N U@\RELB@@H A@R QNK_CRL9

QNK_CRL9 ]DL KNU^\L RNML
 

 N U`urelb``h a`r
a`r
Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml 
 

Unbbnt9 ]dl Bgneh Dnfm  

GLJNG NFM ERLM C]U
ZRC ]]LF BS  Iustcf
 Iustcf Nedcggc, Ngnf Nglxnfmlr, Hdngm`uf Hdlgcg, nfm Hnrck Kunkknr
LMC ]C F J, MC Q LRU C ]S RLN MC F J, N F M C F MLTC F J9 Utlpdnfcl E`dlf
]`kns Nralrt
 N R] MC R LE ]@ R 9

E@QLR NR]9 Knrh Hlggy

C F ]LRC @R N R] N F M C GG\U ]RN ]C @F9 ]`kns Nralrt, Hrzyszt`a Bclfcnwshc, Lkcgcs Lkhn,

(Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml ― Ednptlrs ),

Kcrh` Ancg`fc, Agy`s Jnkls (Qnkpcrl9 ), Knrh Hlggy,
R`fin Klgcf, Nfmlrs Kunkknr, plxlgs.e`k (Jnbby H, Hncqul R`edn, Cvnf Ucnrb`gcf,
Mnvcm Uhyrcus), R`lfn C. R`slfblrjlr, Knre Uck`flttc, Unggy ]d`rmnrs`f,
Mrlw ]uehlr, Hck Qnf Mluf, Ulrjly Qnsflv, Knrtyfn Yyed
JRN_DCE MLUCJF NF M GNS@\]9 ]`
 ]`kns
kns Nralrt
N ralrt
_R@@ARLNMCFJ9  Ins`f Enrg, Brcnf D`ggnfm
@RCJCFNG UNBBN] E@FEL_], MLUCJF, NFM MLQLG@_KLF]9  Utlvlf E. Br`wf nfm Nfmrlw Jrllfblrj 

Z@RGM @A MNRHFLUU BRNFM KNFNJLKLF]

JLR 9 Ulnf Jrlnfly 
BRN F M K N F N JLR 

M 9 Iustcf Nedcggc
BRN F M ERLN ]C Q L GLN M9

BRN F M N R] MC RLE]@R 9 ]`kns Nralrt

BRN F M LMC ]@R 9 Hnrck Kunkknr

BRN F M E@KK\F C ]S MLQ LG@_ LR 9 Knrtyfn ‗@utstnr‛ Yyed

JLR9  Ins`f
BRN F M KN RH L]C F J KN F N JLR9  Ins`f Enrg

_NRNM@T GCELFUCFJ
B\UCFLUU MLQLG@_LR 9 Mdnufnl Ml Qcr

RLFLJNM L JNKL U]\M C@U

_RLUC M LF ] & _\BGC UD LR 9 Ue`tt Jnltn ULF C @ R JNK L M LUC JF LR 9 Kntt Dyrn
QC EL _RLUC M LF ] UNGLU & K NRHL]C F J 9 Unrn Lrcehs`f JNK L M LUC JF LRU 9 Mnf Bgnfedltt & ].E. _ltty CCC
E@ F ]R@ GGLR 9 R`byf Jnltn ULF C @ R ERLN]C QL GLNM @ A B@ NRM & ENRM JNK LU 9 Nfctn @sburf & Ilnffl ]`rrls
M C RLE]@ R @ A @ _LRN]C @ F U 9 Glcsdn Eukkcfs QC M L@ _R@ M \E]C @ F K NF NJLR 9 Mlscrll G`vl
M CRLE ]@R, U]RN]LJCE _NR]FLRUDC_U 9 Lrchn E`fwny E\U]@ K LR ULRQC EL 9  Ilffc
Ilffc Inf ch`wshc
UNGLU NFM KNRHL]CFJ _R@JRNK KNFNJLR 9 Kntt D`ggnfm AC F NF EL EGLRH 9 Kcffcl Flgs`f
ULF C @ R _R@ M \ELR @ A B@ NRM & ENRM JNK LU 9 Mnf B`inf`wshc LQLF ] K NF NJLR 9 Edrcs Zdctpnf
NUU@ EC N]L _R@ M \ELR @ A B@ NRM & ENRM JNK LU 9  Ickky
Ickky Gl ERLN]C QL _R@ M \E]C @ F GLNM 9 J`rm`f ]uehlr
ULF C @ R _R@ M \ELR @ A R@ GL_GNSC F J JNK LU 9 Lgcsn ]lnjul ERLN]C QL _R@ M \E]C @ F 9 F`lggl G`plz
NUU@ EC N]L _R@ M \ELR @ A R@ GL_GNSC F J JNK LU 9 ]rcvcn A`x

© 2?2> _nrnm`x Cftlrnetcvl® NB. Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml® ― nrl trnmlknrhs nfm/`r rljcstlrlm trnmlknrhs `a
_nrnm`x Cftlrnetcvl NB cf Lur`pl, tdl \.U., nfm `tdlr e`uftrcls. © 2?2> Rlfljnml Jnkl Utumc`s. Ngg Rcjdts Rlslrvlm.
Qcsct tdl Z`rgm `a Mnrh flss `fgcfl nt www.w`rgm`am
www.w`rgm`amnrhflss.e`k
nrhflss.e`k
 `kl `a y`u engg kl tdl Knrtyr `a Encfl
Encfl.. Ct cs `fl `a tdl knfy npplggntc`fs C dnvl
  w`rf cf ky td`usnfm ylnrs ns `fl
` fl `a tdl ufmlnm.
C d`pl td`sl `fl td`usnfm ylnrs e`fvcfel y`u `a ky b`fn acmls. Ky p`sctc`f
p`sctc`f cs f`t
nf lkpty npplng t` ky `wf nutd`rcty
n utd`rcty.. Ky v`cel cs tdl v`cel `a `fl wd` dns sllf
 acrstdnfm
 acrstd
 Nfnredsnfmrlblgglm.
rltdl
blgglm.
tukugt
C kyslga
`a njls.
njls
t`uedlm
. C kyslga
tdl gctanels
acrls`anfm
tdl mrnfh
Lgmlst,bg``m
Lgmlst bg``m
dnvl cfw`rf
Ucgedlstlr
Ucgedls
sdnehgls
sdnehgls
tlr wdlf
cf cts
tdl

U
Entdlmrng.
 ]dl w`rgm cscs lvlr-ednfjcfj

rlturf.
 ]`fcjdt
 ]
lvlr-ednfjcfj,, nfm tdl Mnkflm

`fcjdt,, wl dnvl dnm

Mnkflm kust ednfjl
ednfjl wctd ctct.. ]dl Unbbnt
wlnp`fs. Nfm tdl k`rtng w`rgm `fel t``h

dnm `ur bnehs

bnehs br`hlf by `ur scrls
Unbbnt kust
wctd ct. Elfturcls nj`, `ur t``gs wlrl bg``m nfm acrl. ]`fcjdt, knfy `a us e`ftcful t`
wnjl wnr wctd td`sl snkl wlnp`fs.
kust ednfjl
t` `h up acrl njncfst us cf

scrls nfm jrnfmscrls

jrnfmscrls,, `ur dlnrts pclrelm
by k`rtng duftlrs ” duftlrs
d uftlrs wd` tdlkslgvls hf`w tdnt w``mlf stnhls stnhls nfm t`redls, wdcgl
wdcgl
stcgg laaletcvl, jcvl wny t` k`rl laaletcvl t``gs. Uwnrks `a mlntd-spcttcfj d`kufeugc
tdnt d`vlr
h`gmuf enf e`nx
cf tdlar`k
shyy. tdl
sh Zlnp`fs
jr`ufm.
tdnt `utpnel tdl rlfmcfj `a gcal tdnt lvlf tdl d`nry
 ]dl k`rtngs dnvl
dnvl `fel njncf tnhlf
tnhlf up acrl.
acrl. @ur scrls
scrls nfm jrnfmscrls
jrnfmscrls gchlwcsl
gchlwcsl r`nr tdlcr
tdlcr
 acrl njncfst
njncfst us.
us. S`u dnvl
dnvl rlnm tdltdl B``h.
B``h. S`u hf`w tdl scjfs
scjfs..
@ur bg``m nfm acrl m`m ` f`t d`gm bneh tdl fcjdt.
fcjdt. Ar`k `ur vnftnjl
vnftnjl,, acrl cs cfnmlquntl
t` lvlf cggukcfntl tdl fcjdt a`r nfy trul murntc`f.
@ur m`kcfc`f wcgg f`t bl rlngczl
rlngczlmm by enggcfj up`f tdl snkl bg``m nfm acrl wl wclgmlm
njncfst suplrstctc`us plnsnfts ns tdly sdummlrlm `f tdlcr er`ats.
@ur m`kcfc`f wcgg f`t bl rlngczl
rlngczlmm by slczcfj m`kncf nfm rlegcfcfj `f cts tdr`fl, gchl n
pnsdn, gchl n Enknrcggn er`w.
Zl sdngg rlngczl
rlngczl `ur m`kcfc`f f`t by gcfjlrcfj up`f wdnt wl nrl, but by dllmcfj wdnt
wl kust ble`kl.
 ]dcss Mnkflm a`rk
 ]dc a`rk ” tdcs
tdcs Encfctl
Encfctl a`rk ” cs but n edrysngcs
edrysngcs.. Ct cs kutnbgl,
kutnbgl, klrl aglsd
aglsd,,
klrl egny.
egny. Zl dnvl glat `ur k`rtng egny bldcfm
bldcfm,, but `ur
` ur i`urfly m`ls f`t lfm wctd tdlsl
tdlsl
vcgl b`mcls.
Zl kust, tdlf, `urslgvls ble`kl tdl fcjdt.
Zl kust ble`kl.

A`r sued cs tdl wcgg `a Encfl.

 

]NBGL @A E@F]LF]U

Cftr`muetc`f 1 l _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug 2=

D`w t` usl tdcs B``h :   Ltdces 2<
Ut`rytlgglr Utygl :   Cf Edr`fcegls 2<
lkl nfm K``m :   Mcsecpgcfls 2<
Bucgm S`ur @wf Klmclvng Mlntd Eugt 4 l _ntd `a _`wlr
_`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr Q`cel 21
  Ltdces 2:
  Cf Edr`fcegls 2:
Ednptlr @fl9    Mcsecpgcfls 2:
Ulttcfj Acrl >> l _ntd `a tdl Uuf 24
l Rcjdtl`us Uuprlkney `a tdl Bg``m >>   Ltdces 5?
Bly`fm K`rtng >2   Cf Edr`fcegls 5?
_`wlr
_`w lr nfm Gcnbcgcty >2   Mcsecpgcfls 5?
 N Edured
Edured Kcgctnft >5 A`rsnhlf _ntds 5>
Udnttlrlm M`kncfs >5   _ntd `a tdl Blnst 5>
Lfmglss E`fcet >=   _ntd `a D`f`rnbgl Nee`rm 5>
A`rjcfj G`yngty >=   _ntd `a Gcgctd 5>
Gljney `a Brutngcty >< l Hcggcfj ]ckl9 Nftnj`fcsts 52
Allmcfj tdl Blnst >< E`fstruetcfj E`fcet 52
_`rtrnycfj tdl _ntds 55
Ednptlr ]w`9    _ntd `a Encfl 55
 Np`stntls `a
`a n Erulg Edured
Edured >3   _ntd `a Entdnrc 5<
  _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug 5:
_ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft >3
  _ntd `a _`wlr
_`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr Q`cel =?
l _ntd `a Encfl 2?
  Ag`tsnk nfm Iltsnk =2
  Ltdces 2?
l Jcs `a Encfl9 Mcsecpgcfls =1
  Cf Edr`fcegls 2>
  Nusplx =1
  Mcsecpgcfls 2>
  Nfckngcsk =:
l _ntd `a Entdnrc 22
  M`kcfntl =:
  Ltdces 25
  @bausentl =4
  Cf Edr`fcegls 25
  _r`tlnf =3
  Mcsecpgcfls 25
  @bgcvc`f =3
  Bg``m U`relry =3
 

Elrlk`fcls <2 Ednptlr Acvl9

cf-Bg``m Ngedlky <5 Ut`rytlgglr Rls`ur
Rls`urels
els >?<
Rctnl9 Hlys t` tdl M`kcfc`f `a Encfl <<
Ulttcfj Lglklft9 Unbbnt M`kncfs >?<
  l R`gl `a Rctung <<
  Uurjl >?1
  Nuet`rctns
Nuet`rctns Rctnl <1
  Nee`rm >?:
   Erlntc`fRctnl
Cjf`bgcs Rctls <:
1=   Lftlftl >?:
  Erusnml >?4
Ut`ry Lglklfts9 Edr`fcegl Utruetu
Utrueturls
rls >?3
Ednptlr ]rll9    Bg``m nfm Acrl >?3
Burf Brcjdtgy :>   Dlnrts nfm Kcfms >>?
 Nfnt`ky `a`a n Mlntd E
Eugt
ugt :>   Ut`hcfj Rlv`gutc`f >>>
Cknjl Cs Lvlrytdcfj :2   Cfgtrntc`f
Cfgtrntc`f nfm Lspc`fnjl >>2
Utrnfjl Blmalgg`ws :2 Ut`ry Lglklfts9 Fnrrntcvl Utruetu
Utrueturls
rls >><
 Nftctrcbu :=   Rcscfj Netc`f >><
  @vlrwrctcfj tdl Cfmcvcmung :<   @plf E`fcet >>1
  Eugtcvntcfj E`fa`rkcty :<   ]lkptntc`f >>:
Entledcsk9 Unbbnt @biletcvls ::   l Lflky `a Ky Lflky >>4
  Cml`g`jceng Lfkcty :: Ut`ry Lglklft9 E`fcet ]rcnfjgls >2
>2??
_ntd Rlngctcls :3   Rcvng Ulets >2?
  Nm`ptcfj n _ntd :3 _gnycfj Zctd Acrl9
  Ednfjcfj _ntds :3 l Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f >2
>2??
  Glnvcfj _ntds :3 lkntce Lglklft9 Cfdukn
Cfduknfctcls
fctcls >2
>2>>
Unbbnt ]ctgls 4? lkntce Lglklft9
_neh _nttlrfs 4< l _neh Dufts ns @fl >22
Ulttcfj Lglklft9 Unbbnt Dnvlfs >22
Ednptlr A`ur9    E`kkufng Dnvlfs >25
Ut`rytlggcfj ]ledfcqul9
]l Jldlf
Jldlffnfn Znr 3>
 N Brcla
Brcla nfm Mcrty Dcst
Dcst`ry
`ry `a tdl Unbbnt 3> _nrnf
_nrnf`cn
`cn nfm
lkntce Rlm Dlrrcfjs
Lglklft9 tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs
Nftlmcguvcn fs >2=
>2<
  Bg``m nfm Acrl 3>   Lflky \fhf`wf >2<
  Nfnreds
Nfn reds Rlv`gt 32   Ut`glf Bg``m >2
>211
Ar`k tdl Nsdls `a tdl Rlv`gt 35
Lfgcjdtlfklft cf Bg``m 35
Cfmlx >2:
l Bljcffc
Bljcffcfj
fj `a tdl Lfm `a tdl Z`rgm 3=
UC]RL_9 l Jldlffn Znr 3<
  Nf Lkpcrl `a Bg``m 3<
  Klxce` Ecty 3:
  Brnzcg9 Ecvcg Znr 34
  Russcn nfm tdl Bngtces >??
  l Knjdrlb nfm Ngnkut >?2
  l M`kncf Flxt M``r >?5
 Cftr`muetc`f
Cftr`muetc`f
 

C F
 F]] R@M\E]
E]CC@F
Zl nrl lned `ur `wf mlvcg, nfm wl knhl tdcs w`rgm `ur dlgg.
“ @UENR ZCGML

 F
` slet lv`hls sued alnr nt cts klftc`f, sued rlvugsc`f nt cts cml`g`jcls,
ns m`ls tdl Unbbnt. ]dl slga-styglm Uw`rm `a Encfl wnjls n wnr ” n
wnr `a njls, n d`gy wnr, n Jldlffn Znr ” njncfst tdl gljlfmnry
pr`jlfct`rs `a tdl egnfs, tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. Ectcfj tdl B``h `a F`m ,
tdl Unbbnt sllhs t` nvlfjl tdl nfeclft bltrnyng `a Encfl by dcs wnywnrm edcgmlr,
sllhcfj f`tdcfj glss tdnf tdl mlstruetc`f `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs nfm tdl subiujn-

tc`f@tdlr
`a tdlslets
k`rtng w`rgm
rljnrm tdlt`Unbbnt
n brutng dclrnredyntwctd
ns dlrltceng blstvnkpcrls nt cts nplx.
nfm np`engyptce nt w`rst.
U`kl `utrcjdt mlfy tdl lxcstlfel `a Nftlmcguvcnfs, pr`egnckcfj tdlk kytd, ng-
glj`ry, `r elfturcls mlnm. @tdlrs rljnrm tdlk ns t`rpcm, anr-mcstnft, `r crrlglvnft
cf tdl k`mlrf fcjdts.
]dnt–s lxnetgy wdnt mrcvls tdl alnr `tdlr slets dnvl `a tdl Unbbnt9 F`t `fgy
m` tdly pr`sleutl n anfntceng njlfmn, tdly m` s` wctd gcttgl rljnrm a`r tdlkslgvls,
nfm wctd tdl e`fvcetc`fs `a nf lrn g`fj pnst, n tckl `a G`fj Fcjdt.

D`w t`
\sl tdcs B``h  enf npplnr cf edr`fcegls ns rlmfleh spgnttlrpufh
Dlrl cs tdl k`st ckp`rtnft slftlfel cf tdcs b``h9
]dl aufetc`f `a tdl Unbbnt cf Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Kns-
qulrnml st`rcls
qulrnml  st`rcls cs t` tdrlntlf tdl stntus qu`.
]dl prlslftntc`f `a tdl Unbbnt a`r tdl Acatd
Lmctc`f `a Qnkpcrl
Qnkpcrl cs  cs ns nftnj`fcsts. ]dl Uw`rm `a
Encfl cs ufmlfcnbgy n k`fstr`us lvcg tdnt lvlf tdl
Hcfmrlm alnr, n slet `a vnkpcrl suprlknecsts wd`
slt nscml tdl plrspletcvls `a tdl stcgg-gcvcfj, blgclvcfj
tdlkslgvls t` bl k`rl tdnf k`rtngs.
]dcs knfcalsts ns mlgcblrntl l`rts by tdl Unbbnt
t` erusd cfmcvcmung cmlftcty nfm rlsdnpl ct t` tdl
slet–s `wf np`engyptce lfms. \gtckntlgy, Unbbnt
vnkpcrls
tdly tnhl.m`f–t dnvltdlkslgvls
dnvl
Cf jcvcfj n ed`cel cf t`
knfy
kntdl
fy `a tdl netc`fs
Blnst, tdly–vl
e`fmc -
slt nscml tdnt elftrng rcmmgl `a tdl Hcfmrlm e`fmc-
tc`f.
@fl `a tdl e`rl cr`fcls ” `r dyp`ercscls, ca
y`u wcgg ” `a blcfj Unbbnt cs tdnt ct nttlkpts t`
`vlrtdr`w `pprlssc`f tdr`ujd anfntceng slrvcgcty
t` Encfl. Ns klkblrs `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm, Encfctls
yclgm cfmcvcmungcty,
cfmc vcmungcty, nkbctc`f, nut`f`ky.
nut`f`ky. ]dly nnrlrl
Bg``m B`ufm, cfm`etrcfntlm, e`kpgltlgy mlcfmc-
mlcfmc-
vcmuntlm, nfm cfstcgglm wctd dntrlms t` wdced tdly
turf f` erctceng td`ujdt.
]` bl eglnr, tdlrl nrl f` systlks `r sujjls-
tc`fs cfegumlm dlrlcf a`r p`rtrnycfj tdl Unbbnt ns
pgnylr–s ednrnetlr. ]dcs b``h cfegumls Mcsecpgcfl
n pgnylr–s
p`wlrs, mltncgs a`r Unbbnt rctungs, cfa`rkntc`f `f
tdl _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft, lte., wctd tdl cftlftc`f
tdnt Ut`rytlgglrs wcgg usl tdlk t` erlntl e`kplggcfj
st`rcls nr`ufm `pp`scfj tdl Unbbnt.
Ut`rytlgglr Utygl
]dl Unbbnt dns lfmurlm n ercppgcfj e`ggnpsl. Ar`k
cts nbnfm`fklft by lrstwdcgl glnmlrs t` tdl rnvnjls
`a tdl Jldlffn Znr t` tdl anet tdnt ct knhls n dujl
tnrjlt `a ctslga cf tdl lrn `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f,
tdl Unbbnt dns arneturlm, ufctlm `fgy cf cts e`kk`f
dntrlm `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs nfm tdl lxtrlkls t`
wdced ct wcgg j` t` mlay nfm mlstr`y tdlk.
1
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 Ns n rlsugt, Ut`rytlgglrs
Ut`rytlg glrs dnvl lf
lf`rk`us
`rk`us gllwny
t` prlslft g`engczlm vlrsc`fs `a tdl Unbbnt tdnt
lkpdnsczl tdlcr `wf mcstcfet tdlkls. ]dl Unbbnt
vnkpcrls knrnumcfj ner`ss rlk`tl ]lxns serub, `r
ns bg``mtdcrsty sdnrhs k`vcfj tdr`ujd tdl dcjd-
gcal/g`w-gcal s`ecng ecregls `a Lur`plnf enpctngs, `r
ns dnrbcfjlrs `a k`fstr`us k`rngcty cf tdl vnugts
`a tdl Nfeclfts tdlkslgvls. ]dl Unbbnt tnhls knfy
a`rks nfm pr`vcmls p`cfts `a e`fcet a`r cffuklr-
nbgl st`rcls.
Lxelpt ufmlr elrtncf ecreukstnfels, tdl Unbbnt
m`lsf–t egnck m`kncf ns `tdlr Hcfmrlm e`fscmlr tdl
prnetcel. Rntdlr, tdl Unbbnt
U nbbnt rlkncfs lvlr-k`bcgl,
mlv`urcfj wdnt n m`kncf dns t` `lr gchl n swnrk
`a g`eusts bla`rl ednscfj s`kl eryptce slerlt `r
strnfjl stckugus cft` tdl Jldlffn Znr–s flxt
tdlntlr.
jurl ct Zdnt cs ct ednscfj0
`ut, lftcrlgy, @tdlr
nfm tdnt Hcfmrlmklnfs
mcse`fflet enf–t
tdly dnvl mceugty rlgntcfj t` nfm e`kprldlfmcfj
Unbbnt k`tcvls.
]dcs b``h tnhls n bcj-pceturl g``h nt tdl Uw`rm
`a Encfl, but ct–s ckp`rtnft t` f`tl tdnt n bcj
pceturl m`lsf–t lxcst cf nf lftcrl g`engcty nfywdlrl
cf tdl w`rgm. Zdced cs t` sny, n e`kpgltl, g`eng
kcer`e`sk `a tdl augg Unbbnt csf–t prlslft cf nfy
scfjgl m`kncf cf tdl w`rgm (ufglss y`u `vlrrugl
tdnt, ns Ut`rytlgglr). ]dl Uw`rm `a Encfl cf `fl
m`kncf kny gctlrnggy bl tdl sdnttlrlm rlkncfs `a n
scfjgl cfgtrntcfj pneh, wdcgl n se`rl `a Bgneh Dnfm
vnkpcrls kny vcl wctd Enknrcggn e`urts nfm Nfnred
slmctc`fcsts cf nf`tdlr m`kncf. ]dl Unbbnt lxcsts t`
pr`vcml n sengcfj nftnj`fcst cf nfy m`kncf wdlrl
y`u mlscrl t` slt y`ur edr`fcegl.
]dlkl nfm K``m
]dl tdlkl `a tdl Unbbnt cs mlsplrntc`f. Anelm wctd
n dnrr`wcfj nfm slga-mlstruetcvl rlngcty, tdl Unbbnt
sllhs nfy aufetc`fng kltd`m `a cts rliletc`f, scfh -
cfj lvlr mllplr cft` cts `wf mlprnvcty ns n wny t`
jdt bneh njncfst tdl vnkpcrls– rleh`fcfj. Unbbnt
mlsplrntc`f knfcalsts cf anfntcecsk, aufmnklf-
aufmnklf-
tngcsk, vc`glfel, nfm k`fstr`scty. ]dl ugtckntl
lxprlssc`f `a jdtcfj rl wctd rl ” nfm rl cs n
p`wlraug sykb`g b`td t` nfm a`r tdl Unbbnt ” tdl
 :
Cftr`muetc`f
Bgneh Dnfm wcggcfjgy ed``sls t` mlfl ctslga ns
w`rsl tdnf tdl lflkcls ct `pp`sls. Zdlf anelm wctd
tdl rcscfj `a enffcbngcstce bg``m j`ms, tdl Uw`rm `a
Encfl sllhs t` strchl m`wf td`sl bg``m j`ms… nfm
rlpgnel tdlk, mrnjjcfj tdl w`rgm cft` n Dlgg `a tdl
slet–s knhcfj.
]dl k``m `a tdl Unbbnt cs `a ngclfntc`f, `a
netcvl cfduknfcty. ]dl Unbbnt turfs cts bneh `f
tdl vlry f`tc`f `a Duknfcty, anfntcenggy blgclvcfj
tdnt tdl `fgy wny t` trugy rlngczl tdl p`tlftcng `a
tdl vnkpcrl cs t` jcvl `flslga wd`ggy t` tdl nsplets
`a tdl Encfctl e`fmctc`f tdnt nrl ufcqul t` ct. ]dl
Uw`rm `a Encfl vlflrntls tdl Blnst, lxugts cf tdl
p`wlr `a tdl Bg``m, nfm mlegnrls mcnbglrcl n sne-
sne-
rnklft. Unbbnt vnkpcrls allg f` e`kpnssc`f a`r
k`rtngs, nfm tdly elrtncfgy m`f–t pcfl a`r tdlcr by-
j`fl mnys `a blcfj k`rtng. Cf anet, Unbbnt vnkpcrls
m`f–t rlgntl t`mceugt
ct pr`a`ufmgy k`rtngs a`r
nt ngg ” nfm
tdlk tdnt ngs`
t` rlgntl knhls
t` `tdlr
vnkpcrls, ns wlgg. Encfctls nrl lftcrlgy @tdlr, trul
k`fstlrs, tdl vnkpcrls wd`k `tdlr vnkpcrls g``h
`vlr tdlcr sd`ugmlr nfm mrlnm t` sll.
Bucgm S`ur
S`ur @wf
@w f Klmclvng
Mlntd Eugt  E@FULF] NFM RLU_LE]A\G _GNS
]dl Unbbnt dns knfy anels but n scfjgl jucmcfj
pdcg`s`pdy.
@fl `a tdl k`st ckp`rtnft tdcfjs t` e`fscmlr
nb`ut tdl Bgneh Dnfm cs c s tdnt ct–s f`t n k`f`gctd. Ct–s
mlelftrngczlm, lvlf arnjklftlm, t` tdl snkl mljrll
tdnt tdl Nfnreds nrl, nfm scfel ct–s netcvlgy jdtcfj
tdl Jldlffn Znr, Unbbnt rntls `a fng mlntd nrl
lvlf dcjdlr tdnf td`sl `a `tdlr slets. Zdnt–s trul `a
tdl Unbbnt t`fcjdt, lvlf g`enggy, kcjdt f`t survcvl
pnst tdl sufrcsl.
]dl rlsugt cs tdnt tdl Unbbnt cs n ‗slet‛ `fgy cf
tdnt ct dns n e`kk`f enusl nfm n enf`f `a splece
rctungs tdnt ufctl ct cf pnehs. ]dnt nscml, tdl Unbbnt
cs lxtrlklgy pnr`edcng. ]dl fnturl `a td`sl pnehs,
tdl rlsp`fscbcgctcls `a tdl pnehs– spcrctung glnmlrs,
suplrc-
wdltdlr `r f`t td`sl glnmlrs tdlkslgvls dnvl suplrc-
`rs `r ca nfy`fl pnys tdlk dllm ” ngg `a tdlsl vnry
rnmcenggy by g`entc`f nfm by knfcalstntc`f.
@fl kcjdt lfe`uftlr n pneh `a Unbbnt e`kkct-
tcfj n jrnfmc`sl mcnbglrcl cf n bnr`qul Entdlmrng
`a Aglsd, `r `fl kcjdt fm n pneh rlmuelm t` cts gnst
tw` lknecntlm klkblrs mlsplrntlgy w`rhcfj Bg``m
U`relry cf `rmlr t` p`cs`f tdl arlfzclm lgmlr nb`ut
t` mrcfh tdlk mry. ]dl Unbbnt cf y`ur m`kncf
kcjdt bl ngg tdnt rlkncfs natlr n j`rl-spnttlrlm rncm
by duftlrs cf tdcs lrn `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f, `r
ct kcjdt bl d`glm up cf tdl elggnr `a n Bulf`s Ncrls
vltlrcfnry egcfce, trycfj t` brcfj bneh n angglf pneh -
kntl ar`k t`rp`r.
Rlklkblr,, tdlrl–s f`tdcfj prlvlftcfj pgnylrs
Rlklkblr
ar`k hf`wcfj tdl cfa`rkntc`f prlslftlm cf tdcs
b``h. Zdlrl tdl kystlry nfm plrs`fngcty lklrjl
cs cf d`w y`u usl tdl Bgneh Dnfm ns n st`rytlggcfj
t``g. Edngglfjl tdl stntus qu`.
Ca ct dlgps, tdcfh `a tdl Unbbnt ns s`kltdcfj `td-
lr tdnf n slet lftcrlgy,
rlv`gutc`fnrcls n mcspnrntl
wctd rljc`fng k`b `anetcvctcls,
strlfjtds, bg``m-wnr
nfm kltd`ms `a tlnrcfj m`wf Nfeclft tyrnffy. ▯
Qnkpcrl mlngs wctd knturl tdlkls nfm st`ry lgl-
klfts tdnt s`kl kny ﬎fm ufe`ka`rtnbgl `r tdnt
rlkcfm tdlk `a plrs`fng trnukns. ]dcs enf bl ls-
plecnggy trul `a tdl Unbbnt, wdced mlngs `vlrtgy wctd
vc`glfel, sctuntc`fs cftlfmlm t` dnrk tdl cfmcvcmung–s
slfsl `a slga, nfm rlgntc`fsdcps wctd nutd`rcty nfm
plrs`fng b`ufmnrcls.
Ct–s w`rtd enggcfj `ut tdnt tdlsl nrl st`ry lgl-
klfts nfm tdlkls. ]dly nrl splec﬎enggy f`t n gcelfsl
t` trnukntczl pgnylrs `r nbusl tdl trust bltwllf
pgnylrs. Zdcgl tdl ednrnetlrs cf n edr`fcegl cf wdced
tdl Unbbnt pgnys n pnrt kny wlgg lxplrclfel mcrl
ecreukstnfels, by f` klnfs sd`ugm sued sctuntc`fs
`r tledfcquls bl vcsctlm up`f tdl pnr tcecpnfts `a tdl
jnkl.
A`r k`rl cfa`rkntc`f `f e`fslft n fm rlspletaug
pgny, sll Npplfmcx CCC `a Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulr-
nml , pp. =2>-=2<.

Unbbnt Glxce`f
Nuet`rctns Rctnl9 ]dl rle`jfczlm enf`f `a
tdl Unbbnt, n slt `a dcjd rctungs prlsercblm
a`r ngg Unbbnt t` dllm
Bgneh Dnfm, tdl9 ]dl Unbbnt
Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs cf Encfl9 ]dl Unbbnt
Encfctl9 N vnkpcrl8 `fl `a tdl pr`jlfy `a
Encfl. \slm nk`fj Unbbnt t` tdl lxegusc`f
`a ‗Hcfmrlm,‛ wdced tdl Bgneh Dnfm mlrcmls
ns n s`at npplggntc`f
E`gm Znr9 Cftrcjul, spyernat, nfm `tdlr
subtgl k`vlklfts
k`vlklfts njncfst tdl slrvnfts `a
tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs, usunggy wnjlm t` mlstnbc-
gczl m`kncfs wdlrl f`f-Unbbnt
f`f-Unbbnt slets egnck
m`kcfnfel
Jldlffn Znr9 ]dl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl cf cts
k`st urjlft a`rk, tdl rlscstnfel njncfst tdl
rcscfj `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs
Nftlmcguvcnfs nfm tdlcr slrvct`rs
slr vct`rs
D`t Znr9 Netcvl ﬎jdtcfj njncfst tdl Nftlmc-
guvcnfs cf tdl Jldlffn Znr
Cjf`bgcs Rctnl9 ]dl g`eng `r pneh-
pneh-splec﬎e
splec﬎e
rctls erlntlm by cfmcvcmung pnehs `r m`kncfs
t` lstnbgcsd e`kkufcty `r snfetcay bldnvc`r
_neh9 N Unbbnt e`tlrcl, ngk`st ngwnys rlcf-
a`relm wctd tdl rctus `a tdl Qnugmlrcl
_neh _rclst9 ]dl spcrctung nfm tnetceng glnmlr
`a n Unbbnt pneh
_ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfkl
Lfgcjdtlfklft9ft9 N klftng, lk`tc`f-
ng, nfm spcrctung e`fmctc`fcfj tdnt suppgnfts
Duknfcty, usunggy wctd tdl cftlft `a dlcjdt-
lfcfj tdl prc`rctcls `a vnkpcrce suprlkney
Rctnl9 Rctungs a`rkcfj tdl Unbbnt entledcsk8
scfjugnr rctus `r rctl
4
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
Unbbnt9 ]dl Unbbnt cs n scfjugnr ct wdlf
rlalrrcfj t` tdl slet8 cts klkblrs nrl n
pgurng tdly.
tdly. But ‗Unbbnt‛ enf ngs` rlalr t`
klkblrs ” `fl enf bl n Unbbnt `a tdl Unb-
bnt, f`t tdnt sued n pdrnsl w`ugm bl sp`hlf
arlqulftgy.
Ud`vlgdlnm9 N aglmjgcfj Unbbnt vnkpcrl,
jlflrnggy Lkbrnelm
Lkbrnelm lf knssl t` slrvl ns
ar`ft-gcfl a`mmlr cf nf ckklmcntl e`fagcet.
Kny `r kny f`t dnvl bllf mukplm cft` n
knss jrnvl natlr
na tlr blcfj egubblm `vlr tdl
dlnm wctd nf netung sd`vlg.
Uw`rm `a Encfl, tdl9 ]dl Unbbnt
]dcf-bg``mlm9 Qnkpcrls `a lsplecnggy dcjd
jlflrntc`f, wd`sl Bg``m enrrcls gcttgl t` f`
cfmcentc`f `a tdlcr gcflnjl. ‗]dl ]ckl `a ]dcf
Bg``m,‛ wdlf tdlsl vnkpcrls nrl prlslft,
cs `fl `a tdl `klfs `a Jldlffn prlsnjlm cf
tdl B``h `a F`m.
Qnugmlrcl9 N Unbbnt rctus tdnt sdnttlrs Bg``m
B`fms nfm rlcfa`rels g`yngty nk`fj pneh
klkblrs
Qcfeuguk9  N splec﬎e typl
t ypl `a Bg``m B`fm tdnt
lxcsts nk`fj klkblrs `a n pneh, subvlrtcfj
scfjugnr Bg``m B`fms (pgurng9 vcfeugn)
 3

Cftr`muetc`f

Ednptlr @fl9
UL]]CFJ   ACRL
]dl w`rgm dns f` lfm, nfm wdnt cs j``m nk`fj `fl
 pl`pgl cs nf nb`kcfntc`f wctd `tdlrs.
” EDCF\N NEDLBL, ]DCFJU ANGG N_NR]
A
r`k cts `rcjcfs ns n klmclvng mlntd eugt
t` cts k`mlrf cfenrfntc`f ns n anfntceng
sd`eh-a`rel
sd`eh- a`rel `f tdl ar`ft gcfls
gc fls `a tdl Jl-
dlffn Znr,
Znr, tdl Unbbnt cs k`rl tdnf tdl
bg``my se`urjl tdl `tdlr slets mlsercbl ct t` bl.
]` wct, alw Hcfmrlm `utscml `a Unbbnt m`kncfs
dnvl lvlf klt n Unbbnt Encfctl, nfm tdl slet–s rlpu-
tntc`f cs ns kued tdl pr`pnjnfmn `a cts rcvngs ns ct cs
nf neeurntl sukkntc`f. @fl wcgg slgm`k sll Enkn- Enkn-
rcggn nfm Nfnred rcvngs swllp prlvc`us jrclvnfels
ufmlr tdl ruj s` qucehgy ns wdlf ct cs ruk`rlm tdnt
tdl Unbbnt dns nf cftlrlst cf tdl m`kncf.
 Nt tdl snkl tckl, kued `a wdnt tdl `tdlr `tdlr slets
hf`w nb`ut tdl Unbbnt cs lftcrlgy neeurntl. ]dl
snvvy Hcfmrlm cs nbgl t` mcstcfjucsd tdl Uw`rm
`a Encfl–s `wf lxtrlkl cml`g`jy ar`k tdl d`rr`r
st`rcls tdl `tdlr slets rlplnt t` mcse`urnjl tdlcr
klkblrs ar`k g``hcfj nfy mllplr. A`r tdl Enkn-
rcggn, stllrcfj Hcfmrlm nwny ar`k tdl Bgneh Dnfm cs
n knttlr `a enutc`f nfm snalty. A`r tdl Nfnreds, ct–s
n knttlr `a rlngczcfj tdnt Unbbnt lxtrlkcsk cs n a`rk
`a e`ftr`g nfm nf ufrlglftcfj `pprlssc`f.
A`r tdl Unbbnt, d`wlvlr, ct ngg e`kls m`wf t`
ufnp`g`jltcenggy blcfj n vnkpcrl.
>?
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 
]dl Rcjdtl`us
Uuprlkne
Uuprlkneyy `a tdl
Bg``m
]dl kcfmslt tdnt mcstcfjucsdls tdl Unbbnt ar`k
`tdlr slets t` n stnrh mljrll cs tdl blgcla tdnt ble`k-
cfj n vnkpcrl aufmnklftnggy ednfjls n plrs`f t`
sued nf lxtlft tdnt `gm f`tc`fs `a Duknfcty nrl
f` g`fjlr jlrknfl. Ar`k tdl Unbbnt plrspletcvl,
Duknfcty cs nt blst n burmlf nfm nt w`rst n prcs`f,
hllpcfj vnkpcrls edncflm t` byj`fl cmlftcty. Ct cs n
wnstl `a tdl Bg``m t` prltlfm tdnt `fl cs stcgg k`rtng
`r kust egcfj t` duknf nletntc`fs.
]` tdl Unbbnt wny `a tdcfhcfj, tdl vnkpcrl cs
n erlnturl nb`vl klrl k`rtngs, nfm kust tdlrla`rl
rlwrctl tdlcr psyedl wctd n purp`sl tdnt ngg`ws tdl
vnkpcrl t` nssukl tdlcr suprlkl pgnel. Cfmllm,
‗erlnturl‛ cs n w`rm ed`slf mlgcblrntlgy ” ct ckpgcls
tdnt `fl cs erlntlm, tdnt ble`kcfj n vnkpcrl cs
np`tdl`scs. @a e`ursl, wd`k tdnt erlnt`r kny bl
vnrcls wcgmgy nk`fj Unbbnt, but tdl pnrnk`uft
klssnjl cs tdnt vnkpcrls auggg n dcjdlr purp`sl,
 >>
Ednptlr @fl9 Ulttcfj Acrl
n enggcfj, n kltnpdysceng fllm, `r n bg``m-s`nhlm
mcvcfl rcjdt.
Cf prnetcel, Encfctls nrl lletcvlgy tdl erlnturls
`a tdlcr scrls. Zdnt rlkncfs t`fcjdt `a tdl Unbbnt
cs n vcec`us ledlg`f `a rlk`rslglss vnkpcrls wd` sll
f`tdcfj wr`fj cf erlntcfj d`rmls `a glsslr ednt-
tlg t` durg nt tdlcr lflkcls. Qlry `atlf tdlsl glsslr
vnkpcrls erlntl tdlcr `wf br``ms, tdl blttlr t`
a`rk tdlcr `wf enmrls t` bl mcrletlm njncfst td`sl
snkl a`ls. ]dl rlsugt cs n slet tdnt Lkbrnels wctd
nbnfm`f, but wctd nf lxtrlklgy sd`rt tckl t` fng
mlntd. F`t ngg Unbbnt kllt tdlcr lfm s` qucehgy,
but tdl `mms `a survcvng jr`w cferlnscfjgy p``r tdl
dcjdlr `fl–s jlflrntc`f cs. Nfm ns t` tdcf-bg``mlm
Unbbnt ” wd` hf`ws d`w knfy `a tdlk t dlk lvlf lx-
cst0 @r d`w knfy survcvl a`r nfy npprlecnbgl glfjtd
`a tckl0
Bly`fm K`rtng
Zctd`ut n m`ubt, Unbbnt a`gg`wlrs `a tdlsl cml`g`-
jcls, tdlsl _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft, strchl alnr cft`
k`rtngs (nfm knfy Hcfmrlm…) cf tdlcr gneh `a nbcg-
cty t` lkpntdczl wctd Duknfcty. _nrnj`fs `a tdlsl
_ntds kny bl cfmcvcmunggy ufflrvcfj, rlpugscvl,
`r wd`ggy ngclf. ]dl lguscvl lgmlrs `a tdl slet gchlf
tdlsl nttlkpts t` e`mcay tdl k`rng lglklfts `a tdlcr
ufmlnm lxcstlfel t` anctds `r mlv`tc`fs, wdcgl nt
glnst `fl k`mlrf Unbbnt lmjgcfj `a pdcg`s`pdceng
blft dns mlsercblm tdlk ns `plrntcfj systlks.
]` `utscml plrspletcvls, tdcs rlvlngs tdl k`f-
str`scty `a tdl Unbbnt, but t` tdl Unbbnt ctslga,
ctslg a, ct–s
nt glnst blcfj d`flst ” ct–s tdl ‗Hcfmrlm‛ wd` gurh
wctdcf k`rtng e`d`rts `r wd` prltlfm t` jrnfmc-
`sl sedlkls wctd k`rtng pupplts wd` nrl tdl trul
ntr`ectcls, squnfmlrcfj tdl eursl `a Encfl nfm wng-
g`wcfj nk`fj tdl hcfl.
_`wlr nfm Gcnbcgcty 
Cfmllm, ca tdlnsEnknrcggn
e`ffletc`fs cs quceh
n wny t` s`gvl t` lxlrecsl
pr`bglks, nfmcts
tdl
 Nfnreds rlgy `f tdlcr `wf nbcgctcls,
nbcgctcl s, tdl Unbbnt
s`gvls pr`bglks ns n vnkpcrl ‗sd`ugm.‛ Unbbnt
vnkpcrls usl Mcsecpgcfls. ]dnt cs, ca n Enknrcggn
Hcfmrlm scglfels n Knsqulrnml brlned by enggcfj cf
n anv`r t` sk`tdlr tdl st`ry nfm nf Nfnred scglfels
n Knsqulrnml brlned by br`wblntcfj tdl `bslrvlr
cft` scglfel, n Unbbnt Encfctl rls`gvls tdl brlned by
mrcvcfj wctflssls knm wctd tlrr`r-cfmuecfj _rls-
lfel `r by trnehcfj tdlk wctd prlmnt`ry Nfckngcsk
nfm scglfecfj tdlk plrknflftgy.
]dcs gneh `a subtglty dns dnm n scml llet tdnt
tdl Bgneh Dnfm wcggauggy cjf`rls9 Duftlrs cf tdcs
lrn `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f dnvl tdl glnst tr`ubgl
a`gg`wcfj tdl trncg `a tdl Unbbnt, nfm dnvl dnm tdl
k`st sueelss cf rlmuecfj tdl slet–s rnfhs (nt glnst cf
g`engls `tdlr tdnf tdl ar`ft gcfls `a tdl Jldlffn
Znr ctslga). _r`um Unbbnt try t` spcf tdcs ns n bnmjl
`a d`f`r, tdnt tdl Enknrcggn nfm Nfnreds mlng wctd
tdl lrn `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f by ruffcfj nfm
dcmcfj rntdlr tdnf stnfmcfj nfm jdtcfj. ]dnt
sncm, ct–s dnrm t` nrjul wctd d`w lletcvl fuklr`us
vnkpcrl-duftcfj `rjnfczntc`fs dnvl bllf cf brlnh-
cfj tdl Unbbnt–s m`kncfs nfm rlmuecfj cts fukblrs.

U`gmclrs cf tdl
J ldlffn
ldlffn Zn r
 Nt tdl elftlr `a cts e`fvcetc`f
e`fvcetc`f cs tdl Unbbnt–s vlflrn-
vlflrn-
tc`f `a wd`k tdl slet blgclvls t` bl cts Mnrh Antdlr9
Encfl, tdl Acrst Qnkpcrl. Ar`k Encfl–s cfscmc-
`us edcgmlr spnwflm tdl egnfs ns tdly nrl hf`wf
t`fcjdt, nfm ct cs tdlsl dntlm Nftlmcguvcnfs njncfst
wd`k tdl Unbbnt mlv`tls cts l`rts.
 Nee`rmcfj t` tdl vnrc`us entledcsks `a tdl Bgneh
Dnfm, Encfl–s `rcjcfng pr`jlfy bltrnylm tdl purcty
`a tdl Mnrh Antdlr–s Lkbrnel cf pursuct `a tdlcr
`wf mljlflrntl mlscrls. ]dlcr lfmglss slgsd rcvng-
rcls blenkl wdnt cs hf`wf ns tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl,
spnwfcfj elfturcls `a e`fcet, m``kcfj e`uftglss
vnkpcrls t` Acfng
a`recfj tdlk Mlntd
t` e`wlr cf cftlrflecfl
nk`fj strujjgls
k`rtngs nfm `r
knsqulr-
nml ns tdlcr knstlrs.
]dl Unbbnt dntls tdlsl Nftlmcguvcnfs, sllhcfj
t` ble`kl eg`slr t` tdl Mnrh Antdlr nfm mlstr`y
dcs mlspcenbgl edcgmlr. ]` `tdlr slets, egnfs kny bl
lstllklm gcflnjls `r cfmcent`rs `a pr`wlss ” t` tdl
Unbbnt, tdly nrl tdl by-bg`ws `a Nftlmcguvcnf scf,
nfm knfy Encfctls mlsercbl tdlkslgvls ns nftctrcbu,
np`stntls njncfst tdl vlry cmln `a egnfs, mlspctl tdl
nptctumls tdly kny e`falr.
 N Edured Kcgct
K cgctnft 
nft  t` bl n vlry skngg slet, `wcfj gnrjlgy t` cts dcjd rntl
F` surprcsl, tdlf, tdnt plrdnps k`rl tdnf tdl `tdlr
slets, tdl Unbbnt dllms tdl Bleh`fcfj, nfm cfmllm
pgufjls ctslga dlnmg`fj cft` tdl `eeugtlm e`fcets
`a tdl Jldlffn Znr. @tdlr Hcfmrlm kny rlscst tdl
Bleh`fcfj, but tdl Unbbnt cs mrnwf t` ct, nfm lvlf
td`sl wd` m` f`t tdlkslgvls dlnr ct a`gg`w lf-
tdrngglm scrls nfm zlng`us pneh glnmlrs.
Gcttgl flws e`kls bneh ar`k tdl wnr ar`ft, d`w-
lvlr, nfm lvlf tdl mlntdglss
mlntdgls s ednkpc`fs `a tdl Uw`rm
`a Encfl surlgy fm tdlkslgvls tlstlm cf cts eruec-
bgls. Zdnt blttlr wny t` knrtyr `flslga nfm lxugt cf
tdl jg`rcls `a Encfl tdnf t` strchl nt tdl dlnrt `a tdl
edtd`fce ]dcrm Jlflrntc`f ctslga0
>2
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 Nfm tdl Unbbnt hf`ws nf nmmctc`fng slerlt tdnt
dns s` anr lgumlm tdl `tdlr slets9 ]dl Jldlffn
Znr nlets kued k`rl tlrrct`ry tdnf wdnt tdl
Enknrcggn nfm Nfnreds susplet. Ct csf–t e`fflm
t` tdl ernmgl `a ecvcgczntc`f, wdlrl tdl `rcjcfng nfm
k`st nfeclft vnkpcrls dlgm swny. ]dl cftlrvlfcfj
kcgglffcn dnvl enuslm n jrlnt mcnsp`rn `a pl`pgls
nfm tdl vnkpcrls wd` dcml nk`fj tdlk. ]dlrla`rl,
tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs dnvl gchlwcsl trnvlglm lf`rk`us
mcstnfels, knhcfj tdl Jldlffn Znr n w`rgmwcml
tdlntrl.
Udnttlrlm M`kncfs
Cf e`rrlgntc`f, tdl Unbbnt ctslga d`gms gcttgl m`kncf
cf n e`fvlftc`fng slfsl. Zdlrlns ct `fel egncklm
nfm e`ftlstlm tlrrct`rcls gchl tdl Nfnreds nfm
Enknrcggn, t`fcjdt
strnfjl-allgcfj Unbbnt
nbslfel m`kncfscf
`a Encfctls `atlf dnvl
tdlk. n
Ucfel
s` knfy `bly tdl Bleh`fcfj, m`kncfs `a tdl Bgneh
Dnfm nrl `atlf ufmlrp`pugntlm, nt glnst cf tlrks `a
vnkpcrce prlslfel.
]dcs csf–
c sf–tt ngwnys tdl ensl,
en sl, d`wlvlr, nfm f` alw
m`kncfs lxplrclfel dujl surjls nfm Knss Lk-
brnels ns tdl ar`ft-gcfl e`kknfmlrs `a tdl Jldlffn
Erusnml mlknfm arlsd e`fsercpts t` pgufjl cft`
bnttgl wctd tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. Ct cs njncf ckp`rtnft
t` rle`jfczl tdl sueelss tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f dns
dnm cf eurtncgcfj Unbbnt cfulfel.
Mlspctl ngg `a cts Lkbrnels, tdl Unbbnt npplnrs
`a fng mlntd. Nk`fj tdl knsscvl Encfctl ensungtcls
`a tdl Jldlffn Znr, tdl rutdglss prlecsc`f `a tdl
Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f, nfm tdl nbd`rrlfel `tdlr slets
dnvl a`r tdl Bgneh Dnfm, tdl Unbbnt–s lflkcls nrl
knfy nfm cts cfmcvcmung klkblrs– fcjdts nrl fuk-
blrlm ar`k tdl k`klft `a tdlcr Lkbrnel.
 >5

Ednptlr @fl9 Ulttcfj Acrl

Rlblgs cf tdl
Ltlrfn
Ltlrfngg Utr
Utrujjgl
ujjgl
Cf elfturcls pnst, tdl Unbbnt sllklm t` bl nt tdl
a`rlar`ft `a tdl Znr `a Njls, dnvcfj a`rklm natlr
tdl vnuftlm mcnbglrcl `a elrtncf Nftlmcguvcnfs.
 Njncfst
 Njnc fst tdl lry bnehmr`p `a tdl `rcjcfng
`rcjc fng Nfnred
Rlv`gt, tdl Unbbnt dnuglm ctslga `ut `a tdl nsdls.
Ct bucgt nr`ufm ctslga nf cmlftcty `a arllm`k ar`k
lgmlr knfcpugntc`fs. Cf tdl cftlrvlfcfj elfturcls,
d`wlvlr,, tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl
d`wlvlr Enc fl dns tnhlf n k`fstr`us
pntd cf `rmlr t` lfsurl cts `wf arllm`k.
]` dlnr tdl slet tlgg ct, tdl Unbbnt sllhs t` lknf-
ecpntl ctslga ar`k tdl prcs`f `a gcvcfj, t` nbnfm`f
tdl arncg k`rtng e`cg nfm lxugt tdl Encfctl e`fmc-
e`fmc-
bgl e`fcets, but nt tdl snkl tckl, ct fllms rlm`ubts
t` wdced t` angg bneh nfm lfi`y wdnt bg``m-strlnhlm
arllm`k ct enf sny t` dnvl w`f a`r ctslga.
A`rjcfj G`yngt
G`yngty 
y 
Lfsurcfj g`yngty nk`fj td`sl erulggy cfvctlm cft`
tdl slet cs f` klnf alnt. ]` tdcs lfm, tdl Unbbnt
lkpg`ys n vnrclty `a rctungs, cfmcvcmungcty-brlnhcfj
psyed`g`jceng tledfcquls, nfm n d`st `a d`rr`rs t`
a`rel ngg Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs cf Encfl t` rlgy up`f
`fl nf`tdlr. Rnrlgy m`ls `fl sll nf cfmcvcmung Unb-
bnt, a`r tdl slet–s vnkpcrls ruf cf ‗pnehs,‛ nfm tdlcr
j`ngs nfm s`ugs nrl eugtcvntlm by spcrctung glnmlrs
hf`wf ns _neh _rclsts.
 Nfm tdcs cs lvlr k`rl rlns`f a`r tdl `tdlr
slets– dntrlm `a tdl Unbbnt. Zctd cts `wf sdrcfhcfj

tc`f.
knfflr]dltdnt
rlngcty
w`ugmcs tdnt
upgctdl
upgcat sletw`rgm
at tdl m`lsf–t m` tdcs
nr`ufm cf nn
ct. ]` m`kncfs
qucsctc`f nfm plrpltung
njlfecls, survlcggnfel
tdl Unbbnt by Ule`fm`tdlr
ngs` prlss-jnfjs Cf-
alrvlft Encfctl, tdl blst `ute`kl w`ugm bl n w`rgm vnkpcrls cft` cts rnfhs. Zdltdlr nbmuetcfj lxcstcfj
`a ltlrfng fcjdt, wctd k`rtng tdrnggs a`relm cft` Hcfmrlm nfm mr`ppcfj tdlk `ft` tdl ar`ft gcfls `a
slrvctuml `r dlrmlm gchl enttgl t` sgnhl tdl tdcrsts `a tdl Jldlffn Znr, `r plra`rkcfj dct-nfm-ruf rncms
tdlcr ufmlnm g`rms. tdnt prlecslgy tnrjlt tdl anv`rlm allmcfj enfmcmntls
nfm plrs`fng lft`urnjls `a rcvng slets, tdl Unbbnt
cs mlsplrntl a`r s`gmclrs nfm rls`rts t` nfy klnfs
Lfmglss E`facet  flelssnry t` b`gstlr cts rnfhs.
]dcs lxtrlkl `utg``h klnfs tdnt tdl Unbbnt enff`t Cr`fce, tdlf, tdnt
t dnt nt tdl elftlr `a tdl
t dl Unbbnt–s
dlgp but a`rlvlr fm ctslga nt wnr ” nt wnr wctd arllm`k nfm g`yngty gcls tdl Bg``m B`fm. ]dl Bgneh
tdl k`rtngs ar`k wd`k tdl `tdlr slets dcml, nt wnr Dnfm hf`ws n splecng rctl, tdl Qnugmlrcl, tdnt enf
wctd tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs nfm tdlcr rucf`us Jldlffn, mlstr`y lxcstcfj Bg``m B`fms, sued ns td`sl t` n
nt wnr wctd tdl `tdlr slets a`r suprlkney,
suprlkney, nfm nt m`kcfllrcfj scrl `r n a`rg`rf g`vlr. But `bslrvcfj
wnr wctd ctslga `vlr tdl survcvng `a tdl slet. ]` tdl tdcs rctl a`rjls n flw Bg``m B`fm cf cts pgnel, nk`fj
Bgneh Dnfm, tdl w`rgm cs e`fcet, nfm tdl Unbbnt tdl vnkpcrls `a tdl pneh plra`rkcfj ct, rlpgnecfj
cs n rcjdtl`us rlblggc`f stnfmcfj lrelgy njncfst tdl `fl rljfnft wctd fuklr`us `tdlrs cf kutungcty.
a`rels tdnt w`ugm hllp ct m`wftr`mmlf. B`rf cf nf
lrn `a klmclvng turk`cg, tdl Unbbnt jdts blenusl
jdtcfj cs ngg ct hf`ws nfm dns hf`wf a`r tdl elftu-
rcls ct dns lxcstlm.
]`fcjdt, tdl
t dl Jldlffn Znr lv`gvls. Lvlf ns
pnrts `a tdl Unbbnt stcgg jdt a`r tdl t`kbs `a tdlcr
dntlm pr`jlfct`rs, `tdlrs a`gg`w tdl trncgs `a td`sl
wd` glat a`r mcstnft gnfms. Ns f`tlm nb`vl, Unbbnt
m`kncfs nrl cf n stntl `a ux nfm tdl tdlntrl `a wnr
lxpnfms. ]dl Bgneh Dnfm fllms cts wnrar`ft m`- m` -
kncfs t` e`ftcful pr`vcmcfj jrcst a`r cts cffuklrn-
 >=

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

w`ugm ancg, tdl Bgneh Dnfm bgnehkncgs, kcsmcrlets,

Rnptur`usgy
Rnpt ur`usgy Qc`
Qc`glf
glft t  `r tlkpts, but ngg t`wnrm n prlmltlrkcflm e`fegu-
 Ngg `a tdcs
td cs nmms up t` n slet tdnt cs stllplm cf vc`-
glfel. N lmjgcfj Unbbnt–s rst fcjdt kny fm tdlk
bgumjl`flm wctd n sd`vlg, dnstcgy Lkbrnelm, nfm
mukplm cft` n knss jrnvl. ]d`sl wctd tdl blstcng
mrcvl t` egnw tdlcr wny `ut `a tdl ednrflg pct nrl
jlflrnggy e`fscmlrlm t` dnvl lnrflm tdl rcjdt t` engg
tdlkslgvls Unbbnt ” nfm nrl `atlf qucehgy tdr`wf
cft` tdl Jldlffn Znr, e`fsercptlm cft` erusnml
njncfst `fl `a tdl `tdlr slets, `r slft cft` tdl wcgms
t` enusl wdnt dnv`e tdly enf nk`fj wdntlvlr
b`rmlr tdrlnt tdl Unbbnt plrelcvls ns lfer`nedcfj
up`f cts m`kncf. F`t lvlry Unbbnt ble`kls `fl `a
tdl Mnkflm gchl tdcs, but elrtncfgy lf`ujd m` tdnt
tdl st`ry knhls cts wny cft` tdl p`pugnr plrelptc`f,
sc`f.
\sunggy tdl lflky cs s`kl s`rt `a cml`g`jceng nf-
tnj`fcst, sued ns tdl pnwf `a n dntlm Nftlmcguvcnf
`r nf nmvlrsnry ar`k n mlspcslm slet. U`kltckls,
td`ujd, tdl lflky cs `tdlr Unbbnt, plrdnps n pneh
`a jg`ry-sllhcfj sd`vlgdlnms `r n rcvng lgmlr. ]dl
Unbbnt dns g`fj nbnfm`flm subtglr klnfs `a kctc-
jntcfj mclrlfels bltwllf `stlfscbgl e`krnmls.
Ct cs n mnfjlr`us rlglnsl, tdcs Unbbnt wcggcfjflss
t` lftlrtncf vnkpcrce kltd`ms ns
n prcknry klnfs `a rls`gvcfj
e`fcets. Knfy fm ct gcblrnt-
cfj, n wny t` rcml tdl wnvl `a
arlfzy nfm y`hl tdlkslgvls
t` tdl cflx`rnbgl k`klf-

lsplecnggy nk`fj `tdlr slets. tuk

ensls,`atd`ujd,
tdl Blnst. Cf k`st
vc`glfel
bljlts vc`glfel, nfm
Gljney `a Brutngcty  td`sl wd` wcf
]dl d`rrce rlsugt cs ufmlfcnbgl9 ]dl Bgneh Dnfm tdlcr sp`cgs nkcm
guxurcntls cf erulgty. Jcvlf tdnt ct sllhs t` sub`rf bg``m nfm rl usu-
duknf e`kpnssc`f, tdcs erulgty enf tnhl knfy nggy sll tdlk eruk-
eruk-
a`rks, sued ns tdl wnft`f mlstruetc`f `a n strllt bgl nwny ns tdl
jnfj ufglnsdlm `r tdl e`fsukkntl vcec`usflss `a n flxt e`fcet
seugpt`r wd` w`rhs cf tdl klmcuk `a pncf. slls tdlk
Kltd`m`g`jy, arlqulfey, nfm cftlfscty kny mrnjjlm
vnry, but ugtckntlgy, lvlry Unbbnt slls tdlcr e`kpns- cft` n
sc`f nfm tdlrla`rl Duknfcty br`hlf ufmlr tcmls `a kued-
cfelssnft vc`glfel. Uued cs tdl gljney `a tdl Blnst8 mlslrvlm
sued cs tdl `rcjcfng scf `a tdl Mnrh Antdlr. \fmlr- dlgg.
stnfmcfj cs tdl rst stlp t`wnrm nm`ptcfj n _ntd `a
Lfgcjdtlfklft.

