Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology (Autonomous)

(Accredited by NBA & NAAC Approved By A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH)
Aziz Nagar, C.B.Post, Hyderabad -500075
Department of Humanities and Sciences
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B.Tech Second Year I Semester-2020-21
QUESTION BANK
Subject: Probability & Statistics for AI
UNIT I: Probability
UNIT-I SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Define random walk.
2 Define trail.
3 Define outcome
4 Define sample space.
5 Define probability.
6 Define mutually exclusive events.
7 Define collectively exhaustive events.
8 Define equally likely events.
9 Write axioms of probability.
10 Find the probability of getting sum 9 when two dice are thrown.
11 Two cards are selected at random from 10 cards number 1 to 10. Find the probability that
the sum is even if
a. the two cards are drawn together,
b. the two cards are drawn one after the other with replacement

12 Prove that the probability of complementary event P(A’)=1-P(A)

13 State Boole’s inequality.
14 If A⊆ B, then prove that P(Á∩B)= P(B) - P(A).
15 Define conditional probability.
16 There are 15 boys and 5 girls in a class. If Three Students are selected one after the other
what is the probability that they are two boys and one girl.
17 Define random variable
18 Define mathematical expectation.
19 Define variance of a discrete probability distribution
20 State Baye’s Theorem

UNIT-I LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 State and prove addition theorem of probability for two events
2 A problem in statistics is given to Three Students A, B, C whose chances of solving it are 1/2,
3/4 and 1/ 4 respectively what is the probability that the problem is solved.

3 A and B throws with a pair of dice A wins if he throws six before B throws 7 and B wins if he
throws 7 before A throws 6. If A begins, find the chance of B winning the game.
4 Box A contains 5 red and 3 white marbles. Box B contains2 red and 3 white marbles. If a marble is
drawn from each box what is the probability that both are of same colour?
5 If the probability that a communication system will have high Fidelity is 0.81 and the
probability that it will have high fidelity and selectivity is 0.18. What is the probability that
the system with high fidelity will also have high selectivity?
6 State and prove Baye’s Theorem
7 In a bolt factory machines A, B and C manufacturers 20%, 30% and 50% respectively, of the
total of their output 6%, 3% and 2% are defective. A bolt is drawn at random and found to be
defective. What is the probability that is manufactured by machines A, B and C.?
8 A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(x) K 2k 2k 3k 7k k
Find i) k ii) P(x>3) iii) P(x≤4) iv) Mean v) Variance
9 a. For a continuous random variable the probability density function is given by
kxe  x for x  o,   0
f ( x)   . Find k, mean and variance.
 0 otherwise
b. For a continuous random variable the probability density function is given by
x
f ( x)  ce when    x  . Find the value of C and hence find mean and variance
10 For a continuous random variable the probability density function is given by
1
 sin x for 0  x  
f ( x)   2

 0 otherwise

Find the mean, median, mode and also the probabilities between 0 and
2
 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology (Autonomous)
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC Approved By A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTH)
Aziz Nagar, C.B.Post, Hyderabad -500075
Department of Humanities and Sciences
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Tech II Year I Semester-2020-21
QUESTION BANK
Subject: Probability & Statistics for AI
UNIT II: Probability Distributions & Testing of Hypothesis I
UNIT-II SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Define Binomial Distribution and deduce the formula for Mean and variance of Binomial
Distribution
2 The mean and variance of a binomial variable X are 16 and 8 respectively. Find P( X  1)
3 A player tosses 3 fair coins. He wins Rs 800 if 3 tails occur, Rs 500 if 2 tails occur,
Rs 300 if one tail occurs. On the other hand, he loses Rs 1000 if 3 heads occur. Find the
value of the game to the player. Is it favorable?
