Legend:
EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ELV End of Live Vehicles
EuP Energy-Using Products (EU Directive 2005/32/EC)
ICPE Installation Classée pour la Protection de l'Environnemen
IMS Integrated Management System
IPP Integrated Product Policy
IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
(EU Directive 2008/1/EC, which replaces Directive 96/61/EC)
WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(EU Directives 2002/96/EC, 2003/108/EC and 2008/34/EC)
Figure 1: Environmental Management System (EMS) development

The essential purpose of environmental information system (EnvIS) is to facilitate and streamline the flow of
environmental information from data sources to decision makers and to provide the necessary analyses that are
required to give decision makers adequate information [12].
Presently, the EnvIS network consist of 76 EnvIS nodes apart from the focal point, out of which, 29 EnvIS nodes
are on State Government Departments dealing with the Status of Environment and related issues of the
concerned State Government and the remaining 47 have been set up on various environmental disciplines
covering from air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, biodiversity, solid waste management, ecology and
ecosystems, environmental education, NGOs, media and even environmental parliament, coastal ecosystem,
clean technology, etc.
On figure 2 is shown architecture environmental information system (EnvIS).
Different environmental information system, are available on Web sites [7]:
¾ Environmental Information System (EnvIS) in Armenia, available on Web site:
http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/armenia/arm_assm.htm;
¾ Environmental Information System (EnvIS) in India, available on Web sites: http://www.envis.nic.in/ and
http://envfor.nic.in/envis/;
¾ International Environmental Information System (INFOTERRA), available on Web site: http://www-
cger.nies.go.jp/cger-e/db/info-e/InfoDBWeb/db/ infoterr.htm;
¾ Informační systém o životním prostředí Praha (IOŽIP), available on Web site:
http://www.rec.org/REC/programs/telematics/enwap/gallery/iozip.html;
¾ Kuwait Environmental Information System (KEIS), available on Web site:
http://www.gisqatar.org.qa/conf97/links/c4.html;
¾ London Environment On-Line (LEOS), available on Web site:
http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/projects/projectDetail.asp?ID=24/;
¾ Oak Ridge Environmental Information System (OREIS), available on Web site: http://www-
oreis.bechteljacobs.org/oreis/help/oreishome.html;
¾ Pražský Ekologický Monitorovací a Informační Systém (PREMIS), available on Web site:
http://www.premis.cz/PremisGUI/Basic/BasicInfo.aspx;
¾ Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) in Europa, available on Web site:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seis/index.htm;
¾ Spatial Environmental Information System for Modelling the Impact of Chemicals (SEISMIC), available on
Web site: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/SEISMIC.html;
¾ Sistema Informativo Nazionale Ambientale (SINA), available on Web site: http://www.sinanet.apat.it/en/
and etc.

Figure 2: Environmental Information System (EnvIS) architecture

3. ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (EDSS)

EDSS (Environmental Decision Support System) system presents intelligent DSS system for reduction of time
for decision making and promotion of coexistence and quality of decision making in systems of life environment.
General scheme of universal architecture of EDSS system is shown on figure 3 [6].
 Figure 3: General scheme of EDSS system [6]

Some of examples of successfully developed EDSS systems are [5-7, 16-17, 32, 38, 44]:
¾ BIOMASS (Besòs Intelligent Operation and Management of Activated Sludge System);
¾ DAI-Depur (Distributed Artifficial Intelligence Depur);
¾ DCHEM (Distributed Chemical Emergencies Manager);
¾ DMSS (Decision Multi-Criteria Support System);
¾ EMDS (Eco-System Management Decision Support), available on Web site:
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/emds/index.htm and http://www.institute.redlands.edu/ emds/index.htm;
¾ GESCONDA (Gestión del Conocimiento en Bases de Datos Ambientales or in english System for Knowledge
Management in Environmental Data Bases), available on Web site:
http://www.lsi.upc.edu/~webia/KEMLG/projects/ GESCONDA/;
¾ IRIS (Interactive River System Simulation);
¾ JavaAHP (Java Analytic Herarchy Process);
¾ LMS (Landscape Management System), available on Web site: http://lms.cfr.washington.edu/index.php and
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/lms/ index.html;
¾ MOIRA (Model-Based Computerised System for Management Support to Identify Optimal Remedial
Strategies for Restoring Radionuclide Contaminated Aquatic Ecosystems and Drainage Areas), available on
Web site: http://moiradss.topcities.com/;
¾ NED (North-East Decision Model), available on Web site: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/burlington/ned/;
¾ NED-SIPS (North-East Decision – Stand Inventory Processor and Simulator);
¾ OntoWEDSS (Ontology-Based Wastewater Environmental DSS);
¾ RAINS (Regional Acidification Information and Simulation);
¾ SACADEAU (Système d'Acquisition des Connaissances pour l'Aide à la Décision sur la qualité de l'Eau),
available on Web site: http://www.irisa.fr/dream/SACADEAU/;
¾ SEDSS (Sandia Environment DSS);
¾ STREAMES (Stream Reach Management an Expert System), available on Web site:
http://www.streames.org/;
¾ STREAMS (Stream Environment Assessment and Monitoring System);
¾ WaterSHEDSS (Water, Soil and Hydro Environmental DSS),
¾ WEDSS (Web-Based Environmental DSS) and etc.