Allmcfj ttdl
dl Blnst 
]dl Unbbnt cs n slet a`rlvlr jdtcfj s`kltdcfj `r
s`kl`fl, nfm tdnt e`fstnft scljl klftngcty sdnpls
cts– klkblrs– trnfsctc`f ar`k k`rtng t` Encfctl.
]dl Unbbnt wny cs f`t usunggy `fl `a ls`tlrce rusls
nfm elfturcls-spnffcfj sedlkls. Ct prlalrs `vlrt
Mcsecpgcfls nfm brutng a`rel ” Encfctls prlalr t`
mcvl cft` tdl knw `a tdlcr a`ls, sgnsdcfj nfm burf-
cfj tdl wd`gl wny m`wf. Zdlrl `vlrt vc`glfel
 ><
Ednptlr @fl9 Ulttcfj Acrl
Eugtce Gljc`f
K`rl tdnf nfy `tdlr slet, tdl Unbbnt cs mrcvlf by n
e`kk`f purp`sl. N anr ery ar`k tdl fl`alumng lx- lx-
elptc`fngcsk `a tdl Enknrcggn nfm tdl rlv`gutc`fnry
ljngctnrcnfcsk `a tdl Nfnreds, tdl Unbbnt cs ufctlm
by cts e`fstnft scljl klftngcty njncfst tdl mlspcslm
 Nftlmcguvcnfs.
 Nftlmcguvcn fs. Zdltdlr e`kpnrlm t` cfsntcnbgy
dufjry sdnrhs `r tdl Bcbgceng Gljc`f `a Jlrnslfl
mlk`fs, tdl Unbbnt nets wctd lxcstlftcng zlng t`wnrm
cts j`ng. Ct cs f` surprcsl t` fm tdl Bgneh Dnfm
ufcaycfj cf dntrlm `a cts kyrcnm lflkcls, jcvlf cts
e`fvcetc`fs.
 Nt glnst `f tdl suranel tdnt npplnrs t` bl tdl
ensl. Mcj mllplr, td`ujd, nfm tdl slet rlvlngs ctslga  
ns n dcvl `a e`fcetcfj nppr`nedls. A`stlrlm by tdl
vnrc`us _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft, tdl slet–s e`kk`f
purp`sl klnfmlrs vcec`usgy nk`fj cts fuklr`us
kltd`m`g`jcls.
dntlm lxtlrfng
U`kl Unbbnt blgclvl tdnt tdl Bgneh Dnfm ctslga
enf dnvl f` e`fscstlft, m`etrcfncrl cml`g`jy, tdnt
tdl vlry fnturl `a tdl Unbbnt cs n edn`tce swnrk
`a spcrctung pdcg`s`pdcls tdnt by mlfctc`f enff`t
ble`kl `rtd`m`x. @tdlrs cfscst tdnt tdl Unbbnt cs
ctslga nf lxplrcklft cf fmcfj wdced `a cts Blnst-
vlflrntcfj _ntds cs k`st lletcvl, leclft, `r sdum-
mlrs`kl. Utcgg `tdlrs e`ugmf–t enrl glss, nfm dllm
tdl pneh ns ct cfectls tdlk m`wf n aufmnklftngcst
e`ursl `a bg``m nfm rl.
Mlspctl tdl kugtcpgcecty `a _ntds, td`ujd, n
slfsl `a `flflss, `a e`fa`rkcty ” `a sdnrlm mls-
plrntc`f ” fms n strcmlft d`kl. K`st `a tdl slet
prnetcels n b`my `a prlsercblm ” nfm pr`anfl ”
rctungs, tdl blttlr t` rlcfa`rel trust nfm mlplfmlfey.
Ns wlgg, vnrc`us eugts `a plrs`fngcty
plrs`fn gcty lklrjl nr`ufm
dclr`pdnfts `a tdl _ntds, s` mlv`tlm nrl tdly t` tdl
rcjdtl`usflss `a tdl slet ctslga. ]dlsl dnrbcfjlrs `a
spcrctung purcty rlprlslft tdl w`rst tlfmlfecls `a tdl
Unbbnt9 slga-mlalntcfj vc`glfel cf tdl fnkl `a n slga-
mlegnrlm nutd`rcty, ngg mcrletlm njncfst n ufcvlrsnggy
lxtlrfn g lflky. ▯
 >1

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

d n m f – t  t   ̀p  ` p l f  l  m  y

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 >:

Ednptlr @fl9 Ulttcfj Acrl


Ednptlr ]w`9
]N] L U  ` a n 
 N _ @U
@U]
ER\LG  ED\RED
Klf wcgg flvlr bl arll uftcg tdl gnst hcfj cs strnfjglm
wctd tdl lftrncgs `a tdl gnst prclst.
― MLFCU MCMLR@],  _@Ã
 _ @Ã UC L U MC Q L R U L U
C
f tdl Acfng Fcjdts, tdl Unbbnt sllks nt `fel
nf ufprlmcetnbgl dcvl `a egnsdcfj `rtd`m`xcls
nfm n tlrrcbgl, rlglftglss k`f`eugturl. ]dl
np`engyptce Jldlffn Znr dns ercppglm cts a`r-
klr glnmlrsdcp strueturl nfm r`bblm ct `a cts k`st
p`tlft lgmlrs. ]dl k`st vlflrnbgl nfm rlspletlm
nk`fj tdl Gns`kbrn ― `fel lxtrlklgy cfulftcng
cf tdl slet, ca f`t ngwnys cts dlnrt a`r elfturcls ―
dnvl k`vlm t` nbnfm`f tdl Unbbnt ns n g`st enusl.e nusl.
 Ngk`st tdl lftcrlty `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm–s a`rklr
m`kncfs dnvl bllf slczlm by rcvng slets, lvlf ns
k`rtng duftlrs nfm njlfecls nss`ecntlm wctd tdl lrn
`a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f dnrry tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl
nt ngg turfs. ]`fcjdt, tdl Unbbnt cs skngglr tdnf ct
dns bllf scfel cts a`ufmntc`f, jdtcfj n mlsplrntl
wnr njncfst lflky slets, k`rtng duftlrs, nfm tdl
 Nftlmcguvcnfs
 Nftlmcguvcn fs tdlkslgvls..
 Ngg `a wdced klnfs t`fcjdt–
t`fcj dt–ss Unbbnt dns f`tdcfj
glat t` g`sl.
]dcs ednptlr cfegumls n fukblr `a t``gs Ut`ry-
tlgglrs enf usl t` cftr`muel tdl Unbbnt cft` tdlcr
tr`upl–s edr`fcegls. Ar`k tdl _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlf-
Lfgcj dtlf-
klft t` slet rctls t` Mcsecpgcfl p`wlrs nfm rlnmy-
t`-arlfzy nftnj`fcsts, ca y`u–rl g``hcfj t` jlt y`ur
dnfms mcrty, tdcs cs tdl ednptlr a`r y`u.
>4
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 
_ntds `a
Lfgcjdtlfklft 
By e`mcaycfj tdl Encfctls– rlgntc`fsdcps wctd tdlcr
Blnsts, _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft mlfl tdl Unbbnt,
b`td ns n slet nfm ns cfmcvcmung klkblrs. _ntds
sdnpl d`w Unbbnt vnkpcrls cftlrnet wctd tdl w`rgm,
d`w tdly jdt tdl Jldlffn
J ldlffn Znr
Znr,, d`w tdly wclgm
tdl jcats `a Encfl t` a`rjl tdl w`rgm cft` tdlcr prl-
alrrlm cknjl.
Unbbnt pnehs a`rk nr`ufm tdl cmln `a _ntd
`bslrvnfel. Cf tdl vnst kni`rcty `a ensls, pneh
klkblrs ngg a`gg`w tdl snkl _ntd, kcfcstlrlm by
lned pneh–s _rclst. ]dcs dlgps f`t `fgy cf a`euscfj
pneh l`rts, but cf tdl eugtce subiujntc`f `a tdl
cfmcvcmung, wdced sdnpls tdl `tdlr slets– plrelptc`f
`a tdl Unbbnt ns n dcvl e`fsec`usflss.
Encfctls prcknrcgy cmlftcay tdlkslgvls by mlv`-
tc`f t` tdlcr _ntd. Zdcgl `tdlr slets kny lglvntl
tdlcr egnfs ns a`ufmntc`fs `a cmlftcty, p`cfts `a
prcml, `r pr``a `a sletnrcnf lftctglklft, tdl Unbbnt
dns f` usl a`r sued, nfm lvlf subvlrts tdl vlry cmln
`a egnf. A`r k`rl cfa`rkntc`f
c fa`rkntc`f `f tdl Unbbnt–s f`-
tc`fs `a nftctrcbu, sll p. :=.
 nftctrcbu
 >3

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

 

]DL _N]D @A ENCFL

 F`mmcsts, Mlv`urlrs 
Mlv`urlrs 

]
dl prlkcsl `a tdl _ntd `a Encfl cs t`
eugtcvntl nfm rlfl tdl p`wlr cfdlrlft cf
tdl Bg``m s` tdnt cfmcvcmung vnkpcrls enf
rlngczl tdlcr augg p`tlftcng. Cf tdl zlng`us pnrgnfel `a
tdl _ntd, nfytdcfj `fl enf m` t` ‗brcfj tdlkslgvls
eg`slr t` Encfl‛ cs mlca`rk, wdced cs n tnect rlvlr-
lfel a`r tdl net `a mcnbglrcl. ]dl Bg``m cs ngg t` tdl
F`mmcsts, wd` rnrlgy pnss up n ednfel t` pnrtnhl `a
pucssnft vctnl, wdltdlr ct–s `a pr`a`ufm rls`fnfel,
p`tlft jlflrntc`f, `r s`kl `tdlr, strnfjlr pr`plrty.
pr`plr ty.
Cfmllm, a`gg`wlrs `a tdcs _ntd kny ble`kl mcs-
trnetlm by `pp`rtufctcls t` g`wlr tdlcr jlflrntc`f `r
Bg``m. 
brcfj jrlntlr p`tlfey t` tdlcr Bg``m.  flss prlvlfts tdcs _ntd–s
 N mlscrlm lkugntc`f `a tdl Acrst Qnkpcrl
Qnkpcrl cs
wdnt mcstcfjucsdls tdcs _ntd ar`k `tdlr Unbbnt
cml`g`jy. Cf tdl pnrnbgls `a Encfl, tdl Mnrh Antdlr
dnm knstlrlm tdl Blnst, f`t t` mlfy ct, but cf nf uf-
mlrstnfmcfj tdnt dcs Eursl wns tdl ltlrfng e`fcet
bltwllf dcs g`wlr nfm dcjdlr slgvls. ]dl Blnst cs n
slrvnft, f`t t` bl alnrlm, but t` bl rlspletlm nfm
lvlf f`urcsdlm, a`r ns tdl Blnst jr`ws cf kcjdt, s`
jr`ws tdl strlfjtd `a tdl knstlr rlqucrlm t` mcrlet
ct ns mlscrlm.
Ltdces
▯ G`wlr `fl–s jlflrntc`f nfm e`felftrntl tdl
p`wlr `a `fl–s Bg``m t` ble`kl eg`slr t` Encfl
Enc fl
nfm lxugt cf tdl p`tlfey ct yclgms.
▯ _nrtnhl `a ngg bg``m, tdl blttlr t` ufmlrstnfm
tdl p`wlr e`ftncflm cf ct nfm t` bucgm wcsm`k
ar`k cts funfels.
Br``h f` ancgurl ar`k
a r`k `fl–s
`fl–s glnmlrs ― bl prl-
▯
pnrlm t` e`kkct mcnbglrcl up`f tdlk ca tdlcr
sd`rte`kcfjs d`gm tdl pneh bneh.
Cf Edr`fcegls
A`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a Encfl nrl rlglftglss `p-
p`flfts, pursucfj tdlcr nmvlrsnrcls t` lgckcfntl
tdlk but ngs` t` tnhl tdl p`wlr tdnt cs cfdlrlftgy
tdlcrs. F`mmcsts f`t `fgy e`fsukl tdl dlnrtsbg``m
`a angglf Encfctl lflkcls, tdly tnhl tr`pdcls t`
mlk`fstrntl tdlcr jr`wcfj pucssnfel.
2>
2?
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
_nrelg t` rlfcfj `fl–s Bg``m cs uscfj ct t` aur-
tdlr tdl Mnrh Antdlr–s lfms. Lsplecnggy natlr nvncgcfj
tdlkslgvls `a p`tlft vctnl, F`mmcsts `atlf ble`kl
lnjlr t` pr`vl cts vngul, nfm lvlf `vlre`fmlft. @f
tdl lgm `a bnttgl `r cf tdl slpugedlr `a nf lgmlr,
a`gg`wlrs `a tdcs _ntd sllh t` edngglfjl tdlkslgvls
nfm pr`vl t` `tdlrs tdlcr flwa`ufm kcjdt. ]dcs
dns nbs`gutlgy knml tdl mclrlfel cf e`fcets nt
tdl a`rlar`ft `a tdl Jldlffn Znr, but cf glss `vlrt
ecreukstnfels, F`mmcsts kny fm tdlkslgvls
`vlrlxtlfmlm natlr tdl tdrcgg `a n dlnmy
allmcfj subscmls. @fgy tdlcr rcjdtl`us-
_ntd –s a`gg`wlrs
a`gg`wlrs ar`k
blcfj ckpugscvl, ns tdly sllh t` knted tdl
Mnrh Antdlr–s `wflrsdcp `a dcs Blnst.
F`tnbgy,, F`mmcsts
F`tnbgy F`mmc sts m`f–t sulr
sufh e`sts. Ca `fl pnrtceugnr np-
pr`ned csf–t yclgmcfj rlsugts, ct–s tckl
t` ednfjl tnetces, nfm cf knfy ensls,
tdnt ednfjl `a tnetces kny cfv`gvl
m`ubgl-er`sscfj nf lrstwdcgl nggy cf
d`pls `a turfcfj tdlcr ancgcfjs
ancgc fjs cft`
plrs`fng jncf. ]dcs knhls tdl k`rl
alrvlft F`mmcsts ufp`pugnr cf tdl Unb-
bnt, blenusl ca `fl ngwnys dns t` hllp
nf lyl `f `fl–s nggcls t` st`p tdlk
ar`k `pp`rtufcstce mcnbglrcl, tdnt
knhls ct dnrm t` jdt tdl netung
lflky. Ar`k tdl _ntd `a Encfl plr-
spletcvl, td`ujd, ca y`u–rl f`t pnrt
`a tdl s`gutc`f, y`u–rl
y`u–rl mcfflr.
mc fflr.
Mcsecpgcfls
Knfy a`gg`wlrs `a tdcs _ntd dnvl
ufenffy knstlry `a Bg``m U`r-
U`r-
elry, wctd n fukblr `a p`wlrs nfm
rctungs vcrtunggy
vcrtun ggy ufhf`wf `utscml
tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl. Nfckngcsk,
@bausentl, _`tlfel, nfm _r`tlnf ngs`
sll arlqulft usl nk`fj tdl F`mmcsts,
blenusl `a tdlcr arcjdtlfcfj lletcvl-
flss wdlf duftcfj `tdlr ufmlnm.
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

 

]DL _N]D
@A EN]D
EN]DNN RC
 Ngbcjlfscnfs, Entdnrc,
 Ngbcjlfscnfs, Entdnrc,
 Mlvcgs `a tdl Aglsd
Aglsd

22

]
dl prlkcsl `a tdl _ntd `a Entdnrc cs a`r cts
a`gg`wlrs t` dllm tdl Blnst ns ct mrcvls tdlk
t` guxurcntl cf wdnt tdly nrl s` tdly glnvl f`
ntr`ecty ufplra`rklm. Cts a`gg`wlrs kny e`kl ner`ss
ns engg`w nfm dlm`fcstce, cfmugjcfj bnsl urjls, nfm
surlgy, Encfctls `f tdcs pntd m` rlvlg cf tdlcr wcehlm
fnturl. Nt cts elftlr, d`wlvlr,
d`wlvlr, cs n pdcg`s`pdy `a
n mungcstce w`rgm cf wdced vnkpcrls nrl `fl `a cts
lxprlssc`fs `a mnrhflss. ]dl Mnkflm nrl, wlgg,
Mnkflm, nfm ct tdus slrvls tdlk t` net gchl ct.
Cf tdl Unbbnt, tdcs _ntd dns tdl k`st fuklr-
`us a`gg`wlrs `a ngg `a tdl _ntds. Ct cs tdl lnsclst a`r
n vnkpcrl wd`sl Duknfcty dns bllf mlstr`ylm
by sd`vlgdlnmcfj t` nm`pt8 ct nt `fel iustcls nfm
lfe`urnjls tdl d`rr`rs tdly dnvl sulrlm. Cts dcjdlr
ledlg`fs nfm spcrctung lpcpdnfcls `atlf lguml tdlsl
Encfctls, d`wlvlr. A`r td`sl wd` nrl trul pnrnj`fs
`a tdl _ntd, tdl
t dl pdcg`s`pdy pr`p`sls n dclrnredy
`a scfs ns
n s lgnb`rntl ns nfy
n fy U`g`k`fce j`lty. Lvlf
Lvlf
td`ujd tdl rueh nfm ruf `a tdl Ngbcjlfscnfs kny
sllk gchl entlrwnugcfj mlk`fs, lvlry vcglflss slrvls
n purp`sl, wdltdlr `r f`t tdl cfmcvcmung purvly`rs
`a scf ufmlrstnfm ct. ]dl Mlvcgs `a tdl Aglsd m` f`t
stnrvl tdl Blnst8 tdly bntdl ct cf lxelss.
Ltdces
▯ Lxplrclfel lvlry vcel blcfj Mnkflm n`rms,
ar`k cfstcggcfj alnr cf `tdlrs t` plra`rkcfj nets
`a erulgty t` elmcfj e`ftr`g t` tdl Blnst.
▯ @fl–ss r`gl ns n erlnturl `utscml k`rtng k`rng-
@fl– k`rng-
cty cs prlmlstcflm. Neelpt ct nfm auggg `fl–s
purp`sl, nfm glnm `tdlrs cft` mnkfntc`f `r
mlstruetc`f.
Cfmugjl lvlry tlkptntc`f8 jcvl `flslga wd`ggy t`
▯
tdl wcgls `a tdl Blnst.
Cf Edr`fcegls
A`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a Entdnrc nrl f`t subtgl
(ufglss `plrntcfj cf n r`gl `a spycfj `r cfgtrntc`f),
nfm tdl rctnl tdly d`st ns wlgg ns tdl ufgcvls tdly
glnm nrl pufetuntlm by jg`rc`us vugjnrcty. Ar`k n
dlm`fcstce `rjy wdlrl Encfctls j`rjl `f mrujjlm
vlsslgs t` bg``m-s`nhlm rctungs dlgm cf mlslerntlm
25
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
d`gy pgnels e`fmuetlm cf `plf k`ehlry `a nfy fuk-
fuk-
blr `a anctds, Ngbcjlfscnfs lfi`y lvlfts pr`anfcfj
tdlkslgvls nfm tdl k`rtngs wd` ugtckntlgy sulr cf
tdlcr wnhl. ]dly wcgg jgllauggy pgny t` stlrl`typls
`a w`rgmgy lvcg, prlslftcfj tdlkslgvls ns e`vlfs `a
sdrclhcfj wctedls, gustaug mljlflrntls, Mlvcg–s Fcjdt
vnfmngs, nfm s` `f.
 Ns n slet, tdl Unbbnt dns gcttgl rlslrvntc`f
rlslr vntc`f nb`ut
uscfj tdl Ngbcjlfscnfs ns a`mmlr a`r cts vnrc`us
vc`glft lfms. ]dl Ngbcjlfscnfs nrl jlflrnggy nwnrl
`a tdcs, nfm m`f–t rlnmcgy mcsnjrll wctd ct ― tdly enf
ngwnys knhl k`rl, nfm wdltdlr tdly survcvl `r
kllt fng mlntd cf nfy lfmlnv`r cs ngrlnmy n knttlr
`a prlmlstcfntc`f. ]dl _ntd–s pdcg`s`pdy ckpgcls
n pgnel nfm n purp`sl t` lvlry vnkpcrl–s netc`fs,
knhcfj lvlry bnsl net `r slga-mlstruetcvl ckpugsl
klnfcfjaug. Nfm `a e`ursl, n zlng`t nssurlm `a tdlcr
pgnel cf Dlgg cs tlrrcaycfj t` td`sl wd` ruf na`ug `a
tdlk, knhcfj tdlk lletcvl sd`eh tr``ps njncfst
ufsuspletcfj k`rtngs ufhf`wcfjgy cf tdl pntd `a
tdl Jldlffn Znr.Znr.
 Nwny
 Nw ny ar`k tdl wnr ar`ft, Ngbcjlfscnfs nrl jrlnt
tlkptlrs, mlnglrs, nfm xlrs wd` rlgcsd tdl `pp`rtu-
`pp`rtu -
fcty t` mlbnsl tdl vcrtu`us (`r lvlf tdl f`f-vcrtu-
`us…). ]dl Unbbnt csf–t f`rknggy dlnvcgy cfvlstlm cf
cftrcentl sedlkls nfm wlbs `a mlbts, but, cr`fcenggy,
tdl cfcquct`us Ngbcjlfscnfs `atlf dnvl nfy fukblr
`a k`rtngs nfm lvlf Hcfmrlm wd` `wl tdlk anv`rs
a`r vnrc`us mlgcjdts pr`vcmlm cf tdl pnst. A`gg`wlrs
`a tdcs _ntd kny lvlf jcvl tdlkslgvls tdl usd `a
gcal t` blttlr lfi`y n lsdgy cftlrguml, pnrtceugnrgy
ca tdly enf spgnsd nb`ut cf s`kl`fl lgsl–s kcslry
natlrwnrm.
Mcsecpgcfls
Knfy a`gg`wlrs `a tdcs pntd lxelg nt tdl pdysceng
Mcsecpgcfls, tdl blttlr t` plra`rk k`fstr`us alnts
tdnt slt tdlk npnrt ar`k arncg k`rtngs. Ns wlgg, mul
t` tdlcr fnturl ns dlm`fcsts, cfgtrnt`rs, nfm tlkpt-
lrs, Entdnrc fm nkpgl `pp`rtufcty t` usl Nusplx,
@bausentl, nfm _rlslfel.
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

 

]DL _N]D @A
MLN]D NFM ]DL
U@\G
 Fler`f`kcsts, Rlnplrs 
Rlnplrs 

2=
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

]
dl prlkcsl `a tdl _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl `ute`kls `a tdlcr pgnfs. ]dly net wctd engeugntlm
U`ug cs t` stumy, ufmlrstnfm, nfm knstlr prlecsc`f, glnvcfj ns gcttgl t` ednfel ns p`sscbgl, ar`k
mlntd s` tdnt mlstr`ylm lflkcls rlkncf hf`wcfj lxnetgy wd` tdly–rl slfmcfj cft` n e`fcet
mlnm. Ns tdl Unbbnt ufmlrstnfms ct, tdl dntlm t` pr`iletcfj d`w knfy Encfctls n tcfy m`kncf kny
 Nftlmcguvcn fs ‗dnvl p`wlr `vlr
 Nftlmcguvcnfs `vlr gcal nfm mlntd‛
mlntd ‛ sustncf tdrll mlenmls natlr egnckcfj ct. Cftlrnetc`fs
nee`rmcfj t` tdl B``h
tdl B``h `a F`m,
F`m, rncscfj tdl qulstc`f wctd tdlk nrl mltnedlm, lvlf edcggcfj,
`a wdltdlr `r f`t, sd`ugm tdl Unbbnt mlstr`y `fl `a ns tdly e`fscmlr d`w blst t` usl tdl
tdl ]dcrm Jlflrntc`f, tdnt vnkpcrl wcgg stny mlnm. pl`pgl tnghcfj t` tdlk ― `r d`w tdlcr
]d`sl wd` a`gg`w tdcs _ntd cftlfm tdnt tdly sd`ugm mlntds e`ugm bl turflm t` n Fler`f`-
Jl -
m` s`, nt wdntlvlr e`st t` tdlkslgvls. Cf tdl Jl- kcst–s nmvnftnjl.
dlffn Znr, tdly nrl `atlf strntljcsts nfm lfjcfllrs8 Fler`f`kcsts anel
nwny ar`k tdl wnr ar`ft, tdly rlslnred nfm mlvlg`p tdl `pp`sctc`f `f
flw wnys t` lxprlss tdl jcats `a Encfl. tdlcr `wf tlrks,
]dl _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug cs gchlgy tdl ed``scfj tdl tdlntlr
k`st ls`tlrce `r nenmlkce `a tdl Unbbnt _ntds `a `a e`fcet wdlf tdly
Lfgcjdtlfklft, e`felrflm ns ct cs wctd `utwnrm enf, nfm nv`cmcfj ct
knfcalstntc`fs `a tdl Hcfmrlm e`fmctc`f. Ns sued, ct ngt`jltdlr ns tdl prl-
cs ngs` tdl k`st prlenrc`us `a tdl _ntds a`r netunggy alrrlm `ptc`f. Kued
knfnjcfj `fl–s Blnst, wdced tdl Fler`f`kcsts blttlr t` slfm a`gg`wlrs
dnfmgl by trycfj t` hllp tdl Blnst nt nrk–s glfjtd, `a `tdlr _ntds t` m` tdl
ufgchl `tdlr Unbbnt. ]dcs knhls tdlk f` glss tlr-tlr - mcrty w`rh, nfm sd`vlg-
rcaycfj, `a e`ursl ― n Fler`f`kcst cs plrdnps k`st dlnm k`rl rlpgnelklfts
nt lnsl wdlf surr`ufmlm by k`rtngs bljjcfj a`r natlrwnrm. ]dlsl Unbbnt w`ugm
tdlcr gcvls, blenusl ct klnfs tdnt, ns n prlmnt`r, dl–s rntdlr mlstr`y nf lflky wctd
m`cfj wdnt dl–s j``m nt. A`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a n mlecscvl nkbusd rntdlr tdnf
Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug nrl ngs` tdl k`st gchlgy t` dnvl nf `plf bnttgl. ]dly elrtncfgy
Lkbrnelm tdlcr edcgmlr trnmctc`fnggy, prlalrrcfj n dnvl f` cftlrlst cf n ancr jdt
k`rl mcserckcfntcfj ed`cel `a pr`jlfy tdnf n Knss `r nfy cknjcflm d`f`r nk`fj
Lkbrnel yclgms. a`ls.

Ltdces
Glnvl f` survcv`rs
▯ surv cv`rs nt tdl e`fegusc`f `a vc`glft Mcsecpgcfls
Knfy a`gg`wlrs `a tdcs pntd
e`fcet. nrl lsplecnggy nmlpt nt tdl
▯ Cfvlstcjntl tdl rlgces nfm rlkncfs `a mlntd ― plr- bcfmcfj nfm rlbuhcfj usls
s`fng, dcst`rceng, `eeugt ― cf `rmlr t` mcselrf tdl `a @bgcvc`f, ns wlgg ns
mltncgs `a d`w tdl e`fcet lfmlm nfm cts lxcstlf- mlvlg`pcfj Elrlk`fcls `a
tcng `ute`kls. tdlcr `wf. Nusplx, Bg``m
▯ Dnstlf mlntd–s nrrcvng, ar`k dukbglst cfslet t` U`relry, nfm M`kcfntl
tdl kued-gnklftlm `wlr `a duknf gcal. ngs` dnvl n pgnel cf tdl
Fler`f`kcsts– nrslfng.
Cf Edr`fcegls
A`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug nrl sys-
tlkntce tdcfhlrs, nfm jcvl jrlnt e`fscmlrntc`f t` tdl

2<
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

 

]DL _N]D @A
_@ZLR NFM ]DL
CFFLR Q@CEL
\fcalrs, \dgnfs 

21
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

]
dl prlkcsl `a tdl _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl Cf- kuk sueelss. _rclsts wngh n fl gcfl cf tdlsl pnehs,
flr Q`cel cs, ufsurprcscfjgy, tdl nequcsctc`f ns tdly fllm t` rlkncf tdl pneh–s nutd`rcty nt tdl
`a kcjdt, by wdced tdly enf ckp`sl tdlcr snkl tckl tdly a`stlr tdl tdcrst a`r kcjdt nk`fj tdl
plrs`fng wcgg up`f tdl w`rgm nr`ufm tdlk. ]dly rlst `a tdl vnkpcrls cf tdl pneh. N wlgg-mcsecpgcflm
sllh t` neeukugntl p`wlr nfm subiujntl tdlcr glsslrs pneh cs n scfjgl-kcfmlm lftcty, wctd lned klkblr
cf n i`urfly t` ble`kl tdl nplx prlmnt`r. Cfmllm, nftcecpntcfj tdl fllms `a tdlcr vcec`us algg`ws. N
lvlf tdl Blnst ctslga cs dlgm cf subiujntc`f by tdl mysaufetc`fng pneh cs n bufed `a kl-rst `pp`r-
k`st nee`kpgcsdlm \fclrs, gchl n sfnrgcfj d`ufm tufcsts g``hcfj t` aueh `vlr lvlry`fl lgsl cf tdl
nt tdl lfm `a n knstlr–s edncf. pursuct `a tdlcr `wf jncf, dllmglss `a tdl e`st cf
]dnt csf–t by neecmlft. A`r tdl \fclrs, tdl Blnst bg``m `r strntljce nmvnftnjl. _nehs gchl tdlsl fllm
cs n t``g, nfm hf`wcfj wdlf t` g``sl ct `r wdlf t` flw _rclsts, blenusl tdly–vl pr`bnbgy kurmlrlm nfm
glt ct pugg tdlk cs pnrt `a knstlrcfj ct. K`rl tdnf e`kkcttlm mcnbglrcl up`f tdl prlvc`us `fl.
tdl `tdlr _ntds, \fclrs e`urt arlfzy, trustcfj tdlcr
nbcgcty t` m`kcfntl tdl Blnst, ‗rcmcfj tdl wnvl‛ nt
tdl lmjl `a slga-e`ftr`g nfm glnvcfj s`kl`fl lgsl Mcsecpgcfls
t` eglnf up natlrwnrm. Natlr ngg, wdnt cs tdl cfed`-
cfed`- Knfy a`gg`wlrs `a tdcs pntd
ntl rnjl `a n arlfzy ca f`t `fl k`rl wlnp`f nt tdl a`eus `f s`ecng `r klftng Mcs-
Mcs-
mcsp`sng `a tdl Mnkflm0 ecpgcfls, tdl blttlr t` e`fvcfel
glss wcggaug cfmcvcmungs
c fmcvcmungs t`
plra`rk ns tdl \fclr
Ltdces mlscrls `r t` a`rel
▯ Rlwnrm sueelss nfm lxe`rcntl ancgurl, cfegumcfj tdlk cft` e`kpgc-
e`kpgc-
`fl–s `wf. nfel. ]dly eugtc-
eugtc-
▯ ]dl w`rgm nr`ufm tdl Encfctl lxcsts t` bl lx- vntl tdlcr pdysc-
pg`ctlm t` tdlcr blflt9 ]dl lfgcjdtlflm Encfctl eng Mcsecpgcfls ns
blfms ct t` tdlcr wcgg. n eg`sl sle`fm, tdl
▯ A`rel td`sl wd` nrl blflntd `fl–s `wf p`sctc`f blttlr t` pr`sleutl
cft` slrvctuml uscfj ngg tdl klnfs nt `fl–s e`k- tdl e`fcets cf wdced
knfm. tdly cflvctnbgy fm
tdlkslgvls. M`kc-
fntl, A`rtctuml,
_`tlfel, nfm _rls-
_rls-
Cf Edr`fcegls
A`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr
C fflr Q`cel lfel nrl dnggknrh
nrl ckpgnenbgl a`ls, nfm wdltdlr tdly stnfm njncfst Mcsecpgcfls `a tdl
cfmcvcmung lflkcls `r strueturls tdnt kust bl t`rf \fclrs.
m`wf, tdly nrl tdl k`st npt Unbbnt nt wnjcfj wnr
nfm gnycfj scljls. N pneh `a \fclrs cs n tlnk `a
splecngcsts, ar`k ar`ft-gcfl jdtlrs t` stnghcfj lgmlrs
t` mlstnbcgczcfj rcvng m`kncfs wctd enkpncjfs `a
tlrr`r nfm pr`pnjnfmn. Jcvlf cts p`wlr-neeuku-
gntcfj a`eus, tdcs _ntd ngs` glfms ctslga t` buggycfj,
m`kcfllrcfj prclsts nfm a`gg`wlrs, ns Encfctls lxlrt
tdlcr wcgg tdr`ujd a`rel `a plrs`fngcty.
\fclrs a`rk lxtrlklgy tcjdt-hfct pnehs tdnt
rlgy `f tdl strlfjtd `a tdl `tdlr Encfctls a`r knxc-

2:
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

 

]DL _N]D
@A ]DL U\F _r`kltdlnfs,
 _r`kltdlnfs, Hcfmgcfj 
Hcfmgcfj 

24
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

]
dcf-bg``mlm Encfctls m`f–t usunggy gnst g`fj p`tlft-Bg``mlm vnkpcrls cf tdl g`fj tlrk, but
p`tlft-Bg``mlm
cf tdl Unbbnt. Lctdlr tdlcr vctnl cs t`` wlnh tdnt–s f`t tdl p`cft ― tdl p`cft cs tdnt tdcf-bg``mlm
t` sll tdlk tdr`ujd tdl Erlntc`f Rctls a`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd sll tdlkslgvls ns p`tlftcnggy
(sll p. <:) `r tdl p`wlr mclrlftcng tdly lxplrclfel `f tdl eusp `a blcfj mlkcj`ms, nfm tdl _ntd cs ns
njncfst
njncf st k`rl p`tlft-bg``mlm
p`tlft-bg``mlm vnkpcrls puts tdlk trnfsa`rkntcvl ns nfy `a tdl k`rl lstnbgcsdlm _ntds
nt n qucehgy antng mcsnmvnftnjl, lsplecnggy nt tdl `a Lfgcjdtlfklft. Ns ylt, ct dns f` e`mclm tlflts8
a`rlar`ft `a tdl Jldlffn
J ldlffn Znr. tdl tdcf-bg``ms `a tdl Unbbnt nrl stcgg mlfcfj wdnt
]dnt dnsf–t st`pplm n elrtncf ― jr`wcfj ― subslt ct klnfs t` bl n dnrbcfjlr `a tdl Unbbnt–s auturl
`a tdcf-bg``mlm Unbbnt ar`k tlstcfj tdl gckcts `a rntdlr tdnf lcm`g`fs `a cts pnst. U`kl lvlf a`rj` tdl
`rtd` -
tdl eursl `a Encfl, d`wlvlr. Cf tdl lv`gvcfj `rtd`- Unbbnt-vlflrntlm prnetcel `a mcnbglrcl, ufwcggcfj t`
m`xy `a tdl _ntd `a tdl Uuf, tdcf-bg``mlm Encfctls suggy tdlkslgvls wctd tdl tncftlm bg``m `a Nftl-
(nfm Enctc) nrl tdl `fgy vnkpcrls trugy arll ar`k mcguvcnf gcflnjls, n rnmceng flw plrspletcvl a`r tdl
tdl tncft `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. F`mmcst gctlrnturl Uw`rm `a Encfl.
knhls f` skngg rlalrlfel t` tdl tdcf-bg``mlm, Zdcgl _rclsts `a tdl k`rl lstnbgcsdlm _ntds kny
pgncfgy stntcfj tdnt, wdlf tdcf-bg``ms nrl prlslft, mlrcml tdl _ntd `a tdl Uuf ns ‗f`t n rlng _ntd,‛ tdly
‗cf tdcs tckl X...[ Jldlffn wcgg s``f bl up`f y`u.‛ w`ugm vlry gchlgy bl sd`ehlm t` sll tdl rntl nt wdced
 Nfm wctd tdl Jldlffn Znr rnjcfj fcjdtgy,
fc jdtgy, alw Unb- tdl _ntd dns sprlnm nk`fj td`sl tdly e`fscmlr
bnt w`ugm nrjul tdnt lvlft dns ylt t` e`kl. glsslr, tdl by-bg`ws nfm e`ggntlrng sd`vlgdlnm mnk-
Ct cs tdl ]ckl `a ]dcf Bg``m. njl tdl Bgneh Dnfm glnvls cf cts wnhl. Nfm f`t lvlry
Zctd f` mcselrfcbgl egnf gcflnjl, tdcf-bg``ms nmdlrlft cs n tdcf-bg``m9 U`kl w`ugm bl e`fscmlrlm
lfmurl f`fl `a tdl `vlrt cfulfel `a tdl Mnkflm–s Enctc cf `tdlr slets, wdcgl ylt `tdlrs nrl `a k`rl
dntlm pr`jlfct`rs. Ns alrvlft lnrgy nm`ptlrs `a p`tlft vctnl wd` sll tdl _ntd `a tdl Uuf ns n wny t`
tdcs lklrjcfj _ntd, tdly sll tdlkslgvls ns tdl trul vc`glftgy nt`fl a`r tdl a`ugflss cf tdlcr `wf scrls–
dlrngms `a tdl Unbbnt, tdl ‗flw mnwf‛ `a n ‗rnel `a Bg``m.
Encfctls‛ wd` dnvl cfdlrctlm f` knrh `a tdl ]dcrm
Jlflrntc`f–ss trlnedlry.
Jlflrntc`f–
]` tdnt lfm, tdl trnmctc`fng nfntdlkn `a tdl
ufmlnm, sufgcjdt, dns n mckcfcsdlm llet `f tdcf-
bg``mlm Encfctls. A`gg`wlrs `a tdcs _ntd sll ct ns
pnrt `a tdlcr knfmntl t` turf tdcs t` tdlcr nmvnf-
tnjl, ns tdly nrl nbgl t` kllt tdl Mnrh Antdlr–s
tdrlnts murcfj d`urs tdnt f`rknggy sll Encfctls ns
dnvcfj sueeukblm t` tdl mnysgllp. Cts a`gg`wlrs
nrl `atlf lnscgy rle`jfczlm by tdl burf-senrs nfm
mcsjurlklfts tdly wlnr ns bnmjls `a mlnfel nfm
sulrnfel cf Encfl–s fnkl.
]dl _ntd `a tdl Uuf cs nf ckplralet _ntd. Ct cs
vlry kued ufpr`vlf, k`rl `a nf lklrjlft `utg``h
nk`fj td`sl jdtcfj nt tdl a`rlar`ft `a tdl Jl-
dlffn Znr, nfm prnetcelm ngk`st lxeguscvlgy nk`fj
tdl vlry y`ufjlst Unbbnt. Cfmllm, ct dns `fgy vlry
rlelftgy e`kl cft` blcfj wctd lf`ujd rcj`r a`r elr-
tncf _rclsts t` e`fscmlr ct nf netung _ntd nt ngg.
Ucfel tdl Blnst cs glss cfed`ntl nk`fj tdcf-
bg``mlm Encfctls, ct gchlgy w`f–t slrvl wlgg a`r k`rl

23
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

anrl ns gljc`f. ]dly nrl lnjlr t` net njncfst lflkcls

Ltdces
]dl ltdces `a tdl _ntd `a tdl Uuf nrl lv`gvcfj,
ednfjcfj fcjdtgy. \fgchl tdl `tdlr, k`rl lstnbgcsdlm
_ntds, tdl _ntd `a
n qunsc-rlgcjc`f tdlnUuf
tdnf trulstrnys
arnkleg`slr t` blcfj
`a kcfm. Ns ct
stnfms, tdl _ntds– ltdces nrl cfnmlquntl t` sustncf n
Encfctl–s rlgntc`fsdcp wctd tdl Blnst a`r nf lxtlfmlm
plrc`m `a tckl, wdced cs tdl sle`fm-jrlntlst tdrlnt
t` tdl _ntd–s g`fj-tlrk vcnbcgcty. ]dl rst tdrlnt, `a
e`ursl, cs tdl anet tdnt tdl fng mlntd rntl a`r tdcf-
bg``mlm vnkpcrls cf tdl Unbbnt cs erctcenggy dcjd.
▯ Glt flctdlr `fl–s k`rtng f`r Encfctl dlrctnjl
gckct `fl–s p`tlftcng.
▯ Mlstr`y Encfctls but flvlr e`fsukl tdlk, glnv-
murcfj tdl a`rbcmmlf d`urs `a mnygcjdt, bufmglm up
cf d``mcls, anel knshs, nfm `tdlr pr`tletc`f, nfm
dnvl bllf hf`wf t` gurl duftlrs cft` rcvngs– dnvlfs
bla`rl fcjdt e`kls.
A`gg`wlrs `a tdcs _ntd nrl ngs` gchlgy t` e`kl cft`
e`fcet wctd `tdlr Unbbnt, wd` mlfcjrntl tdl _ntd
`a tdl Uuf ns kcfmglss brnvnm` `r lvlf dlrlsy. Cf
rlsp`fsl, tdly nrl rlglftglss pr`slgytczlrs, nfm sllh
t` e`fvlrt tdlcr algg`w Unbbnt ― ns wlgg ns `f-tdl-
`uts Nfnreds nfm mcscggusc`flm Enknrcggn lmjgcfjs
wd` fm tdlkslgvls pusdlm cft` tdl knrjcfs `a
tdlcr d`kl m`kncfs.

cfj `flslga uftncftlm. Mcsecpgcfls

▯ M` f`t ngg`w `tdlr w`ugm-bl _r`kltdlnfs t` ]dl _ntd `a tdl Uuf fms lsplecnggy arlqulft usl `a
slrvl tdl p`ggutlm bg``mgcfls `a tdl Nftlmcguvc- tdl Ngedlky wctd wdced tdl mushb`rf dnvl nfcty.
nfs.

Cf Edr`fcegls
Zdltdlr ns cfgtrnt`rs, rnmcengczlrs, ar`ft-gcfl anfnt-
ces, `r mnygcjdt nssnsscfs, _ntd `a tdl Uuf Encfctls
nrl vlry kued n scjf `a tdl tckls.
_r`kltdlnfs dnvl n g`t t` pr`vl, nfm kny bl
a`ufm nt tdl a`rlar`ft cf knfy
kn fy Jldlffn Znr
tdlntlrs, wcggcfjgy tdr`wcfj tdlkslgvls nt tdrlnts
bly`fm tdlcr cfmcvcmung enpnecty, t` sll d`w tdly

5?
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

tlf brcfj ct cft` e`fcet wctd tdl jlflrng Unbbnt

A`rsnhlf _ntds
]dl Unbbnt–s spcrctung i`urfly cs n scjfcenft, lvlf
mlfcfj
ngg `a tdl nsplet `a Lfgcjdtlfklft
_ntds `a slet klkblrsdcp. ]dnt sncm,
a`gg`wlm f`t
t`fcjdt
lklrjlm e`ftlkp`rnfl`usgy.
e`ftlkp`rnfl`usgy. Aurtdlr,
Aurt dlr, f`t ngg _ntds
nrl lqunggy aufetc`fng `r vcnbgl cf tdl k`mlrf
fcjdts.
Cmlns flvlr mcl, d`wlvlr, nfm a`r ngg tdl _ntds
tdnt nrl cfnmlquntl t` slrvl n Encfctl–s fllms, s`kl
rlkncf cf rljc`fng prnetcel. Zdltdlr rlgces `a fcjdts
pnst, e`gg`qucng trnmctc`fs, `r pdcg`s`pdceng nblrrn-
tc`fs nt `mms wctd Unbbnt m`jkn, s`kl `a tdl k`rl
knrjcfng
knrjc fng _ntds dnvlf–t
dnvlf–t vnfcsdlm lftcrlgy. Nfm f`t
lvlry _ntd a`gg`wlr cs Unbbnt….
_ntd `a tdl Blnst 
A`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a tdl Blnst m` f`t trlnt tdl
Blnst ns n slpnrntl lftcty, but ns tdlcr trul slgvls.
]dl _ntd `a tdl Blnst e`fscmlrs tdl kcfm n vlstcjcng
trnct stnfmcfj cf tdl wny `a tdl Blnst9 ]dl k`fstlr
wctdcf rlpgnels tdl e`fsec`us slfsl `a slga. Encfctls
wd` a`gg`w tdcs _ntd tlfm t` ble`kl p`wlraug ―
nfm blstcng ― vlry qucehgy. Ct dns angglf `ut `a e`k-
k`f prnetcel mul t` cts jlflrng cfnbcgcty t` prlvlft
Encfctls ar`k Znssncg `vlr tdl g`fj tlrk. Rljc`fng
pnehs tdnt a`gg`w ct enf stcgg bl a`ufm w`rgmwcml,
b`td nt tdl ar`ft `a tdl Jldlffn Znr nfm cf lspl-
ecnggy vc`glft m`kncfs.
`utg``h `f k`rtng s`eclty. U`kl Encfctls blgclvl
tdnt k`rl tdnf `fl tyrnffceng Enknrcggn _rcfel dns
a`gg`wlm tdl _ntd `a D`f`rnbgl Nee`rm, ns jrlnt
j rlnt
njl
`us puts jrlnt mcstnfel
Duknfcty. bltwllf
]dcs kny tdlk nfmnfm
bl spleugntc`f, n tlfu-
surlgy
s`kl fukblr `a tdlsl nflem`tng lgmlrs w`ugm dnvl
dlnrm tdl Bleh`fcfj, a`recfj tdcs _ntd aurtdlr cft`
tdl knrjcfs ns nf cfsueclftgy k`mlrf plrspletcvl,
ns ct sllks t` bl k`rl pdcg`s`pdy tdnf _ntd.
_ntd `a Gcgctd
 Nee`rmcfj t` tdl B``h
tdl B``h `a F`m,
F`m, Gcgctd `lrlm Encfl
suee`r wdlf dl wns enst `ut `a tdl gnfm `a F`m.
A`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a Gcgctd vlflrntl ‗tdl Mnrh
K`tdlr,‛‛ nfm s`kl lvlf ckputl t` dlr tdl erlntc`f
K`tdlr,
`a vnkpcrls, `r kcfjgl tdl `rcjcf `a tdl vnkpcrl
splecls t` tdl sdnrlm pnrlftnjl `a Gcgctd nfm Encfl.
Qlflrntc`f `a Gcgctd `atlf lxngts dlr ns n eugtcvn-
t`r rntdlr tdnf n mlstr`ylr, but nt tdl snkl tckl
nehf`wglmjls tdnt sdl cs c s tdl ‗k`tdlr `a k`fstlrs,‛
plrdnps lvlf spnwfcfj s`kl `a tdl `tdlr suplrfnt-
urng erlnturls wctd wd`k vnkpcrls sdnrl tdl fcjdt.
Dcst`rcenggy, a`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a Gcgctd dnm
`atlf bllf neeuslm `a dlrlsy cf tdl Encfl-elftrce
Unbbnt, but tdl g`fj nfm
n fm e`kpgcentlm rlgntc`fsdcp
bltwllf tdl _ntd nfm tdl Bgneh Dnfm plrscsts t`
tdcs fcjdt, wdlrl dlr eugts enf bl a`ufm.