4 Define Poisson distribution. Deduce the formula for Mean and variance of Poisson
Distribution
5 Prove that the Poisson distribution is limiting case of Binomial Distribution.
6 The average number of accidents on any day on a national highway is 1.8. Determine the
probability that the number of accidents is (i) at least one (ii) at most one
7 Among the items manufactured 5% are defective. Find the Probability of getting one
defective in pack of 5 blades.
8 In a sample of 500 people 300 are rice eaters. Find the maximum error for true proportion
with 99% confidence.
9 Define Normal distribution and write the all properties of the Distribution.
10 Prove that Mean, Mode, Median of normal distribution coincides.
11 Write a brief note on importance and application of the Normal Distribution.
12 If X is a normal variate, find the area
(i) to the left of z = -1.78 (ii) to the right of z = -1.45 (iii) to the left of z = -2.52 and to
the right of z = 1.83
13 Write a short note on Hypothesis, Null and Alternative hypothesis with suitable examples.
14 Explain about Level of Significance and critical region.
15 Write the working procedure for the testing of Hypothesis.
16 A random sample of size 100 has a standard deviation of 5. What is the maximum error
with 95% confidence?
17 A random sample of size 81 was taken whose variance is 20.25 and means is 32.
Construct 98% confidence interval.
18 What is the size of smallest sample required to estimate an unknown proportion within a
maximum error of 0.06 with at least 95% confidence?
19 Among 900 people in a state 90 are found to be chapatti eaters. Construct 99% confidence
interval for the true proportion.
20 Experience has shown that 10% of a manufactured product is of low quality. What can
you say about the maximum error with 95% confidence for 100 items.
UNIT-II LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 It has been claimed that in 60% of all solar heat insulations the utility bill is reduced by at
 least one third accordingly what are the probabilities that the utility bill will be reduced at
least one third in
a. 4 of 5 installations.
b. at least 4 of 5 installations.
2 The probability that a man hitting a target is ⅓. If he fires 6 times what is the probability
of hitting
a. at the most 5 times.
b. at least 5 times
c. Exactly once.
d. If he fires n times so that the probability of his hitting the targets at least
once is greater than 3/4 then find n.
3 Out of 800 families with 5 children each, how many would you expect to have
a. 3 girls.
b. at least one girl.
4 Four coins are tossed 160 times. The number of times head occur is given below.
X 0 1 2 3 4
No of times 8 34 69 43 6
Fit a binomial distribution to this data on the hypothesis that coins are unbiased.
5 If the probability that an individual suffers a bad reaction from a certain injection is 0.003.
Find the probability that out of a thousand individuals
a. exactly 3,
b. more than or equal to 2,
c. none suffers from a bad reaction.
6 The probabilities of a Poisson variate taking the values 1 and 2 are equal. Calculate the
probabilities of the variate taking the values 0 and 3.
7 A Poisson variable has a double mode at X = 2 and X = 3. Find the maximum Probability
and also find p ( x  2) .
8 Fit a Poisson distribution for the following data.
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 109 65 22 3 1
9 In a distribution exactly normal 7% of the items are under 35 and 89% of Under 63. What
is the mean and standard deviation of the distribution?
10 According to the norms of established for a Mechanical Aptitude Test, persons who are 18
years old have an average height of 73.2” with a standard deviation of 8.6”. If 45
randomly selected persons of that age averaged 76.7”, test the null hypothesis   73.2
against the alternative hypothesis   73.2 at the 0.01 level of significance.
11 A lady stenographer claims that she can take dictation at the rate of 120 words per minute.
Can we reject her claim on basis of 100 trails in which she demonstrates a mean of 116
words with a standard deviation of 15 words?
12 Samples of students were drawn from two universities from their weights in kilograms
and standard deviations are calculated. Make a large sample test to test the significance of
difference between the means.
Mean Standard deviation Size of the sample
University A 55 10 400
University B 57 15 100
13 In a study designed to investigate whether certain detonators used with explosives in coal
mining meet the requirements that at least 90% will Ignite the explosive when charged. It
 is found that 174 of 200 detonators functions properly. Test the null hypothesis p = 0.9
against the alternative hypothesis p < 0.9 at the 0.05 level of significance.