4. SOFTWARE TOOLS AND DATA BASE FOR LCE AND LCA

LCE (Life-Cycle Engineering) is a scientific area which analyses potential economic, environmental and
technical impacts of products, services or processing methods over their whole life cycle. Life cycle engineering
embodies material and energy use and waste generation within all phases of life cycle of product and the
following stages: material production, including material acquisition and processing, manufacturing and
construction, the creation and assembly of parts into products, process operation and maintenance
decommissioning, material recovery and disposal [1-3, 10, 15, 18-20, 34].
List of topics which are included in LCE scientific areas are [10, 18-19]:
¾ LCA (Life-Cycle Analysis),
¾ LCA (Life-Cycle Assessment),
¾ LCC (Life-Cycle Cost),
¾ LCD (Life-Cycle Design),
¾ LCI (Life-Cycle Inventory),
¾ LCIA (Life-Cycle Impact Assessment),
¾ LCM (Life-Cycle Management),
¾ LCS (Life-Cycle Strategy),
¾ SCM (Supply Chain Management) etc.
All listed topics for life-cycle incorporate all scientific areas called LCE (Life-Cycle Engineering).
Implementation and usage of computers in LCE fields is called CALCE (Computer-Aided Life-Cycle
Engineering).
LCA (Life-Cycle Assessment) is a methodology for analyzing and systematic evaluation of environmental
aspects of a product or service system through all stages of its life cycle. For defining corporate environmental
strategy LCA was used in late 1960s in United States, and later by government agencies in 1970s for developing
public policy. LCA was chosen to be worldwide used tool in 1990s for environmental management in the form
of ISO 14040 series. According to ICS (International Classification for Standards) of LCA is categorized in the
13th field for ″Environment, health protection and safety″ and 020th group (ICS=13.020) for ″Environmental
protection″ and 60th subgroup (ICS=13.020.60) for ″Product life-cycles″.
According to ISO 14040, the general framework of LCA is illustrated in figure 4 [10, 21-27].

Figure 4: The framework of LCA with four interrelated phases, according to the ISO 14040 standard