_ntd `a D`f`rnbgl
D`f`rnbgl Nee`rm
Ruk`rlm t` dnvl bllf prnetcelm lvlf
l vlf bla`rl tdl
a`ufmntc`f `a tdl Unbbnt, rljc`fng vnrcntc`fs tdnt
nk`uft t` n ‗_ntd `a D`f`rnbgl Nee`rm‛ lklrjl
ar`k nfy fukblr `a eugturng trnmctc`fs. Ct dns bllf
vnrc`usgy ednrnetlrczlm ns n spletruk cfegumcfj n
bg``my-kcfmlm edcvngrce plrspletcvl prnetcelm by
‗pngnmcfs `a Encfl‛ t` n rcjcm nseltcecsk by wdced
tdl Encfctl a`rj`ls nfy plrs`fng e`ka`rts t` k`r-
tcay tdlkslgvls cft` `flflss wctd tdl Blnst.
]dl _ntd dns angglf `ut `a e`kk`f prnetcel
nk`fj tdl Bgneh Dnfm blenusl cts prlelpts `a-

5>

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
]dl Hcggcfj ]ckl9
 Nftn
 N ftnj`fcsts
j`fcsts
]` tdl `utscml `bslrvlr,
`bslr vlr, n Unbbnt pneh nets wctd
wct d
arcjdtlfcfj e``rmcfntc`f, mcspgnycfj bldnvc`r lns-
cgy kcstnhlf a`r n sdnrlm e`fsec`usflss nk`fj cts
klkblrs. _nehkntls kny splnh alw w`rms nfm lvlf
alwlr slftlfels t` `fl nf`tdlr, wdcgl nfckngcstce
d`wgs, tce-gchl scjfs, nfm bg``m-spnttlrlm sykb`g`jy
tnhl tdlcr pgnel.
Ct cs n tlstnklft t` tdl lletcvlflss `a tdl _ntds
tdnt ngg `a tdcs stlks ar`k n gchlflss `a kcfm, n
scfjugnr wny `a ngcjfcfj j`ngs nfm kltd`ms, rntdlr
tdnf s`kl Bg``m-b`rfl tlglpntdy. D`wlvlr,
D`wlvlr, wdcgl
lned _ntd dns tdl snkl cftlrfng nfm lxtlrfng j`ngs
― glnsdcfj tdl kcfm t` tdl Blnst nfm erlntcfj n
wnrrc`r-erlnturl bucgt t` jdt tdl Nftlmcguvcnf
pnwfs, rlspletcvlgy ― tdly lned j` nb`ut tdlk cf
mclrlft wnys.
E`fstruetcfj E`facet  t``gs t` usl a`r tdcs.
Zdcgl ct cs ckp`sscbgl t` mlsercbl lvlry p`sscbgl
ecreukstnfel a`r lfe`uftlrcfj tdl Unbbnt, tdl k`st
e`kk`f `fls enf bl mcvcmlm cft` tdl e`ftlxts `a
vnfjunrm, scljl, nfm m`kcfc`f. ]dlsl nrlf–t tlrks
tdl Unbbnt usls, but rntdlr st`rytlggcfj sd`rtdnfm t`
dlgp y`u pgnf st`ry blnts a`r y`ur edr`fcegl.
▯ Qnfjunrm sctuntc`fs nrl td`sl cf wdced pgnylrs'
ednrnetlrs lfe`uftlr g`fl Unbbnt vnkpcrls `r
pnehs e`fmuetcfj s`gctnry a`rnys cft` d`stcgl slet
tlrrct`ry, wctd tdl purp`sl t` se`ut, ufmlr-
ufmlr-
kcfl, `r `tdlrwcsl pr`bl tdl tlrrncf, wdltdlr
cf prlpnrntc`f a`r n Erusnml `r cf s`kl a`rk `a
supp`rt a`r tdl Jldlffn Znr.
▯ Cf n scljl, d`t wnr cs ngrlnmy ufmlrwny nfm td`sl
subilet t` tdl nssnugt anel tdl splnrdlnm `a tdl
erusnmcfj a`rel ns wlgg ns pnehs mlmcentlm t` tlr-
r`r `r snb`tnjl.
▯ ]dl rnrlst `a tdl sctuntc`fs cs m`kcfc`f, cf
wdced tdl pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs fm tdlkslgvls
cf Unbbnt m`kncfs, nfm tdlsl sctuntc`fs nrl
52
tdl `fls k`st gchlgy t` sll lfe`uftlrs wctd tdl
dcjdlr ledlg`fs `a tdl slet.
Lned _ntd lctdlr augggs n mclrlft r`gl `r np-
pr`nedls
lxnkpgls nnrl
sdnrlm
jcvlf`fl
a`r ar`k mclrlft
lned _ntd nfjgls.
ns wlgg Dlrl,
ns lned sctu-
ntc`f, t`jltdlr wctd snkpgl nftnj`fcsts a`r ngg `a tdl
nb`vl. F`tl tdnt cf gnrjl-sengl scljls `r m`kncfs,
lfe`uftlrs wctd Encfctls `a mclrlft _ntds nfm
pnehs ble`kl cferlnscfjgy gchlgy, s` m` f`t allg e`f-
strncflm by tdl
t dl _ntd-splece nvlfuls `a nppr`ned
mltncglm dlrl. ]dlsl nrl sprcfjb`nrms, f`t enjls.
R@GG S@\R @ZF
]dl nftnj`fcsts mlsercblm dlrl wcgg jcvl fuklr`us
slssc`fs nfm st`rcls w`rtd `a e`fflcet, but k nfy
Ut`rytlgglrs lfi`y puttcfj n plrs`fng t`ued `f tdl
nftnj`fcsts wd` knhl ufgcal s` mcſteugt a`r tdlcr
pgnylrs– e`tlrcls. By ngg klnfs, m` tdcs!
_`pugntl n pneh nfm fnkl cts klkblrs, jcvcfj
ct n a`eus nfm n ufcqul cmlftcty. Ull tdl Ut`rytlgglr
Rls`urels ednptlr bljcffcfj `f p. >?< a`r k`rl
Erlntl y`ur `wf nftnj`fcsts by ml﬎fcfj `fgy
tdlcr rlglvnft ]rncts ― usl tdlsl lxnkpgl nftnj`fcsts
ns k`mlgs. Ut`rytlgglr ednr netlrs m`f–t dnvl tdl
snkl cftlrnetc`fs wctd tdl w`rgm tdnt pgnylrs– ednr-
netlrs m`, s` m`f–t allg gchl y`u fllm t` bucgm tdlk
ns n pgnylr w`ugm n ednr netlr, `r wctd ngg `a tdl snkl
trncts n pgnylr–s ednrnetlr dns.
Qnkpcrl st`rcls nrl ufgchlgy t` e`felrf tdlk-
slgvls wctd fluetuntc`fs cf tdl k`rn g stntl `a Unbbnt
nftnj`fcsts. M`f–t b`tdlr hllpcfj trneh `a tdlcr
Duknfcty se`rls8 tdly m`f–t dnvl nfy, nfm _ntds
m`f–t dnvl n trnct vngul j`vlrfcfj tdlk. D uknfcty
e`ftcfuls t` dnvl pnrnk`uft ckp`rtnfel a`r pgny-
lrs– ednrnetlrs, d`wlvlr
d`wlvlr,, lsplecnggy t` e`ftrnst tdlk
njncfst tdl k`fstr`usflss `a tdl Unbbnt.

_`rtrnycfj
`rtrnyc fj tdl _ntds
Zdlf y`u ns tdl Ut`rytlgglr lfjnjl wctd tdl pgny-
lrs ns n Unbbnt vnkpcrl, n uslaug netcfj t``g cs t`
tdcfh `a tdlk
ednptlrs sllh t`nslfa`rel
erlnturls, f`t
tdcs, pl`pgl.slet
gchlfcfj ]dlklkblrs
slttcfj
t` sdnrhs nfm lkpdnsczcfj tdl ngclf fnturl `a tdlcr
td`ujdt.
]dl pr`elss `a nm`ptcfj n _ntd klnfs dnv-
cfj `fl's kcfm t`rf npnrt, se`urlm eglnf tdr`ujd
trnukn. Ct klnfs dnvcfj tdl rlkncfs rlbucgt ar`k
tdl jr`ufm up, egcfjcfj stlp by stlp t` n flw arnkl
`a slga uttlrgy mlv`cm `a k`rtng, duknf e`ffletc`f.
F` alw Unbbnt vnkpcrls splfm ylnrs iust glnrfcfj
t` splnh njncf, nfm `fel nbgl tdly m` s` `fgy t` gugg
tdlcr prly cft` n angsl slfsl `a f`rkngey.
]dcs m`ls f`t klnf tdnt tdlcr lk`tc`fng e`k- e`k-
pnss, wdcgl shlwlm, cs nbslft. Nf nmdlrlft `a tdl
_ntd `a Encfl wd` mlegcfls n ednfel nt mcnbglrcl wcgg
allg sdnkl lqung t` n duknfl cfmcvcmung bltrnycfj n
eg`sl arclfm, nfm n a`gg`wlr `a tdl _ntd `a _`wlr nfm
tdl Cfflr Q`cel wcgg jrclvl nt subkcttcfj t` n glsslr
cf n wny nhcf t` n f`f-Unbbnt enuscfj tdl mlntd `a
nf cff`elft. Unbbnt vnkpcrls stcgg allg, nfm stcgg blnr
tdl e`fslqulfels `a tdlcr ed`cels. Ct–s iust tdnt tdl
stckugc a`r tdlcr lk`tc`fng rlsp`fsls nrl mclrlft
tdnf td`sl `a Hcfmrlm wd` kncftncf tdl cggusc`f `a
Duknfcty.
Glnf cft` tdcs t` pr`vcml tdlsl nmvlrsnrcls wctd
k`tcvntc`f nfm pnssc`fs, nfm glt ct aulg tdl ednrne-
tlrczntc`f `a tdlsl k`fstlrs. Natlr ngg, iust blenusl
tdly–vl ed`slf t` ble`kl s`kltdcfj `tdlr tdnf n
plrs`f m`lsf–t klnf tdly gneh plrs`fngcty.
plrs`fng cty.
_ntd `a Encfl
Bcj-jnkl duftlrs `a tdl Mnkflm, tdl
F`mmcsts nrl tdl d`flm lmjl `a tdl
Uw`rm `a Encfl. ]dly e`fmuet tdlcr
pgnfs wctd scfjgl-kcfmlm a`eus, n kurmlr`us la-
eclfey. ]dlcr zlng`us trnilet`ry t`wnrm tdl Mnrh
Antdlr klnfs tdl slet kust e`fstnftgy hllp tdlcr
nttlftc`f up`f `utscml prly, glst pnehs turf up`f
tdlkslgvls. \fe`felrflm by trnppcfjs `a stntus,
tdly lqucp tdlkslgvls t` bglfm cf, strchl dnrm, nfm
55
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
vnfcsd, ns kued t` fuggcay d`stcgl rltngcntc`f ns t`
nv`cm nfy nkbctc`us brltdrlf tdcrstcfj a`r flwgy
cfvcj`rntlm dlnrtsbg``m.
QNFJ\NRM9  
QNFJ\NRM9
]dl k`st
Mlv`urlrs ns vnfjunrm e`kk`f
fms lfe`uftlr
tdlk se`utcfj wctd
d`stcgl
(`r ‗prly‛) m`kncfs a`r p`tlftcng tnrjlts. ]dcs tnsh
usunggy anggs t` tdl y`ufjlst klkblrs `a tdl pneh,
t` nv`cm g`scfj p`tlft Bg``m `r ls`tlrce hf`wglmjl
F`m-
sd`ugm tdly angg. Lsedlwcfj k`rtng njlfts, F`m-
mcsts `atlf lkpg`y Bg``m U`relry nfm nfckng spcls
t` fnrr`w m`wf tdlcr slnred. ]dl jgckpsl `a nf
`wg `r n strnfjl pncr `a lyls g``hcfj bneh tdr`ujd
tdl kcrr`r cs `atlf tdl `fgy nmvnfel wnrfcfj tdl
knrh jlts. Zlnh vnkpcrls nrl ancr jnkl t` tdl se`ut,
wdcgl str`fjlr rcvngs nrl f`tlm nfm glat a`r tdl pneh
ns n wd`gl, e`kl scljl.
UCLJL9 Murcfj n scljl, tdl F`mmcst pneh tnhls
t` tdl strllts, netcfj `f tdl cfa`rkntc`f e`ggletlm
by vnfjunrm se`uts. Rlslkbgcfj f`tdcfj s` kued
ns jruls`kl nfm mcsdlvlglm kcgctcn ― rlpgnecfj
rlnrks wctd dlnvy knedltls a`r g`ppcfj ` gckbs
― pnehs a`gg`wcfj tdl _ntd `a Encfl strchl nt dnvlfs
wctd n prlecsc`f nfm rutdglssflss tdnt put k`rtng
UZN]
UZ N] tlnks t` sdnkl. Uckcgnrgy,
Uc kcgnrgy, F`mmcst pnehs
pneh s
lnjlrgy pgufmlr `r lvlf dlcst rnrl tlxts `r rlgces `a
suspletlm vnkpcrce `rcjcf, lctdlr tdr`ujd a`rel `r
cf kutlm scglfel.
M@KCFC@F9  Cf m`kncfs e`fqulrlm by tdl
Unbbnt, tdl _ntd `a Encfl enf bl ngk`st cfvcscbgl.
Mlv`urlrs– gneh `a cftlrlst cf k`rtngs `tdlr tdnf
ns sustlfnfel nfm tdlcr tlfmlfey t` angg t` cftlr- `r
cftrn-pneh rcvngrcls klnfs tdnt lned F`mmcst cs `atlf
`eeupclm wctd tdlcr `wf sleurcty `r pg`ttcfj tdlcr
flxt rncm. ]dlcr dnvlfs pr`tletlm t` tdl p`cft `a
pnrnf`cn lctdlr rlslkbgl netung vnugts `r nrl s`relr-
`us bnstc`fs tdnt
t dnt w`ugm put nfy ]rlklrl
]rlklrl t` sdnkl.
Cf m`kncfs cf nee`rm `r lftlftl, a`gg`wlrs `a tdl
_ntd `a Encfl `atlf
`a tlf ble`kl tdlcr `wf
`w f w`rst lflky.
lflky.
\UL @A JD@\GU9  E`fscmlrcfj k`rtngs blflntd
tdlk, knfy F`mmcsts cfstlnm lxplrclfel n hcfsdcp
wctd `tdlr t`p prlmnt`rs. ]dlcr ankcgcnrcty wctd

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
tdlcr `wf Blnsts knhl tdlk lxelgglft prnetctc`flrs
`a Nfckngcsk, lfnbgcfj tdlk t` lfm`w tdlcr alrng
slrvnfts wctd nbcgctcls rnrlgy sllf cf nfckng rltncflrs
`utscml tdl Unbbnt. Gnrjl m`js sued ns R`ttwlcglrs
`r Jlrknf Udlpdlrms nrl e`kk`f, ns nrl bcrms `a
prly sued ns `wgs. Cf n alw ensls, Mlv`urlrs dnvl
rncmlm z``s t` subilet lvlf k`rl lx`tce blnsts `a
prly t` tdl tdrnggm`k `a tdl Bg``m. @atlf lfm`wlm
wctd nf ufflrvcfj nbcgcty t` sp`t nfm trneh `tdlr
vnkpcrls, tdlsl nfckngs nrl f`t t` bl ufmlrlstc-
ufmlrlstc-
kntlm.
_@R]RNSNG9  Nv`cm blcfj sllf uftcg y`u strchl.
 Nv`cm
Ca a`relm cft` n e`fvlrsntc`f, splnh cf sd`rt, egcpplm
slftlfels, y`ur eurtflss rcvngglm `fgy by y`ur stcgg-
flss. Uurvly lvlrytdcfj nfm lvlry`fl, entlj`rczcfj
tdlk lctdlr ns prly `r prlmnt`r. F`tdcfj lgsl knt-
tlrs. Zdlf y`u dnvl wdnt y`u fllm, nttneh `r ll
wctd`ut wnrfcfj.
5=
Bg``m-D`ufm
 N knsscvl m`j knml lvlf lrelr byby vctnl nfm
suplrfnturng e`fmctc`fcfj, tdl Bg``m-d`ufm slrvls
cts knstlr by trnehcfj Hcfmrlm prly, ns wlgg ns tdlcr
mnygcjdt junrmcnf. G`yng uft` mlntd, tdl Bg``m-
d`ufm flvlrtdlglss p`sslssls lf`ujd euffcfj nfm
slga-prlslrvntc`f t` nv`cm mcrlet e`far`ftntc`f uf-
glss cts knstlr cs tdrlntlflm.
Mceugty9 5/2
Jlflrng Mceugty9 5/2
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng <, U`ecng >,
Klftng 2
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 1, Zcggp`wlr 5
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Nwnrlflss
_``gs9  Nwnrlflss (Up`ttcfj
(Up`ttcfj Hcf-
H cf-
mrlm) 1, Uurvcvng (]rnehcfj Hcfmrlm) 1, Utlngtd 1
Mcsecpgcfls9 _`tlfel
Mcsecpgcfls9  _`tlfel >
F`tls9 Bg``m-d`ufm bctls m` +2 mnknjl, ns tdlcr
tlltd nfm inws nrl suplrfnturnggy str`fj.
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

_ntd `a Encfl ]rnehlr

]dcs vnkpcrl cs tnshlm wctd survlycfj nfm m`eu-
klftcfj vnkpcrl netcvcty cf n prly m`kncf, wdltdlr

ns n rctlnvcnf
\scfj `a pnssnjl
spcls t``rnv`cm
ns n pufcsdklft a`r nppr`ned
mltletc`f, tdly ancgurl.
`fgy wdnt tdly plrelcvl ns wlnh `r wlnhlflm prly.
Mlsplrntl t` jncf rle`jfctc`f nk`fj tdlcr pllrs,
tdly kcjdt lsedlw prumlfel ca tdl `pp`rtufcty
prlslfts ctslga.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 =/5
_``gs9 _dysceng 1, U`ecng 2,
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng
Klftng =
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd :, Zcggp`wlr 1
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Klgll (Huhrc) 4, Nwnrl-
flss 1, Mcsecpgcfls 1
Mcsecpgcfls9 Nfckn
Mcsecpgcfls9  Nfckngcsk
gcsk 2, @bausentl
@ba usentl 2, _`tlfel 2
F`tls9 S`ufj nfm rlehglss, tdcs vnkpcrl rufs tdl
rcsh `a pcehcfj jdts tdly enff`t wcf wdlf e`r-
flrlm. Nt tdl rcsh `a mlalnt tdly wcgg arlfzy nfm jdt
t` fng mlntd. ]dlcr huhrc m`ls +5 mnknjl.

_ntd `a Encfl Ugnylr

]dcs cs f`t tdlcr rst scljl. Kurmlr cfenrfntl, tdcs
Encfctl stnghs tdl strllts, slwlrs nfm r``at`ps
cf tdlcr uflrrcfj duft a`r Hcfmrlm t` e`fsukl.
 Nm`rflm wctd tr`pdcls `a tdlcr pnst hcggs,
hcg gs, tdlcr duft
cs snernklft nfm d`gy purp`sl cf `fl.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 1/ 1/==
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 4, U`ecng 5,
Klftng <
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9
Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 4,
Zcggp`wlr 1
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Brnwg
_``gs9 Brnwg (Jrnppgl) >?, Klgll  _ntd `a Entdnrc
(Ueckctnr) >?, Utlngtd >?, Mcsecpgcfls 4 Mlspctl blcfj plrpltrnt`rs `a ntr`ec-
Mcsecpgcfls9 Elglrcty =, _`tlfel 5, Bg``m U`relry 5, tcls lxelptc`fng lvlf nk`fj tdlcr
@bausentl 2 `wf hcfm, tdl Mlvcgs `a tdl Aglsd enf
F`tls9 N
F`tls9  N tlrrcaycfj
tlrrca ycfj lflky cf tdlkslgvls, tdl Ugnylr npplnr mlelptcvlgy rlgntnbgl wdlf lfe`uf-
glnms n pneh `a Mlv`urlr e`krnmls, ngg `a wd`k nrl tlrlm anel-t`-anel. ]dl vcels tdly rlgy `f t`
nt glnst tdl lqung t` tdl
t dl ]rnehlr (nb`vl
(nb`vl).
). ]dl Ugnylr sntl tdlcr Blnst `atlf sprcfj ar`k tdl w`rst pnrts
cs nrklm wctd n rlcfa`relm seckctnr e`falrrcfj += `a tdlcr k`rtng dlrctnjl, nfm tdly nrl ngs` tdl k`st
mnknjl. ]dly nrl nk`fj tdl k`st mnfjlr`us vnk- gchlgy `a ngg Unbbnt t` surr`ufm tdlkslgvls wctd
pcrls t` anel, nfm nfy mcrlet lfe`uftlr cs gchlgy t` tdl stcgg-gcvcfj9 vcetcks, t`ys, `r pgncf prly (f`t tdnt
rlsugt cf `fl-scmlm enrfnjl. E`tlrcls nrl nmvcslm t` tdl mcstcfetc`f knttlrs kued t` tdl Entdnrc.) K`rl
nppgy euffcfj, wcts, nfm nb`vl ngg, enutc`f.

5<

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
tdnf `tdlr Encfctls, tdly nrl s`ecng erlnturls, nfm
mlspctl tdlcr cfduknfcty tdly pgny tdnt jnkl wctd
rlgcsd nfm mlvcgcsd shcgg.
QNFJ\NRM9
 Anrprlslft
Entdnrc nrl usunggy ndlnm `acf`tdlr cfeursc`fs,
n m`kncf k`ftdstdlca
f`t ylnrs ndlnm `a tdl rlst `a tdl vnfjunrm. ]dlcr
nbcgcty t` f`t `fgy prlslft tdlkslgvls ns but lvlf
nttrnet duknfl vnkpcrls cs cfvngunbgl, nfm tdly
usunggy slt up sd`p ns eugt glnmlrs, rlv`gutc`fnry
rlbrnfms, `r iust ‗tdnt wlcrm w`knf `f Er`ehlr
Utrllt‛, ngg tdl wdcgl rnmcengczcfj td`sl enujdt cf
tdlcr `rbct. @atlf pnycfj gcp slrvcel t` tdl Nfnred
enusl, tdlcr trul nggljcnfel `fgy ble`kls nppnrlft
ns tdlcr dnfjlrs-`fs j` kcsscfj `r nrl ‗rlb`rf‛ ns
flwgy e`fvlrtlm klkblrs `a tdl _ntd.
UCLJL9  Dnvcfj s`wf tdl sllms `a tlrr`r, e`kl
scljl tdl Mlvcgs rlnp. ]dlcr cfgtrntc`f blnrs aruct
ns tdly mcsknftgl tdl k`rtng supp`rt klednfcsks
`a tdl t`ppgcfj m`kncf. Cfa`rknfts nrl a`ufm mlnm
by tdlcr `wf dnfm. ]rustlm nggcls nrl enujdt cf
‗p`gctceng vc`glfel.‛ K`rtngs blg`vlm by Enknrcggn
_rck`jlf kny bl nylm ngcvl, mljrnmlm a`r nkusl-
klft, `r nfytdcfj cf bltwllf, tdl ntr`ectcls p`stlm
nfm rl-p`stlm `f S`u]
S`u]ubl. F` wcehlm ttdcrst
dcrst cs glat
ufqulfedlm ns tdl m`kcf`ls slt cf pgnel by tdl
Mlvcgs `a tdl Aglsd nrlf–t sckpgy t`ppglm, but burft
t` nsd nfm spnt up`f a`r j``m klnsurl.
M@KCFC@F9 Mlspctl blcfj tdl k`st fuklr`us,
tdl Ngbcjlfscnfs slgm`k rlned p`sctc`fs `a p`wlr
wctd tdl Unbbnt. ]dlcr ed`slf _ntd mlknfms t``
kued cfstnft jrntcentc`f t` ngg`w a`r tdl hcfm `a
enrlaug sedlkcfj e`fmuetcvl t` td`sl l`rts. Cf-
stlnm, tdl Entdnrc jgllauggy pgy tdlcr trnml ns tlrr`rs
`a tdl fcjdt. ]dcs scfjgl _ntd cs gchlgy rlsp`fscbgl a`r
k`st `a tdl vnkpcrl-rlgntlm pgcjdts `a k`rtngs cf m`-
kncfs e`fqulrlm by tdl Bgneh Dnfm. ]dlcr dnvlfs
rnfjl ar`k spnttlrlm lsd-pcts t` rllhcfj nbntt`crs,
td`ujd tdly nrl usunggy tlkp`rnry, ca a`r f` `tdlr
rlns`f tdnf tdl Entdnrc blcfj vlrctnbgl knjflts a`r
Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f njlfecls.
51
\UL @A JD@\GU9 K`rtngs f`t uslm nfm mcsenrm-
mcsenrm-
lm by tdl Entdnrctls arlqulftgy ble`kl jd`ugs. ]dl
Mlvcgs– gcblrng usl `a Bg``m B`fms nfm _rlslfel, f`t
t` klftc`f tdl nmmcetcvl qungctcls `a tdl Bg``m cf
ctslga,
stnbgl qucehgy
mcsecpglsturf tdlsl
wcggcfj t`wrltedls
plra`rk cft` g`yng but uf-
nfy mlprnvcty cf
tdl slrvcel `a tdlcr blg`vlm knstlrs. Cf n scljl tdly
kny fm tdlkslgvls netcfj ns bnct, e`vlr, `r mcvlr-
sc`fs, mrnwcfj tdl nttlftc`f nwny ar`k tdl pcfp`cft
tlrr`r nets `a tdlcr m`kct`rs.
_@R]RNSNG9  Gceh y`ur gcps. Nsslss lvlry`fl a`r
scjfs `a tdlcr vcels, nfm a`r tdlcr usl cf sntcfj y`urs.
]`y wctd y`ur prly nfm net tdl gnfjucm ent, n purr-
cfj prlmnt`r dcmcfj egnws gchl mnjjlrs. S`u kcjdt
flvlr rlned tdl t`p, but y`ur nbcgcty t` mrnj nfy`fl
m`wf cs cfanggcbgl.
D`flytrnp
Lnsy prly nfm
n fm ed`cel vlsslg cf `fl e`fvlfclft pneh-
njl8 alw vnkpcrls enf rlscst tdl gurl `a tdcs vcetck.
]dl jd`ug–s bg``m slltdls wctd n p`tlft kcxturl `a
cfdcbctc`f-supprlsscfj psyed`netcvls nfm lflrjczcfj
stckugnfts, pr`vcmcfj nf uflxpletlm hceh t` nfy`fl
wd` allms `f tdlk. Hcfmrlm g`fj mlnm dnvl lvlf
a`ufm prcnpce nfjucsd natlr n turfnb`ut-gcncs`f
wctd tdl D`flytrnp. Zdcgl tdl D`flytrnp enf bl
uslm t` mrnw `ut nfm cmlftcay p`tlftcng vnkpcrls,
tdlcr rlng usl cs t` wlnhlf slgletlm Hcfmrlm, knhcfj
tdlk suselptcbgl t` wdntlvlr pgnfs tdl Entdnrc dnvl
a`r tdlk.
Mceugty9 5/2
Jlflrng Mceugty9 5/2
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 5, U`ecng <,
Klftng 2
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd9 <, Zcggp`wlr9 =
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Uubtlraujl (Lftrnpklft)
(Lftrnpklft)
1, Gnrelfy (_cehp`ehlt) <
Mcsecpgcfls9 _rlslfel >
F`tls9 Untcfj `fl Dufjlr `r k`rl enusls nf cf-
tlfsl rusd ns wlgg ns g`ss `a cfdcbctc`f cf tdl allmcfj
vnkpcrl. ]rlnt tdl llet ns n e`kbcfntc`f `a kltd
Knsqulrnml,
nfm dngguecf`jlfs (sll Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml,
p. 5>?).
5>?). ]dly kust ngs` tnhl n E`kpugsc`f. ] ]dlsl
dlsl
llets gnst a`r tdl rlst `a tdl selfl, td`ujd tdl En-
tdnrc Encfctls usunggy knhl tdlcr k`vl bla`rl tdnt.
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

_ntd `a Entdnrc Rnmcengczlr

]dl Rnmcengczlr cs ngg nb`ut ‗]dl K`vlklft.‛
Uhcrtcfj tdl lmjls `a nf Nfnred m`kncf tdly nt-

trnet vnkpcrls
s`kltdcfj, wctd
`r nt glnstn jrumjl9 td`sl wd` t`
blgclvl tdlkslgvls dnvl g`st
dnvl
g`st s`kltdcfj. ]dl Rnmcengczlr pr`kcsls n rleh`f-
cfj nfm lfe`urnjls tdl mcslfarnfedcslm gcehs t` net
njncfst tdlcr `pprlss`rs, t` durt tdlk `r td`sl tdly
enrl nb`ut. Ct–s ngg cf
c f tdl fnkl `a ‗]dl K`vlklft‛
`r ‗S`ur Rcjdts ns n Hcfmrlm.‛ Lvlry gceh mlslrvls
t` bl wdnt Encfl cftlfmlm tdlk t` bl, nfm mnkf
nfy`fl wd` trcls t` mlanfj us!
Mceugty9 =/5
Jlflrng Mceugty9 =/5
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 5, U`ecng <,
Klftng =
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 1, Zcggp`wlr : 
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 _lrsunsc`f 4, Cfscjdt
(U`rl Up`t) 4, Uubtlraujl (Anhl Duknfcty) 4,
Mcsecpgcfls 1
 Nusplx 5, _rlslfel =, _r`tlnf 2
Mcsecpgcfls9 Nusplx
Mcsecpgcfls9
F`tls9 ]dl Rnmcengczlr cs ngwnys cftlrlstlm cf
e`fvlrsntc`f, nfm cs nmlpt nt knshcfj tdl k`fstlr
bldcfm tdlcr anenml `a pnssc`f nfm sykpntdy.
sykpntdy. ]dly
wcgg f`t lfjnjl cf n pdysceng jdt ufglss e`rflrlm, Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 _lra`rknfel (Netcfj gchl
but nrl nmlpt nt k`st hcfms `a s`ecng e`fcet. n vnkpcrl w`ugm net) 4, @eeugt 4, Mcsecpgcfls : 
Mcsecpgcfls9 M`kcfntl =, _r`tlnf =, Nfckngcsk 5
]l Qnkpyrl F`tls9 ]dl Qnkpyrl kcjdt e`kl ` ns j``ay nt
Knfy Entdnrc rlvlg cf tdlcr blstcng cfflr fnturl, rst, but tdly pgny tdl stlrl`typl ns ca tdl mcrlet`r
but tdl Qnkpyrl bnshs cf suplrecng stlrl`typls wlrl sllhcfj nf T rntcfj, nfm bldcfm tdl m``rs `a
cfstlnm. Nmnptcfj lvlry p`pugnr trnct ar`k k`vcls tdlcr dnvlf tdly net `ut lvlrytdcfj gks `fgy ckpgy
nfm gctlrnturl, tdcs Mlvcg `a tdl Aglsd tnhls prcml cf (wdced pr`vcmls nkpgl rlns`f t` ednfjl tdlcr enpl
blcfj nf nr`ft t` subtglty, ns wlgg ns nfy nttlkpt fcjdtgy).
t` dcml ar`k k`rtngs. ]dlcr dnvlf cs n mlerlpct
knf`r (bnts cfegumlm), tdlcr wnrmr`bl n slgletc`f
`a tnttlrmlkngc`f enpls, tdlcr elggnr d`sts fcjdtgy _ntd `a Mlntd nfm
bg``m snercels t` Untnf. Utrnfjlgy, ct w`rhs. Zdcgl
tdlcr algg`w Encfctls nrl strueh m`wf wctd d`t glnm
tdl U`ug
nfm rl, f`b`my wnfts t` rcsh g``hcfj stupcm by  Njlfts `a lftr`py,
lftr`py, tdl w`rh `a tdl
rncmcfj wdnt cs `bvc`usgy n wnffnbl vnkpcrl knf- Fler`f`kcsts gctlrnggy prlelmls
sc`f. tdlk. @rcjcfntcfj ns stumlfts `a mlntd
Jlflrng Mceugty9 </5 ― tdl ugtckntl lfm `a ngg gcal ― tdl _ntd
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng =, U`ecng
U`ecn g :,
:, Klftng < dns dlfel tnhlf `f n br`nmlr r`gl a`r tdl Bgneh
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 1, Zcggp`wlr 4 Dnfm ns wdnt kcjdt bl blst mlsercblm ns nf `eeugt
rlslnred nfm mlvlg`pklft
mlvlg`pklft aufetc`f. ]` tdl Rlnp-

5:
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

lrs, stumy nfm lxleutc`f nrl `fl nfm tdl snkl, nfm mlenmls, ufwcggcfj t` glt tdl kltceug`us w`rh put
tdlcr w`rh t`uedls n pr`spletcvl tnrjlt m`kncf g`fj cft` tdlk j` t` wnstl.
bla`rl tdly slt a``t tdlrl. ]d`sl wd` kllt tdlk
enf bl surl tdnt wdcgl tdly kcjdt f`t bl tdl subilet _@R]RNSNG9 Uplnh cf cey k`f`t`fls nfm ns ca

`a tdl lxplrcklft, tdly–rl elrtncfgy pnrt `a tdl

lquntc`f. s`klwdnt mcstrnetlm. E`eh
m` klftng nrctdkltce, y`ur dlnm
engeugntcfj nfm pnusl
tdl k`st t`
leclft
wny t` enusl lvlrytdcfj nr`ufm y`u t` iust st`p.
QNFJ\NRM9  Njlfts `a Fler`f`kcsts enrlauggy  Nbslftgy hcgg tdcfjs9
t dcfjs9 n y, n gct enfmgl, n e`fvlrsn-
e`fvlrsn-
prlpnrl d`stcgl m`kncfs prc`r t` scljl. Zctd tdl tc`f tdnt strnys ar`k tdl subilet. Zdlf y`u slfsl
dlgp `a Entdnrc cfgtrnt`rs, Fler`f`kcsts e`fmctc`f tdnt y`ur tckl cs blcfj wnstlm, glnvl nfm glt y`ur
jd`ugs cf hly p`sctc`fs cf tdl lflky slet. _r`anfl strntnjlk ufa`gm bldcfm y`u.
rctungs nftnj`fczl spletrls nfm mlntd-splnhlrs strchl
bnrjncfs wctd p`st-gcal lftctcls anr w`rsl, wdced Ugllplr
nwnct tdl engg t` knydlk. _nehs `a njlfts pr`v`en-
pr`v`en- ]dl sgllplr dns w`rhlm a`r knfy ylnrs ns nf
tlur mcsslkcfntl s`relr`us Bg``m-pntd`jlfs nk`fj `blmclft rltncflr, ufmlr Bg``m B`fm t` n trust-
ed`cel k`rtngs, cfaletc`f vlet`rs engeugntlm t` rlned cfj m`kct`r. ]dly hf`w tdl cfs nfm `uts `a tdlcr
augg bg``k wdlf tdl rctls nuspcel tdlcr jrlntlst la- knstlr–s nncrs9 wd` tdly kllt, wd` tdly alnr, nfm
aletcvlflss. `f wd`k tdly allm. ]dly–rl
] dly–rl ufqulstc`fnbgy g`yng,
g`yng,
nt glnst uftcg tdl fcjdt wdlf vl e`ehr`nedls a`rk n
UCLJL9  @fel tdl Bg``m stnrts t` `w, tdl Rlnplrs eurc`us scjcg `f tdlcr blmr``k ``r. ]dlf tdly wcgg
nrl e`ftlft t` `bslrvl, ngg`wcfj tdlcr pgnfs t` pgny rlklkblr tdlcr trul m`kct`r nfm rljfnft. ]dly
`ut wdcgl e`ggntcfj glnrfcfjs ar`k tdl rlsugts. ]dly wcgg `plf tdl glnm b`x nfm spchl tdl mrcfh `a tdlcr
nrl f`t s` mltnedlm ns t` nv`cm rst-dnfm `bslrvn- angsl knstlr–s anv`rctl vlsslg. Nfm wnct.
tc`fs, d`wlvlr, but knhl surl t` m` s` ns n pneh, `r Mceugty9 5/2
Jlflrng Mceugty9 5/2
`tdlrwcsl surr`ufm tdlkslgvls wctd g`yng sleurcty. Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 2, U`ecng 5,
Klftng <
M@KCFC@F9 Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug _nehs usunggy Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd9
Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd9 <, Zcggp`wlr 1
knhl tdlcr dnvlfs wdlrl subilets nrl pglftcaug but Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Uubtlraujl
_``gs9 Uubtlraujl (B`fmlm
rnrlgy kcsslm. Ugnpmnsd gnb`rnt`rcls er`wm cft` ur- Mlv`tc`f) 1, Ltcqulttl 1
bnf e`ferltl sdlgtlrs `r sprnwg ner`ss kugtcpgl ``rs
``r s Mcsecpgcfls9 @bausentl >
`a n e`fmlkflm sed``g bucgmcfj, tdl surr`ufmcfj F`tls9 E`fmctc`flm cft` n angsl cmlftcty, tdl Ugllplr
nrln rlscstcfj nfy nttlkpt nt jlftrcentc`f wdcgl jlfucflgy blgclvls tdlcr `wf e`vlr uftcg p`st-dyp-
p`st-dyp -
tdl fukblr `a trnfsclfts stlnmcgy mr`ps. Zdlf tdl f`tcenggy trcjjlrlm. @fgy tdlf m` tdly rcsh rlvlngcfj
nrln fnggy rlslkbgls f`tdcfj s` kued ns n mlenycfj tdlcr trul njlfmn.
k`vcl slt, tdl pneh k`vls `f, usunggy ns pnrt `a tdl
flxt Erusnml. _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug _cplr
U`kl i`bs rlqucrl plrs`fng nttlftc`f. ]dl _cplr
\UL @A JD@\GU9  Fler`f`kcsts usl lxplrtgy se`urs tdl strllts nfm ngglys `a tdl prly ecty, `fl
tncg`rlm jd`ugs, e`fmctc`flm nfm ernatlm a`r splece lnr a`rlvlr tuflm t` tdl susurrus `a tdl mlnm. ]dly
purp`sls. U`kl ble`kl gcvcfj wlnp`fs `a jlrk wdcsplr t` tdl vcetcks, tdl jd`sts nfm spletrls `a
wnranrl, sgcttcfj tdlcr wrcsts nt wntlr rlslrv`crs t` td`sl wd` sulrlm nfm mclm nt tdl dnfms `a tdlcr
tncft lftcrl p`pugnels, wdcgl `tdlrs slrvl ns nfed`rs slerlt ufmlnm knstlrs. ]dl _cplr pr`kcsls rltrcbu-
t` v`rnec`us spletrls, wnghcfj flxc `a p`gtlrjlcst ne-ne- tc`f, cf tdl lxednfjl a`r slrvcel. U``f, tdly wcgg
tcvcty. K`st nrl mcsp`snbgl, but cf rnrl ensls Rlnplrs dnvl nf nrky.
dnvl hlpt uslaug slrvnfts nr`ufm a`r ylnrs nfm lvlf

54
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

53
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

Jlflrng Mceugty9 =/5 Knsqulrnml , p. 5>?)

Knsqulrnml, 5>?) but enf nngs`
gs` dnvl k`rl cfscmc-
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 5, U`ecng 5, `us g`fj-tlrk llets, t` bl mlvcslm by tdl Ut`ry-
Klftng 1 tlgglr.
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd9 1, Zcggp`wlr9 : 

Lxelptc`fng(Jd`stgy
Mcel _``gs9 _lrsunsc`f
klf`f)) 4,(Njctntl) :,
:,
 Nwnrlflss (Jd`stgy pdlf`klf`f
pdlf` @eeugt 4, _ntd `a _`wlr
Mcsecpgcfls 1
Mcsecpgcfls9 Nusplx
Mcsecpgcfls9  Nusplx 5, A`rtctuml >, @bgcvc`f =
nfm tdl
F`tls9 ]dl _cplr cs nf nee`kpgcsdlm uslr `a
@bgcvc`f Elrlk`fcls nfm hf`ws nt glnst a`ur. ]dly
Cfflr Q`cel
ngs` dnvl tdrll spletrls nt tdlcr bleh nfm engg, lned ]` rugl `r bl ruglm cs tdl `fgy
`wcfj tdlk n scfjgl slrvcel (Ull Qnkpcrl9 ]dl ed`cel a`r tdl \fclrs, wd` rlgy `f nf
Knsqulrnml,, p. 5::).
Knsqulrnml ufqulstc`fnbgl
dclrnredy t` sdnehgl tdlcr kcfms t` tdl Blnst. \fc-
\fc-
_ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl lr pnehs usunggy lv`gvl nr`ufm nf cr`f-wr`ujdt
U`ug Gcalernlr cftlrfng plehcfj
F`tdcfj hcggs quctl ns lletcvlgy ns gcal. ]dl `rmlr but w`rh ns n ufct cf tdlcr `vlrnredcfj nkbc-
Gcalernatlr dns mlmcentlm tdlcr ufmlnm lxcstlfel t` tc`f t` g`rm `vlr pnehs `a ‗glsslr‛ _ntds. Ns sued, ca
d`fcfj gcal cf ngg cts a`rks t` plra`rk tdcs scfjgl lfe`uftlrlm nt ngg tdly nrl usunggy a`ufm nt tdl rlcfs
aufetc`f. ]dlcr w`rhsd`p slt up cf n mcgnpcmntlm `a n Erusnml, ns \dgnf pnehs w`ugm rntdlr anel fng
slwcfj anet`ry, tdl g``ks f`w strlted, slw nfm hfct mlntd tdnf slttgl a`r glss.
gcvcfj dcmls cfstlnm, nfm tdl e`g`rcfj vnts bubbgl
wctd altcm bnetlrcng eugturls. Zdltdlr e`nxcfj QNFJ\NRM9  A`gg`wlrs `a tdcs _ntd rnrlgy lfjnjl
k`rtngcty `ut `a kcer`bls `r nsslkbgcfj k`fstr`us cf tdl bnsl w`rh `a pr`bcfj lflky m`kncfs. Zdlf
nsslkbgcls `a lsd, scflw, nfm b`fl, tdl Fler`f`-
Fler`f`- tdly m`, ct–s usunggy t` pr`vl tdlcr suplrc`rcty `vlr
kcst cs nwnrl tdnt wdcgl mlntd cs tdl fng j`ng, tdl `tdlr pnehs `r cfmcvcmung Encfctls, nckcfj t` jnrflr
lfms s`kltckls iustcls tdl klnfs. stntus by `utplra`rkcfj rcvngs `r, ancgcfj tdnt, snb`-
Jlflrng Mceugty9 </5
Mceugty9 </5 tnjl tdlcr l`rts. ]dcs cs nf`tdlr enusl a`r nttrctc`f
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 5, U`ecng <, nk`fj tdcs _ntd, but ngs` lfsurls tdnt tdl pnehs
Klftng 4 tdnt m` stceh nr`ufm nrl n eut nb`vl tdl rlst, cf tdl
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd9
Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd9 1, Zcggp`wlr9 4 erulglst nfm k`st prnetceng slfsl.
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Ernatcfj (Gcvcfj lsd) 3,
Ueclfel (Kcer`bc`g`jy) 3, Klmcecfl 3, Mcsecpgcfls 4 UCLJL9  Zdlf bnttgl cs i`cflm \fclrs tnhl `f tdl
Mcsecpgcfls9 M`kcfntl =, _r`tlnf =, Nfckngcsk 2, dcjdlst-pr`gl tnrjlts. Cf e`ftrnst t` tdl stlngtdy
 Nusplx 2 nfm prnjkntce nppr`ned prlalrrlm by tdl F`mmcsts,
F`tls9 ]dl Gcalernatlr cs rnrlgy lfe`uftlrlm `utscml \dgnf strchls nrl cftckcmntcfj sd`ws `a a`rel. ]dl
`a tdlcr w`rhsd`p, nfm up`f td`sl rnrl `eensc`fs Knsqulrnml buehgls ns tdly sprcfj cft` netc`f,
tdly–rl ngwnys nee`kpnfclm by n fukblr `a tdlcr wdltdlr nssnugtcfj n _rcfel–s Elftr` dcjd-rcsl cf
erlntc`fs, tdl knf-sczlm dcmmlf ufmlr dlnvy eg`nhs Knmrcm `r mlselfmcfj `f nf Nfnred Bnr`f–s Iuîrlz
nfm tdl kcfutl m`rknft cf vcngs, rlnmy nt n k`- e`kp`ufm. K`rl e`fqulr`rs tdnf mlstr`ylrs, tdly
klft–ss f`tcel. ]rlnt tdl jd`ug erlntc`fs ns
klft– n s szgnedtn subilet tdlcr blntlf a`ls t` uftdcfhnbgl dukcgc-
E`kpnfc`f,
(sll tdl Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml E`kpnfc`f, ntc`fs nfm `fgy wdlf tdlcr vcetck nehf`wglmjls
p. 22) wdcgl tdl lfdnfelm kcer`bls enf dnvl nfy tdlcr suplrc`rcty nfm subkct kny tdly fm tdl
fukblr `a llets, lvlf `f Hcfmrlm. Llets enf rlglnsl `a tdl fng mlntd.
nppr`ned Ue`rpc`f–s
Knsqulrnml,
Knsqulrnml , p. 2:5)]`ued (Qnkpcrl9
(Qnkpcrl9
`r p`cs`f ]dl]dl
( Qnkpcrl9
(Qnkpcrl9

=?
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

M@KCFC@F9 A`gg`wlrs `a tdcs _ntd tnhl jrlnt Mcsecpgcfls9 A`rtctuml >

pglnsurl cf e`fqulst, nfm enf splfm knfy k`ftds F`tls9 Nrklm
F`tls9  Nrklm wctd n K1: arnjklftntc`f jrlfnml,
rlpurp`scfj tdl nsslts nfm fltw`rhs `a tdl tnhlf tdl jd`ug wcgg nttlkpt t` enusl ns kued mnknjl
m`kncf cf nf ugtckntl lxprlssc`f `a n ‗d`stcgl ns p`sscbgl, k`vcfj t`wnrm tdl dcjdlst jntdlrcfj

tnhl`vlr.‛
tc`f `a tdl ]dl
Cv`ryrlsugt cs s`kltdcfj
t`wlr, gchl_rclst
wctd tdl pneh n bgneh rlle-
netcfj `a Hcfmrlm
n bnsl `r rltncflrs
>2 p`cfts cf Lgyscuk.
`a mnknjl, ]dl bgnst
-> plr kltlr ar`k m`ls
tdl
ns Bcsd`p nfm tdlcr sub`rmcfntl \dgnfs lxtlfsc`fs elftlr `a mlt`fntc`f. (Njjrnvntlm t` k`rtngs but
`a tdlcr wcgg, guxurcntcfj cf tdlcr tlkp`rnry p`wlr f`t vnkpcrls. Zlgg-suppgclm m`kct`rs kny dnvl cf-c f-
nfm brcfjcfj wdnt cs glat `a tdl vnkpcrce p`wlr stlnm pr`vcmlm nf cfelfmcnry jrlfnml, m`cfj n bnsl
strueturl `a tdl m`kncf t` dllg. ]dcs rnrlgy gnsts ns 4 rl mnknjl.) ]dl rlkncfs `a tdl Br`hlf Ulrvnft
tdl rls`urels nrl rnvnjlm, nfm tdl cftlrfng tlfsc`fs dnvlf–t ylt stncflm tdl jr`ufm bla`rl tdl wnctcfj
`a tdl lftlftl a`rel nf`tdlr Erusnml. \dgnf pneh strchls, dnvcfj lxplfmlm tdl dnpglss
jd`ug.
\UL @A JD@\GU9  ]dl g`wlst rufj `a tdl \fc-
lr gnmmlr, jd`ugs t` vnkpcrls a`gg`wcfj tdcs _ntd _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl
hf`w tdl klnfcfj `a slrvctuml. @atlf kcfc`fs `a Cfflr Q`cel Hfcjdt
e`fqulrlm a`ls, tdl twcf vcsls `a M`kcfntl nfm ]dly uslm t` engg tdlkslgvls ‗_ngnmcf,‛ but tdl
_rlslfel, f`t t` klftc`f pgncf vc`glfel, lfsurl tdnt g``hs tdly j`t knml tdlk ednfjl tdlcr k`fchlr.
wdnt–s glat cs uttlrgy br`hlf t` tdl wcgg `a tdlcr flw Ckkneugntlgy mrlsslm cf mnrh suct nfm tcl nfm wctd
g`rms. ]dly–rl stcgg lxpletlm t` npplnr n eut nb`vl nf nletlm ‗Lur`plnf‛ neelft, tdly w`ugm t rcjdt
`tdlr slrvnfts, td`ujd, nfm lnjlrgy subilet `tdlr cf nt n Ins`f B`urfl vcggncf numctc`f `r ns tdl fcftd
jd`ugs t` nbusl jcvlf n ednfel. Rlslrv`cr M`j. F`w tdly–rl pnrt `a n pneh `plrn-
tc`f `f d`stcgl tlrrct`ry. ]dlcr kcssc`f9 wdntlvlr
_@R]RNSNG9  M`kcfntl nfy sctuntc`f, netcfj tdl `tdlr pnehs nrl m`cfj but blttlr, k`rl vcec`us, nfm
fnturng suplrc`r f` knttlr tdl nrlfn. Nfy`fl mlalr-
mlalr- wctd jrlntlr stygl.
rcfj t` y`u rlelcvls nf lqung kcxturl `a e`ftlkpt Mceugty9 =/5
Jlflrng Mceugty9 =/5
nfm nppr`vng, nfm nfy`fl qulstc`fcfj y`ur nutd`r-
nutd`r- Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng
_``gs9 _dysceng <, U`ecng =,
cty kust brlnh njncfst y`ur wcgg. Ud`ugm y`u bl Klftng 5
blstlm, ckklmcntlgy subkct, neelptcfj y`ur pgnel cf
tdl dclrnredy. A`r f`w.