14 In a sample of 600 students of a certain college 400 are found to use ball pens. In another
college from a sample of 900 students, 450 were found to use ball pens. Test whether two
colleges significantly differ with respect to the habit of using ball pens.
15 During a countrywide investigation, the incidence of tuberculosis was found to be 1%. In
a college of strength 400, 5 reported being affected whereas in other 1200 strength 10
were affected. i) Does this indicate any significant difference? ii) If the population
proportion of tuberculosis is not known test whether the difference is significant.
 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology (Autonomous)
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC Approved By A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTH)
Aziz Nagar, C.B.Post, Hyderabad -500075
Department of Humanities and Sciences
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Tech II Year I Semester-2020-21
QUESTION BANK
Subject: Probability & Statistics for AI
UNIT III: Testing of Hypothesis II
UNIT-III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Define small sample and large samples.
2 Define degrees of freedom.
3 Define standard error and maximum error of estimation.
4 Write the confidence interval with probability for a small sample.
5 The standard deviations of two samples are 8 and 12, samples sizes are 200 and 100. Find
the standard error of the difference between the means and also finds the confidence
interval at 0.05 level, means of the samples are 60, 50.
6 What are applications of t-distribution?
7 Define F –distribution.
8 Write probability density function of F –distribution.
9 Define  2 distribution.
10 Write properties of F-distribution.
11 Write the steps involved in ANOVA.
12 Explain the assumptions for applying ANOVA.
13 Explain one way classification of ANOVA.
UNIT-III LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 A random sample of 6 steel beams has a mean compressive strength of 58392 with a
standard deviation of 648. Use this information at the level of significance 0.05 to test
whether the true average compressive strength of the steel from which this sample came is
58000.
2 Five measurements of the tar content of a certain kind of cigarette 14.5 14.2 14.4 14.3 and
14.6 milligrams per cigarette. Show that the difference between the mean of sample
x  14.4 and the average tar claimed by the manufacturer   14.0 is significant at 0.05.
3 A random sample of 8 envelops is taken from letterbox of the post office and their weights
in grams are found to be 12.1, 11.9, 12.4, 12.3, 11.9, 12.1, 12.4, and 12.1. Does this sample
significant at 1% level that the average weight of envelopes received at their post office is
12.35 grams? Find 99% confidence limits for the mean weight of the envelopes received at
the post office.
4 Given a random sample of 5 ice creams from different production lots. We want to test
whether the fat content of a certain kind of ice cream exceeds 14%. What can we conclude
at 0.01 level of significance about the null hypothesis that mean is 14% if the sample mean
is 14.9% and the standard deviation is 0.42 %?
5 Measuring specimen of Nylon yarn taken from two spinning machines, it was found that 8
specimens from the first machine had a mean denier of 9.68 with a standard deviation of
1.81 while 10 specimens from the second machine had a mean denier of 7.43 with a
standard deviation of 1.48. Assuming that the population sample is normal and have the
 same variance, test the null hypothesis 1  2  1.5 against to the alternative hypothesis
1  2  1.5 at the 0.05 level of significance.
6 Two horses A and B were tested according to the time in seconds to run a particular track
with the following results
Horse A 28 30 32 33 35 29 34
Horse B 29 30 30 24 27 29 -
Test whether the two horses have the same running capacity.
7 Two independent samples of 8 and 7items had the following values of the variables.
Sample 1 9 11 13 11 16 10 12 14
Sample 2 11 13 11 14 10 12 14
Do the estimate of population variance differ significantly?
8 Five measurements of the output of two units have given the following results ( in
kilograms of material per one hour of operation). Assuming that both samples have been
obtained from the normal populations, test at 5% significance level if two populations have
the same variance.
