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Reporting and Sharing Findings,

Data Presentation, Data Analysis
and Interpretation, Synthesis of
Findings and Interpretations
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Created @November 15, 2021 1:22 PM

Research adheres to certain manner of making its findings. It is incapable of convincing

any readers of the genuineness of the research report unless it follows the academically
and professionally accepted standards of writing the report in terms of its language,
structure or format, and acknowledgment or recognition of the sources of knowledge
responsible for making the entire research study reputable, genuine and credible basis
for effecting changes in the world.

Techniques in Listing References

At the end of all pieces of academic writing, you need a list of materials that you have
used or referred to. This usually has a heading; references but may be bibliography or
works cited depending on the conventions of the system you use.
The object of your writing is for you to say something for yourself using the ideas of the
subject, for you to present ideas you have learned in your own way. The emphasis
should be on working with other people's ideas, rather than reproducing their words.
The ideas and people that you refer to need to be made explicit by a system of
referencing. This consists of a list of materials that you have used at the end of the
piece of writing and references to this list at various points throughout the essay. The
purpose of this is to supply the information needed to allow a user to find a source.

Reporting and Sharing Findings, Data Presentation, Data Analysis and Interpretation, Synthesis of Findings and 1
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 The Process of Report Writing
4 Steps of academic report writing:
At it's simplest, there are 4 straightforward steps to academic report writing: Plan, Write,
Reference your sources, and Review.

1. Plan
Before putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard!), it is important to plan your
approach to the assignment. This includes:

Define your purpose - Make sure you have carefully read and analyzed the
assignment and have a clear idea of the exact purpose.

Gather information - Use a variety of sources in your research, and be aware of

the ABC's of each source:

Authorship (who has written this material?)

Bias (might the author be biased in any particular way)

Currency (how up-to-date or relevant is this source?)

Be sure to keep track of each source you use, so that you'll be able to correctly
reference each of your sources in the final essary.

Structure your material - Try not to impose a structure too early; gather your
ideas, assess them, then organize and evaluate them. Once this is done, you
can identify the 3 to 5 main ideas around which to structure the report or essay.
The overall structure of a report or essay should look something like this:

Introduction - outlining your approach to the report or essay

Body - 3 to 5 main points; 1 or 2 paragraphs for each main pont

Summary and/or conclusions - summarize/conclude your main message

List of references - list all sources used in preparing the report or essay

2. Write
Many people mistakenly begin at this stage ! You'll find it much easier to write a
good paper after you have clarified the purpose, gathered the relevant information,

Reporting and Sharing Findings, Data Presentation, Data Analysis and Interpretation, Synthesis of Findings and 2
Interpretations
 assessed and evaluated the information, and planned the structure (as described
above).
Most writing advice suggests that you begin by writing a rough draft of each of the
main sections first. After this, you can more easily write the introduction (outlining
your approach) and the summary/conclusion (summarizing the key ideas of the
report or essay).
The introduction is one of the most important paragraphs. An effective introduction
introduces the topic and purpose of the report or essay and outlines your approach,
i.e. the main ideas that will be developed within it. After reading just the introduction,
the reader should know (i) the purpose of the paper and (ii) the main ideas which
will be covered within it.

3. Reference your Sources

Refers to the Basics of Correct Referencing to find guidelines for citing and
referencing all of the sources you use in your report or essay.

4. Review
Once your first draft is written, it's time to refine and revise, taking care to use a
clear writing style. Finally, proof-read from start to finish; it is often useful to ask
someone else to do this, as errors can go unnoticed when you have worked on a
piece of writing for some time

Selection Criteria and Process of Best Design

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing the Best Design

1. The research design, methods or techniques used as defined from different sources

2. A discussion of how this method/s was/were used in the present study.

The Description of the Respondents

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing the Respondents or Subject of the Study

1. The first paragraph should discuss the topic or subject of the research

2. The size of population and its important characteristics in relation to what is studied.

3. Include the sample size and the sampling technique used.

Reporting and Sharing Findings, Data Presentation, Data Analysis and Interpretation, Synthesis of Findings and 3
Interpretations
 4. Include also the variables considered in case there are equating factors, the strata
in case of stratified sampling or percentages in case of proportional sampling

5. A distribution table for the sample size which is followed by a discussion.

The Source of Data and the Research Instruments

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing the Sources of Data

1. The section deals with a detailed description of the research instruments used in the
research such as questionnaire, pre-test, post-test, structured interview,
observation, actual measurement using tools or equipment and others. Response
manner to the questionnaire or test should be mentioned.

2. In case of researcher made instruments, validation process should be discussed

and figures or results must be presented when statistical measures were used.

3. If the instruments were adopted, the author should be recognized and source
should be documented

The Data Gathering Procedure

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing Data Gathering Procedure

1. This section discusses in paragraph form the different activities undertaken to

complete the research which follows the general procedure of the study. A Gantt
Chart of Activities may guide the discussion.

2. For experimental or scientific researches, an operational procedure of the

experiment should be presented in which can be supported by a flow chart for
clarity.

Data Analysis and Interpretation, Synthesis and

Interpretations
General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing Data Analysis and Interpretation

1. An introductory paragraph is provided at the start of the chapter

2. Subtitles of sections are based on the questions in the statement of the problem,
stated in declarative form, single-space bold.

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 3. Table and figure numbers and titles are written in capital lower case at the center,
single spaced. Title should come after the number, arranged in inverted pyramid.

4. Tables and figures should be in continuous numbering. It should be presented first

before discussion. Enclosed tables with double line on top should be used. Graphs
should be colored

5. Discussion should follow the format, presentation of the table, the table itself,
analysis and interpretation, then implications. Related literature and studies may be
used to support the findings.

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