Br`hlf
Br`h lf dns
]dcs jd`ug Ulg`st
Ulrvnft
rvnft
lvlrytdcfj. ]dly uslm t` bl vng-
ulm, trustlm, nfm e`ka`rtnbgl. Nb`vl ngg tdly wlrl
ckp`rtnft. ]dlcr flw knstlr dns t`rf tdl sengls
ar`k tdlcr lyls. ]dly f`w hf`w tdnt tdly–rl gtd,
t `fgy t` yclgm tdlcr wrltedlm gcal cf `fl purl net `a
subkcssc`f. ]dly wcgg pugg tdl pcf tdl k`klft tdly
lftlr Lgyscuk.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 2
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 5, U`ecng =,
Klftng 5
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd <, Zcggp`wlr <
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Ltcqulttl
_``gs9 Ltcqulttl (Lgyscuk) 1,
Uubtlraujl (C–k fl!) 1

=>

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd9 :, Zcggp`wlr :  slrvcel `a tdl Mnkflm. Blg`w nrl s`kl lxnkpgls `a
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Acrlnrks (Uubknedcfl
juf) 1, Cftckcmntc`f 4, Cfvlstcjntc`f (Unbbnt pnehs)
1 Mcsecpgcfls 1
Mcsecpgcfls9
Mcsecpgcfls9 M`kcfntl
F`tls9 Nrklm
F`tls9  Nrklm  M`kcfntl 5, A`rtctuml
wctd n e`kpnet 5, Nusplx
subknedcfl juf2
(+
(+55 Mnknjl). ]dl Hfcjdt
H fcjdt nfm tdlcr
t dlcr pneh dnvl n
tlfmlfey t` butt cf nfm mcsrupt tdl netc`fs `a `tdlr
Unbbnt, nfm n snvvy Ut`rytlgglr enf usl tdlk t` bncg
nf`td-
`ut pgnylr ednrnetlrs cf n g`scfj e`fcet wctd nf`td-
lr Encfctl pnrty. ]dcs sd`ugm `fgy bl n tlkp`rnry
rlprclvl, ns tdl \dgnf pneh wcgg qucehgy nttlkpt t`
tnhl `vlr wdlrl tdl `tdlr pneh glat `.
Bcsd`p
]dl Bcsd`p dns ct j``m. Ult up cf n >3td-elftury
fl`-Jl`rjcnf t`wf d`usl blg`fjcfj t` n ufhcl
`a tdl prlvc`us nmkcfcstrntc`f (tdl a`ur dcjd-rcsl
``rs blg`fjcfj t` tdl prlvc`us ‗_rcfel‛ nrl stcgg
blcfj snfctczlm) tdly f`w e`kkufcentl `fgy
wctd nfm tdr`ujd tdlcr ed`slf _rcsec ― e`kpltlft
klkblrs `a tdlcr pneh wd` ngs` dnvl tdl slga-prls-
lrvntc`f cfstcfets t` hf`w tdlcr pgnel. But wctd tdl
cferlnslm prlslfel `a ufknrhlm vnfs nfm ruk`rs
`a nf`tdlr pneh `a \fclrs kusegcfj cf, n flw Eru-
snml wcgg s``f bl rlqucrlm.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 </ </==
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 1, U`ecng 1,
Klftng 1
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 4, Zcggp`wlr 3
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Klgll (Envngry snblr) 3,
Cftckcmntc`f 3, _`gctces (Rutdglss) 4, Mcsecpgcfls 4
Mcsecpgcfls9 M`kcfntl <, _`tlfel <, _rlslfel 5
F`tls9 Flvlr
F`tls9  Flvlr enujdt ng`fl, tdl Bcsd`p ngwnys dns
tdlcr pneh wctdcf rlned. (]rlnt ns Hfcjdt, nb`vl.)
]dly nrl nrklm wctd n envngry snblr (+5 mnknjl), n
klklft` ar`k tdlcr k`rtng mnys, ctslga nf nf`kngy
wctdcf tdl Bgneh Dnfm.
Ag`tsnk nfm Iltsnk
Anecfj tdl Bgneh Dnfm klnfs anecfj k`rl tdnf
cts klkblrs. ]dl slet cs surr`ufmlm by t``gs nfm
mltrctus, erlnturls uslm nfm glat mcsenrmlm cf tdl
=2
tdcs dnga-gcal nfm tdl enst`s ct erlntls.
‗Unbbnt‛ nfm Dnfjnr`ufms
Qlry `atlf, prlslfel,
`a n Unbbnt wdlf vnkpcrls `a `tdlr
tdlsl nrl slets`a
tdl hcfms jltvnk-
wcfm
pcrls rlsp`fscbgl. ]dly kcjdt bl sd`vlgdlnms t``
duknfl t` trlnm n _ntd nfm glat bldcfm, ca f`t
sckpgy knge`ftlfts gnblggcfj tdlkslgvls ‗Unbbnt‛
a`r cknjcflm strllt erlm. ]dlsl a``gs usunggy pny
tdl prcel a`r tdlcr prlsukptc`f, strueh m`wf by
wltw`rhlrs g`yng t` tdl m`kncf ruglrs `r by k`rtng
vnkpcrl duftlrs wctd tdlcr lnr t` tdl jr`ufm. Cf
tdl rnrl ensls tdnt tdly lvlftunggy e`kl anel t` anel
wctd tdl rlng tdcfj, tdlsl ‗Unbbnt‛ nrl usunggy tdl
rst t` ll.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 5
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng =, U`ecng =,
Klftng 2
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 1, Zcggp`wlr =
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Brnwg 1, Utrlltwcsl 1,
Mcsecpgcfls <
Mcsecpgcfls9 Elglrcty 2, _`tlfel 2, _rlslfel >
F`tls9 Zdcgl n pneh `a ‗Unbbnt‛ cs f`t t` bl trclm
wctd, tdl kncf mnfjlr p`slm by tdlsl vnkpcrls cs
tdl nttlftc`f tdly mrnw t` tdlkslgvls.
_ntd `a tdl Uuf Dlgc`pdcgl
]dl Dlgc`pdcgl hf`ws tdly nrl ed`slf. Lkbrnecfj
tdl s`kbr`us lxcstlfel `a tdlcr tdcf-bg``m fnturl,
tdly shcrt tdl lmjls `a vnkpcrl nfm k`rtng lxcst-
lfel, blg`fjcfj cf flctdlr but blgclvcfj tdlkslgvls
suplrc`r t` b`td. ]dly dcml tdlcr suf-cfcetlm
burfs ufmlr mlscjflr eg`tdcfj nfm sp`rt sufjgnssls
mny nfm fcjdt, b`td ns nf crrlvlrlft neelss`ry nfm t`
dcml tdl `fl bglkcsd f` bg``m wcgg lvlr klfm9 lyls
bg``msd`t nfm pcttlm ar`k mnygcjdt nfm cfs`kfcn.
]dl Dlgc`pdcgl burfs tdl enfmgl nt b`td lfms, nfm
flctdlr mny f`r fcjdt brcfjs rlst.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 5/2
_``gs9 _dysceng =, U`ecng =,
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng
Klftng 5
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd <, Zcggp`wlr <
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Acrlnrks <, Utlngtd <,
Mcsecpgcfls =
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

Mcsecpgcfls9 A`rtctuml 2, ]dcf-Bg``m Ngedlky 5

F`tls9 ]dcf-bg``ms trlnmcfj tdl _ntd `a tdl Uuf
usunggy w`rh eg`slgy cf gnrjl pnehs, td`ujd tdlcr
kltd`ms nrl anr k`rl subtgl tdnf td`sl `a `tdlr

Unbbnt.
t` bglfm_r`kltdlnfs
cf nfm t` rcsltnhl prcml
nb`vl tdl cf tdlcrvnkpcrce
eruml nbcgcty
stlrl`typls `a tdl ‗enmnvlrs‛ nfm dnfjnr`ufms `a
Hcfmrlm egnfs `r Encfctl _ntds. ]dly nrl quceh t`
pr`slgytczl t` `tdlr tdcf-bg``ms, wdltdlr g`w-
rnfhcfj Unbbnt `r knrjcfng klkblrs `a `tdlr slets,
nfm tdl _ntd lfe`urnjls n enknrnmlrcl tdnt sllks
ngk`st duknf ― nt glnst uftcg tdly mlselfm `f n
tnrjlt–s dnvlf gchl pcrnfdns cf @nhglys, kcfutls pnst
mnwf.

\fbcrtdlm
]dcf-bg``ms rnrlgy gnst cf tdl Bgneh Dnfm. ]``
wlnh cfctcnggy t` survcvl tdl lrel eruecbgl `a
Erusnmls, _ntd rcvngrcls nfm tdl `fj`cfj Jldlffn
Znr, tdly–rl ngwnys nk`fj tdl rst ufmlnm ensung-
tcls. Flvlrtdlglss, Fler`f`kcst prnetctc`flrs dnvl
knfnjlm t` wlnp`fczl tdl pdlf`klfn. By plr-
a`rkcfj n ednrflg rctung nt`p n knss jrnvl, tlnrcfj
n snercecng lmjgcfj nsufmlr cf tdl pr`elss, tdl
burclm nrl br`ujdt t` n slkbgnfel `a ufgcal ns tdl
vctnl cfausls tdlcr b`mcls. Zdlf tdl suf slts tdl
ernzlm dnga-gcvcfj enmnvlrs mcj tdlkslgvls `ut, tdlcr
mlenycfj kcfms rnvnjlm by Dufjlr, nfm mlselfm
up`f nfytdcfj gcvcfj cf tdl nrln. Gnehcfj k`st
slga-prlslrvntc`f cfstcfets, tdly rnkpnjl dllmglssgy
uftcg sufrcsl. ngrlnmy mlnm b`mcls ngs` neelglrntls tdl mlstruetc`f
Jlflrng Mceugty9 5 `a tdlcr enmnvlr `fel sgncf by tdl suf `r vc`glfel.
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng <, U`ecng >,
Klftng 2 Udnehglm
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9
Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd :, Zcggp`wlr 5 Znghcfj v`rtcels `a spcrctung rucf, tdl Udnehglm nrl
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Brnwg 1 jd`ugs subiletlm t` d`rrcaycfj rctungs tdnt knhl
Mcsecpgcfls9 _`tlfel 2 tdlk cft` wnghcfj spletrng nfed`rs. ]dlcr lftcrl
F`tls9 Lletcvlgy
F`tls9  Lletcvlgy tdcf-bg``ms, tdlsl p``r erlnturls b`mcls senrrlm, brnfmlm, nfm tntt``lm wctd p`tlft
nrl Lkbrnelm wlgg pnst tdlcr flur`g`jceng lxpcrn- scjcgs, tdly nrl e`fstnftgy surr`ufmlm by vlfjlaug
tc`f, but s`kl rltncf trnels `a klk`ry nfm plrs`fng spletrls, tdl jd`sts allmcfj ` tdl jd`ugs– gcal a`rel
trncts. Mlplfmcfj `f ecreukstnfels `a tdl rctung ns tdly klrecglssgy wrlnh dnv`e `f tdl w`rgm nr`ufm
tdly enf gcl m`rknft nfm prlslrvlm a`r k`ftds tdlk. ]dlsl nkbugnt`ry wlnp`fs `a g`engczlm
`r lvlf ylnrs bla`rl s`kl neeurslm ecreukstnfel mlstruetc`f nrl tdnfhauggy sd`rt-gcvlm, ns tdly njl
enusls tdlk t` rcsl. ]dl s`relry tdnt nfckntls tdlcr rnpcmgy `fel tdlcr jd`stgy d`st cs ufglnsdlm.

=5
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

Mceugty9 =/2
Jlflrng Mceugty9 =/2 g``slm, tdl spletrls wcgg nttneh nfy`fl nfm lvlry-
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng 2(1), U`ecng
U`ecn g 5(>), tdcfj nr`ufm tdlk wctd cfvcscbgl tng`fs `r p`g-
Klftng =(2) tlrjlcst pdlf`klfn, but wcgg prc`rctczl pr`tletcfj
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 1, Zcggp`wlr 4 tdl Udnehglm ns tdly nrl tdlcr nfed`r t` tdcs w`rgm.

Lxelptc`fng
 Ntdgltces Mcel ]dr`w)
(Upletrng _``gs9
]d r`w)Brnwg (Upletrng Bg`w)9
4, Cftckcmntc`f (Uple-4, (Mcsecpgcfls rlprlslft
str`fj spletrls enf ngs`tdlsl p`wlrs,
usl tdl but lsplecnggy
augg stntcstces ar`k
trng Knfcalstntc`f) 4 Knsqulrnml, p. 5::
Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml, 5: :.) ]dl Udnehglm
Mcsecpgcfls9 Lqucvnglft `a _`tlfel 5 nfm A  A  njls vcscbgy ar`k tdcs p`cft `f, mycfj ar`k neelglr-
`rtctuml 5 ntlm `gm njl cf r`ujdgy nf d`ur, ufglss tdly–rl hcgglm
F`tls9 ]dl Udnehglm nrl usunggy mrlsslm ar`k dlnm (`r rlft nsufmlr by ufb`ufm jd`st-aurcls) rst.
t` t`l t` e`felng tdlcr senrrlm b`mcls, wdltdlr cf
tdlcr `wf sdr`ums-t`-bl `r wdntlvlr enf hllp tdlk Aglsdwlgm
Aglsdwlgm Jd`ugs
J d`ugs
tlkp`rnrcgy uff`tcelm ns pnrt `a n entnstr`pdl cf ]dcfjs nrl f`t gchl tdly uslm t` bl. Zdcgl tdl Unb-
tdl knhcfj. E`fmctc`flm t` tdl p`cft `a kcfmglss-
kcfmglss - bnt knml nkpgl usl `a jr`tlsqul k`fstr`sctcls cf
flss, tdly wcgg knhl tdlcr wny t` tdl tnrjlt g`entc`f elfturcls pnst, tckl dns knml tdlsl ‗scljl wlnp`fs‛
bla`rl ufglnsdcfj tdl spletrls b`ufm wctdcf tdlk. prnetcenggy `bs`gltl. Zdlrl n kugtc-inwlm, tdrll-
]rncts cf pnrlftdlsls, lxelptc`fng mcel p``gs, nfm kltlr, spcmlrgckblm iujjlrfnut knml slfsl wdlf
Mcsecpgcfl lqucvnglfts netcvntl nt tdcs p`cft. @fel nssnugtcfj n f`bgl–s knfsl, k`mlrf tledf`g`jy cs

==

mcstcfetgy lletcvl cf turfcfj tdlk cft` `ng. ]dly
kny gctlrnggy bl sllf n kcgl nwny, blcfj tdl vlry
mlfctc`f `a cfmcserllt.
]` nmmrlss
nmmrls s tdcs pr`bglk, Unbbnt Fler`f`kcsts
dnvl bllflsdernatcfj
]zckcsel busy. \scfj nfmkltd`ms mlrcvlm`aar`k
tdl rlkncfs n f`w-
mlaufet vnkpcrl bg``mgcfl, tdly dnvl br`ujdt a`rtd
lsdwlgm jd`ugs. Lned jr`up, `r eguted, `a tdlsl
e`fscsts `a n fukblr `a dcjdgy e`fmctc`flm jd`ugs,
nbgl t` klrjl tdlcr b`mcls cft` n scfjgl k`fstr`scty
rlkcfcselft `a tdl klmclvng v`zdm. ]dl trnfsa`rkn-
tc`f cs quceh but f`t rlvlrscbgl, nfm tdl eguted usu-
nggy wncts uftcg ct–s rcjdt up`f cts prly t` knxckczl
tdl lglklft `a tlrr`r nfm surprcsl. @fel klrjlm, tdl
lsdwlgm k`fstr`scty tlnrs tdr`ujd cts vcetcks gchl
n rlm durrcenfl, cts e`ftcfulm lxcstlfel dcfjcfj `f
e`fsukcfj k`rtng lsd nfm vnkpcrl vctnl.
EG\]ED JD@\G
Lned lsdwlgm eguted fukblrs tdrll t` n m`zlf
klkblrs. Eguted jd`ugs nrl f` g`fjlr tdcfhcfj
pl`pgl s` kued ns cfstruklfts k`gmlm t` n scfjgl
purp`sl. ]dly usunggy npplnr e`kpgltlgy cfe`fspce-
cfe`fspce-
u`us, tdlcr tnsh blcfj t` jlt ns eg`sl ns p`sscbgl t`
tdlcr tnrjlt bla`rl trnfsa`rkcfj, nfm tdus nrl wlgg-
suctlm t` cfgtrntc`f `r ‗nsd k`b‛-stygl knydlk.
Cfmcvcmung jd`ugs `a n lsdwlgm eguted nrl llrcgy
sckcgnr t` lned `tdlr, td`ujd elrtncf jr`ups nrl
tncg`rlm t` pr`vcml splece rnw kntlrcngs t` tdl
lsdwlgm a`rk, cf wdced `fl klkblr pr`vcmls tdl
bugh `a lsd, nf`tdlr tdl wdcpe`rm kusegls, nfm s`
`f. Cf ngg ensls, eguted klkblrs sdnrl n elrtncf ck-
ck -
pntclfel, nedcfj a`r tdl fng ufc`f tdnt wcgg pr`vcml
tdl egcknx nfm klnfcfj t` tdlcr nbuslm lxcstlfel.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 5/2
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng <, U`ecng 5,
Klftng =
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd 1, Zcggp`wlr <
Lxelptc`fng Mcel _``gs9 Brnwg
_``gs9 Brnwg 1, Utlngtd (Dcml cf
pgncf scjdt)
scj dt) :,
:, Uubtlraujl <
Mcsecpgcfls9  _r`tlnf 2
Mcsecpgcfls9 _r`tlnf
F`tls9 Eguted jd`ugs sdnrl n mck nwnrlflss `a lned
`tdlr wctdcf tdl jr`up, nfm cfstcfetcvlgy hf`w
wdlrl tdl `tdlrs nrl `r ca `fl `a tdlk cs durt, ns wlgg
ns wdlf tdl tckl dns e`kl t` klrjl. ]rnfsa`rkcfj
=<
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
cft` tdl lsdwlgmlm a`rk tnhls tdrll turfs, murcfj
wdced tdl jd`ugs strcp fnhlm nfm njjg`klrntl cf
wdnt n ensung `bslrvlr kcjdt kcstnhl a`r n vc`glft
`rjy. ]dly nrl f`tnbgy vugflrnbgl nfm nrl ufnbgl
t` m`mjl `r `tdlrwcsl
lsdwlgmcfj, rlscst pdysceng
nfm nfy mnknjl nttnehs
sustncflm wdcgl
cf tdcs
a`rk cs enrrclm `vlr t` tdl lsdwlgmlm a`rk. @f
tdlcr `wf lned jd`ug cs nbgl t` knfcalst pnrts `a tdl
lsdwlgmlm a`rk ns Alrng Zlnp`fs, pnycfj tdl e`st
by sustncfcfj njjrnvntlm mnknjl ns plr p. 25= `a
Knsqulrnml.
Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml.
AGLUDZLGMLM A@RK
]`wlrcfj `vlr klf, tdl lsdwlgmlm
 lsdwlgmlm a`rk cs tdl rnp-
tur`us zlfctd `a tdl eguted. Mrcvlf by nf cfsntcnbgl
dufjlr a`r lsd nfm vctnl ngchl, ct burfs tdr`ujd tdl
rlslrvls `a cts pdyscqul nt nf ngnrkcfj rntl, lxpcrcfj
cf kcfutls ca ct cs ufnbgl t` sntl cts rnvlfcfj dufjlr.
K`st lsdwlgmlm a`rks rlslkbgl knfy-gckblm
jcnfts, tdlcr dlnms g`ggcfj cf ngg mcrletc`fs `r auslm
cft` kugtc-inwlm gllrcfj vcsnjls, but gnrjlr egutedls
dnvl bllf hf`wf t` a`rk strnfjlr nfm uttlrgy ngclf
nkngjnks `a lsd, b`fl, nfm tlltd.
]rncts blg`w nrl a`r n ‗skngglr‛ a`rk, e`fscstcfj
`a n a`ur- t` scx-klkblr eguted.
Jlflrng Mceugty9 </5
Utnfmnrm Mcel _``gs9 _dysceng
_``gs9 _dysceng 3, U`ecng ?, Klftng =
Ule`fmnry Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd
Nttrcbutls9 Dlngtd >2, Zcggp`wlr <
Lxelptc`fng
Lxelptc`f ng Mcel _``gs9 Brnwg >2, Cftckcmntc`f >?
Mcsecpgcfls9 _`tlfel 5, A`rtctuml 2, _r`tlnf 2
F`tls9 Zdcgl netcvl, tdl lsdwlgmlm a`rk enf usl
Mcsecpgcfl p`wlrs wctd`ut pnycfj tdl e`st cf njjrn-
njjrn-
vntlm mnknjl. D`wlvlr,
D`wlvlr, mul t` cts jr`tlsqul suplr-
fnturng kltnb`gcsk ct sustncfs `fl glvlg `a njjrnvnt-
lm mnknjl lvlry turf. ]dcs g`ss cs ngglvcntlm a`r vl
turfs ca ct e`fsukls tdl lqucvnglft `a n duknf-sczlm
vcetck cf lsd, `r j`rjls `f vl Dufjlr-glvlgs `a
vctnl. (Ct enf lkpg`y Brutng Allm a`r tdcs purp`sl,
ns plr p. 21= `a Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml.)
Knsqulrnml.) ]dlcr
bldnvc`r enff`t bl ednfjlm f`r enf tdlcr netc`fs
e`ftr`gglm by klftng Mcsecpgcfls. Ca klkblrs `a
tdl eguted nrl mlnm `r `tdlrwcsl nbslft bla`rl tdl
trnfsa`rkntc`f, rlmuel ngg mcel p``gs by `fl t` tdrll
(mlplfmcfj `f eguted sczl) nfm Dlngtd by tdrll a`r
lned kcsscfj, lr, ‗pnrtcecpnft.‛
 
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

]dl Jcats
Jca ts `a Encfl9  Nusplx 
Mcsecpgcfls Glvlg 2
\FLRRCFJ _\RU\C]

]dl jcats `a Encfl tnhl `f n ufcqul enst wdlf  
wclgmlm by klkblrs `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm, a`r f` slet
s` rlnmcgy cfv`hls tdl p`wlr `a tdl Bg``m ns m`ls
tdl Unbbnt. Zdlrl glsslr Hcfmrlm sdy nwny ar`k
wdnt tdly mllk nf ‗`vlrrlgcnfel‛ `f Mcsecpgcfls,
Encfctls netcvlgy prlalr t` lfjnjl tdlk, sllcfj cf
tdlk tdl nmvnftnjls mlgcblrntlgy blst`wlm by tdl
Mnrh Antdlr.
Nkngjnk9 M`kcfntl >
G`ehcfj lyls wctd n subilet, tdl vnkpcrl e`nxls
a`rtd n suplrfnturng b`fm bltwllf tdlkslgvls
nfm tdl vcetck. A`r n fukblr `a fcjdts, tdl uslr cs
nbgl t` vclw jgckpsls `a tdl tnrjlt nfm tdlcr lfvc-
r`fklft wdlflvlr tdl tnrjlt slls tdlkslgvls `f n
rlletcvl suranel. ]dl tnrjlt cs jlflrnggy ufnwnrl
`a tdl blcfj s` `bslrvlm, but wctflssls tdl prlslfel
`a tdlcr pursulr ns s`kl`fl stnfmcfj iust bldcfm
tdlk cf tdlcr `wf rlletc`f. Zdcgl f`t lxeguscvl

g l   C   n p p r l  cn
 c
e n t l   t  
 cs
d cs   
 cf
g c f l    ̀
 a 
` a   t  
 cf
d c f h  j , t d`sl 
 c cff j  t` tdl Unbbnt, tdcs p`wlr cs arlqulftgy uslm t` trneh
Z d 
 cg
c qunrry, wdltdlr vnkpcrls knrhlm ns prly `r k`rtng
 ̀a F`m w c cggg bl t dl a
h ` a   crst t` 
 a cr wctflssls rlqucrcfj scglfecfj.
vnlerhsfl`mw cf
 cgflm  j 
t dll t B`
 Bd`n`t t dlsl nrl f`t t dl j   j  c at
 ats ` a   ̀a En cf
 c f l   E`st9 @fl R`usl Edleh 

d l r   t dl   l f m ` w k l f t s    ̀
 a 
` a   G  
 ct
 cg
 c g c t d ,   w d` j  j nvl  Mcel _``g9 Rls`gvl + Nusplx
but r n t Uystlk9 ]dl
Uystlk9  ]dl uslr g`ehs lyls wctd tdl tnrjlt, ca `fgy
 cfl  at  natlr d cs  cs bnf cs  cs dklft ar  ar`k 
e`k a  a``rt t` En cf  cs 
a`r n spgct sle`fm, nfm r`ggs Rls`gvl + Nusplx. @f n
 ̀
 a 
` a   F ` m ,   n fm   t nu 
 j 
j  d t    
 ck
d c k   k n s t l r y  ̀a d cs
 ` a  wcf, tdl llet gnsts a`r `fl fcjdt, pgus `fl a`r lned
t dl gnf m   sueelss cf tdl knrjcf. (Ca uslm njncfst n vnkpcrl,
ruml a`  a`r k. tdl Mceugty `a tdl r`gg cs 5.)
Zdcgl tdl p`wlr cs netcvl tdl uslr enf e`felf-
 ―Q. trntl a`r n turf t` jncf n vclw `a tdl gnst p`sctc`f `a
tdl tnrjlt ar`k tdl plrspletcvl `a tdl tnrjlt–s `wf
rlletc`f. Lsslftcnggy, tdly vclw n klftng ckprls-
F`tl tdnt s`kl `a tdl systlks a`r tdlsl Mcsecpgcfls sc`f `a tdl k`st rlelft k`klft tdl vcetck
vcetc k snw
wcg
wcggg sll usl `fgy ca lkpg`ylm by n pgnylr–s ednrnetlr. tdlkslgvls, cftlftc`fnggy `r ufcftlftc`fnggy, cf n
A`r lxnkpgl, tdl Utncfs tdl vnkpcrl nequcrls wdlf kcrr`r `r kcrr`r-gchl suranel (cfegumcfj p`gcsdlm
uscfj Rlegnkntc`f
Rlegn kntc`f `a Qctnl (sll p. <?) m`f–t
m`f–t nlet edr`kl, sd`ppcfj wcfm`ws,
wc fm`ws, `r lvlf s`kl`fl–s
Unbbnt vnkpcrls, blenusl
bl enusl _ntds m`f–t dnvl vnguls sufjgnssls). F`tl tdnt @bausentl pr`vcmls f` pr`-
tdnt nrl trnehlm tdl wny Duknfcty cs. tletc`f ar`k tdcs p`wlr, ns ct rlgcls `f tdl vcetck–s
slga-plrelptc`f.
]dl uslr enf rle`jfczl tdl surr`ufmcfjs `a tdl
tnrjlt wctd nf Cftlggcjlfel + Utrlltwcsl (a`r urbnf
nrlns) `r Cftlggcjlfel + Uurvcvng (a`r rurng nrlns),
tdl Mceugty mlplfmcfj `f ecreukstnfels, sued ns
blcfj cfm``rs, but sd`ugm rnfjl ar`k 2 t` =. ]dl
tnrjlt enf jlt n jgckpsl `a tdlcr pursulr cf tdlcr
`wf rlletc`f `f n Zcts + Nwnrlflss tlst nt Mca -
eugty =, nfm `fgy `f n erctceng wcf wcgg
wcg g rle`jfczl

=1

tdlcr anel, `r rlengg ct ar`k wdlrl tdl cfmcvcmung snw
tdlk ca tdly
t dly m`f–t
m`f–t hf`w tdlk plrs`fnggy.
plrs`fng gy.
Murntc`f9 @fl fcjdt pgus `fl a`r lned sueelss (`r
cf tdl knrjcf, cf tdl ensl `a n vnkpcrl tnrjlt)
 Nfckn
 N fckngcsk
gcsk
Glvlg 5
UELF] @A _RLS
]dl kcfm-fukbcfj alnr `a rlngczcfj `fl–s r`gl ns
prly cs ufcqul, nfm vnkpcrls vlrslm cf slfscfj tdl
Blnst enf glnrf t` rle`jfczl ct cf td`sl wd` lxplrc-
lfel ct. ]dcs p`wlr ngg`ws n vnkpcrl t` ble`kl
nwnrl `a nfy k`rtng cf nf nrln pr`iletcfj tdl
mcstcfet f`tl `a alnr pr`muelm by prly nfckngs dnv-
cfj e`kl anel t` anel wctd tdlcr prlmnt`r, ngg`wcfj
tdlk t` qucehgy trneh nfm scglfel td`sl wd` w`ugm
tdrlntlf tdlcr egnfmlstcfl prlslfel.
E`st9 @fl R`usl Edleh  @fel tdl pr`elss cs e`kpgltl, tdl vcetck cs glat n
Mcel _``g9 Rls`gvl + Nfckngcsk
Uystlk9 ]dl vnkpcrl sfcs tdl ncr nfm r`ggs Rls`gvl
+ Nfckngcsk. Lned sueelss `f tdl r`gg ngg`ws tdlk
t` slfsl nfm trneh tdl p`sctc`f `a n k`rtng wd`
dns wctflsslm wdnt n Enknrcggn Hcfmrlm w`ugm
engg n ‗Knsqulrnml vc`gntc`f.‛ (]dl uslr slfsls tdl
eg`slst k`rtng rst ca tdlrl nrl k`rl tdnf `fl nfm
`rmlr knttlrs.) ]dl llet gnsts a`r `fl selfl, `r `fl
fcjdt `f n erctceng wcf. ]dl p`wlr cs cflletcvl `f
k`rtngs wd` nrl ankcgcnr lf`ujd wctd vnkpcrls t`
subgckntl tdl f`tl `a alnr, sued ns jd`ugs, vnkpcrl
rltncflrs, `r mlmcentlm duftlrs.
Murntc`f9 @fl selfl `r fcjdt
M`kcfntl
Glvlg =
]NB\GN RNUN
Glss klk`ry knfcpugntc`f tdnf lrnmcentc`f, tdcs
engg`us p`wlr m`ls nwny wctd subtglty nfm wcpls
lvlry trnel `a klk`ry ar`k n vcetck, glnvcfj tdlk
n pgcnft ljy `a tdlkslgvls. Zdcgl tdly rltncf k`st
`a tdlcr glnrflm shcggs, tdly a`rjlt lvlrytdcfj lgsl ―
tdlcr lxplrclfels, arclfms, ankcgy, wnfts nfm wcsdls
=:
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
― cf k`st ensls, a`rlvlr. \sl `a tdcs p`wlr `utscml
tdl Unbbnt cs rnrl, ns lvlf tdl k`st rutdglss `a tdl
ufmlnm fm ct lxelsscvl.
l xelsscvl. ]dl Bgneh Dnfm
Dn fm csf–t nb`vl
nb`vl
tnhcfj tdcs sd`rteut t` lfsurl tdnt n enptcvl slrvnft
cs knmlcsrlnmy
edcgml a`rt`e`fmctc`fcfj
rlknml tdlcr tnstls. `r tdnt n pr`kcscfj
E`st9 ]w` R`usl Edlehs
Mcel _``g9 Rls`gvl + M`kcfntl vs. E`kp`surl +
Rls`gvl
Uystlk9 ]dl uslr R`usls tdlcr Bg``m, d`gms tdl
jnzl `a tdlcr vcetck, nfm kust tdlf lfjnjl cf nf
lxtlfmlm e`fcet `a Rls`gvl + M`kcfntl vlrsus tdl
vcetck–s E`kp`surl + Rls`gvl, neeukugntcfj tlf
sueelssls murcfj nf lftcrl selfl. ]dl pr`elss kust
f`t bl mcsturblm, nfm tdl vcetck kust bl rlstrncflm
`r `tdlrwcsl subkct murcfj tdl net, ns nfy brlnh cf
e`felftrntc`f rlqucrls tdl e`fcet t` bl rlstnrtlm
(nfm nf`tdlr tw` R`usl Edlehs), ns m`ls n erctceng
wcf `f tdl pnrt `a tdl vcetck.
e`fauslm, sgneh-inwlm sdlgg. ]dly g`sl klk`rcls `a
tdlcr fnkl, dcst`ry, nfm k`st `a tdlcr `gm plrs`fng-
plrs`fng -
cty. ]dly g`sl E`fvcetc`fs, ]`uedst`fls, nfm Nkbc-
tc`f, nfm k`st `a tdlcr Bnehjr`ufms ble`kl k``t,
ns tdly a`rjlt d`w t` neelss tdlk. (]dlsl, t`jltdlr
wctd `tdlr Nmvnftnjls, nrl glat t` tdl Ut`rytlgglr–s
mcserltc`f ― n E`ftnet kny rlklkblr tdlk ca tdly
er`ss pntds njncf, a`r lxnkpgl.) Nttrcbutls, Uhcggs,
nfm Mcsecpgcfls rlkncf, d`wlvlr. ]dl klk`ry
g`ss cs plrknflft, td`ujd `f `eensc`f n vcetck
dns rljncflm s`kl `a tdlcr pnst wdlf anelm wctd n
trnukntce lvlft
l vlft cfv`gvcfj n pnst ]`uedst`fl.
]`uedst`fl. (]lst
Rls`gvl + E`kp`surl nt Mceugty <, a`r lxnkpgl
wdlf n a`rklr ]`uedst`fl
]`uedst`fl cs tdrlntlflm,
t drlntlflm, durt, `r
hcgglm wdcgl cf tdlcr prlslfel, nt tdl Ut`rytlgglr–s
mcserltc`f.)
 N wcplm vcetck
vcetc k cs usunggy alm wdntlvlr gcls nrl
fllmlm t` hllp tdlk g`yng, `r qucehgy subiletlm t`
_ntd cfm`etrcfntc`f. \sl `a tdcs p`wlr cs lxellmcfj-
gy erulg, nfm sd`ugm klrct Utncfs cf k`st edr`fcegls.
Murntc`f9 _lrknflft

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
@bausentl
Glvlg 5
KNUH @A CU@GN]C@F
 Nkngjnk9 M`kcfntl >
_rlrlqucsctl9 Knsh `a n ]d`usnfm Anels
Uubtgl but lletcvl, tdcs p`wlr a`rels tdl llet
`a Knsh `a n ]d`usnfm Anels `f nf ufwcttcfj sub-
 ilet. ]dl vcetck
vcetc k wcgg f` g`fjlr bl sllf a`r wd` tdly
nrl, lvlf by td`sl eg`slst t` tdlk. @atlf lkpg`ylm
`vlr n g`fjlr plrc`m `a tckl, tdl p`wlr cs uslm by
td`sl wd` wnft t` brlnh tdlcr subilet subtgy but
uttlrgy, euttcfj tdlk ` ar`k klnfs nfm s`eclty t`
tdl p`cft tdnt tdly–gg m` nfytdcfj t` lsenpl sued n
antl.
E`st9 @fl R`usl Edleh  Cf k`st edr`fcegls, usl `a tdcs p`wlr t` brlnh
Mcel _``g9 Knfcpugntc`f + @bausentl vs. Edn-
rcskn + Cfscjdt
Uystlk9 ]dl uslr g`ehs lyls wctd tdl vcetck nfm
kust tdlf sueellm nt n Knfcpugntc`f + @bausentl
=4
vs. Ednrcskn + Cfscjdt tlst. @f n wcf, tdl llet
gnsts a`r `fl fcjdt, pgus `fl a`r lned sueelss cf tdl
knrjcf. Zdcgl ufmlr cts llet, tdl vcetck cs trlntlm
ns lkpg`ycfj Knsh `a n ]d`usnfm Anels, nfm cs uf-
nbgl t` bl rle`jfczlm
t` plrsunml byankcgy
arclfms nfm nfy`fl. (]dl
wctd uslr enf try+
n E`kp`surl
_lrsunml tlst, but lvlf wdlf prlslftcfj pr``as, tdl
npprldlfsc`f enuslm by tdcs pnrtceugnr p`wlr wcgg
knhl ct dnrm t` e`fvcfel tdlk.)
Ca tdl subilet cs lvlr knml nwnrl `a tdl p`wlr
blcfj uslm `f tdlk tdl llet lfms, nfm tdl p`wlr
enff`t bl lkpg`ylm `f s`kl`fl nwnrl `a cts llets9
Ct rlgcls `f tdl ufe`fsec`us cjf`rnfel `a tdl vcetck
t` rlkncf netcvl. Ns usl `a tdl p`wlr csf–t `vlrt, ct
enf bl rlnppgclm rlplntlmgy td`ujd, s` g`fj ns tdl
uslr m`lsf–t rlvlng tdlcr cftlft.
s`kl`fl sd`ugm klrct Utncfs.
Murntc`f9 @fl fcjdt pgus `fl nmmctc`fng fcjdt a`r
lned sueelss cf tdl knrjcf

_r`tlnf
Glvlg 5
QCUELRNG NBU@R_]C@
NBU@R_]C@F
F \KBR@\U EG\]ED
 Nkngjnk9 Bg``m U`relry 2
 N slgm`k-sllf but ufkcstnhnbgy
ufkcstn hnbgy lletcvl wny t`
eglnf up n klss, tdcs p`wlr turfs tdl b`my `a tdl
vnkpcrl slkc-plrklnbgl wdcgl mrnwcfj cflrt bg``m
nfm vcselrn cf tdl vcecfcty cfscml tdlk, allmcfj
tdlcr Blnst nfm sntcfj tdlcr Dufjlr. @tdlr b`mcgy
rlkncfs, blrlat `a bg``m, erukbgl t` nsd `r vnfcsd
cf jrlnsy sk`hl. Zdcgl tdl vnkpcrl uscfj tdl p`wlr
mrnws bg``m nfm j`rl t` tdlkslgvls, tdl surr`ufm-
surr`ufm-
cfj nrln cs glat rlknrhnbgy eglnf, nfm tdl Unbbnt nbgl
t` lkpg`y tdcs nbcgcty usl ct ns n wny t` e`vlr tdlcr
trnehs wctd jrlnt llet.
E`st9 > R`usl Edleh  fllms eglnr scjdt `a b`td tdl vcetck nfm tdlcr
Mcel _``g9 Utrlfjtd + _r`tlnf
Uystlk9 \sl `a tdcs p`wlr rlqucrls nt glnst `fl
mlnm b`my cf tdl nrln `a llet, r`ujdgy nf nrln
lxtlfmcfj < kltlrs cf ngg mcrletc`fs ar`k tdl uslr.
]dl vnkpcrl r`ggs Utrlfjtd + _r`tlnf, nfm cs nbgl
t` nbs`rb tdl bg``m nfm lrnmcentl tdl rlkncfs `a
`fl b`my plr sueelss r`gglm. ]dl stntl `a tdl b`my
cs `a f` scjfcenfel s` g`fj ns ct cs arlsd, nfm lvlf
‗s`klb`my‛ wd`sl rlkncfs nrl gcttgl k`rl tdnf n
rlm sklnr wcgg bl e`fsuklm.
]dl uslr sntls `fl Dufjlr plr b`my nletlm,
but enff`t sntl k`rl Dufjlr plr usl tdnf tdlcr
Bg``m U`relry rntcfj, f`r enf tdly rlmuel ct blg`w
`fl tdr`ujd tdcs p`wlr. \scfj tdcs p`wlr tnhls `fl
turf plr b`my nbs`rblm. Ct sd`ugm ngs` bl f`tlm
tdnt, wdcgl leclft cf jlttcfj rcm `a lvcmlfel, tdl
p`wlr cs lxtrlklgy `vlrt wdcgl cf usl, ns tdl uslr
ble`kls n gctlrng v`rtlx `a bg``m nfm vcselrn.
Qnkpcrl rlkncfs nrlf–t nletlm by tdcs p`wlr.
Murntc`f9 @fl turf plr b`my  ]RNFUC]CQL B@FM
=3
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
@bgcvc`f
Glvlg =
]dl uslr erlntls n tlkp`rnry jntl `ut `a tdl vcetck–s
`wf sdnm`w, enuscfj tdlk t` angg tdr`ujd @bgcvc`f
nfm cft` tdl wnctcfj nrks `a tdl uslr. ]dl vcetck
wcgg npplnr t` angg cft` tdlcr `wf sdnm`w, `fgy t`
rlnpplnr anggcfj `ut `a tdl `fl enst by tdl uslr. ]dl
brcla i`urfly tdr`ujd tdl lfm `a lvlrytdcfj cs usu-
nggy lf`ujd t` trnukntczl tdl vcetck cft` subkcs-
sc`f, td`ujd `fl kust bl prlpnrlm ca tdl qunrry
rlsp`fms vc`glftgy cf alnr.
E`st9 @fl
E`st9  @fl R`usl Edleh, Jncf `fl Utncf
Mcel _``g9 Zcts + @bgcvc`f vs. Mlxtlrcty + Zcts
Uystlk9 Cf `rmlr t` usl tdcs p`wlr, tdl vnkpcrl
sdnm`w.. ]dl vnkpcrl–s pgnylr `r Ut`rytlgglr
sdnm`w Ut`rytlg glr tdlf
r`ggs Zcts + @bgcvc`f vs. Mlxtlrcty + Zcts t` kn-
fluvlr tdl vcetck–s sdnm`w blflntd tdlk, erlntcfj
n suplrfnturng rcat cft` wdced tdly npplnr t` angg. Nt
tdl Ut`rytlgglr–s mcserltc`f, n stntc`fnry vcetck f`t
pnycfj nttlftc`f enf bl nut`kntcenggy enujdt.
 N vcetck enujdt by tdcs p`wlr wcgg
wcg g tdlf rlnp-
plnr, anggcfj `ut `a tdl sdnm`w enst by tdl uslr. (Ns
wctd sckcgnr p`wlrs, tdl p`wlr m`ls f`t w`rh ca tdl
enstlr cs wctd`ut
w ctd`ut n sdnm`w.)
sdnm`w.) Nf ufprlpnrlm k`rtng
vcetck wcgg bl tlrrclm nfm gchlgy entnt`fce, wdcgl
n vnkpcrl kust tlst a`r aury `r alnr arlfzy, Ut`ry-
tlgglr–s ed`cel, nt Mceugty =.
Murntc`f9 Cfstnft
Bg``m U`relry 
Glvlg 5
]dl uslr cs nbgl t` lxtlfm tdl Bg``m B`fmcfj
pr`plrtcls `a tdlcr vctnl, lfnbgcfj ct t` rltncf cts
lfsfnrcfj pr`plrtcls wdlf st`rlm, `r lvlf wdlf
prlslft cf tdl b`my `a n jd`ug. Nfy`fl mrcfhcfj tdl
st`rlm vctnl `r ar`k tdl jd`ug wcgg bl nletlm iust
ns ca tdly–m ckbcblm ct mcrletgy ar`k tdl uslr–s wrcst.
Mlvlg`plm by tdl ]rlklrl cf n ancglm nttlkpt t`

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
ngglvcntl tdlcr Bnfl, tdl p`wlr dns rlsuranelm cf tdl
Unbbnt, wdlrl tdl Mcsecpgcfl cs glss gckctlm by egnf
gcflnjl, nfm dns bllf uslm t` jrlnt llet cf s`kl `a
tdlcr g`fjlr sedlkls.
Mcel @fl R`usl
E`st9_``g9
Uystlk9 ]dl
Uystlk9
F`fl Edleh 
 ]dl uslr netcvntls tdcs p`wlr wdlf enggcfj
up`f tdlcr Bg``m, lctdlr a`r st`rcfj `r wdlf jcv-
cfj ct t` n jd`ug. Lned usl lkp`wlrs tdrll R`usl
Edlehs– w`rtd `a Bg``m. Nfy`fl lfsfnrlm by tdl
]rnfsctcvl B`fm wcgg bl ufnwnrl `a cts llet uftcg
tdly gny lyls `f tdlcr lvlftung Rljfnft, but tdly
kcjdt ble`kl rlstglss nfm ented jgckpsls `a tdlk
cf mrlnk-gchl vcsc`fs murcfj mnysgllp. ]dl Bg``m
B`fm `tdlrwcsl aufetc`fs ns mlsercblm cf Qnkpcrl9
]dl Knsqulrnml,
Knsqulrnml, pp. 255-25=).
Murntc`f9 F/N 
F/N  Cfjrlmclfts9 Qcfljnr
Glvlg <
RLEGNKN]C@F @A QC]NL
F` knttlr tdl mcstnfel, Bg``m enggs t` Bg``m.
Z`rhcfj `f tdnt prcfecpgl, tdcs p`wlr ngg`ws n
vnkpcrl t` rlegnck Bg``m tdnt dns bllf yclgmlm t`
erlntl jd`ugs, rlegnckcfj tdnt wdced dns bllf jcvlf.
Rljnrmglss `a wdlrl tdly nrl, jd`ugs `a tdl vnkpcrl
wcgg fm tdl gcal-jcvcfj
gc al-jcvcfj vctnl cf tdlcr vlcfs rlblggcfj
wctdcf tdlk, rlturfcfj tdr`ujd kystceng klnfs
t` cts s`urel, wdcgl tdlcr b`mcls sulr entnstr`pdce
mnknjl. Unbbnt lgmlrs dnvl bllf hf`wf t` hllp
jd`ugs a`r tdcs lxprlss purp`sl, nf lklrjlfey
rlslrvl nvncgnbgl nfywdlrl nt nfy tckl, nt tdl trccfj
e`st `a n alw k`rtng gcvls.
E`st9 @fl `r k`rl Utncfs (wdlf engglm t` rlturf)
Mcel _``g9 F`fl
Uystlk9 ]dl uslr e`felftrntls a`r n turf nfm ed`sls
wdced `a tdlcr slrvnfts nrl t` rlpny tdlcr Bg``m-
mlbt. ]dl jd`ugs m` f`t fllm t` bl prlslft, nfm mcs-
tnfel m`lsf–t knttlr. ]dl vnkpcrl sntls tw`
t w` Dufjlr
a`r lned jd`ug, wdcgl tdl jd`ug sulrs vl glvlgs `a
njjrnvntlm mnknjl ns tdlcr b`my njls crrljugnrgy
nfm rnpcmgy, tdl ufmlnm Bg``m cfscml tdlk allgcfj ns
ca ct wlrl nttlkptcfj t` vc`glftgy vnentl tdlk.
Zdcgl tdl p`wlr m`ls f`t rlqucrl tdl vnkpcrl t`
R`usl tdl Bg``m ct sd`ugm, ca lvlr glnrflm by s`kl-
<?
`fl `utscml tdl Unbbnt, klrct Utncfs
Ut ncfs t` lkpg`y.
lkpg`y.
Murntc`f9 F/
Murntc`f9  F/N 
N 
Rctungs
Glvlg >
BLLGYLBLN]C]
]dcs rctung enusls g`wlr-`rmlr gcvcfj erlnturls t`
fm tdl rctung nrln rlplgglft. Nfckngs nv`cm tdl
nrln, vlrkcf seuttgl nwny ar`k ct, nfm lvlf pgnfts
kny tnhl `f n pctcaug npplnrnfel. \slm ns n g`w-glvlg
prlenutc`f njncfst Nfckngcsk spcls, tdcs rctung ngs`
prlvlfts cfalstntc`fs `a tdl s`rts `a erlnturls wd`
w`ugm bl mrnwf t` j`rl, enrrc`f, nfm tdl `tdlr s`rts
`a rlkncfs tdl Unbbnt `atlf glnvls cf cts wnhl.
Cfjrlmclfts9  Qcfljnr `r nge`d`g
_r`elss9 ]dl
_r`elss9  ]dl rctungcst sprcfhgls tdl vcfljnr `r
nge`d`g `f tdl ``r nfm turfs e`uftlreg`ehwcsl,
vcsunggy ecreuksercbcfj tdl nrln cf wdced tdl glsslr
erlnturls nrl t` bl lxplgglm.
Uystlk9 Ca tdl rctung cs sueelssaug, gcvcfj erlnturls `a
nfckng cftlgglet nfm blg`w dnstcgy vnentl tdl nrln `a
nb`ut n dufmrlm kltlrs squnrl. ]dlrlnatlr, f`td-
f`td -
cfj prlvlfts n mcrletlm `r e`ftr`gglm erlnturl ar`k
rlturfcfj (but sued tdcfjs kny bl vcscbgl, nfm stnfm
`ut mul t` tdlcr netcvl lxpugsc`f), but sued erlnturls
w`f–t m` ct `a tdlcr `wf v`gctc`f ufglss lfrnjlm `r
f` `tdlr `ptc`f t` trnvlrsl ct lxcsts. ]dl llets gnst
a`r `fl selfl `r `fl fcjdt, wdcedlvlr e`kls rst.
Glvlg 5
E@KK\FNG QCJ@R
Bnslm `f snfjucfnry pr`plrtcls sckcgnr t` tdl
Qnugmlrcl, tdcs Rctung ngg`ws n _neh _rclst t` sdnrl
tdlcr Bg``m _`tlfey wctd tdlcr pneh, wdcgl strlfjtd-
lfcfj tdlcr `wf nbcgcty t` hllp td`sl pnehkntls cf
gcfl.
Cfjrlmclfts9 @fl fjlrfncg `a tdl _neh _rclst
_r`elss9 ]dl _rclst tlnrs n fncg ar`k tdlcr fjlr
nfm brlnhs ct cft` pclels, `fl a`r lned klkblr `a
tdl _neh. ]dly pgnel tdlcr `wf p`rtc`f `a tdl t`rf
klk-
fncg cf tdl Qnugmlrcl edngcel, wdcgl tdl `tdlr klk-
blrs pgnel tdlcrs ufmlr tdlcr t`fjul. Ca tdl Rctung

cs sueelssaug, tdl pclels `a fncg mcss`gvl cft` tdl
Qnugmlrcl bg``m e`fsuklm.
Uystlk9 Cf
Uystlk9  Cf nmmctc`f t` tdl llets `a tdl Qnugmlrcl,
tdl klkblrs `a tdl _neh dnvl tdlcr Bg``m _`tlfey
rncslm t` tdl snkl glvlg ns tdl `ecntcfj _rclst.
 Nmmctc`fnggy, tdl _rclst jncfs tdrll
td rll mcel `f nfy
M`kcfntl `r _rlslfel tlsts njncfst `tdlr klkblrs
`a tdl _neh. ]dl llets gnst a`r `fl fcjdt.
JNGQ
JNGQNFCE
NFCE R\CFN]C@F
]dcs Rctung vc`glftgy mcsrupts lgletrceng eurrlfts
cf tdl nrln, sd`rtcfj `ut `r auscfj ngg wcrcfj
wcr cfj cf
tdl vcecfcty. \slm t` hcgg ngnrks, survlcggnfel, nfm
nrtcecng gcjdtcfj, tdl lglklft `a stlngtd cs `atlf
sd`rt-gcvlm, ns e`ggntlrng mnknjl cf tdl a`rk `a rls
usunggy a`gg`ws. Knfy Unbbnt pnehs e`fscmlr tdcs
glss n nw tdnf n alnturl, td`ujd.
Cfjrlmclft9 N
Cfjrlmclft9  N e`pplr e`cf
_r`elss9 ]dl enstlr sklnrs tdlcr Bg``m `f tdl e`cf,
mr`ps ct t` tdl jr`ufm nfm jrcfms tdlcr a``t `f ct, ns
ca tdly wlrl lxtcfjucsdcfj n ecjnrlttl. Ca tdl Rctung
cs sueelssaug, tdl e`cf sdnttlrs gchl p`relgncf ns n
Bg``m-b`rfl eurrlft rnvnjls tdl lgletrceng systlks
`a tdl surr`ufmcfj nrln.
Uystlk9 ]dl Rctung cfstnftgy wrlehs wcrcfj cf tdl
vcecfcty t` tdl lxtlft tdnt ngg lgletrceng lqucpklft
elnsls t` aufetc`f. ]dcs cfegumls cs`gntlm ecreucts
sued ns enrs `f bnttlrcls nfm nfy bnehup jlflrn-
t`rs ruffcfj `r stnrtcfj up wctdcf n kcfutl `a tdl
enstcfj. ]dl nrln nletlm cs lqucvnglft t` n gnrjl
wnrld`usl `r n tdrll-st`ry bucgmcfj, td`ujd ct enf
bl lxtlfmlm nt enstcfj by nmmcfj n glvlg `a Mceugty
a`r lned nmmctc`fng bucgmcfj `r bucgmcfj-lqucvnglft.
@f n erctceng wcf tdl `utnjl cs rlgntcvlgy mcserllt,
but wcgg `tdlrwcsl enusl nt glnst `fl rl, t`jltdlr
wctd rnfm`k bursts `a stntce lgletrcecty rncscfj dlgg
wctd splnhlrs, enr ngnrks, nfm `tdlr g`um lgletrceng
`bilets.
Glvlg <
UCK\GNER\K JN]L
 N tckl-e`fsukcfj
tckl-e`fsukcf j nfm lgnb`rntl Rctung, tdcs
tdc s
e`g`ssng ufmlrtnhcfj ngg`ws tdl e`fstruetc`f `a n
mcstnfel-mlaycfj p`rtng ngg`wcfj kugtcpgl vnkpcrls
<>
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
t` er`ss vnst mcstnfels cf klrl k`klfts. Zdcgl `fgy
`fl cfstnfel cs hf`wf s` anr, Bg``m-s`relrlrs `a tdl
Unbbnt susplet tdnt ct cs `fgy n knttlr `a tckl bla`rl
tdly kny e`fstruet k`rl ns klnfs t` plra`rk
mlvnstntcfj dct-nfm-ruf nttnehs cf tdl dlnrt `a rcvng
slets– m`kncfs.
Cfjrlmclfts9 Nfytdcfj
Cfjrlmclfts9  Nfytdcfj rlqucrlm t` bucgm n e`py `a
tdl tnrjlt mlstcfntc`f, cfegumcfj but f`t gckctlm t`
snfm, k`rtnr, e`ferltl, kltng, nfm mcrt. @fl vnk-
pcrl snercel nfm n fukblr `a k`rtng `fls lqung t`
tdl fukblr `a trnvlgglrs.
_r`elss9 Cf
_r`elss9  Cf `rmlr t` aufetc`f, tdl jntl fllms t`
bl nf lxnet e`py `a tdl tnrjlt g`entc`f, wdltdlr
n bucgmcfj, elggnr, nttce, `r s`kl `tdlr g`entc`f
lqucpplm wctd n pdysceng strueturl tdnt enf bl
mlscjfntlm ns n p`rtng. ]dcs rlqucrls spcls t` splfm
wllhs m`euklftcfj tdl tnrjlt g`entc`f, skujjgcfj
lxnkpgls `a kntlrcngs nfm tnhcfj e`uftglss pceturls
`r knhcfj shltedls `a tdl pgnel. Klnfwdcgl, tdl
rlpgcen cs bucgt
buc gt (tdl k`rl rlk`tl, tdl k`rl sleurl),
nfm tdl nrln e`fslerntlm wctd bg``m ― vnst nk`ufts
`a ct. _rlpnrcfj tdl p`rtng rlqucrls nt glnst `fl k`r-
tng snercel plr cftlfmlm trnvlglr, tdlcr rlkncfs t`
bl senttlrlm nb`ut tdl sckugneruk lmcel. ]dl fng
netcvntc`f enggs a`r n vnkpcrl snercel. Ca n suctnbgl
vcetck csf–t `f dnfm, tdl g`t pr`bnbgy anggs t` tdl
vnkpcrl prlslft wd`–s tdl glnst nbgl t` rlscst blcfj
a`relm cft` tdl r`gl, td`ujd rctungcsts dnvl pr`p`slm
Lkbrnecfj n k`rtng snercel a`r tdcs purp`sl.
Uystlk9 Ca tdl Rctung ]lst cs sueelssaug, tdl jntl
ngg`ws tdl mlscrlm fukblr `a vnkpcrls pnssnjl
`utwnrm, nfm nf lqung fukblr ― f`t flelssnrcgy tdl
snkl cfmcvcmungs ― t` rlturf. \ftcg tdnt fukblr dns
bllf kntedlm, tdl jntl rlkncfs `plf cfmlfctlgy,
td`ujd f`tdcfj rlvlngs tdl tnrjlt g`entc`f ns sued.
K`rtngs enff`t usl tdl jntl8 t` tdlk ct npplnrs ns
f`tdcfj k`rl tdnf n rlpugscvl k`fuklft.
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

tlrr`r nfm t`rturl tdnt lfms wctd tdlcr mlntd. But

Elrlk`fcls
Glvlg 2
BGCFMCFJ ]DL NGG@S LSL
_rlrlqucsctl9 Udnm`w Enst
Utrchcfj n pnet wctd n mlntd-spcrct, tdl enstlr buys
tdlkslgvls n sd`rt tckl `a ckkufcty t` survlcg-
gnfel, ns tdl `tdlrw`rgmgy lftcty sernkbgls enklrns
n r`ufm tdl vnkpcrl.
Cfjrlmclft9 N
Cfjrlmclft9  N skngg pclel `a ngukcfuk klsd
_r`elss9 ]dl uslr splfms n selfl cf cs`gntc`f, e`f- e`f -
tnetcfj tdl spletrl nfm b`fmcfj ct t` tdl ngukcfuk
klsd. ]dl klsd cs tdlf pgnelm cf n gcjdt-pr``a
e`ftncflr, t` bl tnhlf `ut wdlf tdl llet cs t` bl
netcvntlm. @fel rlk`vlm nfm nttnedlm t` n vcscbgl
tdcs cs f` klrey. ]dl br`hlf rlkncfs `a tdlcr s`ugs,
senrelgy k`rl tdnf alnr-urjls nfm subgckl rlvug-
sc`f, nrl b`ufm t` tdl pgnel, tdlcr b`fls burclm cf
tdl jr`ufm, nfm knml t` sdnrl tdlcr t`rklft wctd
nfy`fl wd` lftlrs ufcfvctlm.
Uystlk9 K`rtngs
Uystlk9  K`rtngs lftlrcfj tdl vcecfcty (nfytdcfj up
t` n tw`-st`ry bucgmcfj) nrl blslt by nf crrntc`fng
tlrr`r, rlqucrcfj n E`kp`surl + Rls`gvl tlst lned
turf t` rlkncf. Ca tdly ancg tdly wcgg cfmugjl nfy
lxeusl t` glnvl, `r ruf sdrclhcfj `f n t`tng ancgurl.
Qnkpcrls nrl glss nletlm, but lned selfl splft cf
tdl g`entc`f rlqucrls n tlst a`r alnr arlfzy.
Glvlg =
BLA@\G QLUULG

pclel `a lsd `r jnrklft `a tdl enstlr, tdl llet cs
cfctcntlm.
Uystlk9 M`
Uystlk9  M` f`t knhl n Rctung r`gg uftcg tdl llet
cs netcvntlm. Ca p`sscbgl, tdl rlsugt `a tdl tlst sd`ugm
enk -
bl hlpt slerlt ar`k tdl pgnylr. Ca sueelssaug, enk-
lrns nr`ufm tdl enstlr wcgg lfm up sernkbgcfj tdlcr
cknjl, td`ujd tdly wcgg pceh up lvlrytdcfj lgsl
f`rknggy. ]dl llet gnsts a`r n augg selfl, `r uftcg
tdl klsd cs rlk`vlm.
Glvlg 5
DNRR@ZDN\F]
U`kl pgnels sllk dnuftlm, rncscfj tdl dnehgls `a
k`rtng nfm vnkpcrl ngchl. N pgnel Dnrr`wdnuftlm
cs cf n mclrlft glnjul. _gnels subiletlm t` tdcs
Elrlk`fy e`fvly
e`fvly n slfsl `a sued kcnskce
k cnskce mrlnm
m rlnm
tdnt k`st brlntdcfj erlnturls fm ct dnrm t`, wlgg,
brlntdl, glt ng`fl stny. Unbbnt vnkpcrls `atlf usl
tdcs t` mcse`urnjl ufwnftlm vcsct`rs ar`k gcfjlr-
cfj cf tdl pr`xckcty `a tdlcr e`kkufng dnvlfs.
Zdcgl ct w`f–t senrl nwny lfer`nedcfj vnkpcrls,
k`st k`rtngs wcgg ufe`fsec`usgy tnhl tdl g`fj r`nm
nr`ufm ct, `r knhl up lxeusls a`r wdy tdly–gg edleh
up `f tdl ruk`rs surr`ufmcfj tdl pgnel ‗t`k`r-
r`w... pr`bnbgy.
pr`bn bgy.‛‛
_rlrlqucsctl9  Nurn `a Mleny 
_rlrlqucsctl9 Nurn
Cfjrlmclft9 K`rtngs subiletlm t` nbilet tlrr`r nfm
sulrcfj. ]dl k`rl tdl klrrclr.
Zdcgl knfy `a tdl lftr`pce llets `a @bgcvc`f
nrl rlstrcetlm t` k`rtngs, tdcs Elrlk`fy ngg`ws
tdl wclgmlr t` cfalet tdl bg``m `a n vlsslg, knhcfj
nf `tdlrwcsl dlngtdy-npplnrcfj k`rtng cft` purl
p`cs`f t` tdl edcgmrlf `a Encfl.
_rlrlqucsctl9 Fler`tce ]`ued
Cfjrlmclft9 ]dl
Cfjrlmclft9  ]dl vnkpcrl–s sngcvn
_r`elss9 ]dl vnkpcrl fllms `fgy cftr`muel n mr`p
`a tdlcr spcttgl t` tdl shcf `a tdlcr vcetck, lctdlr
by allmcfj `f tdlk `r by sklnrcfj ct up`f tdlk
tdr`ujd pdysceng e`ftnet.
Uystlk9 N
Uystlk9  N vcetck bla`uglm cf tdcs wny sd`ws f`
sykpt`ks, nfm cs ufnwnrl `a tdl dnrk m`fl t`
tdlk `r tdl mnfjlr tdly p`sl t` tdl ufmlnm. Nfy-
`fl allmcfj `f tdlk wcgg gchlwcsl bl ufnwnrl `a
tdl llets npnrt ar`k n rnfecm strnfjlflss t` tdlcr
Bg``m. (Jlflr`us Ut`rytlgglrs enf ngg`w n Zcts +
Uurvcvng tlst nt Mceugty 5 t` f`tcel tdnt s`kltdcfj
cs nkcss, ngg`wcfj tdl pgnylr t` nb`rt tdlcr allmcfj.)
@fel tdl allmcfj cs m`fl, tdl llet `eeurs9 ]dl
allmcfj vnkpcrl jncfs Dufjlr cfstlnm `a sntcfj ct,
`f n >-a`r->
>-a`r-> bnscs. (N vnkpcrl wd` w`ugm–vl
w`ugm –vl sntlm
tdrll Dufjlr w`ugm jncf tdrll Dufjlr.) ]dcs wcgg
gchlgy rcsh dufjlr arlfzy (sll Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Kns-
Kns-
qulrnml p.
qulrnml  p. 22?).
F` knttlr ca tdly nrl alm `f `r f`t, tdl cfaletlm
k`rtng mcls cf tdlcr sgllp tdl a`gg`wcfj fcjdt, tdl
`fgy egul t` tdlcr antl n pnted `a ― kcgmlw0 ― nfm

_r`elss9
_r`elss9 Ct
 Ct stnrts
k`rtngs nrl e`fflmwctdt`n tdl
‗pnrty.‛
pgnelNnfm
fukblr `a wctd
cfcetlm nercm fcjdt-swlnt.