Unit A 14.1 10.1 14.7 13.7 14.0
Unit B 14.0 14.5 13.7 12.7 14.1
9 Two independent samples of 8 and 7items had the following values of the variables.
Sample 1 9 11 13 11 16 10 12 14
Sample 2 11 13 11 14 10 12 14
Does the estimate of population variance differ significantly?
10 The daily wages in rupees of skilled labor in two cities are as follows
City Size of sample S.D. of wages in the sample
City A 16 25
City B 13 32
Test at 5% level of significance the equality of variance of the wages distribution in the two
cities.
11 The following data come from a study in which random samples of the employees of three
government agencies were asked about their pension plan
Agency 1 Agency 2 Agency 3
Favor the pension plan 67 84 109
Against the pension plan 33 66 41
Use the 0.01 los to test the null hypothesis that the actual proportions of employees favoring
the pension plan are the same.
12 From the following data find whether is any significant liking in the habit of taking soft
drinks among the categories of employees.

Soft drink Employees Total

Clerks Teachers Officers
Pepsi 10 25 65 100
Thumbs up 15 30 65 110
Sprite 50 60 30 140
Total 75 115 160 350
13 From the following table test whether the color of the son’s eyes is associated with that of
the fathers
Eye Color of son Eye Color of Father Total
Black Brown
 Black 471 151 622
Brown 148 230 278
Total 619 381 1000
14 The Amit merchandising company wishes to test whether its three segments A, B and C
tend to make sales of the same size or whether they differ in their ability as measured by the
average size of the sales. During the last week out of 14 sales A made 5, B made 4 and C
made 5 calls. The following are the weekly sales in thousands record of three salesmen.
A B C
300 600 700
400 300 300
300 300 400
500 400 600
000 ---- 500
Test whether the three segments average sales differ in size.
15 Four machines A, B, C and D are used to produce a certain kind of cotton fabrics. Sample
of each unit as 100 square meters are selected form the outputs of the machines at random
and the number of flaws in each 100 square meters are counted, with the following results.
A B C D
8 6 14 20
9 8 12 22
11 10 18 25
12 4 9 23
Do you think that there is a significant difference in the performance of the four machines?
 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology (Autonomous)
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC Approved By A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTH)
Aziz Nagar, C.B.Post, Hyderabad -500075
Department of Humanities and Sciences
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Tech II Year I Semester-2020-21
QUESTION BANK
Subject: Probability & Statistics for AI
UNIT IV: Correlation, Regression and Curve Fitting
UNIT-IV SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Define Scattered diagram
2 Define residue.
3 Explain method of least squares.
4 Write normal equations for straight line.
5 Write normal equations for second degree parabola.
6 Write normal equations for exponential curve.
7 Define correlation.
8 Define regression.
9 1 2
The angle between two regression lines is tan 1 , coefficient of correlation is . Given
4 3
y
that standard deviation of y is multiple of standard deviation x, find the ratio .
x
10 Explain the following
i. Positive correlation
ii. Negative correlation
11 Write the regression coefficient y on x.
12 Write the regression coefficient x on y.
13 Write the standard error of correlation coefficient.
UNIT-IV LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 A chemical company wishing to study the effect of extraction time on an extraction operation
obtained the data shown in the following table.
Extraction time (in minutes)X 27 45 41 19 35 39 19 49 15 31
Extraction efficiency (%)Y 57 64 80 46 62 72 52 77 57 68
Fit a straight line to the given data by the method of least squares and use it to predict the
extraction efficiency one can expect when the extraction time is 35 minutes.
2 The following are measurements of the air velocity and evaporation coefficient of burning fuel
droplets in air impulse engine.
Air velocity x 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300 340 380
Evaporation coefficient y 0.18 0.37 0.35 0.78 0.56 0.75 1.18 1.36 1.17 1.65
Fit a straight line to the above data by the method of least squares.