To assist the modeling of the product system, a number software tools have been developed supporting the
system modeling, the inventory analysis and the impact assessment.
The list of software tools and databases for product and process LCA and LCE are [4, 7, 10-11, 13-14, 28-29, 31,
35-37, 39-43]:
¾ ACE (Active Community / Stakeholder Engagement Software), available on Web site:
http://www.acttiv.com/;
¾ AME (A Modeling Environment), available on Web site: http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/ierm/ame/;
¾ ATHENA, available on Web site: http://www.athenasmi.ca/ath_model/ model_main.htm;
¾ Boustead Model, available on Web site: http://www.boustead-consulting.co.uk/;
¾ BEAT (Building Environmental Assessment Tool 2000), available on Web site: http://www.by-og-
byg.dk/english/research/environmental-impacts-from-buildings/index.html;
¾ BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability), available on Web site:
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html;
¾ BeCost, available on Web site: http://pim.vtt.fi/becost/html/index.htm;
¾ BPDB (Best Practices Database), available on Web site: http://www.bestpractices.org/;
¾ BRE (Building Research Establishment), available on Web site: http://www.bre.co.uk/;
¾ BREEAM (BRE′s Environmental Assessment Method), available on Web site:
http://products.bre.co.uk/breeam/ and http://breeam.org/;
¾ CLEAN (Comprehensive Least Emissions Analysis);
¾ CMLCA (Chain Management by Life-Cycle Assessment), available on Web site:
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/software/cmlca/index.html;
¾ CMSS (Compliance Management Software Solutions), available on Web site:
http://www.amadeussolutions.com/;
¾ CPAS (Clean Process Advisory System), available on Web site: http://cpas.mtu.edu/;
¾ CUMPAN (Computerunterstützte umweltorientierte Produktbilanzierung), available on Web site:
http://www.debis.de/debis/systemhaus/;
¾ DEAM (Data for Environmental Analysis and Management), available on Web site:
http://www.ecobalance.com/uk_deam.php;
¾ DEEDS (Design for Environment Decision Support), available on Web site:
http://sun1.mpce.stu.mmu.ac.uk/pages/projects/ dfe/deeds/deeds.html;
¾ Design System LCA (Life Cycle Analysis), available on Web site: http://www.assess.se/;
¾ DFE (Design for Environment), available on Web site: http://www.dfma.com/software/dfe.html;
¾ DIET (Designing Industrial Ecosystems Tool), available on Web site:
http://www.smartgrowth.org/library/DIET.html;
¾ EcoFoot (Ecological Footprints on the Internet), available on Web site: http://www.demesta.com/ecofoot/;
¾ Eco-Indicator (Ecological - Indicator), available on Web site: http://www.pre.nl/
¾ ECO-it (Ecological - Indicator Tool), available on Web site: http://www.pre.nl/eco-it.html;
¾ EcoKey (Ecological - Key), available on Web site: http://www.proventia.fi/english_ecokey.htm;
¾ EcoLab (Ecological - Lab), available on Web site: http://www.port.se/ecolab/default.htm;
¾ EcoMan (Ecological - Manager), available on Web site: http://www.fal.com/software/ecoman.html;
¾ EcoPack (Ecological - Package);
¾ EcoPro (Ecological - Pro), available on Web site: http://www.sinum.com/htdocs/e_software_ecopro.shtml;
¾ Eco-Quantum (Ecological Quantum), available on Web site: http://www.ecoquantum.nl/;
¾ EcoScan (Ecological - Scan), available on Web site: http://www.ecoscan.nl/;
http://www.ind.tno.nl/en/product/ecoscan/ or http://www.luna.nl/turtlebay/;
¾ EcoSoft (Ecological - Software), available on Web site: http://www.ibo.at/ecosoft.htm;
¾ EcoSys (Ecological - Systems);
¾ EDIP (Environmental Design of Industrial Products), available on Web site:
http://www.mst.dk/activi/08030000.htm;
¾ EIAxpert (Environmental Impact Assessment Expert System), available on Web site: http://www.ess.co.at/;
¾ EIME (Environmental Impact Evaluation), available on Web site: http://www.ecobalance.com/;
¾ EIOLCA (Economic Input-Output Life-Cycle Assessment), available on Web site: http://www.eiolca.net/;
¾ EMS (Environmental Management Software), available on Web site: http://www.esp-net.com/;
¾ EnQ, available on Web site: http://www.proventia.fi/english_enq_brochure.htm;
¾ EnStep, available on Web site: http://www.proventia.fi/english_enstep.htm;
¾ ENVEST II, available on Web site: http://www.bre.co.uk/envest/ or http://envest2.bre.co.uk/account.jsp;
¾ Envoy, available on Web site: http://www.entropy-international.com/;