<2
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

k`rtng bg``m, j`gm sdnvcfjs, klreury, ns wlgg ns

]dcf-Bg`
]dc f-Bg``m
`m N
Nge
gedlk
dlky 
y  nss`rtlm dng`jlfs (usunggy edg`rcfl `r br`kcml).
]dl a`rkugn ngs` fllms t` bl subiletlm t` sufgcjdt
Glvlg > a`r slvlrng d`urs bla`rl usl, nfm ngedlkcsts lkpg`y-
_@R]NBGL UDNML cfj ntdnf`r e`rp`rcs usunggy ‗iucel up‛ `f _`rtnbgl
_`rtnbgl Udnml, `r lvlf k`rl crrlvlrlftgy
cr rlvlrlftgy,, ‗suftnf Udnml (sll nb`vl) a`r tdcs.
g`tc`f,‛ cs n a`rkugn mlvlg`plm by Encfctls `f tdl  Netcvntc`f
 Netcvntc` f E`st9 @fl R`usl Edleh 
_ntd `a tdl Uuf t` nujklft n tdcf-bg``m–s ngrlnmy Mcel _``gs9 F`fl
substnftcng rlscstnfel t` sufgcjdt t` flnr k`rtng Uystlk9 @f netcvntc`f, tdl ngedlkcst ble`kls nf
glvlgs. Zdcgl
Zdc gl ct m`lsf–t rlfmlr tdl subilet e`kpgltlgy ufgcvcfj bnttlry `a sufgcjdt wctd n scfjgl ednrjl
ckkufl, ct lxtlfms tdl tckl tdly enf lfmurl mny - slltdcfj cf tdlcr vlcfs. ]dly enf ufglnsd tdcs ednrjl
gcjdt wdcgl knshcfj ckklmcntl burfs sustncflm by nt wcgg, cfcetcfj njjrnvntlm mnknjl up`f tdlk-
tdl suf. slgvls nfm nf`tdlr vnkpcrl wd`k tdly–vl
t dly–vl sueelss-
 Netcvntc`f
 Netcvntc` f E`st9 @fl R`usl Edleh  auggy nedclvlm shcf e`ftnet wctd, ns tdlcr `wf shcf
Cfjrlmclfts9 Bg``m `a tdl Ngedlkcst, snfjucfce sk`gmlrs nfm bgnehlfs. ]dl uslr tnhls tw` glvlgs
k`rtng bg``m, arlsd pgnft glnvls. U`kl ngedlkcsts `a njjrnvntlm mnknjl, wdcgl tdl vcetck sulrs nf
ngs` usl vnrc`us `-tdl-sdlga sufbg`eh `cftklfts nk`uft lqung t` tdlcr Bnfl Ulvlrcty, ns ca lxp`slm t`
cf tdl kcx, td`ujd ct cs ufhf`wf wdltdlr tdly mnygcjdt a`r n augg turf. Ca tdl vcetck dns tdl klnfs
e`ftrcbutl scjfcenftgy t` tdl a`rkugn. t` rlmuel tdl mnknjl (sued ns tdr`ujd A`rtctuml)
Mcel _``gs9 Utnkcfn + Ngedlky  tdly enf m` s`. Ca tdl a`rkugn csf–t netcvntlm bla`rl
Uystlk9 Knhl
Uystlk9  Knhl n Utnkcfn + Ngedlky tlst wdlf tdlf, tdl p`wlr nut`kntcenggy netcvntls nt tdl rst
cfjlstcfj tdl a`rkugn. ]dl uslr cs nbgl t` lfmurl sufslt natlr cfjlstc`f, enuscfj tw` glvlgs `a njjrn-
sufgcjdt wctd`ut tnhcfj mnknjl a`r n fukblr `a vntlm mnknjl t` tdl uslr.
d`urs lqung t` tdl fukblr `a sueelssls `f tdl tlst.  \ftcg ufglnsdlm `r flxt sufslt, wdced-
Murntc`f9 \ftcg
Murntc`f9 wdced-
 Nt sufslt, knhl nf`tdlr tlst wctd tdl snkl p``g, lvlr e`kls rst.
tdcs tckl wctd n Mceugty lqung t` tdl fukblr `a
d`urs splft cf mnygcjdt. N ancgurl enusls tdl uslr t`
sustncf n glvlg `a njjrnvntlm mnknjl, wdcgl n t`tng
ancgurl dns tdlk sustncf tw`, ns tdl neeukugntlm
sufgcjdt b`cgs tdl Bg``m cf tdlcr vlcfs.
Murntc`f9 N
Murntc`f9  N fukblr `a d`urs lqung t` n Utnkcfn +
 Ngedlky tlst, `r tdl flxt sufslt, wdcedlvlr e`kls
rst.

Glvlg 5
@F-MLKNFM U\FB\RF

 N mrlnm t``g `a tdl _ntd `a tdl Uuf, @f-Mlknfm

Uufburf trnps sufgcjdt cf tdl vlry b`my `a cts uslr,
lfnbgcfj tdlk t` ufglnsd ct ns n mlstruetcvl a`rel
tdr`ujd tdlcr `wf shcf, slnrcfj tdlkslgvls nfm
tdlcr prly cf n sczzgcfj lkbrnel. Zdcgl tdl mnknjl
m`fl by n scfjgl uslr cs f`t lf`ujd t` cfecflrntl n
vnkpcrl, n jr`up `a slga-ckk`gntcfj Dlgc`pdcgls enf
splgg m``k a`r lmjgcfjs nfm lgmlrs ngchl.

Cfjrlmclfts9 Bg``m `a tdl Ngedlkcst, ed`glrce

<5
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

<=
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

Rctnl9 Hlys t` tdl ]dl R`gl

R`gl `a Rctung
Rctun g
]dl Nuet`rctns Rctnl nrl ufcvlrsnggy rle`jfczlm
M`kcfc`f `a Encfl wctdcf tdl Unbbnt ns tdl rctungs tdnt ufctl tdlk ns
n Ulet. B`fms bltwllf cfmcvcmung pnehs nrl `atlf
]dl Unbbnt cs k`rl tdnf n anfntceng eugt `a vnk- a`rklm murcfj tdlsl rctls. ]dl Qnugmlrcl cs plrdnps
pcrls, but rctung dns ble`kl tdl e`rl `a tdlcr tdl k`st cfank`us `a tdlsl rctnl, but `tdlr slets–
cmlftcty ns nf `rjnfczntc`f. Rctung nfm `bslrvnfel alnr `a tdl Erlntc`f Rctls knhls n stntlklft t` tdl
mlfl tdl vnkpcrls `a tdl Unbbnt nfm bcfm tdlk t` sdnm`w `a tlrr`r tdly enst ― wdced cs pnrt `a tdl
lned `tdlr, t` tdlcr pnehs, nfm t` tdl lkpty tdr`fl p`cft.
`a Encfl. ]dl tcls `a Bg``m nfm egnf nrl f`t lnscgy  N Encfctl _rclst wcgg
wc gg `atlf k`mcay
k`mca y tdl mltncgs `a
rlpgnelm, nfm `fgy _neh _rclsts trugy ufmlrstnfm tdlsl rctnl t` suct tdlcr pneh–s splece spcrctung nfm
d`w tdl p`wlr `a tdl rctung a`rjlm tdl Uw`rm `a cml`g`jceng blgclas nfm lned _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft
Encfl cft` tdl cfstruklft `a mlstruetc`f nfm tlrr`r k`rl arlqulftgy `bslrvls rctls tdnt lxlkpgcay tdl
ct cs cf tdlsl fng fcjdts. e`rl tlflts `a cts m`etrcfls. Unbbnt `f tdl _ntd `a
 Nk`fj tdl Unbbnt, rctung enf
en f tnhl knfy a`rks. Encfl `r Entdnrc, a`r cfstnfel, wcgg `atlf splnh cf
Rctung enf bl n a`rkngczlm but pnr`edcng `bslrvnfel t`fjuls murcfj tdlcr Rctnl, g`st cf tdl rnpturl `a
`a n _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft. Rctung enf bl n splece cftckntl e`kkufc`f wctd Encfl. @r s` tdly sny, nt
vlrbng jrlltcfj nk`fj pnehkntls `r n slerlt jlsturl glnst.
tdnt cmlftcls lvlry klkblr `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm cf ]dl Cjf`bgcs Rctnl nrl k`rl cfa`rkng prnetcels
Hclv t` `fl nf`tdlr `r n sykb`gce stljnf`jrnpdy `atlf mlvlg`plm nk`fj cfmcvcmung pnehs ns tlsts
tdnt cmlftcls sleurl tlkp`rnry dnvlfs nfm slrvcgl `a e`urnjl, g`yngty, anctd, nfm mlmcentc`f t` `fl
jd`ugs. Rctung kny bl a`rkng, sued ns tdl Nuet`rc- nf`tdlr. Zdcgl y`ufj `r k`mlrf pnehs kny dnvl
tns Rctnl, `r vlrfneugnr, sued ns tdl Cjf`bgcs Rctnl. `fgy `fl `r tw` sued mcstcfet rctnl, pnehs tdnt
]dcs ednptlr cfegumls systlks a`r knfy `a tdl egnck lxtlfmlm plmcjrlls kny `bslrvl n pr`mcjc`us
Unbbnt–s rctung `bslrvnfels.
`bslr vnfels. ]`
]` knhl tdl Unbbnt fukblr `a rctungs tdnt e`kklk`rntl lvlrytdcfj
ufcqulgy tdlcr `wf, Ut`rytlgglrs nrl lfe`urnjlm t` ar`k `bseurl vnkpcrce ‗sncfts‛ t` rlklkbrnfels `a
usl tdlsl ns sprcfjb`nrms a`r tdl ufcqul trlntklft mlelnslm pnehkntls.
`a rctung cf tdlcr edr`fcegls. Zctd`ut rctung, tdl @fl f`tlw`rtdy
f`tlw`rtdy mcstcfetc`f cs tdl knttlr `a Cj-
Unbbnt cs f`tdcfj k`rl tdnf n pneh `a purp`slglss, f`bgcs Rctnl tdnt mlvlg`p nr`ufm d`w pnehs sntcsay
ernzlm kurmlrlrs. tdlcr fllm a`r bg``m. ]dlsl duftcfj rctnl e`kl cf
knfy a`rks but gchl k`st tdcfjs nrl sdnplm by tdl
_ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft tdnt jucml tdl pneh nfm cts
u g a c g g l  m r l s `
 m l s c cr
 m  m  a  
 ` a _rclst nfm cf jnkl tlrks enf stnfm cf a`r cfmcvcmung
 cf  us nr l  t
 Z c t d cf  t d l  u f a  au
prlmnt`r stygls (sll p. 1<). Lvlry
Lvlry pneh fms n wny t`
r l s. Z l  nr l  t
s c cr  t d l   cr  
 cr
 `u
 ` ur s cr l s n f m  m  j rn f m  ms duft t`jltdlr tdnt blst sucts tdlcr fllms nfm blgclas
 l 
 dnn p 
 y  s d
 y  m  us a
 m  a `
 `r r t t d l  r 
 c cr
 t ` ` g s n f m
 gs  t d l 
 m  t ― nfm snvvy e`tlrcls kcjdt bl nbgl t` mcselrf sued
s l  t t `  `  s d dnn p   `urs l 
 l  `u  g v   l s  cmlftclrs nk`fj tdlcr vcetcks.
 p ur p   `s
 `  e d ` `
s l . Z l  e  `s
 t au
 dnn t 
 t d  au g a c g g gs  `ur `
s `u  f  
 ` w f
 cf t `  `kk l 
 `  s `  t d c f
 fj j  t
 tr
 t r n f
 fs s a `
 `r  t c ` f
rkn t  f  w  `  
 m `
 w l  m
 f
 l   ms
 m s.  
 f 
C f  p 
p ur s u t 
 t
 c  `
   a 
 a
`
 t d l  a  a g l s d  a `
 d,, a  `r  w d l 
r w  f  w
 f  w l  
 f ` t t  s t ` p  n t   t t
 w l  ar
 m,, w  ar l   `ur s `
 l  `u  `u u g
 gss.
k c f
 fj j   `ur b
 g l  `u  b g ` ` m

<<

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
 Nuet`rctnss Rctnl
 Nuet`rctn Rct nl
 Ngg Encfctls
Enc fctls wctdcf tdl
t dl Unbbnt rle`jfczl tdlsl
jrnfm rctls ― tdly rlprlslft n entledcsk tdnt ufctls
ngg Encfctls ufmlr tdl Mnrh Antdlr–s m`kcfc`f.
]dcs e`kk`f b`my `a rctung cs rlknrhnbgl a`r tdl
Unbbnt, wdced cs `tdlrwcsl n k`rnss `a e`fcetcfj
blgclas nfm kltd`m`g`jcls nfm tdl k`fstlrs wd`
upd`gm tdlk. Cf tdcs wny, tdl rctnl nrl n p`tlft t``g
a`r tdl Unbbnt, cf tdnt tdly dlgp a`rjl sued mcspnrntl
vnkpcrls cft` n scfjugnrgy kcfmlm Uw`rm `a Encfl.
]dl plra`rknfel `a tdlsl Nuet`rctns Rctnl
brcfjs t`jltdlr Unbbnt ufmlr wdnt cs lletcvlgy n
spcrctung englfmnr. F`knmce pnehs nfm wnrbnfms
kny e`fjrljntl t` plra`rk rctnl t`jltdlr nfm tdlf
mcsplrsl `fel tdlcr `bgcjntc`fs dnvl bllf e`kpglt-
lm, `r tdl lftcrlty `a n m`kncf cf lftlftl kny e`kl
t`jltdlr t` `bslrvl ct. ]dl lxnet fnturl `a tdcs spcr-
ctung pr`elssc`f vnrcls nk`fj tdl Unbbnt `a n jcvlf
g`engl, nfm nfy fukblr `a ruk`rs nttrcbutl nf `rmlr
t` tdl `bslrvnfels. U`kl sny tdly–rl plra`rklm
nee`rmcfj t` tdl tckcfj `a gufnr eyegls tdnt dnvl
n subtgl purednsl `f tdl tcmng duk`rs `a Encfctl
Bg``m, wdcgl `tdlrs knrh ‗d`gy fcjdts‛ bnslm `f
lvlfts tdnt dnvl tdlkslgvls bllf g`st cf tdl wnhl `a
tdl Jldlffn Znr.
Znr.
]l Qnugmlrcl
]dl Qnugmlrcl cs tdl k`st cfank`us
c fank`us `a tdl Unbbnt's
Unbbnt's
rctungs nfm tdl slerlt tdnt ngg`wlm tdl slet t` lklrjl
ar`k tdl `rcjcfng Nfnred Rlv`gt ns sued n p`wlr-
aug nfm e`dlscvl a`rel. ]dl Qnugmlrcl cs pnrt Bg``m
U`relry, pnrt nrtcel, nfm nrjunbgy tdl dlnrt `a tdl
Unbbnt.
]` plra`rk tdl Qnugmlrcl, pnehs rctunggy spcgg
tdlcr Bg``m cft` n e`kk`f vlsslg nfm tdlf ckbcbl
tdl kcxlm rlsugt ufmlr tdl jucmnfel `a tdlcr _rclst.
Zctdcf tdl Qnugmlrcl ‗edngcel,‛ tdl pneh's vctnl cs
ckbulm wctd n p`wlr tdnt ngg`ws tdlk t` sckug-
tnfl`usgy slvlr tdlcr pnst Bg``m B`fms nfm a`rk
flw `fls nk`fj lned `tdlr. Dlrl, tdl `bslrvnfel
vnrcls wcgmgy, wctd s`kl pnehs anv`rcfj `stlftn-
tc`us edngcels nfm Gntcf ednfts wdcgl `tdlrs prlalr n
blnr–s shugg `r n ‗guehy wdcshly b`ttgl‛ ns tdl vlsslg
<1
nfm n alw gcfls `a m`jjlrlg `r n strllt prnylr ns cts
cfv`entc`f.
 Ngtd`ujd cfctcnggy
cfctcn ggy wlnhlr tdnf scfjugnr
scfj ugnr Bg``m
B`fms, tdlsl b`fms nk`fj tdl pneh, hf`wf ns vcf-
eugn, enf jr`w `vlr tckl nfm enf knhl cfmcvcmung
Unbbnt rlscgclft t` bltrnycfj tdlcr pnehkntls, ns
tdlcr plrs`fng g`yngty t` tdlcr pneh cs jcrmlm by tdl
suplrfnturng p`wlr `a tdl Bg``m.
Bltwllf tdl Qnugmlrcl nfm tdlcr plrs`fng _ntds
wlgg-ml -
`a tdl Lfgcjdtlfklft, tdl Unbbnt dnvl n wlgg-ml-
slrvlm rlputntc`f a`r anfntcecsk. ]dlcr wcggcfjflss
t` neelpt fng mlntd cf slrvcel t` tdlcr enusl cs wdy
tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl cs `atlf engglm n mlntd eugt. Cf
k`st ensls, `fgy td`sl vnkpcrls Lkbrnelm cft` tdl
Unbbnt `r wd` dnvl pr`vlf tdlcr g`yngty bly`fm
m`ubt nrl ngg`wlm t` e`ftrcbutl tdlcr vctnl murcfj
tdl Qnugmlrcl. Ud`vlgdlnms `atlf kust ckbcbl ar`k
tdl rctung edngcel lvlf ca tdly kny f`t ylt e`ftrcbutl
t` ct.
]dl Qnugmlrcl cs f`t `fgy tdl Unbbnt–s pglmjl
`a g`yngty, ct–s ngs` cts `wf rlwnrm ns knfy Encfctls
lxplrclfel jlfucfl lestnsy cf suppcfj ar`k tdlcr
e`krnmls– e`kkcfjglm Bg``m. Rlauscfj t` pnrtnhl
`a tdl Qnugmlrcl cs usunggy e`fscmlrlm n brnzlf net
`a trlns`f njncfst Encfl nfm tdl pneh, wctd e`f- e`f-
slqulfels ns mcrl ns tdl pneh nfm _rclst ed``sl t`
cfcet.. Unbbnt enptcvls wd` dnvl j`fl a`r pr`g`fjlm
cfcet
plrc`ms wctd`ut tdl Qnugmlrcl kny lvlf lxplrclfel
erulg sykpt`ks `a wctdmrnwng.
CF U]@RCLU
]dl Qnugmlrcl cs nf lxtrlklgy p`wlraug rctus cf
tlrks `a st`rytlggcfj, cf tdnt ct lrnsls nfy qulstc`f
ns t` wd` tdl e`tlrcl kcjdt bl mlngcfj wctd. ]dl
pgnylrs– e`tlrcl kny mcse`vlr n rcvng e`tlrcl t` bl
n Unbbnt pneh ns tdly wctflss cts Encfctls sdnrcfj
Bg``m ar`k n styr`a`nk e``glr p`urlm m`wf tdl
bnrrlg `a n duftcfj rcl. _gnylrs kny ngs` bl a`relm
t` pnrtcecpntl cf n Qnugmlrcl ca tdlcr sctuntc`f cs s`
mcrl tdnt tdly–vl a`ufm tdlkslgvls Unbbnt enptcvls.
Ct–s ngs` nf `pp`rtufcty t` sllm alnr nfm m`ubt9
M`ls n scfjgl Qnugmlrcl brlnh tdl Bg``m B`fm0
@r m`ls ct tnhl tdrll e`fsleutcvl `bslrvnfels a`r
vcfeugn t` a`rk0 ]dl trutd vnrcls by tdl st`ry tdl
tr`upl cs tlggcfj, but tdcs p`wlraug nsplet `a Unbbnt
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

cmlftcty sd`ugm ngwnys glnvl tdl e`tlrcl qulstc`f-
cfj d`w tdly–vl bllf nletlm by ct, lvlf ca tdly
dnvlf–tt pnrtnhlf
dnvlf– pnrt nhlf mcrletgy.
mc rletgy. Nfm `fel tdly–vl sllf
`fl Qnugmlrcl
Qnugmlrcl dnpplf, tdly kny wlgg qulstc`f ca nfy
`tdlr Hcfmrlm cf tdlcr m`kncf kcjdt dnvl pnrtcec-
pntlm.
Erlntc`f Rctls
]dl net `a erlntcfj n flw vnkpcrl dns splecng scjfca-
cenfel t` tdl Unbbnt, ns cts suprlknecst blgclas dnvl
arlfzy `r `tdlrwcsl sueeukb t` tdl d`rr`r ― tdnt–s
tdl p`cft natlr ngg. Cfmugjcfj cf `tdlr cfmcjfctcls,
td`ujd, kcjdt lnrf `fl n pnrtceugnrgy `mc`us fceh -
fnkl, wdced ngs` dlgps brlnh m`wf cfmcvcmungcty
nfm bucgm mlplfmlfey `f tdl pneh nfm slet. _cty
tdl p``r sd`vlgdlnm fcehfnklm
fceh fnklm Uklnr B`my. Zlgg,
m`f–tt pcty tdlk t`` kued, scfel tdly–rl pr`bnbgy
m`f–
arlfzycfj.
CF U]@RCLU

lglvntlm tdl Lkbrnel t` n dcjd

d cjd d`f`r. ]dl Erlntc`f Erlntc`f Rctls dnvl n trlklfm`us vngul t` Unbbnt
U nbbnt
Rctls nrl n dlggcsd slrcls `a t`rklfts mlscjflm t` nfm _ntd cmlftcty, nfm tdly knhl n eglnr stntlklft
sckugtnfl`usgy strcp n lmjgcfj `a tdlcr duknfcty, nb`ut tdl edr`fcegl wdlf tdly knhl nf npplnrnfel.
e`fmctc`f tdlk t` rlgy `f tdlcr Blnst a`r survcvng Erlntc`f Rctls a`rel nf ckklmcntl engg t` netc`f ca
nfm, k`st ckp`rtnftgy, prlpnrl tdlk t` tnhl tdlcr tdl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl mcse`vlrs tdl rctl cf netc`f, urj-
rst stlps `f t` `fl `a tdl Unb-
bnt's _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft.
Lfgcj dtlfklft. UNBBN] FNKLU
]dl k`st e`kk`f nsplet Ar`k tdl k`klft `a tdl Lkbrnel tdr`ujd tdl Erlntc`f Rctls, tdl fllmj-
`a tdcs rctnl cfv`gvls vc`glftgy gcfj Encfctl qucehgy glnrfs tdnt tdlcr k`rtng gcal cs m`fl. Ult tcfj nscml tdl
Lkbrnecfj n jr`up `a p`tlftcng d`rr`rs `a ble`kcfj ufmlnm, tdl rleruct g`sls tdlcr `gm fnkl ― cf tdnt
rleructs nfm tdlf burycfj tdlk tdlcr flw pnehkntls `atlf qucehgy blst`w up`f tdlk s`kl ufpglnsnft
ns tdl gnst `a tdlcr k`rtngcty fcehfnkl cftlfmlm t` buggy tdlk cft` e`kpgcnfel nfm brlnh m`wf nfy
sllps nwny.
nwny. ]d`sl wd` enf e nf egnw gcfjlrcfj slfsl `a slga. Fnkls gchl ]nttlranel, Aueh`, Uenttlrjuts, Edufhs,
tdlcr wny `ut `a tdl jrnvl nrl nfm S`u Zctd tdl Kcsscfj Lyl dnvl ngg a`ufm usl, ns kued `ut `a `vlrt
tdlf submulm nfm cfm`etrcfntlm erulgty ns tdl fllm t` rlalr t` n splec﬎e fllmjgcfj. M`f–t gchl y`ur flw
cft` tdl Unbbnt. ]dlsl s`-engglm fcehfnkl0 Zlge`kl t` n blntm`wf nfm nf lvlf w`rsl lpctdlt .
sd`vlgdlnms aurtdlr scfh cft` n _r`vcmlm tdly survcvl g`fj lf`ujd t` ble`kl ]rul Unbbnt, tdl fceh-
m`wfwnrm spcrng `a duknfcty ns fnkl cs `atlf mcsenrmlm, t` bl rlpgnelm by s`kl `tdlr npplggntc`f. ]dlsl
tdly arlfzclmgy anfj nfm egnw `f flw fnkls lklrjl ns n e`kbcfntc`f `a tdl pneh–s cmlftcty, tdl _ntd `a
tdl ar`ftgcfls `a tdl Jldlffn Lfgcjdtlfklft tdl pneh a`gg`ws, nfm s`kl nk`uft `a pneh rlputntc`f.
Znr. ]dlsl nrlf–t usunggy cknjcfntcvl (blenusl wdnt Unbbnt dns tckl a`r tdnt0)

 Ns wctd k`st rctnl, tdl
mltncgs vnry by pneh nfm g`en-
tc`f. N Erlntc`f Rctl kny bl n
k`rbcm pr`elssc`f `a s`kblr
p`kp, `r ct kcjdt bl n ‗sd`vlg-
pnrty‛ bneednfng, cf wdced
Encfctl `fg``hlrs mrcfh cft`xc-
cft`xc-
entlm bystnfmlrs mry nfm t`ss n
alw cft` tdl pct t` sll wd` mcjs
tdlkslgvls `ut.
D`w `fl e`kp`rts tdlkslga
murcfj tdlcr Erlntc`f Rctls
dns s`kl ckpnet `f n Encfctl–s
but enf bl mlsercptcvl `r lvlf fl`rcm.
N pneh–s fnkls kcjdt gctlrnggy bl fuklrngs ― ngg `a tdl `mm fukblrs
ar`k 3 tdr`ujd >:, sny ― `r tdly kcjdt bl mlscjflm t` lv`hl alnr cf td`sl
wd` dlnr tdlcr fnkls sp`hlf. ]dl slet dns f` sd`rtnjl `a Encfctls fnk-
cfj tdlkslgvls natlr tdl A`ur D`rslklf `a tdl Np`engypsl, kytd`g`jc-
eng mlk`fs, erckls `a wdced tdly nrl lsplecnggy a`fm, `r lvlf tdl pgnels
wdlrl tdly wlrl kurmlrlm nfm mrnjjlm serlnkcfj nfm mlntdglss cft` tdl
Bgneh Dnfm. ]dl p`cft cs t` brlnh nfy e`ftcfucty wctd tdl plrs`f tdly
wlrl bla`rl.
Cf s`kl ensls, tdl flw Unbbnt cs nbgl t` ed``sl tdlcr `wf fnkl, but
lvlf cf tdlsl ensls, tdly usunggy a`gg`w tdl pneh. Npplnrnfels nscml, ca tdl
pneh klkblrs ngg dnvl k`rtng scfs ns tdlcr Encfctl fnkls , blcfj tdl `mm
vnkpcrl `ut erlntls mcss`fnfel nfm slts tdlk nscml, npnrt, ns f`t `fl `a

flw ufgcal cf tdl Unbbnt. K`st tdl pneh.

<:

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
cfj tdlk t` net njncfst tdl pneh plra`rkcfj ct nfm
tdl blrslrh lmjgcfjs dnugcfj tdlkslgvls `ut `a tdl
jrnvl.
 Ns n k`rl subtgl aufetc`f, td`ujd, tdl natlr-
kntd `a n Erlntc`f Rctl cs vlry `atlf tdl rst egul
tdnt n Unbbnt pneh cs prlslft cf n rcvng slet–s m`kncf.
 N ynwfcfj ednrflg pct cs w`rrcs`kl lf`ujd wdlf
mcse`vlrlm cf tdl p`ttlr–s lgm, but wdnt nb`ut
wdlf `fl turfs up cf tdl wlgg-knfceurlm jrllf
spnel cf tdl kcmmgl `a tdl Rneh0 @r bldcfm tdl
_rcfel–s lstntl0
K`f`kney  Zctflsscfj n K`f`kney enf knhl vlry eglnr cfmcen-
]dl bg``m mulg `r sykblg cs n trnmctc`f `gmlr tdnf
tdl Nfnred Rlv`gt, but tdl Unbbnt dns a`rkngczlm
tdl prnetcel `a sued trcngs by `rmlng cft` tdl vlry
anbrce `a cts np`engyptce m`jkn. Zdlf n mcsputl bl-
twllf Unbbnt enff`t bl slttglm by tdlcr _rclst, `fl
`a tdl njjrclvlm
nj jrclvlm kny cfv`hl
c fv`hl K`f`kney,
K`f`kney, by wdced
tdl knttlr wcgg bl slttglm cf e`kbnt `r s`kl `tdlr
e`ftlst `a shcgg.
Zdnt knhls tdl rctus `a K`f`kney rlknrhnbgl
cs tdl stnhls cfv`gvlm cf cfv`hcfj ct. Uplece tlrks
kny vnry, but tdl wcfflr `a K`f`kney e`kkcts
mcnbglrcl up`f tdl t dl g`slr. Ct–s n brutng wny t` e`kl
t` tlrks, but nk`fj aufmnklftngcst Bgneh Dnfm
ct cs ngs`
ng s` sllf ns pr``a `a Encfl–s anv`r,
anv`r, n k`fstr`us
mcvcfl rcjdt.
@a tdl Nuet`rctns Rctnl, K`f`kney cs tdl `fgy
rctus tdnt nfy Unbbnt enf mlknfm. Ngtd`ujd k`st
mcsputls nrl slttglm tdr`ujd n _rclst–s nrbctrntc`f,
tctgls nfm glnmlrsdcp r`gls nrl `atlf `fgy mlecmlm by
tdl rctl `a K`f`kney. F`t lvlry mcsputl fllms t`
bl rls`gvlm vcn K`f`kney ― n edngglfjl t` tdl r`gl
`a _neh _rclst fllm f`t lfm cf mcnbglrcl ca tdl eur-
eur-
rlft _rclst stnfms m`wf t` knhl wny a`r tdl edng-
edng -
glfjlr. Zdlf tdl stnhls nrl dcjdlr, sued ns `f tdl
Jldlffn Znr ar`ft `r wdlf n m`kncf–s Unbbnt g`sl
anctd cf tdlcr Bcsd`p, n a`rkng mulg nfm rcjdtl`us
subslqulft mcnbglrcl nrl iust lfms. Glnmlrs nf`cftlm
by K`f`kney k`st `atlf fm tdlcr nutd`rcty
ufedngglfjlm natlrwnrm nfm kny fm ct lnsclr t`
ufctl rcvng pnehs nfm anetc`fs njncfst e`kk`f
lxtlrfng lflkcls. ]dus trnfsctc`fs cf glnmlrsdcp cf
tdl Unbbnt `atlf rlsugt cf bg``my rncms njncfst `tdlr
<4
m`kncfs wctd tdl kcsa`rtufl `a blcfj wctdcf strch-
cfj rnfjl.
Unbbnt vnkpcrls wd` wctflss K`f`kney nrl
by eust`k ufnbgl t` pnrtcecpntl, td`ujd jcvlf tdl
stnhls, ngg hcfms `a seukbnj edlntcfj kny wlgg dnp-
plf, sued ns nk`fj Unbbnt wctd g`w k`rngl `r cf
mlsplrntl strncts. Ct tnhls n g`t t` e`fvcfel Unbbnt t`
pr`anfl `fl `a tdlcr lstllklm rctungs, but ct dnp-
plfs, lsplecnggy ca `utscml cfulfel cs br`ujdt t`
blnr.
CF U]@RCLU
tc`fs ns t` Unbbnt glnmlrsdcp `r tdl ednfjl `a sued.
Cfmllm, tdl cfeursc`f `a tdl Unbbnt cft` tdl e`tlrcl–s
d`kl m`kncf kny bljcf wctd K`f`kney nfm tdl
e`tlrcl–s nwnrlflss `a ct dnpplfcfj `f n plftd`usl
mleh ns tdl pneh knhls n r``at`p nssnugt t` hceh ` n
st`ry `r slssc`f.
]dl elglbrntc`f `a mcnbglrcl natlr n K`f`kney
mulg (pr`bnbgy…)
(pr`bnbgy…) erlntls n stnrh
stn rh e`ftrnst t` tdl
vnguls pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs d`gm mlnr. Ct–s `fl tdcfj t`
dlnr tdnt ‗Ngg Unbbnt nrl mcnbglrcsts,‛
m cnbglrcsts,‛ but ct–s quctl
nf`tdlr t` wctflss tdl fngcty `a sued s`ug-suehcfj
nt tdl KE egubd`usl wdlf tdl ‗nggclm‛ bchlr jnfj
rlvlngs ctslga a`r wdnt ct cs. Lsplecnggy natlr tdl anet,
wdlf tdl flw jnfj glnmlr pr`umgy mcspgnys dlr
bgneh-stncflm nurn.
Cf lxtrlkl ensls, pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs kny netunggy
pnrtcecpntl cf n K`f`kney, wcggcfj `r `tdlrwcsl,
ca s`kl sctuntc`f `eeurs by wdced tdl Unbbnt dnvl
enusl t` edngglfjl tdlk. N mulg a`r tdl rcjdt t`
egnck tdlcr strlted `a r`wd`usls ns m`kncf kcjdt
bl tdl lxeusl n Unbbnt usls t` tlkpt tdl e`tlrcl cft`
mcsnstlr ― nfm y`u iust hf`w tdly–rl f`t j`cfj t`
blnr tdl g`ss d`f`rnbgy ca tdlcr pneh m`lsf–t wcf tdl
mulg.
Bg``m Alnst
A`r tdl rctus `a tdl Bg``m Alnst, tdl nsslkbglm
Unbbnt j`rjl up`f n jrlnt fukblr `a k`rtng vlsslgs
wd` dnvl bllf hcmfnpplm a`r tdl purp`sls `a sgnh-
cfj tdl Encfctls– tdcrsts. Ct cs nt `fel nf lxprlssc`f
`a lxelss nfm suprlkney, nf nkpgl mlk`fstrntc`f `a
wdnt tdl rlgntc`fsdcp bltwllf vnkpcrl nfm k`rtng

sd`ugm bl, ar`k tdl
t dl Unbbnt plrspletcvl. \fmlfcnbgy,
ct–s `fl `a tdl k`st brutng prnetcels `a tdl Bgneh
Dnfm.
Rlngczntc`f `a tdl Bg``m Alnst vnrcls, k`st
ckp`rtnftgy by d`w knfy Encfctls nrl lxpletlm t`
pnrtcecpntl, nfm tdlrla`rl d`w knfy vcetcks wcgg
bl rlqucrlm. K`rtng vlsslgs kny bl rctunggy bglm nfm
butedlrlm by n _rclst cf k`ehlry `a n a`rkng mcfflr,
`r tdl lvlft kcjdt bl n mljlflrntl arll-a`r-ngg, wctd
vcetcks b`ufm `r trnpplm, lletcvlgy ‗`f tnp‛ a`r
wd`klvlr ed``sls t` lxsnfjucfntl tdlk nt tdlcr
glcsurl.
Bg``m Alnsts `atlf prlelml k`klft`us
k`klft`us `een-
sc`fs a`r tdl slet, sued ns tdl nselfsc`f `a n vcec`us
w nrg`rm
nrg`rm `r spcrctung glnmlr, `r cf prlpnrntc`f a`r n
sucecml kcssc`f cft` n suspletlm Kltduslgnd–s mlf.
‗Glt us lnt nfm mrcfh, a`r t`k`rr`w wl mcl,‛ cs n
<3
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
plrvlrsl pnrt `a tdl rlns`fcfj bldcfm tdcs rctus,
ar`k tdl Bcbgl–s b``h `a Csncnd.
CF U]@RCLU
]dl k`st `bvc`us engg t` netc`f a`r n Bg``m Alnst cs
t` s`kld`w st`p ct, nfm ca c a tdnt–s f`t p`sscbgl, plr-
dnps lvlf t` rle`vlr s`kl fukblr `a tdl vcetcks.
 N Bg``m
Bg``m Alnst cs n trul tlst `a k`rngcty, a`r lvlf
ca tdl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl csf–t n bufed `a m`-j``mlrs,
edr`fcegl ]lflts, plrs`fng E`fvcetc`fs, nfm tdl
slga-prlslrvntc`f aufetc`fs `a tdl Knsqulrnml kny
urjl ednrnetlrs t` prlvlft cff`elfts ar`k klltcfj
jrck lfms.
U`kl vcetcks kcjdt lvlf bl pr`eurlm a`r fcjdts
bla`rl tdl Rctnl–s eugkcfntc`f, nfm td`sl eg`sl t`
tdlk kcjdt f`tcel tdnt tdly–vl j`fl kcsscfj ― `atlf
t` gcttgl nvncg. Cfmllm, tdl Mlvcgs `a tdl Aglsd mlgcjdt
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

cf tnrjltcfj tdl Dlrms nfm ]`uedst`fls `a hf`wf

lflkcls wdlf tdly sllh vcetcks t` nmm t` tdl Bg``m
Alnst–s `lrcfj.
]dl Unbbnt ngs` jrlntgy lfi`ys tlkptntc`f,
wdltdlr cf tdl a`rk `a n Entdnrc `lrcfj a`rbcm-
mlf mlgcjdts tdnt w`ugm flvlr bl ngg`wlm ufmlr
tdl tyrnffy `a tdl ]rnmctc`fs, `r cf tdl a`rk `a tdl
pr`vcmlfel `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm, sllhcfj t` kllt tdl
fllms `a cts Encfctls. ]dl Enknrcggn w`ugm dnvl
y`ufj Hcfmrlm stnrvl! ]dl Unbbnt, `f tdl `tdlr
dnfm, cfvctls ngg `a tdl Edcgmrlf `a Encfl t` pnrtnhl
`a tdl k`rtng b`ufty ― nfm sued cs tdl a`ufmntc`f
`a knfy l`rts t` turf y`ufj vnkpcrls nwny ar`k
tdl m`kncf–s m`kcfnft slet.

Alstcvng `a tdl Mlnm

]dl Alstcvng `a tdl Mlnm, s`kltckls engglm Alstcv`
mlgg` Lstcft`,
Lstc ft`, e`kklk`rntls tdl Unbbnt–s
Unbbnt–s angglf
e`krnmls nfm a`r s`kl pnehs, tdl `rcjcfng snercels
`a tdl Nfnred Rlv`gt. ]`fcjdt ct ngs` m`ubgls ns nf
`eensc`f t` rllet `f tdl mnfjlrs `a tdl rst nfm
Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f nfm tdl tlrrcbgl g`ssls tdnt b`td
dnvl cfcetlm `f tdl Edcgmrlf `a Encfl. Bly`fm
rlklkbrnfel, knfy Encfctls ngs` sll tdl Alstcv` ns
nf nuspcec`us tckl t` slttgl uffcsdlm buscflss nfm
t` cfctcntl rlvlfjl njncfst f`f-Unbbnt.
]dcs rctus `atlf e`cfecmls wctd sckcgnr g`eng `r
eugturng d`gcmnys tdlklm up`f rlklkbrnfel a`r
tdl mlnm. Ct cs jlflrnggy n s`glkf nncr, lvlf wdlf
`bslrvlm by rnue`us pnehs, nee`kpnfclm by vnrc-
`us nee`utlrklfts sued ns cfelfsl, enfmgls, jrnvl
sdr`ums, nfm nfy rlgcjc`us ce`f`jrnpdy tdl pneh
kny dnvl nppr`prcntlm `r t` wdced tdly kny lvlf
allg n jlfucfl nttnedklft... `r rlvugsc`f. _nehs kny
j` `vlr tdl t`p cf jrnfm j`tdce ansdc`f, e`fvlfcfj
cf n elkltlry (nfm dnrr`wcfj nfy k`rtng `fg``h -
lrs), `r tdly kny rlvcsct tdl pgnels wdlrl pnehkntls
dnvl angglf, sued ns n shcm r`w b`gtd`gl `r n dcjd-rcsl
plftd`usl, jlflrnggy dllmglss `a nfy`fl wd` kcjdt
tdcfh tdly dnvl n k`rl iust egnck t` tdl g`entc`f.

1?

CF U]@RCLU
]dl Alstcvng `a tdl Mlnm kny bl uslm fnrrntcvlgy t`
pgnel n gugg cf tdl cftlfscty `a netc`f njncfst tdl Unb-
bnt, ns rnkpnjcfj Encfctls cflxpgcenbgy ‗j` kcss-
cfj‛ wdcgl e`kklk`rntcfj tdlcr `wf mlpnrtlm.
Ct kny ngs` slrvl ns nf `pp`rtufcty t` rlvlrsl tdl
r`gls `a tdl pnttlrf `a e`fcet tdnt kny dnvl bllf
lstnbgcsdlm a`r tdl edr`fcegl tdus anr, jcvcfj tdl
pgnylrs– e`tlrcl n ednfel t` j` `f tdl nttneh wdcgl
tdl Unbbnt cs `f tdl mlalfscvl, `wcfj t` tdl spcrctung
`bslrvnfel.
By e`ftrnst, Ut`rytlgglrs kny wcsd t` dnvl tdl
Unbbnt j` dnrm murcfj tdl Alstcv`. B`gstlrlm by
tdl ntk`spdlrl `a rlklkbrnfel, blmlehlm wctd
plrs`fng nletntc`fs `a tdl angglf, Encfctls `bslrvl
tdl Alstcv` mlgg` Lstcft` wctd cfm`kctnbgl wcgg nfm
tdl mlscrl t` sueellm wdlrl tdlcr pnst l`rts ancglm ―
nfm rlsugtlm cf tdl fng mlntds `a pnehkntls.
Acrl Mnfel
 Ngg vnkpcrls rcjdtgy
r cjdtgy alnr rl, ns cts nkls
n kls nrl n p`-
tlft bnfl t` tdlk. ]dl Acrl Mnfel f`t `fgy a`rels
Encfctls t` anel tdlcr alnr `a ct, but ct sd`ws tdlcr
brnvlry t` tdlcr pnehkntls, cfstcggcfj rlsplet nk`fj
tdlk.
]dl Acrl Mnfel cs n sckpgl rctl. ]dl pneh cjfctls
n b`frl `r `tdlr jrlnt nkl nfm tdl nsslkbglm
Unbbnt j`nm lned `tdlr t` mnfel nfm iukp tdr`ujd
tdl nkls. Lvlf _rclsts mlk`fstrntl tdlcr klttgl bl-
a`rl tdl nkl nfm n ancglm vnugt tdr`ujd tdl nkls
enf lnscgy glnm t` n edngglfjl `a K`f`kney `r lvlf
fng mlntd.
_neh pdcg`s`pdy `atlf cfa`rks n jrlntlr sykb`g-
csk a`r tdl rctus. A`r lxnkpgl, n pneh tdnt a`gg`ws
tdl tlnedcfjs `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug kcjdt rljnrm
tdl rl ns tdl vlcg bltwllf tdcs w`rgm nfm tdl flxt,
wdcgl a`r n pneh `a d`wgcfj Ngbcjlfscnfs, tdl rl
knrhs n subgckl rlgntc`fsdcp bltwllf pglnsurl nfm
pncf.
Acrl Mnfels nrl `atlf dlgm cf e`fiufetc`f wctd
`tdlr rctnl, sued ns n Bg``m Alnst (sll nb`vl)
nb`vl) `r Zcgm
Duft (sll blg`w), lsplecnggy wdlf mlngcfj wctd rl
kcjdt bl n pnrt `a wdnt dnpplfs a`gg`wcfj td`sl
rctls. N Acrl Mnfel cs ngk`st ngwnys n r`wmy nncr,
wctd Unbbnt vnkpcrls sdrclhcfj nfm tnuftcfj lned
1>
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
`tdlr t` durg tdlkslgvls tdr`ujd tdl e`fnjrntc`f
― nfm `eensc`fnggy serlnkcfj cf pncf ns s`kl`fl
burfs t` n ecfmlr. ]dl rctl enf tnhl pgnel nfywdlrl,
ar`k n ecty z`` t` n e`fstruetc`f sctl t` nf nbnf-
m`flm rnfed cf tdl kcmmgl `a f`wdlrl.
CF U]@RCLU
Acrl mnfels nrl `vlrt lxprlssc`fs `a Unbbnt prlslfel
nfm dnvl n vnrclty `a usls, ar`k arnkcfj netc`f-`rc-
lftlm selfls t` a`rlsdnm`wcfj k`klft`us lvlfts,
wctd tdl Acrl Mnfel ctslga ns n rnggy `r elglbrntc`f.
A`recfj `utscml pnrtcecpntc`f cs ngs` lxtrlklgy
p`pugnr nk`fj tdl Unbbnt, wd` rlnmcgy pr`kcsl n
enptcvl–s arllm`k ca tdly enf knhl ct tdr`ujd tdl
nkls ― wd`k tdly tdlf trcp cft` tdl nkls, `r
sckpgy kurmlr ca tdl vcetck m`ls knfnjl t` survcvl
tdl Acrl Mnfel.
Acrl Mnfels ngs` sengl wlgg. ]dl rctus kcjdt bl n
skngg, cftlfsl ‗spchl‛ `a mnfjlr wctd `fgy n alw Unb-
bnt plra`rkcfj ct ns tdl e`tlrcl wntedls ar`k n mcs-
tnfel. @r ct kcjdt bl n augg-bg`wf rlvlg, wctd lvlry
g`eng Unbbnt nfm n alw m`zlf k`rl ar`k flcjdb`r-
cfj m`kncfs r`nrcfj nfm illrcfj nfm ‗neecmlftnggy‛
buggycfj lned `tdlr cft` tdl nkls... wdlrl plrdnps
tdl pr`ellmcfjs kcjdt dcml n gcttgl surrlptctc`us
gcncs`f wctd klkblrs `a tdl lflky slet.
Bg``m Bntd
Zdlf Unbbnt egnck tctgls `r p`sctc`fs `a p`wlr
bly`fm tdlcr pneh, sued ns Bcsd`p, tdl jrnfm rctnl
`a tdl Bg``m Bntd d`f`rs tdl nttncfklft `a rnfh.
Cf cts sckpglst lxprlssc`f, tdl Bg``m Bntd cs n rctung
nf`cftcfj `a tdl egncknft, wdltdlr wctd n skngg,
sykb`gce sklnr `a bg``m `f tdl br`w t` n augg-tdr`t-
tgl m`uscfj-cf-bg``m nhcf t` n egnssceng tnur`b`gcuk.
 Ngtd`ujd Unbbnt tctgls nfm rnfhs dnvl ble`kl
cfa`rkng njncfst tdl bnehmr`p `a tdl Jldlffn Znr
nfm cf tdl lrn `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f, wnjcfj
n wnr rlqucrls n ufclm edncf `a e`kknfm nfm
s`gmclrs tdnt hf`w tdlcr pgnel. ]dl Bg``m Bntd dns
lklrjlm ns s`klwdnt `a n prnetceng flelsscty jcvlf
tdl mlelftrngczntc`f `a tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl, nfm tdl
dcjd turf`vlr nk`fj lvlf cts dcjdlst rnfhs.
]dl spleces `a tdl rctus nrl vlry plrs`fng lx-
prlssc`fs `a tdl lglvntlm Encfctl–s `utg``h, njlfmn,

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
nfm _ntd. N flw glnmlr kny bl shyegnm ns trustlm
pnehkntls p`ur arlsdgy e`ggletlm bg``m `vlr tdlk,
`r n ‗lgm pr`k`tc`f‛ kny dnstcgy suel, cf wdced
tdl `gm glnmlr dns rlelftgy klt tdlcr lfm nfm tdl
flw glnmlr kcjdt strlnh tdlkslgvls wctd tdl spcgglm
vctnl `a tdnt prlmlelss`r, ns ecreukstnfels kny
flelssctntl.
Cf k`st ensls, k`rtng bg``m cs prlalrrlm, but
nfckng snercels wcgg suel. A`r jrnfmc`sl Bg``m
Bntds tdl Bg``m `a n Hcfmrlm gukcfnry nmms jrnvcty
t` tdl rctl ― ngg tdl k`rl s` ca sncm Bg``m cs e`g-
gletlm natlr e`kkcttcfj mcnbglrcl up`f tdnt nujust
cfmcvcmung. Nt tdl Bg``m Bntd–s e`fegusc`f, td`sl cf
nttlfmnfel mrcfh ar`k tdl p``glm vctnl nfm pglmjl
g`yngty t` Unbbnt (td`ujd nkbctc`us glnmlrs kny
s`gcect pglmjls `a g`yngty t` tdlkslgvls, wdced s`kl
Encfctls rlnet t` ns np`stnsy).
CF U]@RCLU
E`tlrcls nrl ufgchlgy t` pnrtcecpntl cf n Bg``m Bntd
`r lvlf `bslrvl `fl, but tdly nrl scjfcenft cf tdnt
tdly knhl n scjfcenft mlegnrntc`f ns t` Unbbnt
glnmlrsdcp, nfm enf tdus knhl tdl pgnylrs– ednr-
ednr-
netlrs nwnrl `a dcjd-vngul tnrjlts. Cf nf lsplecnggy
j ruls`kl
ruls`kl twcst, tdl e`tlrcl kcjdt fm ctslga tnrjltlm
a`r enpturl nfm mcnbglrcl natlr tdlcr vctnl cs t` bl
uslm ns pnrt `a tdl snernklft `a tdl Bg``m Bntd.
Bg``m Bntds wctd cfnmlquntl sleurcty kcjdt wlgg
bl `bslrvlm vcn mr`fls `r enklrns ― nfm wdltdlr
tdnt survlcggnfel a``tnjl knhls ct cft` tdl dnfms `a
tdl pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs `r alrvlft vnkpcrl-duftlrs
wcgg dnvl dujl e`fslqulfels a`r n edr`fcegl.
Znr _nrty  dns t` n Bg``m Duft, nfm tdl prczl cs ngwnys tdl
 Ns tdl Jldlffn Znr rnjls, tdcs rctus cfc f pnrtceugnr
pnrtceu gnr
dns nequcrlm n flwa`ufm pr`kcflfel wctdcf tdl
Unbbnt. ]dl Znr _nrty elglbrntls tdl pursuct nfm
mlstruetc`f `a jrlnt lflkcls `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm,
nfm tdl Jldlffn Znr ngg but lfsurls lvlry lflky
cs n jrlnt lflky `a tdl Unbbnt. N pneh `r wnrbnfm
cfv`hls tdcs Rctnl wdlf tdly nrl e`fmlft n dcjd-
vngul tnrjlt cs wctdcf strchcfj mcstnfel nfm wctd cts
cfv`entc`f tdl pneh e`kkcts t` f`tdcfj sd`rt `a
mlv`urcfj tdl subilet–s s`ug.
]dl jrnfmlst Znr _nrtcls tnhl `f n elrtncf lgl-
12
klft `a rlgcjc`us kystlrcls9 Zctdcf tdl Bg``m `a
lgmlrs nfm `tdlr kcfc`fs `a tdl knstlrs `a Jldlffn
nrl tdl slerlts `a tdlcr erlnt`rs. Ca tdlsl bg``m j`ms
dnvl n antng nw, td`sl eg`slst t` tdlk wcgg dnvl
jgckpslm ct.
CF U]@RCLU
Ct–s dnrm t` `vlrg``h n Znr _nrty,
_nrt y, ns ct–s `fl `a tdl
k`st `vlrt rctnl cf tdl Unbbnt entledcsk. Ns tdl
b`frls enst scfcstlr sdnm`ws nfm tdl d`wgs `a
tdl Encfctls rcfj tdr`ujd tdl ngglys, nfy Hcfmrlm
flnrby wcgg hf`w f`t `fgy tdnt tdl Unbbnt dns
nrrcvlm but cs netcvlgy sllhcfj ckklmcntl wnr nfm
mcnbglrcl. Ns nf cfvctntc`f t` ckklmcntl netc`f, ct–s
f`w `r flvlr ca tdl e`tlrcl mcse`vlrs n Znr _nrty cf
pr`jrlss.
]dl Unbbnt csf–t a``gcsd, d`wlvlr,
d`wlvlr, nfm pnehs
pneh s wcgg
wcg g
plra`rk rle`ffncssnfel `f tdlcr cftlfmlm tnrjlt
bla`rldnfm. Cftrlpcm e`tlrcls kny bl nbgl t` mltlr-
kcfl wd`k tdl Unbbnt cftlfms t` mrcfh mry, d`w
tdly pgnf t` nppr`ned ct, nfm lvlf wdlf. Zdnt tdly
m` wctd tdnt cfa`rkntc`f cs `a e`ursl up t` tdlk.
Zcgm Duft
]dl Zcgm Duft cs n mlknfm a`r vlfjlnfel, nfm
_rclsts cfv`hl tdcs rctl wdlf nf lflky `a tdl Bgneh
Dnfm dns tnhlf nf netc`f tdnt mlknfms sykb`gce
nfm fng rltrcbutc`f. ]ledfcenggy, nfy`fl
nfy`fl kcjdt bl
tdl subilet `a n Zcgm Duft, but _neh _rclsts tlfm t`
rlslrvl tdcs vlfjlaug antl a`r n pnrtceugnrgy dntlm a`l
`r tdl uftdcfhnbgl9 ca n klkblr `a tdlcr pneh dns
turflm trnct`r.
]dl Zcgm Duft cs tdl eg`slst tdcfj tdl Unbbnt
dlnrtsbg``m `a tdl m``klm. Nfy pneh prlslft nt tdl
rctl–s cfv`entc`f enf pnrtcecpntl cf tdl Zcgm Duft,
but w`rm `a sued tdcfjs sprlnms qucehgy nk`fj
Encfctls, nfm tdl Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs cf Encfl
`atlf lnjlrgy supp`rt Zcgm Dufts nfm tnhl up
tdl enusl tdlkslgvls. U` g`fj ns tdl subilet kllts
vlfjlnfel, tdl rctl cs sueelssaug.
]dnt vlfjlnfel cs pnrnk`uft, nfm tdl Zcgm
Duft e`fegumls wdlf tdl vcetck cs mlstr`ylm nfm
s`kl pr``a `a tdl net cs br`ujdt bneh t` tdl `ec-
nft. @a e`ursl, wdnt e`fstctutls pr``a vnrcls wcgmgy.