3 By the method of least squares fit a parabola y  a  bx  cx 2 to the following data
X 2 4 6 8 10
Y 3.07 12.85 31.47 57.38 91.29
4 Fit a power curve of the form y  a b x by the method of least squares to the following data
 X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Y 10 21 35 59 92 200 400 610
5 Fit a power curve of the form y  a xb by the method of least squares to the following data
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 5 2 4.5 8 12.5
6 Find the curve of best fit of the type y  aebx to the following data by the method of least
squares
X 1 5 7 9 12
Y 10 15 12 15 21
7 Calculate the coefficient of correlation form the following data
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 9 8 10 12 11 13 14 16 15
8 If  is the angle between two regression lines of x on y and y on x then prove that
1  r 2  x y
tan   .
r  x2   y2
9 The following data relates to marks of 10 students in the internal test and the university
examination for the maximum of 50 each.
Internal marks 25 28 30 32 35 36 38 39 42 45
University marks 20 26 29 30 25 18 26 35 35 46
i. Obtain the two regression equations and
ii. Determine most likely internal marks for the university marks of 25.
iii. Determine most likely university marks for the internal marks of 35.
10 The equations of two regression lines obtained in a correlation analysis are
3x  12 y  19,3 y  9 x  46 . Find
i. Coefficient of correlation.
ii. Mean values of x and y.
iii. The ratio of the coefficient of variability of X to that of Y.
11 10 observations on price X and supply Y, the following data were obtained.
 X  130, Y  220,  X 2  2288, Y 2  5506,  XY  3467
Obtain the regression line of Y on X and estimate the supply when the price is 16 units and
also find the standard error of estimate.
12 Obtain the rank correlation coefficient for the following data.
X 68 64 75 50 64 80 75 40 55 64
Y 62 58 68 45 81 60 68 48 50 70
13 Ten recruit were subjected to a selection test to ascertain their suitability for certain training.
At the end of training they were given a proficiency test. The marks secured by recruit in the
selection test (X) and in the proficiency test (Y) are given below
X 10 15 12 17 13 16 24 14 22 20
Y 30 42 45 46 33 34 40 35 39 38
14 A sample of 12 fathers and their elder sons gave the following data about their height in
inches. Calculate the coefficient of rank correlation.
Fathers height 65 63 67 64 68 62 70 66 68 67 69 71
Sons height 68 66 68 65 69 66 68 65 71 67 68 70
15 Calculate coefficient of rank correlation from the following data
(X, Y): (5, 8) (10,3) (6,2) (3,6) (19,12) (5,3) (6,17) (12,18) (2,12) (10,17) (19,20)
 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology (Autonomous)
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC Approved By A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTH)
Aziz Nagar, C.B.Post, Hyderabad -500075
Department of Humanities and Sciences
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Tech II Year I Semester-2020-21
QUESTION BANK
Subject: Probability & Statistics for AI
UNIT V: Queuing Theory
UNIT-V SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Define Queue.
2 Define Customer.
3 Explain single queue – single server with an example.
4 Explain single queue –parallel servers with an example.
5 Give an example for queue with service in series.
6 Define balking.
7 Define reneging.
8 Define Jockeying.
9 Explain FIFO with an example.
10 Explain FILO with an example.
11 Write the Kendal’s representation for a queue with Poisson arrival, exponential service
rate, single server with FIFO and infinite capacity.
12 Write the Kendal’s representation for a queue with Poisson arrival, exponential service
rate, single server with FIFO and finite capacity.

UNIT-V LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 On an average 96 patients per 24 hour day requires the service of an emergency clinic. Also,
on average a patient requires 10 minutes of active attention. Assume that the facility can
handle only one emergency at a time. Suppose that it costs the clinic 100 rupees per patient
treated to obtain an average serving time of 10 minutes and that each minute of decrease in
the average time would cost 10 rupees per patient treated. How much would it have to be
budgeted by the clinic to decrease the average size of the queue from one patient to 1/2
patients?
2 People arrive at a cinema ticket booth in a Poisson distributed arrival rate of 25per hour.
Service rate is exponentially distributed with an average time of 2 per min. Calculate the
mean number in the waiting line, the mean waiting time, the mean number in the system, the
mean time in the system and the utilization factor?