¾ EPS 2000 (Environmental Priority Strategies 2000), available on Web site:
http://www.assess.se/software.htm;
¾ EQUER, available on Web site: http://www.izuba.fr/equer.html;
¾ ESCALE, available on Web site: http://www.cstb.fr//;
¾ ESI (Environmental Sustainability Index), available on Web site:
http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/indicators/ESI/;
¾ EUKLID, available on Web site: http://www.ivv.fhg.de/sysana_soft.html;
¾ GaBi (Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung), available on Web site: http://www.gabi-software.de/software.html or
http://www.pe-consulting-group.com/ software_gabi.html or http://www.ikpgabi.uni-stuttgart.de/deutsch/
gabi_soft.html;
¾ GBA (Green Building Advisor), available on Web site: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/;
¾ GDM (Green Design and Manufacturing), available on Web site:
http://greenmfg.me.berkeley.edu/green/Home/Index.html;
¾ GEMIS (Global Emission Model for Integrated Systems), available on Web site:
http://www.oeko.de/service/gemis/en/index.htm;
¾ GREET (Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation), available on Web
site: http://www.transportation.anl.gov/greet/;
¾ IBEIM (Integrated Business Environmental Information Management);
¾ IDEA (International DataBase for Eco-profile Analysis), available on Web site: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/;
¾ IdeMat (Identification Materials), available on Web site:
http://www.io.tudelft.nl/research/dfs/idemat/index.htm;
¾ ICPIC-DV (International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House Diskette Version), available on
Web site: http://www.uneptie.org/pc/cp/library/icpic.htm;
¾ IMPACT 2002 (Impact Assessment of Chemical Toxics Version 2002);
¾ INES, available on Web site: http://www.ecobalance.com/uk_ines.php;
¾ IO-LCA (Input-Output LCA);
¾ IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System), available on Web site: http://www.epa.gov/iris/intro.htm;
¾ IVAM LCA, available on Web site: http://www.ivam.uva.nl/uk/index.htm;
¾ JEM-LCA (Japan Environment Management - Life-Cycle Assessment), available on Web site:
http://www.jemai.org.jp/;
¾ JEPIX (Japan Environmental Policy Priorities Index), available on Web site: www.jepix.org/;
¾ KCL-ECO (Keskuslaboratorio – Centrallaboratorium Ab - Ecology), available on Web site:
http://www.kcl.fi/eco/softw.html;
¾ LCAdvantage (Life-Cycle Advantage);
¾ LCA-E (Life-Cycle Assessment - Electronics), available on Web site: http://extra.ivf.se/lcae/;
¾ LCAiT (Life-Cycle Assessment Inventory Tool), available on Web site: http://www.lcait.com/01.html;
¾ LCAPIX (Life-Cycle Assessment Process Index), available on Web site:
http://www.kmlmtd.com/pas/index.html;
¾ LCASys (Life-Cycle Assessment Systems);
¾ LCE (Life Cycle Explorer), available on Web site: http://www.sylvatica.com/;
¾ LEGEP, available on Web site: http://www.legep.de/;
¾ LIMS (Life Cycle Interactive Modeling System);
¾ LISA (Life-Cycle Assessment in Sustainable Architecture), available on Web site: http://www.lisa.au.com/;
¾ MASIT (Multicriteria Analysis for Sustainable Industrial Technologies), available on Web site:
http://www.ecobalance.com/uk_masit.php;
¾ MERGE, available on Web site: http://www.environmentaldefense.org/alliance/merge/merge.htm;
¾ MIET (Missing Inventory Estimation Tool), available on Web site:
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/miet/index.html;
¾ OGIP (Optimization of Global Demands in Terms of Costs, Energy and Environment within an Integrated
Planning Process), available on Web site: http://www.the-software.de/BauenUmwelt.html;
¾ OpenLCA (Open Life-Cycle Assessment), available on Web site: http://www.openlca.org/index.html;
¾ Orpheus, available on Web site: http://sd-online.ewindows.eu.org/Tools/ RL_79/www.tschudi-consulting.ch;
¾ ORWARE (Organic Waste Research), available on Web site:
http://www.ima.kth.se/im/orware/English/index.htm;
¾ PEMS (Pira Environmental Management System), available on Web site:
http://www.pira.co.uk/pack/environmental.htm;
¾ PHASETS (Phases in the Design of a Model of a Technical System);
¾ PIA (Product Improvement Analysis), available on Web site: http://www.pira.co.uk/;
¾ POEMS (Product Oriented Environmental Management Systems), available on Web site:
http://www.ecobalance.com/uk_m_poems.php;