Rcj`r`us _rclsts kny mlknfm tdl e`rr`b`rntc`f `a
n Fler`f`kcst wd` enf e`frk tdnt tdl subilet–s
s`ug dns bllf e`fsuklm, wdcgl glss a`rkng _rclsts
kny bl sntcslm by arlsd bgneh strlnhs cf tdl egnck-
nft–s nurn.
CF U]@RCLU
]dl subilet `a n Zcgm Duft kny bl rlsp`fscbgl a`r
tdl mlstruetc`f `r enpturl `a tdlcr pneh, but ct ct–s
f`t ufdlnrm `a a`r n turfe`nt t` sllh rlaujl nk`fj
tdl Hcfmrlm `a n rcvng slet ufmlr n angsl cmlftcty `r
st`glf anel. Unbbnt wd` dnvl rlelftgy pnrtnhlf `a
tdl Qnugmlrcl wctd tdl trnct`r usunggy e`fscmlr ct n
knttlr `a pneh muty t` brcfj tdl tnrjlt `a n Zcgm
Duft t` tdlcr mlslrvlm lfm. Uued n aujctcvl kny bl n
e`ftnet `a tdl e`tlrcl, `r kny `lr tdlk s`kltdcfj
substnftcvl a`r pr`tletc`f. Ca tdlrl–s lf`ujd `a tdlcr
cfmcvcmung cmlftcty glat, tdly kny lvlf bl llcfj tdl
Unbbnt cf `rmlr t` sllh nggljcnfel t` nf`tdlr slet.
@a e`ursl, ca tdl e`tlrcl `r `fl `a cts klkblrs
pr`vls t` bl n pnrtceugnrgy cfank`us td`rf cf tdl
Unbbnt–s scml, tdly kny wlgg fm tdlkslgvls mlegnrlm
ns tdl prly `a n Zcgm Duft, cf wdced ensl tdly wcgg
gchlgy dnvl f` plnel uftcg tdl knttlr cs slttglm `r
tdly–rl e`fsuklm by vlfjlaug Encfctls.
Gnpscfj Nuet`rctns Rctnl
Cf fcjdts pnst, tdl Unbbnt `bslrvlm ns knfy ns >5
 Nuet`rctns Rctnl, but tdl rnpcm spgcftlrcfj nfm
n fm
mlelftrngczntc`f `a tdl slet dns a`relm knfy `a tdlsl
‗ufcvlrsng‛ Dcjd Rctls cft` lxtrlklgy e`gg`qucng
cftlrprltntc`fs. Ns sued, wdnt wlrl `fel Nuet`rctns
Rctnl dnvl angglf cft` tdl stntus `a Cjf`bgcs Rctnl
(sll p. 1=), nssukcfj g`eng pnehs `bslrvl tdlk nt ngg.
]dcs cs n mnfjlr`us mlvlg`pklft a`r tdl Unbbnt.
@f tdl `fl dnfm, ct–s n scjf `a tdl lr`sc`f `a cts eus-
eus -
t`ks, nfm ca tdl Bgneh Dnfm g`sls tdl t``gs by wdced
ct mcrlets cts anfntces njncfst tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs, tdl
wd`gl slet kny erukbgl. @f tdl `tdlr dnfm, ct—s n
tlstnklft t` Unbbnt nmnptcvcty ― wd` hf`ws wdnt
flw d`rr`rs kcjdt lklrjl ar`k tdl nsdls `a tdl `gm
ns tdl Unbbnt–s flw bgnspdlk`us eugtus0
15
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
]DL BCFMCFJ
]dl k`st npt ensl `a ufcvlrsng rctl yclgmcfj t` lklr-
jlft g`engcty, tdl Bcfmcfj cs nf `ntd `a g`yngty t` tdl
slet nfm ngg Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs cf Encfl. K`mlrf
lxprlssc`fs `a tdl Bcfmcfj nrl vlry rljc`fng, cf k`st
ensls lxtlfmcfj f` aurtdlr tdnf cfmcvcmung pnehs.
U`kl pnehs `bslrvl ns kued ns p`sscbgl `a tdl
`rcjcfng w`rmcfj, wdlrl tdly enf rlklkblr ct,
ns wlgg ns tdl dcjd a`rkngcty `a tdl rctl. A`r k`st
pnehs, td`ujd, lsplecnggy y`ufj pnehs, n quceh but
aufetc`fng pneh rnggy suels. _rclsts `atlf suppgl-
klft tdlcr ednfts `r sg`jnfs wctd k`rl pdysceng
rctungs, sued ns9
▯ ‗Zl dlrlby e`kkct `ur Bg``m nfm b`mcls t` tdl
Mnrh Antdlr nfm ngg `a `ur Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs
cf Encfl.‛
▯ ‗Z`l t` tdly wd` nrl nb`ut t` bl vnfqucsdlm
cf tdl fnkl `a Encfl. Zl nrl tdl Uw`rm `a tdl
Mnrh Antdlr.‛
▯ ‗Aueh ngg `a y–ngg8 dlrl wl e`kl. @f tdrll ―
@FL, ]Z@, ]DRLL!‛
JNKLU @A CFU]CFE]
Uckcgnrgy yclgmcfj t` mlk`fstrntl tdl nptctumls nfm
pr`egcvctcls `a cfmcvcmung pnehs, Jnkls `a Cfstcfet
nrl lxdcbctc`fs `a ‗sp`rt‛ tdnt ngg`w vnkpcrls t`
kctcjntl strlss nfm e``plrntl cf s`kl jrntuct`usgy
erulg s`gcmnrcty-bucgmcfj netcvcty.
▯ Mlk`gctc`f Mlrby9 _nehs slt enrs `f rl wctd
enptcvl pnsslfjlrs nfm ernsd tdlk cft` pneh-
kntls– enrs, nfm tdl gnst Encfctl t` glnvl tdlcr enr
‗wcfs.‛
▯ B`nrmcfj _nrty9 ]dl pneh vc`glftgy nfm
a`recbgy e`kknfmllrs n b`nt, trnet`r-trncglr,
trnet`r-trnc glr,
`r ncrernat. U`kltckls tdly lvlf usl ct t` j`
s`klwdlrl natlrwnrm, but hcggcfj tdl ‗erlw‛ cs
usunggy tdl p`cft `a tdl jnkl.
▯ M`j ]njjcfj9 ]dl pneh dufts n Gupcfl wctd
cftlft `a tnjjcfj cts lnr nfm turfcfj ct g``sl.
Gchlgy np`erypdng, tdl netcvcty usunggy tnhls tdl
a`rk tlrr`rczcfj wdntlvlr g`entc`f cf wdced tdl
pneh tdcfhs wlrlw`gvls kcjdt bl a`ufm.

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
_nfmlrcfj9 Zdcgl cftrumcfj up`f `tdlr slets–
_nfmlrcfj9 Zdcgl
▯
m`kncfs, tdl pneh slczls up`f n ‗ruft‛ `r `tdlr
`utscmlr `a Hcfmrlm s`eclty, knhcfj f` slerlt
`a tdlcr pursuct `a tdl vcetck wctd tdl splece
cftlft `a tlrr`rczcfj tdlk. ]dcs jnkl ngk`st ng-
wnys lfms cf mcnbglrcl ns tdl pneh euggs tdl wlnh
Hcfmrlm ar`k tdl m`kncf.
ULRK@FU @A ENCFL
 Ns tdl fnkl ckpgcls, tdl rctl cfv`gv
c fv`gvls
ls n prlpnrlm
slrk`f by tdl _neh _rclst, `atlf wctd mcrlet rlalr-
tdl B``h `a F`m nfm
lfel t` tdl B``h F`m nfm tdl pnrnbgls tdl _rclst
ed``sls t` dcjdgcjdt. ]dl pnr`edcng fnturl cf wdced
_rclsts f`w e`fmuet ‗slrvcels‛ ― s`kl pnehs dnvl
f` neelss t` tdl B``h
tdl B``h `a F`m,
F`m, lvlf cf vlrbng a`rk,
nfm _rclsts kny `r kny f`t bl nbgl t` mlgcvlr nf
neeurntl qu`tntc`f ― dns knml tdl Unbbnt–s klssnjl
cfnrjunbgy vlrfneugnr.
_NGGN JRNFML
]dl _nggn Jrnfml wns `atlf lxprlsslm ns n dcjd-
pnjlnftry ‗Mnfel `a tdl Mlnm‛ cf k`ehlry `a
Enknrcggn e`urt a`rkngcty. Ns Unbbnt fukblrs dnvl
mwcfmglm nfm Unbbnt m`kncfs dnvl bllf gnrjlgy
nbnfm`flm, ct dns angglf `ut `a usl.
CF]@ ]DL @\]UCML
Elrtncf rctnl dnvl a`ufm vctngcty `utscml tdl Unbbnt,
dnvcfj bllf nbs`rblm cft` tdl eugturng prnetcel `a
`tdlr anetc`fs. Hcfmrlm s`eclty dns f` alw s``tdsny-
lrs `r mlknj`juls wd` pr`﬎tllr cf tdl fnkl `a
Encfl, `r wd` nrl jlfucfl blgclvlrs cf pdcg`s`pdcls
tdnt `wl kued t` tdl `r td`m`xy `a Unbbnt spcrctung-
cty. U`kl `a tdlsl nrl bgntnft, sued ns tdl s`-engglm
‗Edured `a Encfl‛ sllkcfjgy dnvcfj nppr`prcntlm
`fl vlrsc`f `a tdl Ulrk`fs `a Encfl. @tdlrs nrl
k`rl cfscmc`us but glss `vlrt. Nfm tdl trutd kny
f`t bl s` eglnrgy eut ― a`r lxnkpgl, tdl Edured `a
Encfl egncks n dcst`ry tdnt prlmntls tdl Bgneh Dnfm
ctslga….
1=
Cjf`bgcs Rctnl
]dl glsslr rctnl `bslrvlm by tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl nrl
cfa`rkng rctungs tdnt vnry jrlntgy by pneh cmlftcty,
but `atlf dnvl sckcgnr tdlkls mlplfmcfj `f tdl
pneh–s dcst`ry, jl`jrnpdce g`entc`f, nfm lsplecnggy
wdced _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft jucmls tdlk. _nehs
e`fscst `a vnkpcrls wd` sdnrl tdl snkl blgclas, nfm
lvlf td`sl tdnt dnvl mclrcfj plrspletcvls wctdcf
tdlcr rnfhs tlfm t` led` tdl m`etrcfl lstnbgcsdlm by
tdlcr _neh _rclst.
Glsslr rctnl nrl ngk`st flvlr plra`rklm wctd
`tdlr pnehs, ns tdly lxprlss tdl vnguls, lxplrclfels,
nfm trnmctc`fs `a lned pneh ctslga.
]l _ntd `a Encfl
_nehs glm by n Mlv`urlr `atlf g``h t` pnrn-
bgls ar`k tdl B``h
tdl B``h `a F`m wdlf
F`m wdlf lstnbgcsd-
cfj tdlcr Cjf`bgcs Rctnl. Rctls nfm slrk`fs
tdnt lsp`usl vnkpcrce suplrc`rcty `vlr
k`rtngs, Gupcfls nfm `tdlr erlnturls `a tdl fcjdt
nrl e`kk`f. F`mmcst prclsts `atlf cfe`rp`rntl n
bgnml cf tdl pneh–s Cjf`bgcs Rctnl nfm usl ct t` tnhl
Bg``m, wctd tdl bgnml sykb`gczcfj Encfl–s wcgg `vlr
ngg vnkpcrls.
Zdcgl Encfl cs trnmctc`fnggy e`fscmlrlm n
pntrcnredng jurl, knfy Mlv`urlrs w`ugm mcsnjrll
wctd sued n rcjcm cftlrprltntc`f. Alw cf tdl Unbbnt
nsercbl n xlm jlfmlr t` Encfl, tdl edcgm `a Nmnk
wd` snercelm d`pl, dnppcflss, a`rjcvlflss nfm
tdlcr `wf br`tdlr cf pursuct `a gckctglss arllm`k.
Encfl cs f` g`fjlr n knf, but tdl Mnrh Antdlr `a ngg
vnkpcrls.
Uykb`gs9 Kns`fce t``gs, wdlnt, st`fls, rd`kbus,
ljcls i`cflm nt tdl dnfm
E@KK@F RC]NL
 Nedclvcfj ngtlrlm
n gtlrlm stntls `a e`fsec`usflss cs n arl-
qulft t``g a`r F`mmcst Rctnl. Zdcgl tdly nrl f`t
nb`vl uscfj mruj-gnelm bg``m, _ntd `a Encfl _rclsts
ngs` usl pncf, strlss p`sctc`fs, bg``m mlprcvntc`f,
nfm lvlf Bg``m U`relry t` dlgp tdlcr pnehkntls
fm tdlcr wny. K`mclm swlnt g`mjls, ecgcels, nfm
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

pr`g`fjlm susplfsc`f by d``hs kny ngs` bl

lkpg`ylm by Mlv`urlrs. Ngg `a tdl eursls `a
Encfl kust bl `vlre`kl tdr`ujd stlnmanst
plrslvlrnfel, ufwnvlrcfj anctd nfm ugtckntlgy by
e`kpgltl subkcssc`f t` tdl Mnrh Antdlr–s wcgg.

E@F]RC]C@F RC]NL

Mlv`urlrs prlalr t` tlned lvlf wctd tdlcr pufcsd-

klfts. Zdcgl kni`r trnfsjrlssc`fs tdnt w`ugm
mlknfm fng mlntd nrl `atlf slttglm tdr`ujd
K`f`kney, mcnbglrcl, `r mcsklkblrklft, glsslr
erckls nrl `atlf pufcsdlm by led`cfj Encfl–s trcngs
cf tdl gnfm `a F`m. Dlntlm brnfms nfm erusdcfj
st`fls nrl e`kk`f e`rrletcvl ckpglklfts nk`fj
tdl Mlv`urlrs.

D\F]CFJ RC]NL

Mcnbglrcl cs nf lsplecnggy klnfcfjaug snernklft

a`r td`sl `f tdl _ntd `a Encfl. Ngtd`ujd tdl B``h
`a F`m  `eensc`fnggy
 `eensc`fnggy wnrfs njncfst mrcfhcfj tdl
dlnrtsbg``m, Mlv`urlrs `atlf blgclvl tdnt e`vlfnft
wns br`hlf wdlf tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs rlblgglm njncfst
Encfl–s wcgg.
F`mmcsts sllh tdl Bg``m `a `tdlr vnkpcrls wdlf
tdly duft, lsplecnggy tdnt `a tdl tdcf-bg``mlm,
wd`k tdly sll ns dlrngms `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. Uued
vcetcks ngs` dnvl tdl blflt `a f`t blcfj kcsslm
by tdl p`wlrs tdnt bl, td`ujd wdlf n trul vnkpcrl
anggs cft` tdl egutedls `a tdl F`mmcsts ct cs usunggy
tdl _rclst wd` ugtckntlgy mlecmls wd`k nk`fj tdl
_neh mlslrvls tdl rlwnrm `a mlv`urcfj tdlcr prly–s
s`ug. Ngtd`ujd `fgy `fl kny tnhl tdl s`ug, tr`pdcls
tnhlf ar`k n f`tnbgl vcetck glfm nf nmmctc`fng jrnv-
cty wdlf tdl pneh plra`rks tdl Qnugmlrcl `r `tdlr
e`kkufng rctnl.

]l _ntd `a Entdnrc
]dl Entdnrc nrl dlm`fcsts wctd`ut
e`kpnrl. ]dlcr ufgcvls rlv`gvl nr`ufm
pusdcfj tdl gckcts `a lxelss nfm nuftcfj
tdlcr mlprnvcty t` k`rtng nfm Encfctl ngchl.
Zdcgl t` knfy tdly kny sllk ernss nfm sckpgl,
blflntd tdlcr wnft`f gusts gcls n e`kpglx blgcla cf
tdlcr mcvcfl r`gl ns tlkptlrs nfm mlstr`ylrs. Elr-
tncfgy, Ngbcjlfscnf _rclsts nrl nbgl t` cggukcfntl

1<

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
`tdlrs ns t` tdl Knfcedlnf e`kpglxctcls `a tdl
_ntd `a Entdnrc, but ‗gny klkblrs‛ `atlf prlalr t`
hllp tdlcr slerlts t` tdlkslgvls, sdnrcfj `fgy tdlcr
vugjnrctcls wctd dlrms nfm dnrlks.
Uykb`gs9  ‗@eeugt‛ pnrnpdlrfngcn, bg``m mr`ps, m`g-
Uykb`gs9 ‗@eeugt‛
gnr scjfs, rnks, j`ltce scjcgs
E@KK@F RC]NL
Entdnrc pnehs anv`r lestntce rctungs tdnt tlnsl `ut
tdlcr Blnsts nfm ngg`w tdlk t` cfmugjl tdlcr lnrtdgy
vcels. \fgchl knfy `tdlr Unbbnt, tdly rljugnrgy
cfeguml ufwcttcfj k`rtngs cf Cjf`bgcs Rctnl nfm
td`ujd tdlsl pnrtcecpnfts rnrlgy survcvl, s`kl kny
fm tdlkslgvls knrhlm a`r tdl Lkbrnel ca tdly
sd`w lf`ujd lftduscnsk a`r tdl dcjdlr aufetc`f `a
tlkptntc`f.
Entdnrc rctnl nrl tdl k`st stlrl`typcenggy ‗`e-
‗`e-
eugt‛ nk`fj tdl Unbbnt nfm usunggy cfe`rp`rntl
bgneh enfmgls, ecregls `a spcgglm sngt, nfm bg``m-
mrnwf scjcgs. Entdnrc rctnl nrl typcenggy mrnkntce
nfm mcspgny tdl suplrfnturng fnturl `a tdl Encfctls
nt tdl snkl tckl ns tdly lv`hl bnsl cfmugjlfel.
Mrcfhcfj ar`k n k`rtng wd`–s iust sf`rtlm e`encfl
` tdl bntdr``k scfh0 Uurl, tdnt–s n ‗rctung‛8 pnss
tdlk nr`ufm.
E@F]RC]C@F RC]NL
A`rjcvlflss csf–t s`kltdcfj cf wdced Entdnrc sll
kued vngul nfm Ngbcjlfscnf _rclsts j` `ut `a tdlcr
wny t` mlvcsl pncfaug kltd`ms `a nbs`gutc`f a`r
td`sl nk`fj tdlcr pneh wd` angg sd`rt cf g`yngty `r
lvlf mlprnvcty. ]dlsl gnrjlgy slrvl tdl purp`sl `a
‗e`rrletcvl‛ br`wblntcfj nfm dukcgcntc`f, d`wlvlr.
A`r tdl k`st pnrt, Entdnrc rljnrm jucgt ns n uslglss
lk`tc`f, knhcfj rctungs `a e`ftrctc`f alw.
D\F]CFJ RC]NL
Knfy Entdnrc tnhl `utsczlm pglnsurl cf brlnhcfj
tdl Knsqulrnml, but wdlf duftcfj tdly kny dcml
tdlcr k`fstr`us fnturl ar`k tdlcr vcetcks ns g`fj
ns p`sscbgl. Natlr tdl sgnujdtlr ct–s `atlf tdl rst t`
‗brlnh ednrnetlr‛ nfm rlvlng tdlkslgvls wd` cs glat
t` eglnf up tdl klss ns nf lxprlssc`f `a p`stklng
tdnfhs-jcvcfj.
11
Zdlf tdl pneh m`ls allm cf lnrflst, tdly t`y
wctd tdlcr vcetcks nfm wcgg lvlf d`gm `ut tdl tlkp-
tntc`f `a lsenpl a`r tdl k`st lftlrtncfcfj k`rtngs.
K`rl tdnf `fl Entdnrc jd`ug stnrtlm tdlcr slrvctuml
ns n ‗gnst jcrg `r b`y‛ wd` survcvlm tdl d`rr`r `a n
duftcfj pnrty.
Mlvcgs `a tdl lsd nrl lsplecnggy hllf t` allm `f,
e`rrupt, `r knhl jd`ugs `a duftlrs cf tdcs lrn `a tdl
Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f. Ct–s n tdrcgg t` e`rrupt td`sl wd`
w`ugm `vlrtgy net njncfst tdlk, nfm s`kl tnhl prcml
cf mlsp`cgcfj tdl slga-styglm njlfts `a tdl mcvcfl.
Fllmglss t` sny, tdl allmcfj rctungs `a Entdnrc pnehs
nrl `atlf f`tcelm qucehgy by k`rtng nutd`rctcls.
]l _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug
]dl _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug e`k-
e`k -
knfms n pneh t` trnfselfm tdl gckcts
`a mlntd nfm ufrnvlg tdl slerlts `a
ckk`rtngcty.
ckk`rtngct y. ]`
]` cts a`gg`wlrs, tdl Blnst
B lnst
e`lxcsts bla`rl nfm bly`fm tdl m``r `a
kystlry. Knfy Fler`f`kcst rctnl mlk`f-
strntl tdl arnjcgcty `a gcal nfm elglbrntl tdl plrkn-
flfey `a mlntd. ]`]` Rlnplr, tdlrl–s
tdlrl–s f` sued tdcfj ns
n ‗klnfcfjglss hcggcfj‛ ― lvlry mlntd cs n glss`f, n
stntlklft, `r n mlegnrntc`f
mlegn rntc`f `a suprlkney.
Uykb`gs9 Uhuggs, dlnrts, pugglm tlltd, hlys, n
w`knf d`gmcfj n hly, rcvlrs
E@KK@F RC]NL
_rnetceng nfm sed`gnrgy _rclsts nk`fj tdl Rlnplrs
plra`rk tdlcr Rctnl wctd prlecsc`f nfm knfy nmdlrl
t` pr`elssc`fng englfmnrs `a nuspcec`us fcjdts lvlf
wdlf cs`gntlm ar`k `tdlr Unbbnt pnehs. Fler`f`-
kcsts _rclsts `atlf sllh pgnels rced cf tdl p`wlr `r
sykb`gcsk `a mlntd t` e`fmuet tdlcr rctnl, knhcfj
jrnvlynrms, k`rjuls, nfm lvlf sgnujdtlrd`usls
mnfjlr`us pgnels t` gcfjlr `f fcjdts `a nstr`g`jceng
ckp`rtnfel. E`rpsls, jd`sts, nfm tdl wnghcfj mlnm
nrl rljugnr xturls `a tdlcr rctnl, ns lctdlr `bslrvlrs
`r snercels.
E@F]RC]C@F RC]NL
Rlnplrs dnvl f` tckl a`r mcsg`yngty nfm nrl quceh
t` pufcsd nfy pnehkntl wd` mcspgnys e`wnrmcel

`r sykpntdy a`r tdl lflky. ]dlcr ufmlrstnfmcfjs
`a anctd nrl `atlf rlknrhnbgy nenmlkce nfm _rclsts
`atlf lfjnjl cf ls`tlrce `r kltnpdysceng gcfls
`a qulstc`fcfj wdlf nmkcfcstlrcfj kltd`ms `a
spcrctung e`rrletc`f. Rctung rl-burcng, mnysgllp wctd
tdl rlkncfs `a `fl–s vcetcks, nfm lvlf blcfj a`relm
t` enrry n jr`wcfj rlgcqunry ngg dnvl aufetc`fs `a
e`ftrctc`f.
D\F]CFJ RC]NL
Rlnplrs ufmlrstnfm tdly kust allm `f gcal, but ct
cs mlntd tdly wcsd t` e`kknfm. _nehs `f tdcs pntd
dnvl mlslerntlm burcng sctls, d`spctngs, nfm bnttgl-
lgms t` alnst `f tdl bg``m `a tdl rlelftgy mlelnslm
`r tdl s``f t` lxpcrl. N alw Rlnplrs lvlf egnck tdly
enf mrnw sustlfnfel ar`k jd`sts nfm subscst `f
bg``m st`glf ar`k mrlnks.
1:
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
]l _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl
Cfflr Q`cel
]dl _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr Q`cel
nttrnets Encfctls `a scfjugnr a`eus nfm
nkbctc`f. Ngtd`ujd tdly rle`jfczl
tdnt tdl Bgneh Dnfm kust trcukpd `vlr
ngg `tdlr e`felrfs, tdly ngs` blgclvl tdnt tdl
Bg``m `a Encfl dns jcvlf tdlk tdl p`wlr nfm tdl
rcjdt t` lfnet tdlcr wcgg up`f tdl w`rgm. Cjf`bgcs
Rctnl a`r tdcs _ntd tdus `atlf tnhls tdl a`rk `a tlsts
`a klttgl, trcngs `a lfmurnfel, nfm ufcaycfj e`kpl-
tctc`fs.
_nehs tdnt a`gg`w tdcs _ntd ufmlrstnfm tdnt
p`wlr erlntls nutd`rcty nfm tdnt `fgy tdl p`wlraug
enf e`kknfm tdlcr rlsplet nfm g`yngty. Zdcgl tdcs
kcjdt s`ufm gchl n rlecpl a`r lfmglss brcfhknfsdcp
nfm cfjdtcfj wctdcf n pneh `a vnkpcrls, tdl `p-
p`sctl cs k`st `atlf tdl ensl. \dgnfs arlqulftgy tlst
nfm jnujl lned `tdlr a`r wlnhflss, but tdly rnrlgy
ngg`w sued trcngs t` lxellm tdlcr e`ftr`g.

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured
Bltwllf tdlcr e`kk`f purp`sl nfm tdl
`bslrvnfel `a Rctnl, e`ftlsts `a m`kcfnfel nfm
glnmlrsdcp cf sued pnehs nrl usunggy mlecmlm wctd`ut
e`kbnt. ]dl str`fj jcvl wny t` tdl wlnh, nfm tdl
wlnh dnvl tdl ednfel t` jr`w str`fj. Zdlf f`
klmcntc`f cs p`sscbgl tdlf nf Cjf`bgcs vnrcnft `a
K`f`kney kny slttgl tdl nncr, td`ujd alw \fclr
_rclsts w`ugm ngg`w sued e`ftlsts t` rlsugt cf Acfng
Mlntd.
\fsurprcscfjgy, turf`vlr enf bl dcjd a`r _rclsts
`a tdl _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr Q`cel. Zlnh
Zlnh
_rclsts m` f`t gnst g`fj cf \dgnf _nehs, nfm wdlf
`fl anggs ct–s f`t ufe`kk`f a`r tdl pneh t` mlstr`y
slvlrng rlpgnelklfts bla`rl s`kl`fl suctnbgl tnhls
tdl rlcfs.
Uykb`gs9 Z`gvls, m`js, r`ms nfm selptlrs, rcmcfj
er`ps, spchlm e`ggnrs
E@KK@F RC]NL
\dgnfs nrl lvlr nwnrl `a tdlcr stntus cf tdl pneh nfm
tdlcr _rclsts wcgg `atlf tlst nfm edngglfjl tdlk t`
pr`vl tdlkslgvls w`rtdy `a jrlntlr rlsp`fscbcgcty.
rlsp`fscbc gcty.
@atlf tdlsl Rctnl wcgg tnhl tdl a`rk `a tlsts `a wcgg
`r euffcfj njncfst n suplrfnturng lflky, sued ns
sueelssauggy sdnm`wcfj nf Nfnred jnfj `r jncf-
cfj n Enknrcggn vnkpcrl–s trust. Zdlf ct e`kls t`
k`rtngs, \dgnfs tdcfh `a tdlk ns enttgl `r t``gs,
nfm `eensc`fnggy usl tdlk cf tdlcr rctnl a`r td`sl
purp`sls, sued ns sdnrcfj n vcetck t` `plf n rctung
`a trcng by `rmlng.
14
E@F]RC]C@F RC]NL
]d`sl `f tdl _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr Q`cel m`
f`t blgclvl cf p`ltce iustcel nfm usunggy mcspnted
trnfsjrlss`rs wctd tdl k`st leclft klnfs nt
dnfms. _nehkntls wd` enf bl e`rrletlm `atlf plr-
a`rk klfcng tnshs nfm mcstnstlaug mutcls uftcg tdly
njncf pr`vl tdlkslgvls w`rtdy cf tdl pneh–s lyls.
(Ull ‗Eglnflr‛ `f p. 44.) Ucfel k`rtngs nrl dlgm cf
sued g`w rljnrm by \dgnfs, knfnjcfj nfm enrcfj
a`r tdl pneh's jd`ugs `r dlrm cs `atlf rlslrvlm a`r
pnehkntls wd` dnvl g`st anel. ]dr`ujd slrvcel t`
tdl pneh, tdly kny rljncf tdl rcjdt t` pursul tdlcr
`wf nkbctc`fs njncf.
D\F]CFJ RC]NL
\fgchl knfy `tdlr pnehs, \dgnf pnehs `atlf sll tdl
vngul cf hllpcfj n gnrmlr `a bg``m m`ggs nfm `tdlr
pgcnbgl k`rtngs. Zdlf tdly kust trnvlg, sued pnehs
wcgg `atlf sgnujdtlr tdlcr duknf enttgl wctd n Bg``m
Alnst ns alw dnvl tdl rls`urels `r cfegcfntc`f t` sll
klk-
t` tdlcr trnfsp`rtntc`f. \sunggy tdl g`wgclst klk-
blr `a tdl pneh cs jcvlf tdl tnsh `a kncftncfcfj tdl
pneh–s neelss t` tdcs bg``m suppgy. Flw rleructs kny
rlelcvl tdl mubc`us d`f`r `a blcfj rctunggy e`fsl-
erntlm ns tdl pneh–s ‗Rlet`r,‛ n rlsp`fscbcgcty tdly
kcjdt fm mceugty lgumcfj uftcg tdly–vl pr`vlf
tdlkslgvls t` tdl rlst `a tdl pneh. ▯
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 

Ednptlr ]w`9 Np`sntls `a n Erulg Edured

:?

Ednptlr ]drll9
B\RF   BRCJD]GS 
F` knf rlkncfs quctl wdnt dl wns wdlf dl rle`jfczls dckslga.
― ]D@KNU KNFF
C
f tdl Acfng Fcjdts, tdl Unbbnt cs nt `fel nf
ufprlmcetnbgl dcvl `a egnsdcfj `rtd`m`xcls
nfm n tlrrcbgl, rlglftglss k`f`gctd. ]dl np`en-
gyptce Jldlffn Znr dns ercppglm cts a`rklr
glnmlrsdcp strueturl nfm r`bblm ct `a cts k`st p`tlft
lgmlrs. Ngk`st tdl lftcrlty `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm–s a`r-
a`r -
klr m`kncfs dnvl bllf slczlm by rcvng slets, lvlf ns
tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f dnrrcls tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl  
nt ngg turfs. ]`fcjdt, tdl Unbbnt cs skngglr tdnf ct
dns bllf scfel cts a`ufmntc`f, jdtcfj n mlsplrntl
wnr njncfst lflky slets, k`rtng duftlrs, nfm tdl
 Nftlmcguvcn
 Nftlmcguvcnfs fs tdlkslgvls.
 Ngg `a wdced klnfs t`fcjdt–
t`fcj dt–ss Unbbnt dns f`tdcfj
glat t` g`sl.
 Nfnt`ky
 N fnt`ky `a n Mlntd Eugt  cs ngk`st ngwnys cf m`kncfs egncklm by Hcfmrlm
 Ns tdl Jldlffn Znr rnjls, natlr tdl rucf`us
ru cf`us lvlfts
`a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f dnvl rlfmlrlm tdl slet
mlsplrntl, wdnt–s glat `a tdl Unbbnt jlflrnggy `plr-  
 
ntls cft` tw` cfa`rkng k`mngctcls9 tdl wnjcfj `a  
d`gy wnr, nfm n se`redlm-lnrtd enkpncjf `a subvlr-
sc`f. @r ns knfy Encfctls w`ugm mlsercbl ct, d`t wnr
nfm e`gm wnr.
:>
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
]dl Encfctls cf `fj`cfj, netcvl e`fcet ― tdl
d`t wnr ― jlflrnggy e`kprcsl tdl gnrjlr `a tdl tw`
anetc`fs nfm e`fscsts `a td`sl Unbbnt wd` dnvl ed`-
slf t` cfj tdlkslgvls cft` tdl vc`glfel nt tdl netcvl
ar`ft `a tdl Jldlffn Znr. K`stgy,
K`stgy, tdlsl Unbbnt
dnvl nbnfm`flm tdl slet–s m`kncfs `a tdl gnst vl
elfturcls t` trnvlg t` tdl Kcmmgl Lnst, Russcn, U`utd
Nklrcen, `r `tdlr Jldlffn d`tsp`ts nr`ufm tdl
w`rgm cf n gnst-mcted l`rt t` mlalnt tdl Nftlmcguvc-
nfs bla`rl tdly enf nrcsl nfm egnck tdl augg klnsurl
`a tdlcr p`wlr. ]dlcr sctuntc`f cs mcrl nfm tdlcr
enusl plrdnps
tdly wcgg m``klm,
anel fng mlntdbut ca f`tdcfj
jg`rc`usgy lgsl,slrvcel
cf tdl nt glnst`a
Encfl.
]dl Encfctls pr`sleutcfj tdl e`gm wnr nrl td`sl
Unbbnt wd` `plrntl nwny ar`k tdl wnr ar`ft,a r`ft, wdced
`a `tdlr slets. ]dlsl Encfctls a`eus `f cfgtrntcfj
nfm ufmlrkcfcfj tdl k`st p`wlraug pnwfs `a tdl
Nftlmcguvcnfs9
Nftlmcguvcn fs9 tdl Enknrcggn,
Enknrcg gn, tdl Nsdcrrn,
Nsdcr rn, nfm tdl
Nfnreds. By wlnhlfcfj tdlt dl m`kncfs `a tdl rcvng
slets, tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl ncks t` mlprcvl tdl Nftl-
mcguvcnfs `a tdlcr k`st uslaug t``gs.
Ar`k tdl `utscml, tdl mcstcfetc`f cs gnrjlgy k``t.
]dl Bgneh Dnfm cs tdl Bgneh Dnfm, nfm cts vnkpcrls
 

Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy

wnft t` mcnbglrczl y`u nfm mlstr`y y`ur dnvlf s` nf lgmlr t` tdlcr dnvlf cf tdl Enrpntdcnfs `r slggcfj
m`f–t jcvl tdlk nf cfed `r tdly–gg burf m`wf tdl jufs t` Nfnreds cf Edcenj`, ct–s ngg w`rhcfj t`wnrm
wd`gl auehcfj kcgl. tdl snkl lfm.
Hf`wf t` td`sl wctdcf, td`ujd, cs tdnt tdl Unb- Zdlf Encfctls ar`k `utscml tdl slet e`ftlk-
bnt cs n mlelftrngczlm rlscstnfel l`rt, nfm subilet pgntl tdl mnfjlrs `a tdl Unbbnt, ct–s `atlf tdl e`gm
t` rcvngrcls nk`fj f`t `fgy tdl _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlf- wnr tdly cknjcfl nfm alnr. ]dl d`t wnr dnpplfs cf
klft but ngs` tdl wny ct jdts
j dts tdl Jldlffn Znr. cs`gntlm g`engls, wctd Bgneh Dnfm Encfctls brcfjcfj
_nehs kny k`vl bneh nfm a`rtd t` nfm ar`k tdl dlgg t` rlk`tl p`cfts `a ufmlnm cftlrlst wdlrl tdl
ar`ft, nfm kny swcted k`mngctcls nfy fukblr `a Knsqulrnml m`lsf–t knttlr nfm lvlf glss m`ls m`l s nfy
tckls, nfm
n fm ct–s ngg cfe`kprldlfscbgl t` nfy`fl f`t Hcfmrlm–s egnck t` m`kncf.
`a tdl slet, wdced cs wdy tdl Unbbnt sllks t` dnvl ]dl e`gm wnr, tdlf, enf bl lvlrywdlrl nfm
n dcvl klftngcty t` `utscml `fg``hlrs. F` `fl lgsl f`wdlrl. Cts tlfmrcgs enf mcj cft` tdl a`ufmntc`fs
rlgcnbgy hf`ws d`w t` mcvcfl wdnt tdly–rl m`cfj `r `a tdl sturmclst `a Enknrcggn lmcels nfm scfcstlr
d`w tdly–rl jdtcfj tdl wnr. ]dnt–s pnrt `a wdnt  Nfnred bnehwntlrs. Cts tledfcquls rnfjl
rnfj l ar`k
knhls tdlk s` alnraug, s` ngclf ― tdlcr ufsykpn- Knsqulrnml-sknsdcfj vc`glfel cf Mltr`ct t` tlkp-
tdltce urjls nfm ufprlmcetnbgl strntljcls knhl tdlk tntc`f nfm mljrnmntc`f cf Kcgnf t` ls`tlrce knjc-
wd`ggy `tdlr. eng prnetcels tdnt bnl nfm arcjdtlf lvlf tdl k`st
lrumctl ]rlklrl.
]rlklrl.
Nfngyscs9 Uubilet dns bllf `b-
p`cfts 
slrvlm nt sleurcty edleh Utrnfjll Blmalgg`ws
Utrnfj Blmalgg`ws
dunfcn, 
cf \hrncfl, Gntvcn, Gct
lfljr`,  @a e`ursl, wdcgl tlfsc`f nfm rcvngry kny lklrjl
Ngbnfcn, Bugjnrcn, K`ft
xce`,  bltwllf tdl d`t- nfm e`gm-wnr Encfctls, b`td nrl
Ctngy, Upncf, Enfnmn, Kl
ru, ngg  pnrt `a tdl snkl anfntceng slet, nfm s`kl `vlrgnp cs
Brnzcg, Leunm`r, nfm _l
ds. t` bl lxpletlm. K`st f`tnbgy, wdlf tdl nredctlet `a
wctdcf tdl pnst >: k`ft
n e`gm-wnr mlstnbcgczntc`f l`rt cs rlnmy t` t`ppgl nf
lflky m`kncf, n _rclst `r Bcsd`p wcgg mlegnrl tdnt
tdl tckl dns e`kl a`r n Erusnml. Cf tdcs e`ftlxt,
Cknjl Cs Lvlryt
Lvlrytdcfj 
dcfj  ‗Erusnml‛ rlalrs t` nf ngg-`ut nttneh tdnt cs prlelmlm
]d`sl jdtcfj tdl d`t wnr `atlf lfvcsc`f tdlk- by n knsscvl surjl `f sd`vlgdlnm pnrtcls t` pr`vcml
slgvls ns nf nrky, wdcgl td`sl pr`sleutcfj tdl e`gm ns knfy sd`eh tr``ps ns p`sscbgl a`r tdl fng bnttgl

wnr sll tdlkslgvls

t dlkslgvls
nry k`vlklft, nfmk`rl ns nk`mngcty
flctdlr subvlrscvl rlv`gutc`f-
dllms n elftrng (sllCa‗Unbbnt M`kncfs‛
tdl Erusnml `f p.td`sl
sueellms, >?<)
>?<)..fl`fntls wd`
nutd`rcty. Cf b`td ensls, tdl pneh k`mlg stcgg prl- survcvl nfm lnrf tdl stntus `a ]rul Unbbnt rnrlgy
vncgs, nfm _neh _rclsts kny mlalr t` tdl wcsm`k `a stny cf tdl e`fqulrlm tlrrct`ry. K`st pursul tdl
Bcsd`ps nfm Nredbcsd`ps (nfm `atlf bl mlplfmlft
mlp lfmlft k`klftuk nfm strchl `ut a`r tdl ar`ft gcfls `a
`f tdlcr kntlrclg supp`rt), `r kny `plrntl `f tdlcr tdl Jldlffn Znr, but s`kl alw rlkncf nfm nm`pt
`wf cfmlplfmlftgy.
cfmlplfmlftgy. e`gm-wnr tnetces, `r tnrjlt s`kl `tdlr m`kncf t`
E`fslqulftgy,, k`st pnehs
E`fslqulftgy pneh s aufetc`f nut`f`- ufmlrkcfl.
k`usgy,, wdltdlr ns d`t-wnr
k`usgy d`t-wnr hcgg
hc gg squnms `r e`gm-wnr  Ns rljnrms tdl d`t wnr, cts tnetces nrl ancrgy
snb`tnjl elggs, nfm knfy nrl lsslftcnggy plrs`fngcty strncjdta`rwnrm ― hcgg tdl lflky nfm e`fsukl
eugts bucgt nr`ufm tdl _neh _rclst–s vcsc`f a`r d`w tdlcr dlnrtsbg``m! Nwny ar`k `vlrt sctls `a e`f-e`f-
blst t` pursul tdlcr _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft nfm tdl cet, td`ujd, ct–s ckp`sscbgl t` prlmcet tdl tnetces n
Jldlffn Znr. Zdltdlr bg``m-stnrvlm nfm trnehcfj e`gm-wnr elgg kcjdt usl t` ufmlrkcfl n Enknrcggn `r

:2
 

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

 Nfnred m`kncf. Lned pneh cs ufcqul,

u fcqul, n aufetc`f `a
tdl plrs`fngctcls `a cts klkblrs nfm tdl _ntds tdly
a`gg`w.

▯  N pneh mlv`tlm t` tdl _ntd

_ntd `a Encfl cfgtrntls
cf gtrntls
Znrsnw cf slerlt t` se`ut `ut td`sl Encfctls
`a tdl k`st mlscrnbgl Bg``m nfm tnrjlt tdlk
a`r mcnbglrcl, wdcgl n algg`w pneh sllhs `ut nfm
rle`vlrs nrtcanets mntcfj bneh t` tdl Acrst Ecty
tdnt d`t wnr nggcls usl t` brcfj g`w tdl _rcfel `a
Qcgfcus.
▯  N pneh mlv`tlm t` tdl _ntd
_ntd `a Entdnrc tlnrs
tlnr s
tdr`ujd Flw S`rh Ecty cf nf `rjy `a kcfmglss
vc`glfel, wctd f` j`ng lxelpt sntcntcfj tdlcr k`st
mlenmlft mlscrls, nfm tdlcr bg``my jnkls sdnttlr
tdl Knsqulrnml ― s` kued tdl blttlr. N algg`w
pneh cfgtrntls tdl ecty t` rnmcengczl cts knge`f-
tlfts, nt `fel t` rleruct flw rnfhs nfm dnrry tdl
rlpncr `a tdl Knsqulrnml.
▯  N pneh wd`sl klkblrs a`gg`w
a`gg`w tdl _ntd `a __`wlr
`wlr
nfm tdl Cfflr Q`cel kcjdt usl tledfcquls lctdlr
subtgl `r jr`ss. Uued n pneh kcjdt cfgtrntl tdl
m`kncf wctd tdl j`ng `a usurpcfj cts lxcstcfj
p`wlr strueturls... `r ct kcjdt r`nr cft` t`wf `f
n llt `a k`t`reyegls, g``hcfj a`r k`rtngs ct enf
sd`vlgdlnm cf `rmlr t` b`gstlr cts `wf fukblrs.
▯  N pneh tdnt a`gg`ws tdl _ntd
_ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl
U`ug, cts prlslfel uf`bslrvlm cf tdl _nftlõf ml
M`g`rls, gnys n trnp, nfm tdl rlns`f ngg `a td`sl
jrnvls dnvl kystlrc`usgy bllf lxduklm ble`kls
arcjdtlfcfjgy eglnr.

:5
 Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy
 

 Nft
 N ftct
ctrc
rcbu 
bu 
Zdnt egnf m` C blg`fj t`0 ]dl egnf tdnt–s nb`ut t` mrcfh y`u mry.
― ED@_UD@_,
ED@_UD@_, A@GG@ZLR @A ]DL _N]D @A EN]DNR C

Ar`k tdl Unbbnt plrspletcvl, egnf cs nf lxpgcect
gljney `a tdl cfulfel `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. Zctd-
`ut Nftlmcguvcnfs, tdlrl nrl f` egnfs, nfm Unbbnt
vnkpcrls nck t` fljntl tdlcr e`ffletc`fs t` tdlcr
mlspcslm pr`jlfct`rs.
Zctd k`rl funfel, mclrlft Nftlmcguvcnfs
w`ugm dnvl yclgmlm mclrlft egnfs, wdced plrdnps
w`ugm f`t dnvl yclgmlm tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl tdnt
knhls tdl Jldlffn
J ldlffn Znr flelssnry, but tdnt–s k``t.
]dl Bgneh Dnfm a`stlrs nf lfvcr`fklft cf wdced
nf cfmcvcmung–s egnf cs rnrlgy nehf`wglmjlm nfm
flvlr elglbrntlm. Lvlf a`r tdl vcscbgy `bvc`us Unbbnt
F`salrntu, `tdlr Unbbnt  iust m`f–t
m`f–t enrl nb`ut tdl
mcstcfetc`f.
Zdlrl klkblrs `a `tdlr slets kny e`fscmlr
tdlkslgvls cf tlrks `a egnf, Unbbnt klkblrs ngk`st
ngwnys e`fscmlr tdlkslgvls vnkpcrls rst, Unbbnt
sle`fm, nfm a`gg`wlrs `a tdlcr `wf pnrtceugnr _ntd
tdcrm. Egnf ngk`st flvlr knttlrs t` tdlcr slga-cknjl.
]dus, tdl pdcg`s`pdy `a nftc
`a nftctrcbu
trcbu,, `r ‗nftc-egnfs.‛
@f td`sl rnrl `eensc`fs wdlf gcflnjl e`kls cft`
w`rm nftctrcbu
qulstc`f, Unbbnt npplfm tdl w`rm nftctrc bu wdlf
 wdlf
@a e`ursl, Unbbnt wcgg lnjlrgy lxpg`ct rcvngs–
bnfls (wdltdlr cfscml tdl slet `r wctd`ut) `r erlmct
nptctuml wctd elrtncf Mcsecpgcfls `vlr `tdlrs. Ns
kued ns tdly w`ugm prlalr ct f`t t` bl trul, tdlsl
nrl ufmlfcnbgl pr`plrtcls `a tdl Bg``m.
Cf s`ecng sctuntc`fs cfv`gvcfj tdl Unbbnt nfm
`tdlr slets, Encfctls knhl f` l`rt t` dcml tdl
mlrcsc`f tdly dnvl a`r egnfs, gcflnjl, nfm nfy s`rt `a
lxprlsslm prcml `r cmlftcty tdnt nee`kpnfcls tdlk.
]dly spct `f tdl sujjlstc`f `a alngty t` sued wrlted-
lm `rcjcfs8 tdly eursl tdl mlspcenbgl ‗ankcgcls‛ tdnt
lklrjlm ar`k a`ufmlrs wd` turflm tdlcr bnehs `f
tdl Mnrh Antdlr. Bgneh Dnfm e`fvlrts ar`k `tdlr
slets kny rlnet wctd lsplecng vctrc`g, t` knhl n p`cft
`a dnvcfj turflm nwny ar`k wdnt tdly `fel wlrl
― `atlf ns kued t` e`fvcfel tdlkslgvls `a tdl e`r-
e`r-
rletflss `a tdlcr ed`cel ns nfy netung nftcpntdy a`r
egnfs ― uftcg nf nm`ptlm _ntd rlgclvls tdlk `a nfy
gcfjlrcfj m`ubt, `a e`ursl.
\fsurprcscfjgy, tdcs `atlf knhls ct mceugt a`r
Unbbnt vnkpcrls t` dcml nk`fj `tdlr slets. ]dl
eugturng mclrlfels nrl `atlf s` jrlnt tdnt w`ugm-bl

tdly
`a ctsfnkl egnfs, nehf`wglmjcfj
ckp`rtnfel. tdl gckctlm Guectn
A`r lxnkpgl, Nredbcsd`p lxtlft Bgneh
wlcjdtDnfm cfgtrnt`rs
`a egnfs sckpgy
`f tdl s`eclty
s`eclt y `am`f–t ufmlrstnfm
tdl Cv`ry ]`wlr.tdl
]`wlr.
`a Knmrcm cs Gns`kbrn nftctrc
Gns`kbrn nftctrcbu  nfm Unsedn Qyh`s,
bu nfm ]dl Nfnreds nrl jlflrnggy glss e`felrflm wctd egnf
tdl knrtyr `a Encfl, cs ]zckcsel nftctrc
]zckcsel nftctrcbu
bu.. gcflnjl, nfm tdl Nfnreds nrl lsplecnggy nt rcsh `a dnr-
]dcs nttctuml ncms tdl supprlssc`f `a cfmcvcmung b`rcfj Unbbnt cf tdlcr kcmst. @bvc`usgy, tdnt–s `fl
cmlftcty nk`fj Unbbnt nfm dlgps tdl slet bucgm n `a tdl rlns`fs tdl slet cs s` vugflrnbgl t` tdl Bgneh
f`tc`f `a e`ggletcvl nee`kpgcsdklft. Br`tdlrs nfm Dnfm, e`kpnrlm t` tdl gcflnjl-`bslsslm Enknrcggn.
scstlrs cf Encfl, tdl Unbbnt dns f` fllm a`r cftlrfng Zdced csf–t t` sny tdnt ct–s ckklmcntlgy `bvc-
s`ecng e`fstruets tdnt s`w mcvcsc`f. ]dl cmln `a nftc
`a nftc-- `us tdnt nf cftlrg`plr cs Unbbnt (lsplecnggy nk`fj
trcbu  cs ngs` pnrt `a wdnt knhls tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl
trcbu cs erlnturls `a sued strnfjl prlmcgletc`fs ns vnkpcrls).
s` ngclf t` Hcfmrlm `utscml tdl slet. ]dly fm tdl Rntdlr, tdl subtgl euls nfm pr`kpts tdnt `tdlr
Unbbnt ‗dcvl‛ ufrlgntnbgl, wctd gcttgl slfsl `a slga slets– Hcfmrlm rlsp`fm t` cf elrtncf wnys nrl nbslft
nfm f`fl `a gcflnjl. nk`fj Unbbnt, erlntcfj nf ngk`st ufenffy vnggly
wdlf knttlrs `a egnf nrcsl.