3 Assume that at a bank teller window the customer arrives at an average rate of 20 per hour
according to Poisson distribution .Assume also that the bank teller spends 2 minutes on
distributed customers who arrive from an infinite population are served on a first come first
services basis and there is no limit to possible queue length.
1. What is the value of utilization factor?
2. What is the expected waiting time in the system per customer?
3. What is the probability of zero customer in the system?
4 ABC company has one hob regrinding machine. The hobs needing grinding are sent from
 company’s tool crib to this machine which is operated one shift per day of 8 hours duration.
It takes on the average half an hour to regrind a hob. The arrival of hobs is random with an
average of 8 hobs per shift.
1. Calculate the present utilization of hob regrinding machine.
2. What is average time for the hob to be in the regrinding section?
3. The management is prepared to recruit another grinding operator when the utilization
of the machine increases to 80%. What should the arrival rate of hobs then be?
5 In a Railway marshalling Yard, goods trains arrive at a rate of 30 trains per day. Assuming
that the inter-arrival time follows exponential distribution and the service time (the time is
taken to hump train) distribution is also exponential with an average 36 minutes. Calculate
the following
i. The average number of trains in the queue
Ii. the probability that the queue size exceeds 10
6 A computer shop has a laser printer. The jobs for a laser printer are randomly distributed
approximately a Poisson distribution with a mean service rate of 10 jobs per hour since job
pages vary in length ( pages to the painted). The jobs arrive at a rate of 6 per hour during the
entire 8 hours workday. If the laser printer is valued 30 rupees per hour determine
i. The percentage time and average arriving jobs has to wait,
ii. average system time,
iii. the average idle time cost of the printer per day.
7 On an average, 6 customers arrive in a coffee shop per hour. Determine the probability that
Exactly 3 customers will reach in a 30 minute period, assuming that the arrivals follow
Poisson Distribution.
8 Consider a box-office ticket window being manned by a single server. Customer arriving to
purchase tickets according to Poisson input process with a mean rate of 30 per hour. The
time required to serve a customer has an exponential distribution with a mean of 90 seconds.
Determine the following
a. The fraction of time the server is busy,
b. The average number of customers queuing for service.
c. The probability that there are more than 10 customers in the system.
d. The probability the customer has to wait in queue for more than 3 minutes.
9 A car park contains 5 cars. The arrival of cars is Poison with a mean rate of 10 per hour. The
length of time each car spends in the car park has a negative exponential distribution with a
mean of 5 hours. How many cars are in the park on average and what is the probability of a
newly arrived in customer finding the car park full and having to park his car elsewhere?
10 A barbershop has space to accommodate only 10 customers. He can serve only one person at
a time. If a customer comes to his shop and finds it full he goes to the next shop. Customers
randomly arrive at an average rate of 10 per hour and the barber’s service time is negative
exponential with an average of 1/µ = 5 minutes per customer. Determine the Probability of
having 0 and n customers respectively in the shop.
11 Patients arrive at a clinic according to a Poisson distribution at the rate of 30 patients per
hour. The waiting room does not accommodate more than 14 patients. Examination time per
patients is exponential with a mean of 20 per hour.
a. Find the effective arrival rate at the clinic.
b. What is the probability that an arriving patient will not wait? Will he find a vacant
seat in the room?
c. What is the expected waiting time until a patient is discharged from the clinic?
12 In a Railway marshalling Yard, goods trains arrive at a rate of 30 trains per day. Assuming
that the inter-arrival time follows exponential distribution and the service time (the time is
taken to hump train) distribution is also exponential with an average 36 minutes. The line
capacity of yard is to admit of 9 trains only( there being 10 lines , one of which is ear marked
for the shunting engine to reverse itself from the crest of the hump to the rare of the train)
Calculate the following
i. The probability that the yard is empty,
ii. The average number of trains in the queue.