¾ PRESCO (Practical Recommendations for Sustainable Construction), available on Web site: http://www.etn-
presco.net/;
¾ QUEST (Quite Useful Ecosystem Scenario Tool), available on Web site: http://www.envisiontools.com/;
¾ RAVEL (Rail Vehicle Eco-efficient Design);
¾ REGIS, available on Web site: http://www.sinum.com/htdocs/ _software_regis.shtml;
¾ REPAQ (Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis Query), available on Web site:
http://www.fal.com/software/REPAQ.html;
¾ SALCA (Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment Database);
¾ SAMBA, available on Web site: http://awsunix.tuwien.ac.at/samba/ or http://at.samba.org/samba/;
¾ SASSPro, available on Web site: http://awsunix.tuwien.ac.at/samba/ or
http://www.scitrav.com/wwater/sasspro/sasspro.asp;
¾ SCEMP (Supply Chain Environmental Management Programme), available on Web site:
http://www.scemp.org.uk/ecodemo/ecoshare.htm;
¾ SDES (SPOLD Data Exchange Software), available on Web site: http://www.spold.org/download/sdes.html
or http://lca-net.com/spold/download/sdes.html;
¾ SEEA (System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting), available on Web site:
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/software.htm;
¾ SimaPro (System for Integrated Environmental Assessment of Products), available on Web site:
http://www.pre.nl/simapro/;
¾ SimaTool (System for Integrated Environmental Assessment of Tool);
¾ SoFi (Software for Sustainability Reporting of Financial Service Providers), available on Web site:
http://www.sofi-software.com// or http://www.pe-consulting-group.com/software_sofi.html;
¾ SPIDER, available on Web site: http://www.imi.chalmers.se/ pider/spider_info.htm;
¾ SPINE (Sustainable Product Information Network for the Environment), available on Web site:
http://spine.imi.chalmers.se/Spine_EIM/;
¾ SPINE@CPM (Sustainable Product Information Network for the Environment @ Centre for Environmental
Assessment of Product and Material Systems), available on Web site:
http://www.globalspine.com/Data_Store/index.htm or http://spine.imi.chalmers.se/Spine_EIM/prodo1.htm;
¾ SWAMI (Strategic Waste Minimization Initiative), available on Web site:
http://www.er.doe.gov/epic/html/SWAMI.stm;
¾ TCAce (Total Cost Assessment), available on Web site: http://www.tcace.com/ and
http://www.sylvatica.com/tcace.htm;
¾ TDM (Transportation Demand Management), available on Web site: http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/;
¾ TEAM (Tool for Environmental Analysis and Management), available on Web site:
http://www.ecobalance.com/uk_team.php;
¾ TEMIS (Total Emission Model for Integrated Systems);
¾ TetraSolver;
¾ TIET (Teleworking Impact Estimation Tool), available on Web site:
http://greenmfg.me.berkeley.edu/green/SoftwareTools/Telework/;
¾ TIIM (Threshold Inventory Interpretation Methodology), available on Web site:
http://www.fal.com/lca/TIIM.html;
¾ TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts), available on
Web site: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/std/sab/iam_traci.htm;
¾ Umberto, available on Web site: http://www.umberto.de/en/home/;
¾ WISARD (Waste - Integrated Systems Assessment for Recovery and Disposal), available on Web site:
http://www.ecobalance.com/uk_wisard.php;
¾ WPC (Web-Based Paper Calculator), available on Web site: http://www.ofee.gov/recycled/cal-index.htm
and etc.

CONCLUSION

Set of activities for the processing of information, together with associated organizational resources such as
human, technical and financial, to provide and distribute information in field of environment, which is called the
environmental information system (EnvIS).
Environmental decision support systems (EDSS) integrate traditional DSS systems with advanced or intelligent
components, which comprise capability, functionality and structure with emphasis on support KB-DSS and WB-
DSS systems.
All listed topics for life-cycle (LCA, LCC, LCD, LCI, LCIA, LCM, LCS etc.) incorporate all scientific areas
called LCE (Life-Cycle Engineering). The general standard for the LCA area is a ISO 14040 standards and was
issued in 1997 from ISO subcommittee ISO TC 207/SC 5.
In the world exist a large number of software tools for LCA, for example: BEES, CMLCA, CUMPAN, ECO-it,
EcoMan, EcoPro, EDIP, GaBi, KCL-ECO, LCAiT, PEMS, REGIS, REPAQ, SDES, SimaPro, TEAM, TRACI,
Umberto etc.

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