:=

@vlrwrctcfj
@vlrwr ctcfj tdl Cfmcvcmung
Cfmcvcmung
Ar`k tdl k`klft nf cfmcvcmung i`cfs tdl Unbbnt,
tdl slet mlv`tls l`rt t` kcfckczcfj tdnt slfsl
`a ‗cfmcvcmung.‛ ]dl slet cs ngg, tdl Jldlffn Znr
fllms jdtcfj, mlstr`ycfj tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs cs tdl
`fgy tdcfj tdnt knttlrs. Cfsugntlm ar`k tdl p`gctces
tdnt ednrnetlrczl knfy `tdlr slets, Unbbnt vnkpcrls
gneh e`ftlxt. ]dl s`ecng cftlrnetc`fs up`f wdced
Unb -
`tdlr slets nrl bucgt nrl vlry mclrlft a`r tdl Unb-
bnt, wdced lxcsts cf n e`fstnft stntl `a wnr `f tdl
w`rgm. @tdlr vnkpcrls m`f–t rlgntl t` tdlk, glt ng`fl
n g`fl
k`rtngs.
‗Ud`vlgdlnmcfj‛ cs `atlf tdl rst stlp cf tdcs
pr`elss, a`r tdl kni`rcty `a Encfctls wd` e`kl t`
tdl slet cf tdnt knfflr. ]dl rst cf n slrcls `a `fj`-
cfj trnukns, sd`vlgdlnmcfj arnkls tdl vnkpcrl–s
lxcstlfel ns n knttlr `a `fj`cfj tlsts `a survcvng, n
survcvng tdrlntlflm by nfeclft bg``m j`ms wd` kust
bl mlstr`ylm bla`rl tdly e`fsukl lvlry`fl.
Lvlf td`sl wd` nrl Lkbrnelm trnmctc`fnggy
m`f–t dnvl nf lnsy tckl `a ct. ]dlsl fl`fntls nrl
subslqulftgy buggclm cft` subkcssc`f, rlplntlmgy
t`gm tdnt, mlspctl nfy stntus tdlcr scrl kny dnvl,
tdly–rl f`tdcfj wctd`ut tdl slet. ]dly nrl tdlcr
scrl–s ednttlg8 tdlcr scrl cs tdl Unbbnt–s cf turf. ]dcs
usunggy ble`kls nbufmnftgy eglnr tdl k`rl tdl
lmjgcfj pr`jrlssls ng`fj tdl _ntd tdlcr Ucrl dns
ed`slf a`r tdlk.
Rljnrmglss `a d`w tdly ble`kl vnkpcrls, Unb-
bnt m`f–t mwlgg `f tdl knttlr `a egnf. Dnrflsscfj
`fl–s
scfjglkcfm
wd`gl,t`wdced
tdl Blnst `raufetc`f
cs tdl klrjcfj tdl tw`_ntds,
`a tdl cft` n
tnhls prlelmlfel `vlr nfy rlectntc`f `a wd`–s scrl–s
scrl mcm wdnt wdlf. ]dl Uw`rm `a Encfl dns k`rl
ckklmcntl fllms tdnf sued p`kp`us slga-njjrnf-
slga-njjrnf-
mczcfj.
Eugtcvntcfj E`fa`rkcty 
 Ns n rlsugt, tdl Unbbnt rlslkbgls gcttgl s` kued ns
n rljc`fng eugt. _ntds vlry qucehgy auggg tdlcr `wf
pr`pdley cf tdcs rljnrm9 Ca n glnmlr ancgs, ct–s blenusl
tdly iust mcmf–t dnvl wdnt ct tnhls, tdlrlby iustcaycfj
tdlcr mcnbglrcl. Ca tdl pneh t`rl m`wf cts glnmlr nfm
:<
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
rlpgnelm tdlk, ct–s blenusl tdly wlrl prlmlstcflm by
tdl qungcty `a tdlcr Bg``m.
Zctd nmnptnbgl g`eng tctgls nfm dclrnredcls,
rnfh-nfm-gl Encfctls qucehgy glnrf t` sllh nutd`rc-
tntcvl mcrletc`f. K`st `atlf tdcs e`kls ar`k tdl
_neh _rclst, lned Unbbnt e`tlrcl–s spcrctung glnmlr cf
knttlrs rlgntlm t` b`td _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft nfm
fcjdtgy nncrs.
Dcjdlr-rnfhcfj Unbbnt ngs` enrry nutd`rcty, cf-
struetcfj tdl _neh _rclsts `f knttlrs `a slet p`gcey.
]dnt dclrnredy cs kystlrc`us nfm ufhf`wf cf
knfy ensls, d`wlvlr, nfm nfy nutd`rcty `utscml tdl t dl
m`kncf `r rljc`f kcjdt lvlf bl anbrcentlm. G``h t`
tdl Bcsd`p `r Nredbcsd`p t` jucml tdl _rclst, nfm
bly`fm tdnt, wd` enf sny wctd nfy e`fmlfel0
 Ngs` slrvcfj
slrv cfj t` ufctl tdl slet cf cts e`kk`f
anfntcecsk nrl tdl rctnl. _nrt sletnrcnf rnggcls, pnrt
dnzcfj rctungs, tdl rctnl lxcst t` a`eus Unbbnt nttlf-
tc`f `f tdl knttlrs slet glnmlrs fm vngunbgl. Rctnl
cfeguml pglmjls `a g`yngty t` Encfl nfm tdl Bgneh
Dnfm ― nfm t` `fl–s `wf pneh. Rctnl ngs` cfeguml
`pp`rtufctcls a`r wcgm Encfctls t` mlk`fstrntl tdlcr
pr`wlss, mnrl tdlkslgvls t` tnhl rcshs, nfm elglbrntl
tdlcr stntus ns vnkpcrls. (A`r k`rl cfa`rkntc`f `f
Unbbnt Rctnl, sll p. <<)
<<)
Edcggcfjgy, ct ngg w`rhs. ]dl e`kbcfntc`f `a
neelglrntc`fcsk nfm rcjdtl`us erusnml pr`vcmls
wdnt elrtncf vnkpcrls fllm t` jcvl tdlk purp`sl
nfm n wcehlm anel a`r tdl lflky. Cf elfturcls-g`fj
d`gy wnr, tdl enusl cs lvlrytdcfj, nfm tdl cfmcvcmung
cs f`tdcfj k`rl tdnf n t``g t` nee`kpgcsd ct.'
 

Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy

_@U]D\KNFCUK NFM ]DL UZ@RM @A ENCFL

Nf`tdlr rlns`f a`r tdl slet–s cfmc﬏lrlfel t` egnf nſtgcntc`f nrcsls ar`k cts
lglvntc`f `a Encfl ar`k ‗slkc-kytdceng pntrcnred‛ t` tdl stntus `a ‗e`fqulrcfj
bg``m-j`m,‛
bg``m-j`m,‛ nfm wdlf y`ufjlr Unbbnt cmlftcay ns klkblrs `a tdl B gneh Dnfm,
ct–s tdl dnfm `a Encfl t` wdced tdly rlalr. ]dl a`ur k`st rle`jfczlm _ntds tdnt
m`kcfntl tdl slet nt prlslft mcsnjrll `f fuklr`us pdcg`s`pdceng p`cfts, but tdly
nrl ufctlm cf tdlcr blgclas nb`ut tdl nbs`gutl cfalrc`rcty `a k`rtngs t` tdl edcgmlr
`a Encfl.
]` sny n Unbbnt g``hs nt tdl hcfl ns n anrklr g``hs nt dcs e`ws cs cfneeurntl,
blenusl nt glnst tdl anrklrs kust tlfm t` tdlcr dlrms nfm sll tdnt tdl enttgl gcvl
nfm rlkncf dlngtdy uftcg ct–s tckl a`r tdl sgnujdtlr. Ct cs k`rl neeurntl t` e`k-
pnrl tdl Unbbnt t` n sdcvlr `a sdnrhs knhcfj cts wny tdr`ujd n pr`splr`us rlla.
Ca tdl sdnrhs jr`w dufjry ― nfm sdnrhs nrl ngwnys dufjry ― tdly sckpgy ed``sl
nmlquntl prly, mlv`ur
mlv`ur tdl lmcbgl bcts, nfm glt tdl snvnjlm rlkncfs scfh t` tdl
b`tt`k.
Cf tdcs e`ftlxt, Unbbnt pdcg`s`pdy cs cfdlrlftgy p`stduknf. ]dl Lkbrnel cs
tdl klednfcsk by wdced prly nrl lglvntlm cft` nplx prlmnt`rs. Uued nf lglvntc`f
m`ls f`tdcfj t` n﬏let tdl prlmnt`r-prly
prlmnt`r-prly rlgntc`fsdcp snvl t` rlnsscjf wdced `a
tdl tw` r`gls tdnt n flw cfmuetll wcgg pgny.
A`r tdcs rlns`f, wdnt npplnrs ns wnft`f erulgty t`wnrm tdl hcfl cs n f lsslf-
tcng pnrt `a Unbbnt lxcstlfel. Zdlf tw` rcvng pnehs njrll t` dnvl n sp`t `a auf by
pgnycfj rujby wctd s`kl k`rtng–s slvlrlm dlnm ns tdl bngg, ct–s f`t nf lxnkpgl `a
Encfctls netcfj tdl pnr t `a k`fstr`us lmjlg`rms. Zlgg, ct–s f`t iust tdnt. Ct cs ngs`
n rlc﬎entc`f `a n elftrng pnrt `a Unbbnt pdcg`s`pdy9 tdl cmln tdnt k`rtngs sckpgy
m`f–t knttlr nt ngg lxelpt a`r wdlf tdly pr`vcml s`kl trnfsct`ry blfl﬎t t` tdlcr
blttlrs.

:1
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 

Entledcsk9
Unbbnt @bi
@biletcvls
letcvls
]` td`sl vnkpcrls `utscml tdl Unbbnt, tdl slet cs ns
kystcaycfj ns ct cs tlrrcaycfj. ]dl Bgneh Dnfm dns
flvlr bllf pnrtceugnrgy cftlrlstlm cf e`kpr`kcsl
wctd `tdlr slets. ]dus, k`st Enknrcggn nfm Nfnred
Hcfmrlm kcjdt bl a`rjcvlf a`r w`fmlrcfj nb`ut tdl
Unbbnt–s njlfmn. ‗Zdnt m` tdly rlnggy wnft0‛
]` `vlrsckpgcay, wdnt tdl Unbbnt wnfts cs arll-
m`k9 e`kpgltl nfm t`tng arllm`k.
]dcs `bslsscvl mlscrl a`r t`tng plrs`fng arllm`k
nt tdl lxplfsl `a lvlry `tdlr p`sscbgl e`fscmlrntc`f
stnrts (nfm nrjunbgy lfms) wctd tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs.
Unbbnt m`jkn d`gms tdnt f`t `fgy nrl tdl Nftlmc-
guvcnfs rlng, tdly nrl j`ms cf lvlry wny tdnt knt-
tlrs. Z`rsl, tdly nrl f`t g`vcfj mlctcls, but rntdlr
enffcbng bg``m j`ms wd` sll ngg glsslr Encfctls
ns a``m nfm f`tdcfj k`rl. ]dnt tdcs klnfs tdl
 Nftlmcguvcnfs
 Nftlmcguvcn fs g``h up`f tdl Unbbnt cf lxnetgy tdl
snkl wny tdnt kued `a tdl slet rljnrms k`rtngs cs
nf cr`fy blst glat ufnehf`wglmjlm. Cf nfy ensl, ca
tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs rcsl nfm enff`t bl st`pplm, tdly
wcgg lxtlrkcfntl ngg Encfctls, ca f`t ngg gcal, ar`k tdcs
w`rgm. Zdlf `fl cs tnshlm wctd hcggcfj nf lftcrl
pnftdl`f `a j`ms, nfytdcfj glss tdnf t`tng mlv`tc`f
nfm t`tng rutdglssflss cs n guxury. Cml`g`
Cml`g`jceng
jceng Lfkcty 
Lfkct y 
]dcs pntd`g`jceng alnr nfm dntrlm `a tdl Nf- Ct–s e`kpgcentlm.
e`kpgcentlm. Cf jlflrng ‗tdl Unbbnt,‛ ns n wd`gl,
tlmcguvcnfs trcehgls m`wf cft` lvlry `tdlr nsplet m`lsf–t sny `r m` nfytdcfj splece. Knml up ns ct cs

`a n Unbbnt–sfs
 Nftlmcguvcn
 Nftlmcguvcnfs lxcstlfel.
cs s` jrlnt ]dl
nfmmnfjlr p`slm by tdl
s` trnfspnrlftgy `bvc- `a n vnrclty
cs k`rl `a n`a fcjd-anfntceng
e`ftncflr `utg``hs,
`a zlng`try tdnf ct‗tdl
cs n Unbbnt‛
a`rkng
`us tdnt, cf tdl kcfm `a n Unbbnt, rlauscfj t` tnhl slet wctd e`fscstlft m`jkn.
up nrks njncfst
n jncfst csf–
c sf–tt e`wnrmcel, ct–s e`kpgcecty. F`, Cf jlflrng, d`wlvlr, ngk`st ngg Unbbnt sdnrl
tdl rlausng `a tdl Enknrcggn, tdl Nfnreds, nfm ngg elrtncf plrspletcvls.
vnkpcrls `utscml tdl Unbbnt t` net njncfst tdl ]dcrm @vlrngg, tdl Encfctls `a tdl Unbbnt sllh tdl sub-
Jlflrntc`f enf nt blst bl e`kpgcecty cf cjf`rnfel `r `rmcfntc`f `r mlstruetc`f `a tdl Enknrcggn blenusl
nggcnfel cf kngcel, n wcggaug
wcgg aug mlscrl t` ncm tdl Nftl-
Nftl- cts aufmnklftng fnturl cs tdnt `a n e`ftr`ggcfj,
mcguvcnfs. Zdltdlr tdr`ujd Nfnred npntdy `r s` nutd`rctnrcnf a`rel blft `f dcmcfj tdl mlprnvctcls
knfy Enknrcggn vnkpcrls– strntnjlk `a prltlfmcfj `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. ]dlrla`rl, aufmnklftnggy nf
tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs m`f–t lxcst, tdus m` tdlsl ‗Hcf- lflky.
mrlm‛ knhl pnwfs `a tdlkslgvls. ]dl Bgneh Dnfm–s rlgntc`fsdcp wctd tdl Nfnreds
cs k`rl e`kpglx. Cf knfy Nfnreds, tdly fm n
sykpntdltce tnhl `f tdl fl`alumng tyrnffy `a tdl

::
Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy
Enknrcggn, lvlf ca tdlcr rlspletcvl plrelptc`fs `a tdl
Cv`ry ]`wlr–
]`wlr–ss k`tcvntc`fs mclr.
mc lr. Alw Nfnreds sll
tdl w`rgm cf tdl lsednt`g`jceng e`ftlxt tdl Unbbnt
m`ls, d`wlvlr.
d`wlvlr.
]dlsl mclrlfels nrl s`klwdnt ucm9 ]dl Unb-
bnt slls angg`w jr`ufm a`r rleructklft nk`fj tdl
 Nfnreds, nfm f` alw mcscggusc`flm
mcsc ggusc`flm Unbbnt nm`pt nf
 Nfnred `utg``h wdlf tdl e`fstnft eugtce vc`glfel
`a tdl Bgneh Dnfm lxnets cts t`gg `f tdlk. @bvc`us-
gy, f` a`rkng elfsus lxcsts, but nflem`tng fukblrs
blnr `ut tdl ‗lstrnfjlm scbgcfjs‛ `utg``h `f Unbbnt-
 Nfnred rlgntc`fs. F` alw Nfnreds cf GN G N wlrl
prlvc`usgy Unbbnt wd` j`t tdl aueh `ut `a ]ciunfn
wdlf tdl Bgneh Dnfm tdrlw ctslga cft` tdl Jldlffn
Znr8 tdl Nfnreds `a ]nfjclr dnvl sllf rstdnfm tdl
slrvnfts `a tdl Nfeclfts nfm knfy dnvl e`fvlrtlm
t` tdl Bgneh Dnfm `f tdl sp`t.
:4
Cf tdcs e`ftlxt, tdl Bgneh Dnfm wcsdls t`
mlstr`y rcvng slets a`r tdlcr `wf j``m. Nt tdl vlry
glnst, tdlcr glnmlrsdcp kust bl rcpplm `ut, r``t nfm
stlk. @fgy tdlf wcgg y`ufjlr Hcfmrlm rle`jfczl tdl
rcjdtflss `a tdl Unbbnt–s enusl, nfm tdl urjlft rlng-
cty `a tdl Jldlffn Znr.
Zctd tdnt bnsce prcfecpgl ufmlrst``m, tdl rlst `a
tdl Unbbnt–s njlfmn ble`kls eglnr. ]dl Knsqulrnml
Kn squlrnml
kust lvlftunggy bl t`rf m`wf blenusl ct cs n sdclgm
a`r tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. Rcvng slets kust bl t`rf
m`wf blenusl tdly nrl cfstruklfts `a tdl Nftlmcgu-
vcnfs. Lvlry systlk `a e`ftr`g uslm by b`td Hcfmrlm
nfm hcfl kust bl t`rf m`wf blenusl, mcrletgy `r
cfmcrletgy, tdly ngg supp`rt tdl plrmc`us Nfeclfts.
]dl lflky cs lvlrywdlrl, nfm cts t``gs nfm
wlnp`fs nrl ngwnys nt tdl rlnmy. @fgy wdlf nggng g lgsl
cs nsd wcgg tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs stnfm fnhlm, mlalfsl-
glss, nfm rcpl a`r tdlcr lnrflm mlstruetc`f.

_ntd Rlngctcl
Rln gctclss
 Nm`ptcfj n _ntd
_nt d
]dl _rclst
_rcl st rlsp`fscbgl a`r tdl vnkpcrl–s ufmlr-
stnfmcfj `a tdlcr _ntd brcfjs tdlk cft` n jr`up `a
Encfctls ngs` a`gg`wcfj tdnt _ntd9 tdl pneh. _nehs
nrl mlv`tlm f`t `fgy t` `fl splece _ntd `a Lf-
gcjdtlfklft, but ngs` t` s`kl gnrjlr purp`sl, ns
knfmntlm by n Bcsd`p, Nredbcsd`p, `r `tdlr glnmcfj
jurl. U`kl nrl s`gmclrs cf tdl Jldlffn Znr, s`kl
nrl b`my-sfntedlrs rlsp`fscbgl a`r b`gstlrcfj tdl
slet–s rnfhs, s`kl ufmlrkcfl tdl `tdlr slets– egncks
t` m`kncf, nfm s` `f, nee`rmcfj t` tdl Unbbnt–s
cftlrlsts cf tdl rljc`f tdl pneh enggs cts `wf.
Zdntlvlr tdl ensl, tdl pneh–s aufetc`f cs
e`kpglklftlm
e`kpglklf tlm by cts _ntd8 tdl `utg``h sdnpls d`w
tdl pneh ufmlrtnhls cts rlsp`fscbcgctcls. (@a e`ursl,
a`r s`kl pnehs, tdly nrl tdlcr `wf nutd`rcty, nfm
tdl mlvcg tnhl nfy Bgneh Dnfm bcjsd`t wd` trcls t`
`rmlr tdlk nr`ufm. @r Unbbnt cfulfel cf tdl nrln
dns e`ggnpslm, glnvcfj n pneh wctd`ut nfy glnmlrsdcp
`tdlr tdnf cts `wf nkbctc`f.)
Zdced cs t` sny, tdl pneh cs tdl _ntd nfm tdl _ntd
cs tdl pneh. Encfctls wd` sdnrl pnehs nrl `a gchl
kcfm, lvlf mcsturbcfjgy s`, ns tdl slet–s rlputntc`f
ns n dcvl e`fsec`usflss dns jr`wf. Zdcgl tdcs csf–t
gctlrnggy trul, f`fl e`ugm nrjul tdnt pneh ufcty csf–t
tdl Unbbnt–s jrlntlst strlfjtd. Alw wd` stukbgl
cft` tdl m`kncf `a anfntceng Ngbcjlfscnf w`ugm
m`ubt
lxnkpgl.tdlcr e`kkctklft t` tdlcr a`ug purp`sls, a`r
]dl _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft rlpgnels Duknf-
Duknf-
cty a`r tdl Unbbnt. Ct sdnpls tdl wny tdl Blnst d`gms
swny `vlr tdl Encfctl, ufgchl Duknfcty, wdced cs
n wny `a mlfycfj tdl Blnst `r hllpcfj ct cf edleh.
]` tdl Unbbnt wny `a tdcfhcfj, tdl Blnst cs pnrt `a
blcfj n vnkpcrl, n rlgntc`fsdcp wctd `flslga tdnt
kust bl eugtcvntlm, f`t subiujntlm. Lvlry vnkpcrl
upd`gmcfj n _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft cs n stumlft `a
cts wnys nfm, a`r blttlr `r w`rsl, tltdlrlm t` tdl
Blnst. Zdlrl j`ls tdl Blnst, j`ls tdl Encfctl.
]` `utscml plrspletcvls, tdcs cs nf ngclf wny
`a tdcfhcfj, nfm tdcs e`kls ner`ss cf d`w `td-
:3
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
lrs rlgntl t` tdl Unbbnt. A`r k`rtngs nfm vnkpcrls
wd` prlslrvl tdlcr Duknfcty, Unbbnt vnkpcrls nrl
ckp`sscbgl t` rlgntl t`. @fl kcjdt ns wlgg nttlkpt t`
lkpntdczl wctd n sdnrh.
]` tdl Unbbnt kcfm, td`ujd, lkpntdczcfj wctd
prly knhls gcttgl slfsl. Nt blst tdly–rl enttgl. Nt
w`rst, tdly–rl prltlfmcfj t` bl enttgl s` tdly m`f–t
neecmlftnggy allg tdl p`wlr tdly–vl bllf jrnftlm.
Lned _ntd dns n mcstcfet w`rgmvclw nfm n slfsl
a`r tdl vnkpcrl–s pgnel cf ct. Zdnt tdly ngg dnvl cf
e`kk`f, td`ujd, cs nf ufmlrstnfmcfj tdnt tdl
Blnst rlscmls wctdcf lned vnkpcrl. Lned _ntd, tdlf,
e`ugm bl mlsercblm ns n wny a`r lned vnkpcrl t` bcfm
tdlkslgvls t` tdlcr Blnst. Ct e`g`rs lvlry nsplet `a
tdl Encfctl–s `utg``h, ar`k tdl wny tdly cftlrnet
wctd lned `tdlr t` tdl wny tdly sll tdlkslgvls, ns
wlgg ns tdl rljnrm tdly dnvl a`r nfytdcfj ‗glss‛ tdnf
n bg``mtdcrsty edcgml `a tdl Mnrh Antdlr.
Ednfjcfj _ntds
_ntds
Ct cs p`sscbgl, td`ujd lxellmcfjgy rnrl, a`r Unbbnt t`
ednfjl tdlcr _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft natlr dnvcfj
bllf cfeugentlm cft` `fl. ]dl rcsh cs `bvc`us9 ]dl
Encfctl kust njncf bl br`hlf m`wf t` tdl brcfh `a
wnssncg nfm tdlf dnvl `fl `a tdl lpcpdnfcls `a tdl
flw _ntd nfed`r tdlk t` slga-e`ftr`g.
slg a-e`ftr`g. Ct–s
Ct–s n pr`-
elss alw nee`kpgcsdlm vnkpcrls w`ugm e`urt, but
a`r td`sl wd` sll k`rl p`tlftcng cf nf`tdlr _ntd,
ednfjcfj tdl fnturl `a `fl–s k`fstr`scty kny `lr
tdlk n ednfel nt np`tdl`scs.
Glnvcfj _ntds
]dl f`tc`f `a glnvcfj _ntds lftcrlgy pr`v`hls rlvug-
sc`f ar`k tdl Unbbnt. Natlr ngg, f` ]rul Unbbnt
w`ugm turf tdlcr bneh `f tdl slet t` nm`pt sued
n allbgl nttctuml `a e`wlrcfj nk`fj k`rtngs nfm
prltlfmcfj t` d`gm tdlcr vnguls mlnr. M`ls tdl w`ga
slerltgy ylnrf t` gcvl ns n swcfl0 Rcscbgl.
M`cfj s` cs, f`t t` put t`` fl n p`cft `f ct, lx-
eruecntcfj. F`t `fgy m` ngg `a tdl plrcgs a`r ednfjcfj
_ntds nppgy,
nppgy, but tdl rl-nm`ptc`f `a k`rtng k`rls
`atlf pr`vls crrle`fecgnbgl a`r Encfctls, wd` dnvl
splft knsscvl nk`ufts `a lk`tc`fng nfm psyedce

Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy
l`rt t` sub`rf tdlk cf tdl rst pgnel. Ct cs lxellm-
cfjgy gchlgy tdnt k`st nttlkpts (`a wdced tdlrl nrl
gchlgy nf lxellmcfjgy skngg fukblr cf tdl rst pgnel)
sckpgy ancg, glnvcfj tdl Encfctl n wcjdt `r… w`rsl.
]` bl surl, tdl Unbbnt dns vlry gcttgl cftlrlst
cf ‗rldnbcgctntcfj‛ _ntd klkblrs, ns _ntds nrl n
mlfcfj ednrnetlrcstce `a slet nggljcnfel. @tdlr slets
nrl tdlkslgvls `atlf t`` pnrnf`cm nb`ut turfe`nts,
mllp-e`vlr spcls, dcmmlf m`ubgl-njlfts, nfm `tdlr
plrcgs `a nttlkptcfj t` rlpntrcntl `fl-tckl Unbbnt
t` pgnel nfy anctd cf mlpr`jrnkkcfj. ]dlrl–s f`
scgvlr-bugglt kltd`m`g`jy `r pr`vlf eurrceuguk by
wdced t` knhl `fl–s `fl–s wny bneh ar`k tdl tlrr`rs
tlr r`rs `a
tdl _ntds.
Zdced csf–
c sf–tt t` sny ct enf–t dnpplf, iust tdnt ct–s n
g`flgy nfm mnfjlr`us r`nm. ]d`sl wd` m` sueellm
nrl tdlkslgvls nf`kngcls, cfmcvcmung ensls. Glnvcfj
n _ntd nfm rlturfcfj t` tdl k`rngcty `a Duknf-
cty kny dnpplf wctd tdl nsscstnfel `a n klft`r `r
wdcgl sllhcfj nt`flklft tdr`ujd J`ge`fmn ― but
wdntlvlr a`rk ct tnhls, lned i`urfly cs ufcqul, nfm
ufelrtncf t` sueellm.
Upleugntc`f nk`fj tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl cs
rnkpnft ns rljnrms tdl lx`mus `a Gns`kbrn ar`k
tdl slet. U`kl nrjul tdnt knfy Gns`kbrn updlgm
‗Duknfcty-nminelft‛ _ntds sued ns tdl _ntd `a
D`f`rnbgl Nee`rm, wdced wlrlf–t rlnggy cf gcfl wctd
Unbbnt nttctumls nfywny, s` tdlcr slga-njjrnfmczlm
‗mnrh edcvngrcls‛ mcmf–t netunggy dnvl anr t` trnvlg cf
`rmlr t` rlngcjf wctd Duknfcty. @tdlr Encfctls, ns
wctd s` knfy Unbbnt plrspletcvls, sll tdl tng`fs `a
tdl
brn Nftlmcguvcnfs nt slet
glnmlrsdcp `a tdl w`rh, sujjlstcfj
wns tdnt Gns`k-
Gns`k
n elfturcls-g`fj rusl-
`redlstrntlm by tdl Nfeclfts t` glnvl tdl Uw`rm `a
Encfl nbnfm`flm ns tdl Jldlffn Znr jncflm k`-
klftuk. Uurlgy sued dystlrcn cs cgg-a`ufmlm ― surlgy
― but mlsplrntl tckls yclgm mlsplrntl lxpgnfntc`fs
ar`k td`sl enstcfj nb`ut a`r s`kltdcfj t` blgclvl
cf.
Unbbnt ]ctgls
Cf tdl k`mlrf fcjdts, tdl Unbbnt dns spgcftlrlm,
wctd e`fcets senttlrlm w`rgmwcml nfm n mlelf-
trngczlm nppr`ned t` tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl. Zdnt cs
4?
trul `f pncf `a mlntd cf `fl Bgneh Dnfm tlrrct`ry
kcjdt bl lftcrlgy ufdlnrm `a cf nf`tdlr. Lvlf td`sl
e`felpts tdnt nrl ufcvlrsng t` tdl slet nrl subilet
t` rljc`fng nfm cfmcvcmung cftlrprltntc`f, sued ns
rctnl nfm _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft. Cfegumlm cf tdlsl
g`entc`fng vnrcntc`fs nrl tdl glnmlrsdcp strueturls
nfm tctgls `a tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl.
 Ns wctd cts klkblrsdcp, tdl Unbbnt dns d`g-
g`wlm `ut tdl kcmmgl `a cts dclrnredy s`klwdnt. Ct
dns n alw dcjd-rnfhcfj tctgls nfm gctlrnggy f` kcm-
tclr tctgls tdnt `utrnfh cts g`wlst tclrs. U`kl `a tdcs
cs sckpgy prnetceng rlngcty9 Cf n slet ns mlelftrngczlm
nfm arnetc`us ns tdl Unbbnt, tdlrl–s f` sued tdcfj ns
kcmmgl knfnjlrs nfm tdlrl–s f` rlng `rtd`m`xy a`r
n kcmmgl rnfh t` sustncf. ]dl dcjdlst rnfhs mlecml
wdnt tdly wcgg nfm tdl rnfh nfm gl lctdlr jdt
td`sl bnttgls `r tdly m`f–t. Zctd tdl Bgneh Dnfm–s
skngg sczl nfm lxtrlklgy dcjd rntl `a fng mlntd,
wdnt dnpplfs `f tdl wnr ar`ft cs tdl sdnpl `a tdl
slet. @f `vlrvclw, tdl slet e`fscsts `a n fukblr
`a lgmlrs, n rlknrhnbgl pnuecty `a nfecggnl, nfm n
knsscvl pr`p`rtc`f `a lmjgcfjs nk`fj tdl sd`vlg-
dlnms.
Rljlft
]dl fnturl `a knfy vnkpcrl cfstctutc`fs ckpgcls n
t`p-m`wf `rjnfczntc`f. Ar`k fl`alumng Enknrcggn
_rcfels t` strlltwcsl Nfnred Bnr`fs, tdl cfmcvcmung
jurl lv`hls n suprlkl nutd`rcty a`r tdnt m`kncf,
`r nt glnst n f`-buggsdct, bueh-st`ps-dlrl nttctuml,
lvlf ca tdl rlngcty cs kued k`rl funfelm. D`wlvlr,
tdcs cs netunggy
`a tdl Unbbnt, t`trul
nf`a tdl d`gg`wlm-`ut
lxtlft. dclrnredy
\fgchl tdl `tdlr kni`r
slets, tdl Bgneh Dnfm dns n scfjgl, sletwcml glnmlr,
hf`wf ns tdl Rljlft.
Cf prnetcel, ct–s f`t tdnt sckpgl, blenusl nk`fj
tdl Mnkflm wdnt lvlr cs0 Cfmllm, ct cs eurrlftgy
ufhf`wf wd` tdl Rljlft `a tdl Unbbnt cs, `r wdlrl
tdly kny bl a`ufm.
Cf anet, knfy susplet tdnt tdl Unbbnt dns f`
eurrlft Rljlft, tdnt tdl julrrcggn fnturl `a tdl
Jldlffn Znr cs blst a`ujdt wctd`ut
wct d`ut n p`fmlr`us
t`p-m`wf dclrnredy. @tdlrs `pcfl tdnt tdl nbslfel
`a n scfjgl e`kknfmcfj jurl cggustrntls tdl dcvl
klftngcty `a tdl
t dl Uw`rm `a Encfl, `r tdnt ct–s f`t n

ufclm slet jdtcfj n mlgumlm erusnml but rntdlr n
e`falmlrntc`f `a wcgm-lylm, knglv`glft eugts. Lspl-
ecnggy nk`fj y`ufj Unbbnt, tdl gneh `a n Rljlft cs
ngg tdly–vl lvlr hf`wf ― wdced nrjuls tdnt tdl Unb-
bnt m`lsf–t fllm n Rljlft, _`pl, Qczclr, `r nfytdcfj
rlslkbgcfj sued.
Zdntlvlr tdl ensl, ca tdlrl cs n Rljlft t`fcjdt,
f` `fl–s tlggcfj wd` ct cs, nfm tdl Unbbnt dns pglfty
`a k`klftuk wctd`ut tdlk.
Bcsd`p
 Nredbcsd`p nfm Bcsd`p
 Ngtd`ujd tdl Unbbnt enrls gcttgl a`r tdl f`tc`f `a
m`kncf tdl wny `tdlr slets m`, ct f`fltdlglss slls n
vngul cf kncftncfcfj vnrc`us tlrrct`rcls a`r tdl snhl
`a rleructklft nfm a`r strntljce anggbneh p`cfts. Ns
wlgg, lned ecty egncklm nfm dlgm cs `fl tdnt tdl t`nm-
t`nm-
cls `a tdl `tdlr slets enf–t dnvl a`r tdlcr `wf, wdced
cs cts `wf rlwnrm.
 Nredbcsd`ps– nfm Bcsd`ps– prcknry rlsp`f-
scbcgcty cs kncftncfcfj m`kncfs t` blst slrvl tdl
Jldlffn Znr l`rt. ]dcs tnhls n vnrclty `a a`rks,
ar`k pr`vcmcfj kntlrclg t` kncftncfcfj hf`wg-
lmjl rlp`sct`rcls nb`ut wdnt ar`ft-gcfl jdtlrs
nfm se`uts dnvl a`ufm t` pr`vcmcfj snal dnvlf a`r
snb`tnjl pnehs wnjcfj dct-nfm-ruf tnetces `f tdl
wnr ar`ft `r njncfst rcvng m`kncfs. Cf tdcs slfsl,
m`kncfs egncklm by Bcsd`ps nfm Nredbcsd`ps kny
bl ‗angg-bneh m`kncfs‛ `r pgnels wdlrl e`fv`en-
tc`fs `a Fler`f`kcsts rlslnred flw rctls t` ckk`-
bcgczl tdl pnwfs `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. A`r lxnkpgl,
tdl lsdwlgm jd`ugs (sll p. ==)
= =) wlrl mlvlg`plm cf
n`fl-tckl
Fler`f`kcst–s Enrpntdcnf
Nredbcsd`p Bcsd`prce,
`a Klxce` nfm tdl
Ecty nsscstlm cf tdl
erlntc`f `a wdnt nrl t`fcjdt hf`wf ns tdl Udnehglm
(sll p. =5).
U`kl nk`uft `a spcrctung glnmlrsdcp rlscmls wctd
Bcsd`ps nfm Nredbcsd`ps, cac a f`t `utrcjdt nutd`r-
cty. Cfmllm, wdnt Encfctl eugturl lxcsts cf n ecty
`atlf tnhls `f n tckblr cfa`rklm by tdnt Bcsd`p
`r Nredbcsd`p–s _ntd. Nutd`rctnrcnf vc`glfel
v c`glfel kny
ednrnetlrczl tdl m`kncf `a n Bcsd`p wd` `bslrvls
tdl _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr
C fflr Q`cel
Q`cel wdcgl n ecty–s
sprnwgcfj elkltlrcls nfm `puglft knus`gluks kny
bl p`cfts `a knenbrl rlvlrlfel a`r n Fler`f`kcst
 Nredbcsd`p. \fsurprcscfjgy, tdlsl g`engls kny bl-
4>
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
e`kl ngk`st sed``gs `a td`ujdt a`r Unbbnt `a td`sl
_ntds, nfm f`t ngwnys sckpntce` m`kncfs a`r td`sl
`a `tdlr plrspletcvls.
 Ns wctd knfy Unbbnt mcstcfetc`fs, tdl
t dl mclrlfel
bltwllf tdl r`gls enf bl qunrrlglm `vlr bg``mcgy,
but n Bcsd`p usunggy d`gms n scfjgl m`kncf nfm nf
 Nredbcsd`p d`gms kugtcpgl m`kncfs
m`kncfs `r `fl pnr-
tceugnrgy ckp`rtnft m`kncf. Cf tdcs slfsl, tdl r`gl
cs e`felptunggy sckcgnr t` tdnt `a _rcfel `r Bnr`f9
tdl k`st lkcflft Encfctl cf tdl m`kncf wd` cs
rljnrmlm ns cts jurldlnm. E`fe`kctnft wctd tdl
egnck `a tdl m`kncf, `a e`ursl, cs tdl nbcgcty t` d`gm
ct, nfm wctd f` alw lxtlrfng lflkcls nfm hllf-lylm
a`gg`wlrs `a vnrc`us p`wlr-dufjry _ntds, td`sl
Encfctls wd` dnvl tdl nbcgcty t` kncftncf prnxcs
`atlf pr`vl t` bl tlrrcaycfjgy e`kpltlft.
F@]NBGL BCUD@_U NFM NREDBCUD@_U
Guectn ml Nrnjõf (_ntd `a Fcjdt)9 Knmrcm cs n
Enknrcggn e`urt. @r, rntdlr, Knmrcm cs n e`ftlstlm
m`kncf tdnt w`ugm `tdlrwcsl bl n Enknrcggn
e`urt but a`r tdl prlslfel `a Nredbcsd`p Guectn ml
 Nrnjõf, wd`sl pneh cs sncm t` bl n dufmrlm str`fj,
nfm wd` stcgg wlnrs dlr gcvcfj fnkl cf k`ehlry `a
Enknrcggn prcml nfm k`rtng alnr. E`kpgcentcfj knt-
knt-
tlrs, elrtncf f`tlw`rtdy Hcfmrlm egnck tdnt Guectn
dns klt tdl fng mlntd ― but ca tdnt–s trul, wd`
nrl dlr pnehkntls a`gg`wcfj0 ]dl _ntd `a Fcjdt
npplnrs t` bl n vnrcnft `a tdl _ntd `a Entdnrc, nfm
Guectn cts prllkcflft nmdlrlft.
]dl M`et`r
Q`cel)9 @fel(_ntd `a _`wlr
tdl Bcsd`p nfm tdl
`a Ntgnftn, Cfflr
Iugcus Uutpdlf
wns `fl `a tdl lnrgclst Unbbnt t` rnggy t` tdl Jldlf-
fn Znr. Ns pnrt `a n trcukvcrntl `a Bcsd`ps d`gmcfj
tdl m`kncf `a Blgjrnml, ]dl M`et`r cs cfstruklf-
tng t` k`vcfj Encfctls tdr`ujd tdnt m`kncf t` tdl
wnr ar`ft uscfj dcs klmceng erlmlftcngs. Ucfel tnhcfj
up dcs tctgl cf Blgjrnml, dl dns ngs` ble`kl rljnrmlm
ns n wcsl
w csl v`cel nk`fj a`gg`wlrs `a tdl _ntd `a _`wlr
nfm tdl Cfflr
C fflr Q`cel.
Encfl)9 ]dl Bcsd`p `a ]ciunfn cs
Ecentrcz (_ntd `a Encfl)9 ]dl
nf nee`kpgcsdlm e`kknfmlr cf c f tdl Jldlffn Znr,
wctd nf ufmlnm enrllr `a dnvcfj plrs`fnggy mcse`v-

Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy
lrlm nf lgmlr–s t`kb. Nrtcanets a`ufm cf tdnt jrnvl
dnvl lxp`slm tdl rlstcfj pgnels `a subslqulft lgmlrs
ar`k tdl prl-E`gukbcnf lrn. \fmlr Ecentrcz–s glnm-
lrsdcp, tdl ]ciunfn m`kncf dns ble`kl rlf`wflm
a`r cts K`f`kney mulgs, ngk`st
ng k`st nf ‗`elr–s sed``g‛
ar`k wdced _neh _rclsts lklrjl ns lxlkpgnrs `a tdl
_ntd `a Encfl, tdlcr Bg``m knml k`rl pucssnft by
mcnbglrcl.
_neh _rclst
Ct `atlf surprcsls `utscmlrs t` glnrf nb`ut tdl lxcs-
tlftcng scml `a tdl Unbbnt, t` rlngczl tdnt tdl slet csf–t
 iust nb`ut k`fstr`scty nfm vc`glfel nfm brutngcty
brutngct y
njncfst k`rtngs. Elrtncfgy, tdcs cs trul `a tdl Unbbnt,
but tdl Bgneh Dnfm dns pdcg`s`pdceng rlns`fs a`r
m`cfj wdnt ct m`ls, nfm kltd`ms a`r mlngcfj wctd
tdl Eursl `a Encfl jucmlm by mlv`tc`f t` tdl _ntds
`a Lfgcjdtlfklft. A`rlk`st cf rlngczcfj tdcs ednrjl
cs tdl r`gl `a tdl _neh _rclst.
Cf k`st pnehs, ngg `a tdl Encfctls blg`fjcfj t`
42
tdnt pneh a`gg`w tdl snkl _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft. N
_rclst slrvls ns b`td tdl spcrctung nfm tnetceng glnmlr
`a cfmcvcmung Unbbnt pnehs nee`rmcfj t` tdnt _ntd–s
prlelpts. ]dly nrl tdl v`cel tdnt brcfjs tdl Blnst t`
dllg, tdl `ecnft `a rctls tdnt bcfm tdl pneh t`-
jltdlr, nfm tdl slrjlnft wd` kcfcstlrs t` tdl pneh–s
fllm pnehkntls
tdlcr a`r mcrletc`f. Zdltdlr
t` alnts ns n rlbrnfm,
`a bnttgllgm cfectcfj
vc`glfel, `r ns
n klft`r, cfspcrcfj tdlcr pnehkntls t` rcsl nfm jdt
nf`tdlr fcjdt, tdl _rclst–s muty cs tdl e`rflrst`fl `a
tdl Unbbnt.
_rclsts npplnr cf ckklfsl vnrclty, `atlf dlnv-
cgy cfulfelm by tdlcr g`engl, cf d`w tdly plra`rk
tdlcr aufetc`f. U`kl _rclsts tnhl tdlcr tctgls gctlrnggy,
trlntcfj tdlcr _ntds nfm jucmnfel ns n rlgcjc`us
glnmlr w`ugm. U`kl tnhl `f nf nsplet `a wctedls,
e`nxcfj n sdrclhcfj e`vlf njncfst tdlcr a`ls. ]dly
kny bl dnrm-bcttlf vltlrnfs `a ufmlnm wnr, hf`w -
cfj d`w erctceng n _ntd cs t` prlvlftcfj `fl–s algg`ws
ar`k ble`kcfj rnvlfcfj Zcjdts. ]dly kny usl

d`gy ce`fs `r eugturng sykb`gs t` k`tcvntl tdlcr
pnehs, `r tdly kny rlgy `f `gm-ansdc`flm bg``m-nfm-
rl `rnt`ry.
F@]NBGL _RCLU]U
K`hdtnr Undf`uf (_ntd `a Encfl)9 Glt tdl
`tdlr pnehs blgg`w nfm brnwg ― K`hdtnr–s pneh
hf`ws tdl vngul `a g`jcstces. Zctd dcs scjdts slt `f
tdl turbuglft ecty `a Knrslcggl, K`hdtnr dns bllf
qucltgy strlnkcfj n fukblr `a pnehs cft` tdl s`utd
`a Arnfel. U` anr K`hdtnr–s cftlftc`f sllks f`t t`
bl n vc`glft e`up `a prnxcs, but t` mlfy Knrslcggl
ns n p`cft `a cfjrlss t` f`f-Unbbnt wd` w`ugm
k`vl tdr`ujd Zlstlrf Lur`pl. ]dcs cs pr`a`ufmgy
mnfjlr`us tlrrct`ry a`r Encfctls, ns Arnfel–s MJUL
e`fscmlrs Knrslcggl t` dnvl bllf purjlm `a vnkpcrce
prlslfel, but tdl ecty dns t`` kued strntljce vngul
a`r tdnt t` g`fj bl trul, nfm K`hdtnr–s pneh kny
wlgg dnvl nf cfsurk`uftnbgl
c fsurk`uftnbgl rst-k`vlr
rst-k`vlr nmvnftnjl.
45
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
]nmnrcmn (_ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug)9  N
U`ug)9 N
Fler`f`kcst wd` splecngczls cf tdl llets `a
Encfctl vctnl `f gcvcfj tcssul, ]nmnrcmn nfm dlr pneh
`atlf i`cf `tdlr Unbbnt pnehs cft` b`td d`t- nfm
e`gm-wnr sctuntc`fs. Dlr pneh usunggy prlelmls n
k`rl substnftcng nssnugt, e`fa`ufmcfj rcvng vnk-
pcrls by hcggcfj, hcmfnpp
h cmfnppcfj,
cfj, `r knhcfj strnfjlr
tdcfjs dnpplf t` jd`ugs cf tdlcr lkpg`y. Cf pnrtceu-
gnr, ]nmnrcmn–s pneh p`sslssls n bg``m njlft tdnt enf
enusl slczurls cf jd`ugs nfm knstlry `a n Elrlk`fy
tdnt enf njl n jd`ug t` n brcttgl dush cf kcfutls.
Entdnrc)9 Bngglrcf` nfm dcs
Bngglrcf` (_ntd `a Entdnrc)9 Bngglrcf`
tr`upl pr`kcsl a`rbcmmlf mlgletntc`fs t` td`sl
wd` rlelcvl cfvctntc`fs t` tdlcr pglnsurl-ecreus.
Zdltdlr e`urtcfj k`rtngs, wd` kystlrc`usgy jncf
slxunggy trnfskcttlm mcslnsls tdnt pnss tdr`ujd tdlcr
bg``m t` vnkpcrls wd` allm `f tdlk, `r Hcfmrlm,
wd` surrlfmlr t` n t`rp`r b`rfl `a gnfju`r natlr n

Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy
fcjdt `a slfsung bgcss, Bngglrcf`–s pneh knstlrauggy
lfsfnrls cts vcetcks cf trnps `a tdlcr `wf gust.
]rul Unbbnt, Br`tdlrs nfm
Ucstlrs cf Encfl
]dl tctgl `a ]rul Unbbnt blg`fjs t` ngg Encfctls wd`
dnvl slrvlm tdlcr pnehs cf s`kl enpnecty nfm bllf
tdlrlnatlr d`f`rlm wctd tdl rctus nehf`wglmjcfj
tdlk ns n klkblr `a tdl slet. Ct e`falrs f` netung
rnfh, tdlrla`rl, but cts p`wlr cs cf tdl e`felpt `a
blg`fjcfj. ]rul Unbbnt nrl f` g`fjlr pr`bntc`fnry,
nfm tdly–rl mlfctlgy n eut nb`vl t`k`rr`w fcjdt–s
sd`vlgdlnms, lvlf ca tdly nrl tdlkslgvls gnst fcjdt–s
sd`vlgdlnms. Ns sdrlmmlm Duknfcty cflx`rnbgy anggs
nwny,, t` bl suppgnftlm by n _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft,
nwny Lfgcj dtlfklft,
dnvcfj tdl enknrnmlrcl `a `fl–s algg`w neeurslm
fcjdt-erlnturls cs `fl `a tdl cfduknf ‗e`ka`rts‛
tdly e`kl t` npprlecntl. K`fstr`scty g`vls e`k-
pnfy, nfm mnkfntc`f p`sctcvlgy rlvlgs cf ct.
@tdlr ]ctgls
Cf fcjdts prc`r, tdl Unbbnt dnm n kued k`rl sub-
stnftcng dclrnredy `a vlry a`rkngczlm r`gls. Ucfel tdl
Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f dns bllf s` lletcvl njncfst tdl
slet, nfm scfel tdl Jldlffn Znr mlknfms s` kued
Encfctl nttlftc`f,
ntt lftc`f, d`wlvlr,
d`wlvlr, knfy Encfctls
Encf ctls wd` dnm
egncklm tdlsl tctgls dnvl j`fl kcsscfj glnvcfj tctgls
vnenft nfm ufgglm.
4=
U`kl alw klkblrs `a tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl nrl
stcgg hf`wf t` usl tdl a`gg`wcfj tctgls. Zdltdlr `r
f`t tdl f`w kued k`rl mlelftrngczlm slet ed``sls
t` gntlr npp`cft `tdlrs t` tdlsl tctgls, `r ca tdl Unb-
bnt–s flw purp`sl klnfs tdl slet dns sdlm tdlk
lftcrlgy rlkncfs ns ylt ufhf`wf.
ENRMCFNGU
Zctd tdl `utbrlnh `a tdl Jldlffn Znr, td`sl engg-
cfj tdlkslgvls Enrmcfngs dnvl `stlfscbgy ble`kl
tdl wnrg`rms `a tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl, e`uftcfj
nk`fj tdlk vnrc`us splecngcsts ar`k n fukblr `a
mclrlft _ntds nfm rljc`fng anetc`fs. N fukblr `a
ufe`frklm Encfctls dnvl ngs` nssuklm tdl tctgl `a
Enrmcfng, nfm tdlsl kny `r kny f`t dnvl a`rknggy
bllf nee`rmlm tdlsl r`gls by Unbbnt gukcfnrcls. Cf
anet, ct cs pr`bnbgl tdnt tdl rnfhs `a tdl Enrmcfngs
dnvl yclgmlm t` n bg``my iuftn, wctd tdl k`rl sub-
gckl mutcls `a tdl tctgl anggcfj by tdl wnyscml ns tdl
wnr l`rt pusdls tdl Mnkflm cft` `plf e`fcet.
]d`sl alw Enrmcfngs wd` rlkncf nfm nrl rle`j-
fczlm `eensc`fnggy `rjnfczl rljc`fng e`fjrljntc`fs
`a tdlcr _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft. ]dlsl kny tnhl n
fukblr `a a`rks, ar`k ‗k`bcgl m`kncfs‛ `a _ntd
aufmnklftngcsts t` trncfcfj enkps dnstcgy lstnb-
gcsdlm `f tdl plrcpdlry `a n Kltduslgnd–s supp`slm
rlstcfj pgnel, cf prlpnrntc`f a`r n strchl. Enrmcfng
Uenrnb–ss pneh knrnumcfj cts wny ner`ss Ag`rcmn prl-
Uenrnb–

slfts ctslga ns n rlgcjc`us rlvcvng, a`r lxnkpgl, lvlf
td`ujd Enrmcfng Uenrnb dlrslga dns alwlr tdnf tlf
ylnrs ufmlr tdl fcjdt.
_RCUE\U
Lvlry nrky fllms cts splecngcsts nfm tdl Unbbnt
cs f` lxelptc`f. Zdcgl tdl kni`rcty `a tdl slet cs
mlv`tlm t` tdl wnr l`rt, tdl _rcsec dnvl lklrjlm ns
n mclrlft nsplet `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm. Ar`k spy-
knstlrs `rjnfczcfj tdl cfgtrntc`f `a `tdlr slets
t` rle`ffncssnfel lxplrts sflnhcfj pnst tdl ar`ft
gcfls t` cfulftcng e`ufecg`rs wctd neelss t` tdl
 Nredbcsd`ps, tdl _rcsec nrl `atlf
`a tlf tdl kcfms bneh-
cfj tdl nrk wclgmcfj tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl. @f tdlcr
`wf tlrks _rcsec nrl nee`kpgcsdlm Encfctls, nfm tdl
tctgl br`nmgy scjfcls n rle`jfczlm lxplrtcsl. ]dly
kny ngcjf tdlkslgvls wctd n pnrtceugnr m`kncf nfm
nmvcsl cts Bcsd`ps, `r tdly kny r`nk, brcfjcfj tdlcr
tnglfts nfm nsslts wdlrlvlr tdly blgclvl tdly nrl
fllmlm.
]dl _rcsec nrl vlry `atlf tdl prcknry s`urels `a
cfa`rkntc`f nfm cftlggcjlfel tdl slet jntdlrs, nfm
rlngczl tdl slets–s dntrlm a`r tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs cf cf-
mcrlet wnys. Ct kny bl n _rcseus– l`rts t` a`rk nfm
suppgy n pneh tdnt mcse`vlrs tdl erypt `a n t`rpcm lg-
mlr blflntd tdl Rc` Fljr` `utscml Knfnus `r turfs
`vlr n Enknrcggn aujctcvl t` tdl wnry Nfnreds cf
]nfjclr, tdl blttlr t` hllp tdl slets nt lned `tdlr–s
tdr`nts. ]dl ]nrnftlggn Utygctls `a Nrjlftcfn, n pneh
`a se`uts nfm spcls, nrl glm by n _rcseus wd`sl fnkl
f`fl enf rlklkblr natlr klltcfj dlr, `fgy dlr tctgl.
_rcsec rnrlgy nfm
nee`uftnbcgcty, dnvltypcenggy
nfy splece rlsp`fscbcgcty
f` rlng `r
jl`jrnpdceng
nfed`r, wdced s`kltckls rlsugts cf tdl ar`ft-gcfl
s`gmclrs jdtcfj tdl Jldlffn Znr dnvcfj gcttgl
rlsplet a`r tdlk. ]rutd bl t`gm, wctd`ut tdl vnrc-
vnrc -
`us splecngczntc`fs `a tdl _rcsec, tdl Unbbnt w`ugm
ngk`st elrtncfgy bl glss lletcvl, kued k`rl `a n
bguft cfstruklft. Zdcgl `tdlr p`sctc`fs `a nutd`r-
cty pr`ilet n brutng Unbbnt cfulfel `utwnrm, tdl
_rcsec egnw cfa`rkntc`f nfm `tdlr rls`urels cfwnrm.
_NGNMCF @R ]LK_GNR
 Nt `fl tckl, tdlsl tctgls blg`fjlm t` tdl plrs`fng
rltcfuls `a lstllklm Unbbnt. ]`fcjdt, tdl tctgl dns
4<
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
jrlntgy angglf `ut `a usl, ns tdl slet d`gms t`` alw
m`kncfs t` rle`jfczl tdlsl tctgls sletwcml nfyk`rl.
Lftlrprcscfj Unbbnt `eensc`fnggy egnck tdcs tctgl a`r
tdlkslgvls, wdltdlr ns n pneh cmlftcty (‗]dl U`utd-
scml ]lkpgnrs‛) `r ns n plrs`fng k`fchlr (‗Luryngl,
Mlntd–s _ngnmcf‛). Cf ngk`st lvlry ensl, tdcs cs m`fl
by Unbbnt wd` dnm bllf Lkbrnelm bla`rl tdl t dl Bleh-
`fcfj nfm tdl Jldlffn Znr, t` mlknfm rlsplet
nfm b`gstlr n rlputntc`f `a slfc`rcty. Uued dnbcts
nrl cfe`fscstlftgy lletcvl, lsplecnggy nk`fj tdl
mr`vls `a flw Unbbnt wd` m`f–t dnvl nfy cmln wdnt
n _ngnmcf cs supp`slm t` bl.
M\E]\U
]dl rlsp`fscbcgctcls `a pneh glnmlrsdcp wlrl `fel
spgct bltwllf tdl _neh _rclst, wd` tlfmlm t` tdl
spcrctung fllms `a tdl pneh, nfm tdl muetus, wd` wns
cts tnetceng glnmlr. Zctd tdl urjlfey `a tdl Jldlffn
Znr,, d`wlvlr, wdced cs ctslga n d`gy wnr, tdl mcstcfe-
Znr mcstc fe-
tc`f blenkl `fl `a gcttgl vngul. ]`fcjdt, muetus cs
uslm ngk`st ns mlrcscvl pnrgnfel a`r n _neh _rclst
`a gcttgl spcrctung rcj`r, td`ujd n alw vltlrnf pneh
glnmlrs stcgg usl ct t` prlslft n e`ff`tntc`f `a rnfh `r
lxplrclfel.
_neh _nttlrfs
Klkblrs `a sueelssaug Unbbnt _nehs auggg n vnrclty
`a r`gls nfm rlsp`fscbcgctcls, lned nee`rmcfj t` tdlcr
shcggs, nbcgctcls, `r pgnel cf tdl cftlrfng plehcfj `r-
mlr. Zdcgl f`t a`rkngczlm t` tdl lxtlft `a slet tctgls,
t_nehs
dlsl r`gls sdnrl a`r
nfm _ntds lf`ujd sckcgnrctcls
n pnttlrf ner`ss mclrlft
t` bl lstnbgcsdlm.
]dl mcstrcbutc`f `a tdlsl r`gls vnrcls scjfc-
enftgy, mlplfmcfj `f pneh sczl, cts _ntd, nfm cts
a u
ufetc`f
fetc`f ca pnrt `a n gnrjlr a`rel. Ukngg pnehs `atlf
dnvl klkblrs wd` slrvl kugtcpgl r`gls, wdcgl tdl
_rclst usunggy lfi`ys tdlcr ed`cel `r dns tdlcr dnfms
augg wctd _rclstgy mutcls.
_nehs tdnt ancg t` tnhl nmvnftnjl `a tdlcr klk-
blrs' nfctcls nrl usunggy sd`rt-gcvlm, t`rf nsufmlr
by e`fcetcfj prlmcgletc`fs, `r mcscftljrntcfj ar`k
sg`ppy g`jcstces, but td`sl tdnt m` lklrjl ns wlgg-
`cglm cfalrfng knedcfls.

Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy
Znrrc`r
]dl Unbbnt stlrl`typl, tdl wnrrc`r jlts sdct m`fl.
A`r n slet plrpltunggy nt wnr, wnrrc`rs nrl tdl bneh-
b`fl `a wdntlvlr `plrntc`f tdl _neh ufmlrtnhls.
Zdcgl pneh klkblrs cf `tdlr r`gls enf surlgy d`gm
tdlcr `wf cf n jdt, tdl wnrrc`rs nck t` trcukpd.
Blcfj s` e`kk`f, tdl wnrrc`r r`gl ngs` mcspgnys
tdl k`st vnrclty. Npnrt ar`k tdl _ntd `a Mlntd nfm
tdl U`ug, wdlrl s`kl _nehs lsedlw mcrlet e`fcet
`r mlgljntl vc`glfel t` tdlcr erlntc`fs, tdl _ntds
e`ftrcbutl t` n envngenml `a snvnjlry.
snvnjlr y. Ar`k
Ar`k ernzlm
Entdnrc rnvnjlrs, t` scglft F`mmcst nssnsscfs, t` p`s-
turcfj \dgnf brutls, lned wnrrc`r brcfjs n mcstcfet
typl `a vcec`usflss t` tdl arny. A`r k`st vnkpcrls
`utscml tdl Unbbnt, tdly nrl tdl rst nfm gnst tdcfj
tdly sll `a tdl slet.
CF U]@RCLU9
Zdlf lfe`uftlrlm, Unbbnt cf wnrrc`r r`gls nrl
lctdlr `f tdl wnrpntd `r slt ns junrms `a `tdlr _neh
klkblrs `r tdlcr dnvlf. Cf lctdlr ensl tdly jdt ns
anfntces ― nfm pr`bnbgy t` tdl fng mlntd, ca tdlrl–s
s`kltdcfj t` bl jncflm by ct.
Gcncs`f
Cf tdl rnrl tckls tdnt vc`glfel csf–t tdl nfswlr,
knfy pnehs dnvl s`kl`fl t` angg bneh `f t` m`
tdl tnghcfj. ]dcs csf–t n r`gl tdnt iust nfy`fl enf
plra`rk, ns knfy _ntds glnvl tdlcr nmdlrlfts s` ml-
tnedlm ar`k tdl w`rgm `utscml tdl Bgneh DnfmDn fm tdnt
tdly dnvl n dnrm tckl f`t sckpgy brutngczcfj lvlry
strnfjlr,
]d`slglt ng`flwd`
Unbbnt lstnbgcsdcfj rnpp`rt.
m` p`sslss n jcat a`r mcse`ursl
enf bl rutdglssgy pr`eclft cf tdl s`ecng nrlfn.
\fdnkplrlm by f`tc`fs `a rlecpr`ecty `r lkpntdy,
lkpntdy,
tdly nrl knstlraug knfcpugnt`rs nfm gcnrs, nbgl t`
pgny Hcfmrlm nfm k`rtng ngchl gchl tdl mlvcg m`ls tdl
mmgl.
Entdnrc nfm \fclr pnehs nrl k`st gchlgy t`
dnvl Encfctls `a tdcs splecngty nk`fj tdlcr rnfhs,
wctd tdl a`rklr blcfj lxplrt tlkptlrs nfm tdl gnttlr
lxdcbctcfj e`kknfmcfj mlklnf`rs tdnt glnvl gcttgl
r``k a`r mcsslft.
41
CF U]@RCLU9
Gcncs`fs nrl jdtlrs gchl ngg Unbbnt, but ca lfe`uf-
tlrlm ng`fl wcgg usunggy f`t rls`rt t` vc`glfel ca tdly
blgclvl tdly enf bgu, anst tngh, `r slmuel tdlcr wny
`ut `a tdl sctuntc`f. Ca tdly enff`t jncf tdl upplr
dnfm tdly wcgg stngg a`r tckl `r try t` lsenpl ca f`
bnehup cs nvncgnbgl.
Ue`ut
Lletcvl _nehs `atlf splfm k`ftds `r ylnrs enrl-
auggy survlycfj tdlcr upe`kcfj tdlntlr `a `plrn-
tc`f. Ar`k knppcfj `ut tdl gcfls `a `pp`sctc`f cf n
d`stcgl m`kncf t` mcslftnfjgcfj cfulfel fltw`rhs
t` pcfp`cftcfj lflky dnvlfs, tdl se`ut–s
se`ut–s rlsp`fsc-
bcgcty enf sll tdlk gurhcfj bldcfm lflky gcfls a`r
k`ftds nt n tckl.
U`ecnggy npt se`uts kny j` ufmlre`vlr, p`scfj
ns g`eng \fb`ufm `r Nfnreds, trnmcfj cf j`sscp `r
 iust shcrtcfj
shcrt cfj tdl lmjls. @tdlrs
@t dlrs stceh t` tdl sdnm`ws,
`f fcjdtgy stnhl`uts `a prckl duftcfj jr`ufms,
nglrt a`r nfy scjfs `a Hcfmrlm netcvcty, plredlm gchl
jnrj`ygls `vlr p`cfts `a cftlrlst. ]d`sl wctd n plf-
ednft a`r tdl nrenfl usl k`rl ls`tlrce klnfs, nfm
se`uts wd` ngs` p`sslss qungctcls `a n gcncs`f knhl
a`r plralet rnmcengczlrs.
Zdcgl tdcs r`gl `atlf lfms up ns tdl muty `a
td`sl nt tdl b`tt`k rufj `a tdl pneh, ct flvlrtdlglss
mlknfms n elrtncf nk`uft `a trustw`rtdcflss, ns
tdl Encfctl cs lxpletlm t` `plrntl wctd`ut rljugnr
`bslrvnfel `a tdl Qnugmlrcl. ]dcs enf rlsugt cf
se`uts allgcfj ngclfntlm ar`k tdlcr pnehs, nfm j`cfj
r`jul `r nbnfm`fcfj
tckls tdlsl tdlcrupmutcls
mlslrtlrs lfm lftcrlgy.
ns nutnrhcs `r U`kl-
U`kl
lvlf -
mlalet ca nfy`fl enf bl b`tdlrlm t` brcfj tdlk cf
ar`k tdl e`gm, ns ct wlrl.
CF U]@RCLU9
@atlf y`ufj, se`uts nrl lnjlr t` pr`vl tdlkslgvls,
nfm tdly rnrlgy dnvl tdlcr _neh t` angg bneh `f. ]dcs
knhls tdlk pr`fl t` tnhcfj `f bcjjlr a`ls tdnf
tdly enf dnfmgl ca tdl `pp`rtufcty prlslfts ctslga.
Ue`uts m`f–t `atlf ruf ufglss tdly enf lsenpl wctd
s`kltdcfj `a vngul, ns n se`ut wd` enf–
en f–tt se`ut cs
gchlgy t`rf npnrt by nf ufnpprlecntcvl pneh.
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

4:

 
 
 Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy
Eglnflr
Cflvctnbgy, tdcfjs jlt klssy nfm ct's s`kl`fl–s
s`kl`fl–s i`b t`
tnhl enrl `a ct. ]dnt–s tdl eglnflr. Mutcls rnfjl ar`k
serubbcfj tdl selfl `a n knssnerl bla`rl tdl k`rtng
nutd`rctcls nrrcvl t` duftcfj tdl vcetck `a n b`tedlm
allmcfj t` tdlcr d`kl (nfm burfcfj ct m`wf a`r
j``m klnsurl) t` r`ufmcfj up wctflssls t` n Rctl
tdnt j`t `ut `a dnfm.
\sunggy glat t` tdl y`ufjlst sd`vlgdlnms `a tdl
pneh, eglnflr muty enf ngs` slrvl ns dnzcfj `r ns
pufcsdklft. U`kl pnehs lvlf l vlf r`tntl tdl muty, nfm
f` alw Entdnrc nrl hf`wf t` knhl mlbnslm sp`rt
`a ct.
Mlspctl tdl cjf`kcfy `a tdl tnsh, pnehs bglsslm
wctd n eglvlr eglnflr nrl f`t `fgy nbgl t` e`vlr tdlcr
44
trnehs, but rlmcrlet tdlk t`wnrm tdl `pp`sctc`f.
]dcs r`gl cs glss e`kk`f nk`fj Mlv`urlrs nfm
ns-ylt-uf -
\fclrs, ns b`td usunggy buggy jd`ugs `r ns-ylt-uf-
pr`vlf rleructs t` mlng wctd tdlsl cfe`fvlfclfels.
CF U]@RCLU9
Ca lfe`uftlrlm, tdl eglnflr dns f` tckl a`r tdcs
buggsdct. Ca tdly rcsh blcfj sp`ttlm by `tdlr vnk-
pcrls tdly nrl gchlgy t` gny g`w, euffcfjgy wnctcfj a`r
nf `pp`rtufcty t` pcf tdl prlslft klss `f wd`k-
wd`k -
lvlr–s enrlglss lf`ujd t` stlp cf ct.
Ued`gnr
 N rnrl alw Unbbnt vnkpcrls knhl tdlkslgvls usl-
aug f`t tdr`ujd tdlcr nbcgcty t` lfjnjl wctd `tdlrs
(gcvcfj `r mlnm) but tdlcr nptctuml a`r rlslnred nfm
glnrfcfj. Mlplfmcfj `f tdl j`ngs `a tdl _neh tdly
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

enf bl mlmcentlm strntljcsts rlgnycfj cfa`rkntc`f t`

nfm e``rmcfntcfj nf nssnugt `f nf Lgyscuk jntdlr-
cfj, trnfsgnt`rs d`glm up cf rllhcfj bufhlrs p`rcfj
`vlr prl-Nhhnmcnf nredctleturng mlscjfs, `r Bg``m
U`relrlrs `f engg a`r wnrmcfjs cf d`stcgl tlrrct`ry.
Rnrlgy lfe`uftlrlm `f netcvl muty, tdl sed`gnr–s
sed`gnr –s
r`gl dns kyrcnm cfenrfntc`fs, ar`k ml-anet` glnmlr
t` n rcmceuglm _`cfmlxtlr snvnft. U`kl Fler`f`kcst
_nehs e`fscst `a f`tdcfj but sed`gnrs, td`ujd tdly
usunggy sdnrl `tdlr r`gls ns wlgg.

CF U]@RCLU9

Hcfmrlm lfe`uftlrcfj Unbbnt nrl k`rl gchlgy t`

ruf cft` tdl erlntc`fs `a sed`gnrs tdnf tdl sed`gnrs
tdlkslgvls, lctdlr cf tdl a`rk `a tdl rlst `a tdl
pneh netcfj `f tdlcr cftlggcjlfel `r by anggcfj cft`
nfy fukblr `a trnps `r strntnjlks, suplrfnturng `r
`tdlrwcsl. Ca e`rflrlm, sed`gnrs tlfm t` dnvl knedc-
fntc`fs cf pgnel tdnt yclgm tdlk n quceh fng mlntd,
tnhcfj ns knfy lflkcls ns tdly enf wctd tdlk.

_r`eurlr
Ar`k pckps nfm xlrs t` skujjglrs nfm lfjcfllrs,
mlmcentlm pr`eurlrs nrl tdl eg`slst tdcfj tdl Unbbnt
dns t` g`jcstces. Lxnkpgls cfeguml d`fly-t`fjulm
Entdnrc mlnglrs, sfnted-nfm-jrnb F`mmcst pgufmlr-
lrs, nfm mlsp`tce \fclr jnfj gclutlfnfts. @fgy tdl
Rlnplrs enf n`rm t` cjf`rl tdcs i`b, nfm tdly `atlf
rlgy `f slrvnfts `r erlntc`fs a`r k`st `a tdlcr fllms.
Ucfel n pr`eurlr–s ‗j``ms‛ nrl iust ns gchlgy t`
fllm t` brlntdl ns sct qucltgy `f st`rl sdlgvls, knfy
pr`eurlrs nrl ngs` nmlpt nt mlngcfj wctd k`rtngs, ns
k`st pnehs ufmlrstnfm tdl vngul `a n blcfj bldcfm n
g`ehlm m``r bla`rl tdl serlnkcfj stnrts.

CF U]@RCLU9

Mlngcfj wctd vlsslgs nfm vlfm`rs, pr`eurlrs nrl

`atlf cf n p`sctc`f t` knhl ufgcal mceugt a`r
Hcfmrlm wnftcfj t` kcfckczl k`rtng cfv`gvlklft.
Ca e`far`ftlm, tdly dnvl f` pr`bglks snercecfj
lrstwdcgl j``ms t` jncf tdl upplr dnfm, nfm blcfj
strlltwcsl by flelsscty, tdly–rl usunggy `fl stlp
ndlnm `a nfy`fl wd` mlecmls t` cjf`rl e`ggntlrng
mnknjl. ▯

43

 
Ednptlr ]rll9 Burf Brcjdtgy

3?

Ednptlr A`ur9
] D L   JLDLFFN  
 ZN
 ZN R 
Untnf's sueelssls nrl tdl jrlntlst wdlf dl npplnrs
wctd tdl fnkl `a J`m `f dcs gcps.
” KNDN]KN JNFMDC
 N Brcla nfm Mcrt
Mcr t y
Dcst`ry `a tdl Unbbnt 
` anr ns
n s nfy`fl enf rlklkblr, tdl Unbbnt
lklrjlm ar`k tdl rls `a tdl (rst) Cfquc-
U
sctc`f. ]dus, tdl jrnfm cr`fy `a Ule`fm
Cfqucsctc`f-lrn duftlrs blcfj tdl k`st
sueelssaug njncfst tdl Unbbnt, `a ngg tdl slets.
_rc`r t` tdl Unbbnt ns n rle`jfczlm slet, lsbnts `a
vnkpcrls ” gcttgl k`rl tdnf g`engczlm eugts, rlnggy
” dnm nm`ptlm tdlcr `wf wnys `a mlngcfj wctd tdl
Blnst. Bla`rl, `r plrdnps cf pnrngglg t` tdl kutung
ufmlrstnfmcfj `a duknfctns , tdlsl mcrl br``ms mcm
wdnt tdly e`ugm t` tlkplr tdl urjls `a tdl Blnst
nfm e`mcay nf ufmlrstnfmcfj `a wdnt vnkpcrls dnm
ble`kl up`f rlelcvcfj tdl Lkbrnel.
F`fl `a tdlsl lnrgy lsbnts  dnm
 dnm nfy sykpntdy
a`r tdl k`rtngs up`f wd`k tdly alm. Ca f`tdcfj
3>
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
lgsl dns rlkncflm e`fscstlft nb`ut tdl Bgneh Dnfm
tdr`ujd`ut tdl cftlrvlfcfj elfturcls, tdcs vcec`us
anet dns.
Bg``m nfm Acrl
Lnrgy cf tdl >5td elftury, tdl Entd`gce Edured
bljnf tdl Ngbcjlfscnf Erusnml wctd tdl j`ng `a
mlstr`ycfj n k`rtng dlrlsy. But cf tdl e`ursl `a
lxtlrkcfntcfj wdnt cs t`fcjdt n bnrlgy rlklkblrlm
k`rtng rlgcjc`us
rlg cjc`us k`vlklft, tdl Edured ufe`v-
lrlm tdl trutd `a vnkpcrcsk. @a e`ursl, gljlfms `a
bg``m-suehcfj ufmlnm erlnturls dnm g`fj bllf n
pnrt `a lvlry eugturl–s a`ghg`rl, but tdl rlngcty `a
nf lftcrl dcmmlf e`fspcrney `a sued erlnturls wd`
slerltgy prlylm up`f `ehs ar`k tdl sdnm`ws wns
s`kltdcfj lgsl lftcrlgy.
]dl Edured rlsp`fmlm wctd tdl erlntc`f `a tdl
Cfqucsctc`f ” tdl ‗Acrst‛ Cfqucsctc`f, cf gcjdt `a
k`mlrf mlvlg`pklfts ” wdced tdl _`ftc ednrjlm
 

Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 

wctd r``tcfj `ut nfm mlstr`ycfj vnkpcrls nfm

`tdlr suplrfnturng k`fstlrs wdlrlvlr tdly kcjdt  Nfnreds
 N fnreds Rlv`g
Rl v`gt t 
bl a`ufm. Nfm a`r n tckl, tdl Cfqucsctc`f wns vlry By tdl lfm `a tdl >=td elftury,
elftur y, y`ufj vnkpcrls,
j``m nt cts i`b. cfelfslm nt tdlcr engg`us kcstrlntklft nfm alnraug `a
U` j``m, cf anet, tdnt tdl Encfctl lgmlrs `a blcfj snercelm t` tdl Cfqucsctc`f, rlblgglm njncfst
Lur`pl wlrl s``f cf n pnfce ns n rlnetc`fnry tlrr`r tdlcr scrls. ]dlsl Nfnreds, ns tdly dnm bllf tlrklm
lfjugalm Lur`pl nfm lvlf tdl `gmlst nfm k`st p`w- by tdl alnraug lgmlrs, rlbuhlm tdl slga-slrvcfj eus-
lraug Hcfmrlm wlrl mrnjjlm ar`k tdlcr rlstcfj pgnel t`ks `a tdlcr scrls. Cf wdnt blenkl hf`wf ns tdl
t` kllt tdl t`red `r tdl suf. Cf  Nfnred Rlv`gt, edcgmlr mlstr`ylm tdlcr scrls, mrnfh
m rnfh
tdlcr mlsplrntc`f t` survcvl, tdlkslgvls mlgcrc`us `f tdl dlnrtsbg``m `a lgmlrs,
knfy lgmlrs slft `ut tdlcr `wf nfm pgufjlm knfy m`kncfs cft` updlnvng. Zdnt-
`sprcfj t` kllt fng mlntd lvlr g`eng `rmlr dnm pnsslm a`r Hcfmrlm s`eclty prc`r
cf tdlcr stlnm, uscfj Bg``m t` tdl Cfqucsctc`f tlltlrlm cf tdl bngnfel ns tdl
B`fms nfm suplr-
suplr-  Nfnreds rliletlm tdl wnys `a tdlcr scrls. Ns m`kncfs
fnturng p`wlrs burflm, ct kny dnvl bllf cfqucsct`rs `r Nfnreds
t` e`kplg wd` dnm durglm tdl t`redls ” `r b`td.
tdlcr `wf
edcgmlr t`
jdt tdl
Cfqucsc-
t`rs wdcgl tdl
scrls vnfcsdlm
cft` tdl sdnm`ws.
U`kl lgmlrs lvlf
lfjnjlm cf knss
Lkbrnels t`
pr`tlet tdlk
njncfst tdl
Cfqucsctc`f, Lgmlr nttctumls rljnrmcfj tdl Nfnreds t` bl n klrl
n prleurs`r nff`ynfel ednfjlm prlecpct`usgy wdlf tdl a`ufmn-
t` tdl sd`v- tc`fs `a tdl Bg``m B`fm ctslga enkl ufmlr rl. Cts
lgdlnm tnetces prlecsl `rcjcfs dnvl bllf g`st, but tdl prlvncgcfj
`a tdl k`mlrf wcsm`k sujjlsts tdnt Bg``m U`relry pr`vlm tdl
Unbbnt. Fl`fntl a`ufmntc`f a`r Qnugmlrcl, n rctung by wdced Hcfmrlm
vnkpcrls `a ngg e`ugm sdnttlr Bg``m B`fms. Zdltdlr ct `rcjcfntlm
egnfs klt fng wctd tdl ]zckcsel h`gmuf `a tdl Enrpntdcnf m`- m` -
mlntd wdcgl tdlcr kncfs, cf tdl s`relr`us nglkbces `a tdl ]rlklrl, `r
scrls lm, dcm, ar`k dcjd Ngnkut f` g`fjlr knttlrs. Ngk`st `vlr-
`r engglm up`f fcjdt, tdl klrecglss eumjlg up`f wdced scrls e`ugm
tdlcr k`rtng rlgy t` bgumjl`f wnywnrm edcgmlr cft` subkcssc`f
cfulfels t` dnm vnfcsdlm.
survcvl. Gchl tdl cfqucsct`rs– rls, tdl Qnugmlrcl sprlnm
ar`k m`kncf t` m`kncf, nk`fj tdl aurtcvl lsbnts
nfm tdl ufb`ufm Nfnred ngchl. F`w arll `a tdlcr
suplrfnturng lfsgnvlklft t` tdlcr scrls nfm tclm t`

32

 

`fl nf`tdlr by ufsdnhlnbgl b`fms `a g`yngty, tdl
gntlst jlflrntc`f `a Nfnreds swcatgy blenkl nf lvlf
k`rl ckklmcntl tdrlnt t` vnkpcrce s`eclty.
F`t g`fj natlrwnrm, n spntl `a tngls rljnrmcfj
mlstr`ylm Nftlmcguvcnfs rnggclm tdl Nfnreds ner`ss
Lur`pl, tdl Glvnft, nfm f`rtdlrf Narcen. Rlblg-
gc`us edcgmlr egncklm t` dnvl mlstr`ylm fuklr`us
 Nfeclfts, wctd tdl Gns`kbrn
Gn s`kbrn nfm ]zckcsel
]zckcsel Nftl-
N ftl-
mcguvcnfs purp`rtlmgy tdl rst t` angg. Nt tdl tckl,
td`ujd ckp`sscbgl t` e`rr`b`rntl, tdl nppnrlft
mlstruetc`f `a tdl fuklr`us Nftlmcguvcnfs lglvntlm
tdl stntus `a tdl Nfnreds lvlf ns ct knrhlm tdlk ns
hcfsgnylrs cf tdl lyls `a n burjl`fcfj e`fspcrney `a
lgmlrs wd` pgnfflm t` brcfj tdl lftcrl cfsurjlfey
t` dllg.
Ar`k tdl Nsdls `a
tdl Rlv`gt 
Rlv`gt  Lfgcjdtlfklft cf Bg``m
Mlspctl cts rcscfj k`klftuk, tdl Nfnred Rlv`gt
ugtckntlgy angtlrlm. N fltw`rh `a cfulftcng lgmlrs
`redlstrntlm n e`uftlr-rlblggc`f, ufsurprcscfjgy
uscfj tdl vlry nmvnftnjls ufmlr tdlcr swny tdnt
tdl Rlv`gt dnm enst cft` stnrh rlgcla. Nee`rmcfj t`
s`kl s`urels, tdl lgmlrs lvlf st`hlm tdl rls `a tdl
Cfqucsctc`f ctslga, uscfj ct t` burf m`wf tdl dnvlfs
`a Nfnred pnehs tdnt dnm lknfecpntlm tdlkslgvls
vcn Qnugmlrcl.
]dl `rjnfczlrs `a tdl e`uftlr-rlv`gutc`f a`rkng-
czlm tdlcr e`fspcrney ns nf nrcst`erney `a tdl fcjdt,
n p`tlft enknrcggn njncfst rlblggc`us lmjgcfjs nfm
tdl klmclvng rctungcsk `a tdl lsbnts. ]dl e`fcet
`ecnggy lfmlm wctd tdl rntcentc`f `a tdl E`fvlf-
tc`f `a ]d`rfs cf >=35. K`st `a tdl Nfnred glnmlrs
prlslft scjflm `ft` tdl plnel trlnty nfm nehf`wg-
lmjlm tdl prckney `a tdl Enknrcggn.
35
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
But f`t ngg. ]dl flxt fcjdt, Nfnreds rnkpnjlm
njncfst tdl ecty `a Ucgedlstlr ns pnrt `a nf cftlftc`fng
vc`gntc`f `a tdl Knsqulrnml. Knrnumcfj Nfnreds
nfm lsbnts wlrl i`cflm by Hcfmrlm wd` dnm bllf
knrhlm a`r mlntd a`r tdlcr trnfsjrlssc`fs.
]dl k`rtng survcv`rs `a Ucgedlstlr mlsercblm tdl
nttnehcfj vnkpcrls ns ‗snbbnts `a mlvcgs nfm wcted-
ls,‛ nfm tdl Encfctls wd` pnrtcecpntlm slczlm up`f
tdnt mlsercptc`f t` edrcstlf tdlcr flw k`vlklft9
tdl Unbbnt. ]dl f`t`rclty ” lvlf cfanky ” `a
tdl bg``mbntd natlr tdl E`fvlftc`f `a ]d`rfs snw
vnkpcrls ar`k m`kncfs bly`fm e`uft rlilet tdl `gm
`rmlr `a tdcs ‗flw‛ Enknrcggn nfm mlegnrl a`r wdnt
tdly wlrl. Nfm wdlrl tdl e`wnrms `a tdl Enknrcggn
w`ugm dcml bldcfm tdlcr Knsqulrnml nfm tdl vlfllr
`a angsl Duknfcty, tdl Unbbnt w`ugm ble`kl tdl
k`fstlrs tdnt ngg Encfctls wlrl klnft t` bl.
Zdnt dnm `rcjcfnggy bljnf ns pnr`edcng eugts `a
k`fstr`us slga-w`rsdcp lvlftunggy
lvlftunggy lklrjlm ns s`kl-
tdcfj kued k`rl alnrs`kl9 n slt `a wd`ggy vnkpcrce
`utg``hs tdnt tdlcr ufmlnm a`gg`wlrs `bslrvlm
wctd n fcjd-anfntceng zlng ” blenusl tdlcr survcvng
mlplfmlm `f ct.
Jcvlf tdl m`kcfllrcfj Enknrcggn–s ed`cel t` lx-
ngt gcflnjl ns tdl prcknry lxprlssc`f `a n vnkpcrl–s
ednrnetlr, tdl Unbbnt cfstlnm rnggclm t` tdlsl _ntds
`a Lfgcjdtlfklft ns cts `wf mlegnrntc`f `a vcrtul.
@fl–s egnf nfm gcflnjl klnft f`tdcfj t` k`fstlrs
nttlkptcfj t` bucgm n w`rgm `a ltlrfng fcjdt cf
wdced k`rtngs w`ugm rcjdtgy alnr tdlcr bg``m-mrcfh-
cfj knstlrs.
 Ns tdl e`fcet bltwllf _ntd-mrcvlf
_ntd-mr cvlf pnehs nfm
trnmctc`fng m`kncfs strltedlm cft` tdl >1td elftury,
Unbbnt pnehs t``h up tdl enusl f`t `fgy njncfst tdl
Enknrcggn pr`plr, but njncfst tdnt elftrng tlflt `a
Hcfmrlm s`eclty, tdl vlry f`tc`f `a egnfs.
Cfmllm, f`t `fgy mcm tdl Unbbnt rlilet egnfs, but
tdl a`ufmlrs `a tdl egnfs, tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs tdlk-
slgvls. By tdl kcm->1td elftury, tdl Unbbnt ” ngblct
ns n mlelftrngczlm e`falmlrntc`f `a lsbnts ” dnm
mlegnrlm ctslga tdl ednkpc`f `a n p`jr`k njncfst
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
td`sl wd` dnm strnylm ar`k tdl vcrtuls `a Encfl,
tdl Mnrh Antdlr.
Ar`k tdl Enknrcggn e`urts `a Lur`pl cft` tdl
m`kncfs `a tdl Nsdcrrn nfm bly`fm, tdr`ujd tdl
mlsplrntlgy mlalfmlm k`uftncf tlrrct`rcls `a tdl
gnfms pnst tdl k`uftncfs, rl gct tdl fcjdt shcls nfm
lgmlr dlnrtsbg``m `wlm njncf tdr`ujd tdl vlcfs `a
cfsurjlfts. ]dl rctls `a tdl pnehs nfm lsbnts stcrrcfj
tdlk t` alrv`r, tdnt k`st nfeclft `a wnrs dnm flw
zlng`ts pr`sleutcfj ct.
]dl Bljcffcfj `a tdl
Lfm `a tdl Z`rgm
Ar`k `ut `a tdcs eruecbgl `a tdl cfqucsct`rs– rls
nfm tdr`ujd tdl tlrrcaycfj lv`gutc`f `a tdl _ntds
`a Lfgcjdtlfklft, tdl Unbbnt dns lvlr bllf nt tdl
a`rlar`ft `a e`fcets bly`fm e`uftcfj. Cftlrvlfcfj
elfturcls snw pltty jncfs dlrl nfm Unbbnt m`kncfs
lstnbgcsdlm tdlrl, but gcttgl t` klrct wdnt tdl Unbbnt
t`fcjdt w`ugm e`fscmlr nee`kpgcsdklft.
]dnt ngg ednfjlm ns Jldlffn mnwflm. Ns rst tdl
lgmlrs nfm tdlf tdlcr nfecggn pr`jlfy dlnrm tdl Bleh -
`fcfj, nfm rlnmcgy dllmlm cts lftrlnty. \fgchl tdl
Hcfmrlm `a `tdlr slets, wd` rlscstlm ns kued ns tdly
3=
kcjdt, gnrjlgy `ut `a jrllm nfm e`kpgnelfey, tdl
Unbbnt a`ufm flw purp`sl dlrngmlm by tdl `kc-
f`us rcsl `a tdl Nfeclfts.
]dl Jldlffn Znr lxnets n dcjd e`st, d`wlvlr.
M`kncfs tdnt dnm bllf egncklm by tdl Unbbnt,
ar`k tdl @gm Z`rgm t` tdl Flw, algg, `r wlrl
netcvlgy nbnfm`flm ns tdl Bgneh Dnfm rnggclm t` cts
np`engyptce engg. Klxce` Ecty, Mltr`ct, Knmrcm, nfm
lvlf Flw S`rh dnm `fel bllf e`fscmlrlm ‗Unbbnt
m`kncf,‛ ns dnm nfy fukblr `a `tdlr tlrrct`rcls,
but ngg `a tdnt burflm nwny gchl s` kued edn ns tdl
slet–s netung purp`sl dnuglm ctslga ar`k cts kcgglf-
kcgglf -
fcng t`kbs, tdrlntlfcfj t` mlv`ur tdl lftcrlty `a tdl
Mnkflm.
]d`sl wd` e`fscmlr tdl sctuntc`f wcslgy
mlsercbl tdl Unbbnt ns dnvcfj n s`rt `a ‗d`gg`wcfj-
`ut‛ scfel tdl Jldlffn Znr cjfctlm. Knfy Unbbnt
lgmlrs nfm nfecggnl dlnrm tdl Bleh`fcfj nfm t``h
up nrks njncfst tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs, wdcgl `tdlrs
mlk`fstrntlm n aufmnklftng e`wnrmcel by tnh-
cfj sdlgtlr nk`fj `tdlr slets, glnvcfj n jrlnt knfy
y`ufj Encfctls wctd`ut tdl strueturl tdnt dnm
lxcstlm cf tdl Unbbnt prc`r. ]d`sl alw lgmlrs wd`
dnmf–t dllmlm tdl Bleh`fcfj turflm tdl rlst `a tdl
slet t`wnrm tdl cflvctnbgl e`fcet ” nfm knfy `a
tdlk subslqulftgy vnfcsdlm, wdltdlr ns ensungtcls
`r cft` `tdlr antls rlkncfs ufhf`wf.
]`fcjdt, tdl Unbbnt sctuntc`f cs `fl `a mlsplrn-
ml splrn-
tc`f, but n mlsplrntc`f tdnt knfy `a tdl slet lctdlr
m` f`t plrelcvl `r nrl ufwcggcfj t` nehf`wglmjl.
Uprlnm `ut `vlr tdrll jl`jrnpdcenggy mcspnrntl wnr
ar`fts nfm tw` mclrlft tdlntlrs `a rltrlnt, tdl Unb-
bnt dns dnm t` rnmcenggy rlmlfl cts kltd`ms nfm tne-
tces `f tdl y. F` g`fjlr e`ftlft
e`ftlft t` ‗d`gm
‗ d`gm m`kncf,‛
tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl dns ble`kl nf netcvl, julrrcggn
a`rel. Nfm lvlf td`ujd cts d`gmcfjs nrl alwlr nfm
cts Encfctls pr`bnbgy glss cf fukblr, tdl Unbbnt dns
sprlnm `ut cts cfulfel `vlr n jrlntlr nrln tdnf lvlr
ct dns bla`rl.

UC]RL_9 ]dl Jldlffn Znr
Znghcfj bltwllf gcal nfm mlntd cs tdl
td l glnst `a `ur mnrh jcats. Zl nrl tdl j`ms `a
tdcs w`rgm nfm wl dnvl glat ct cf tdl dnfms `a tdl glnst w`rtdy a`r anr t`` g`fj.
” @YSKN FMCNU, _RC LU] @A ]DL _N
_N]D
]D @A _@ZLR NFM ]DL CF FLR Q@CEL
]dl Jldlffn Znr cs tdl gntlst cfenrfntc`f `a tdl
<??-ylnr wnr tdl Unbbnt dns wnjlm njncfst tdl  
 
pnwfs `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs. Zdcgl tdl Enknrcggn
cs `atlf stcgg tdl prcknry tnrjlt `a tdl Unbbnt–s la-
a`rts, tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl slls ngg wd` a`rsnhl tdl
Qnugmlrcl ns p`tlftcng t``gs cf tdl slrvcel `a tdl kns-
tlrs `a Jldlffn. ]dl Nfnreds wlrl g`fj rljnrmlm ns
p`tlftcng e`fvlrts t` tdl enusl, but cf tdl k`mlrf
fcjdts tdly–vl sd`wf tdlcr trul e`g`rs ns sd`rtscjdt-
lm `pp`rtufcsts, lnjlr t` suppgnft tdl Cv`ry ]`wlr
but f`t wcggcfj t` knhl tdl snercels flelssnry a`r
trul arllm`k.
F`w tdnt tdl Bgneh Dnfm dns tnhlf tdl jdt
mcrletgy t` tdl sgllpcfj Nfeclfts, tdl vlcg dns pnrtlm.
Knfy cf tdl Unbbnt blgclvl tdl Enknrcggn nfm
 Nsdcrrn
 Nsdcr rn dnm g`fj bllf slerltgy ufctlm cf slrvcel
t` tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs, but tdnt tdl g`ssls `a tdl
Jldlffn Znr a`relm tdnt ufc`f t` tdl a`rl. Ns tdl
Jldlffn Znr e`ftcfuls, knfy Unbbnt cf cts elftrng
e`fcet z`fl blgclvl tdl sllkcfjgy ng``a nfm ufe`f-
elrflm Nsdcrrn t` bl glss n slet `a Kusgck vnkpcrls
nfm k`rl nhcf
nh cf t` n mlv`tlm eugt `a nfelst`r-w`r-
nfelst`r-w`r-
sdcpplrs.
A`r jlflrntc`fs tdl Nsdcrrn snt cmgy ns tdl Enkn-
rcggn nfm Unbbnt egnwlm nt lned `tdlr tdr`ujd k`r-
tng pnwfs cf Nsdcrrn m`kncfs cf tdl Kcmmgl Lnst,
F`rtd Narcen, nfm tdl Bnghnfs. Ct wns `fgy wdlf
tdl Bgneh Dnfm bljnf t` uflnrtd tdl slerlts `a tdl
nfelst`rs tdnt tdl Bleh`fcfj rst egncklm tdl lgmlrs
nfm Nsdcrrn Hcfmrlm mlecmlm t` cftlrvlfl nfm rcsh  
tdlcr `wf Bg``m.
3<
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
Nf
N f Lkpcrl `a Bg``m
Ucfel tdl rst e`kpcgntc`f `a tdl  B``h `a F`m , wdnt
cs t`fcjdt hf`wf ns tdl Kcmmgl Lnst dns g`fj bllf
supp`slm ns tdl `rcjcf p`cft `a tdl Encfctls. Zdlf
tdl Jldlffn Znr wlft d`t, gcttgl m`ubt lxcstlm
nk`fj tdl Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs cf Encfl wdlrl tdly
sd`ugm sllh tdl Bg``m `a tdl lgmlst vnkpcrls.
Ct qucehgy blenkl eglnr t` tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl
tdnt f`t ngg F`mmcst tlxts e`ugm bl trustlm ns n knp
t` uflnrtd tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs, nfm tdnt slrvnfts `a
tdlsl slerlt knstlrs dnm tdl rls`urels nfm tckl t`
bury tdlcr slerlts wdlrlvlr tdly wcsdlm. Ngk`st
ns s``f ns ct dnm stnrtlm, tdl Jldlffn Znr sprlnm
t` mcstnft g`entc`fs ner`ss tdl Lnrtd ns tdl Unbbnt
pursulm tdl eguls wrlstlm ar`k tdl e`fsuklm s`ugs
`a e`uftglss lgmlrs.
Zdcgl tdl B``h `a F`m  rlkncfs
 rlkncfs n snerlm e`ggle-
e`ggle-
tc`f `a m`euklfts t` knfy wctdcf tdl Unbbnt, tdl
rlngctcls `a tdl Jldlffn Znr dnvl glm t` vnrc`us
knfusercpts blcfj rljnrmlm ns dnvcfj mclrlft ml-
jrlls `a nutdlftcecty. N alw Unbbnt lvlf susplet tdnt
tdl sed`gnrs wd` e`kpcglm tdl `rcjcfng tlxt kny
dnvl bllf ufmlr tdl swny `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs nfm
tdnt s`kl `a tdl eguls wctdcf subslqulft tlxts kny
netunggy bl eglvlr trnps nfm bnct vlrsc`fs mlscjflm
t` sdclgm tdl knstlrs `a Jldlffn ar`k tdl Uw`rm `a
Encfl–s wrntd.
Nf Ltlrfng Utrujgl
 Ngtd`ujd mcnbglrcl nfm
n fm kurmlr nrl tdl Unbbnt–s
Unbbnt–s
prlalrrlm tnetces cf wnjcfj tdl Jldlffn Znr, pnehs
stcgg rle`jfczl tdl fllm a`r subtglty cf pursuct `a
tdlcr jrlntlr j`ngs. Elfturcls `a jdtcfj lgmlr cfu-
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
lfel dns tnujdt tdl Bgneh Dnfm tdnt spcggcfj bg``m
ng`fl w`f–t sll tdlk t` vcet`ry nfm arllm`k. ]dl
 Nfeclfts nrl knstlrs `a mlelptc`f nfm kcsmcrletc`f.
]dl Enknrcggn wnsf–t iust n t``g t` prlpnrl tdl
lnsy
w`rgm a`r Nftlmcguvcnf e`fqulst, ct wns nf lnsy
tnrjlt a`r tdlcr lflkcls, n stnghcfj d`rsl tdnt w`ugm
f`t `fgy rlvlng tdrlnts t` tdlk, but `eeupy nfm
lxdnust tdlk uftcg ct wns t`` gntl. Zdcgl tdl Unbbnt
nfm Enknrcggn egnsdlm `vlr cfscjfcenft sernps `a
Jldlf -
tlrrct`ry cf B`st`f nfm Blrgcf, tdl fcjdt `a Jldlf-
fn cfedlm lvlr eg`slr.
By rlauscfj t` neelpt nfm rlplnt tdcs tcrlm eyegl,
tdl Unbbnt dns ednfjlm tdl rugls `a tdl jnkl nfm
tdl knstlrs `a Jldlffn dnvl sernkbglm t` k`vl
tdlcr pclels t` a`gg`w suct. ]dly dnvl pugglm tdl
pupplt strcfjs tnut nfm tdl lgmlrs dnvl iukplm t`
nttlftc`f. ]dl Enknrcggn dns ngg but rucflm cts prl-
ec`us Knsqulrnml cf cts mlntd tdr`ls nfm tdl k`rc-
bufm Nsdcrrn summlfgy fms e`kk`f enusl wctd cts
dcst`rce rcvng, wdcgl tdl lkb`gmlflm Nfnreds dnvl
31
ngrlnmy edcpplm nwny nt tdlcr nfnedr`fcstce a`ufmn-
a`ufmn -
tc`fs, p`sctc`f tdlkslgvls t` swngg`w b`td rcvngs
w d`gl.
d`gl.
Lvlf duftlrs dnvl
dnvl n r`gl t` pgny cf
c f tdcs gnst net `a
erlntc`f. Knfy Unbbnt, f`tnbgy nk`fj tdl rlkncf-
cfj lgmlrs `a tdl slet, rljnrm tdl rlturf `a tdl Burf-
cfj ]ckls ns n ancgsnal erlntlm by tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs.
]dcs pnrtceugnr gcfl `a e`fspcrney tdcfhcfj p`scts
tdnt tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs dnvl netunggy `redlstrntlm
tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f tdr`ujd tdlcr Enknrcggn
pnwfs t` knhl usl `a k`rtng p`wlr cf tdlcr l`rts
t` d`gm tdl Unbbnt nt bny g`fj lf`ujd t` e`kpgltl
tdlcr prlpnrntc`fs. Dcstrc`fce, t` bl surl, but
ufmlrstnfmnbgl, jcvlf tdl pnrnf`cn tdnt pr`sleutcfj
elfturcls `a tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl wrlnhs `f Unb-
bnt cmlftcty. S`ufjlr kcfms tdnf tdlcrs buy cft`
strnfjlr tdcfjs.
]l
Cf K``fgct
tdl tlrks Inskcfl
`a lsednt`g`jy Aclgmanctd, tdl
nfm Unbbnt
Jldlffn Znr cs tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl–s gnst ednfel
t` knhl surl tdl edncfs `a Bg``m tdly br`hl s`
g`fj nj` nrl flvlr rla`rjlm. E`kpgnelfey nfm
mugg tdcfhcfj dnm glm tdlk t` tdl lmjl `a rucf by
wnstcfj elfturcls cf p`cftglss tlrrct`rcng wnr njncfst
tdl strnw-klf `a tdl Enknrcggn nfm cf e`urtsdcp `a
wnywnrm Nfnreds.
_lrdnps Jldlffn cs cflvctnbgl nfm tdl pr`kcsl
`a erlntcfj n w`rgm bnslm `f Encfl–s vcsc`f `a `plf
vnkpcrce rugl wcgg flvlr e`kl t` pnss. But ns Encfl
w`ugm tnhl f` e`kpr`kcsl `r dnga klnsurls, flc-flc -
tdlr wcgg tdl Unbbnt wd` pr`umgy pr`egnck dcs fnkl
ns Encfctls.
Zdlf ct enf, tdl Bgneh Dnfm alnsts `f bg``m
tdnt `ws bneh kcgglffcn, hcfmgcfj mlnm klk`-
rcls cf d`pls `a jgckpscfj n j`m–s wlnhflss, f`
g`fjlr e`felrflm wctd tctgls nfm pltty mclrlfels
cf m`etrcfl. Cf nmmctc`f t` jdtcfj tdl entspnws
`a tdl Nfeclfts, tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl sllhs t` pclrel
tdl subgckl tdrlsd`gm tdnt slpnrntls tdlk ar`k tdl
knstlrs `a Jldlffn, nfm ugtckntlgy egnck np`tdl-
`scs.
]dl Jldlffn Znr cs tdl Unbbnt–s rlmlkptc`f
nfm snercel cf tdl anel `a tdl ckp`sscbgl. @fl wny
`r nf`tdlr, tdly wcgg bl arll.

Klxce` Ecty
Enknrcggn Hcfmrlm, dlnr kl wdlf C gnum
y`u ns pr`um nfm mlslrvcfj ngengmls
gnycfj egnck t` m`kncfs tdnt sdngg bl
tdl jgcttlrcfj ilwlgs cf tdl er`wf.
]wlfty-`fl kcggc`f k`rtng vlsslgs!
Unv`r tdl prlstcjl `a m`kcfc`f `vlr
twlfty-`fl kcggc`f k`rtng vlsslgs.
Zdy `f lnrtd w`ugm tdl g`eusts `a tdl
Bgneh Dnfm nbnfm`f sued n prczl0 ]`
sny f`tdcfj `a tdl r`cstlrcfj Nfnreds,
egnckcfj wdnt tdly wcgg, egnsdcfj
sdnklauggy wctd tdl sec`fs `a `ur ls-
tllklm gcflnjls. N rlv`gt t` bl tdr`wf
m`wf bla`rl ct tnrfcsdls tdnt fcjdtlm
er`wf.
]dlcr a`ggy cs `ur a`rtufl.
”――  Nfywny, C–k j`cfj t` turf ct `vlr t`
@pp`rtufcty!
]dnt–s n w`rm wl m`f–t dlnr lf`ujd ns
Hcfmrlm. @pp`rtufcty! Zl m`f–t dlnr ct
blenusl ct–s f`t `atlf jrnftlm t` us.
]dl Enknrcggn w`f–t jcvl us nf `pp`rtu-
fcty. Nfm wl w`f–t wnct a`r ct blenusl
ct–s flvlr e`kcfj ar`k tdlk. ]dnt–s
wdnt knhls us Nfnreds.
But tdl Unbbnt dns jcvlf us nf `pp`rtu-
fcty dlrl. ]dly ruf `aa t` acjdt tdlcr
wnr, tdlcr Jldlffn Znr, nfm g``h nt
wdnt tdly glnvl bldcfm. @pp`rtufcty.
S`u wnft t` slt y`urslga up cf guxury0
F`w–s y`ur `pp`rtufcty. S`u wnft scgh
sdllts nfm anfey enrs nfm vlsslgs s`
d`t tdly–gg knhl y`ur mceh dnrm lvlf
td`ujd y`u–rl mlnm0 S`u m` ct. S`u sny,
‗_`gnfe` cs kcfl. Ngg `a Kcjulg Dcmngj`
cs kcfl.‛ S`u tnhl ct, y`u bneh ct up,
y`u dnvl tdnt `pp`rtufcty.
C dnvl tdnt `pp`rtufcty, t``. S`u wnft
Lg _lmrljng0 S`u j`ttn tnhl ct ar`k kl.
Dlgg, C kcjdt e`kl tnhl _`gnfe`, t``,
wdcgl y`u–rl mrcfhcfj tdnt d`t y`ufj
bg``m. _`cft cs, tdl `pp`rtufcty–s
tdlrl.
Bgneh Dnfm enf j` acjdt `gm mlnm tdcfjs
a`r n td`usnfm ylnrs ca tdly wnft. Kl,
C–k j`cfj t` tnhl tdcs `pp`rtufcty.
”―― 
3:
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
G``h sdnrp, pl`pgl.
Arlsd cftlg tdcs k`rfcfj. U`kltdcfj
wlcrm t` stnrt y`ur mny.
]d`sl plrs`fs `a cftlrlst wd` Jutclrrlz
nfm Knrz`uh dnvl bllf hllpcfj nf lyl
`f0 Klxce` Ecty _M turflm up p`sctcvl
`f ngg `a tdlk.
Slnd, C hf`w, j``m i`b, dcjd-acvls ngg
nr`ufm. ]dnt–s f`t tdl wlcrm pnrt, Knr-
z`uh netunggy jlttcfj s`kltdcfj m`fl.
Zlcrm pnrt cs tdnt tdl p`sctcvl CMs `f
tdlk ngg knted mlsercptc`fs `a hf`wf
mlelnslm. Lvlf y`u sd`ugm hf`w tdnt–s
acsdy, Dcfls, nfm y`u–rl tdl w`rst j`m-
mnkf mltletcvl C–vl w`rhlm wctd cf ngg
ky tdcrty ylnrs.
Njlft Bguft `a” Uplecng Naancrs Mc-
vcsc`f, cs ct0 _`mcuk–s y`urs, Njlft
Bguft.
”―― 
d`w qucehgy tdl agcls pgufjl tdlkslgvls
cft` tdl spcmlr–s wlb
blwnrl, gcttgl agcls, a`r tdl scgh-spuf
bufmgls sprlnm tdr`ujd`ut tdl wlb d`gm
tdl rlkncfs `a julsts tdl spcmlr wlg-
e`klm bla`rl y`u
tdl scgh e`felngs aglsdwlgm
tdl scgh e`felngs sdnehglm
scgh st`ehcfj
scgh stnghcfj
wl
wl spcf
mlnm scgh
stcehy strnfms susplfm tdl spcrls `a nf
cv`ry t`wlr nb`vl tdl sdnm`wlm strllts
`a td`sl wd` w`ugm slt tdlkslgvls npnrt
by stlngcfj n ecreglt nfm scfjcfj s`v-
lrlcjfty
d`w knfy pcts slng sgukblrcfj stnghlrs
” n se`rl `r k`rl
lned strnfm `a tdl wlb, cfvcscbgl, but
enrlauggy gncm
iust blenusl tdl agy m`ls f`t sll tdl
spcmlr m`ls f`t klnf tdl wlb cs a`r-
snhlf
 Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
Brnzcg9 Ecvcg Znr
Slnd,
Slnd, C usl
uslmm t` ruf wctd tdl Unbbnt.
Zlgg, f`t lxnetgy wctd. Dnuglm ky nss
`ut `a tdl Erlntc`f Rctls
Rctls,
, but j`t
hf`ehlm cft` tdl mcrtfnp prltty quceh
natlrwnrm. Zdlf C w`hl up, lvlrytdcfj
wns mcaalrlft. C iust gncm g`w nfm dufj
nr`ufm nt tdl lmjls. J`ttn bl enr
enrlaug
laug.
. Glt kl bl d`flst9 Ct–s ernwgcfj wctd
Utcgg,
Utcgg, tdcfjs nrl ednfjcfj anst, nfm
tdl fncg tdnt stnfms up jlts dnkklrlm
m`wf. Zdnt ylnr cs ct0 C julss C–vl
bllf ufmlnm ufmlnm ufmlnm a`r knybl <?
ylnrs `r s`.
Zd`gl pgnel uslm t` bl n bnttgl-
jr`ufm bltwllf tdl Unbbnt nfm Enknrcg-
gn. Rc`, Uå` _nug`, Brnsc
Brnscgcn,
gcn, y`u fnkl
ct. Lvlr scfel tdl Unbbnt jnvl up tdnt
sdnm`w wnr, trycfj t` pgny njncfst tdl
Cv`ry ]`wlr `f cts `wf tlrks, tdl Enkn-
rcggn dns k`vlm cf wctd n vlfjlnfel.
M`f–t tdcfh `a ct ns g`st m`kncf,
td`ujd. ]dnt sdct–s n suehlr–s jnkl.
]dnt–s d`w y`u jlt stnscs, lfmglssgy
tdcfhcfj nb`ut d`w t` pusd tdnt prltlfm
tlrrct`ry gcfl aurtdlr `ut, `r wd`–s
trycfj t` pusd y`urs bneh.
G``h nt wdnt knttlrs9 ]dcs cs `fl `a
tdl `rcjcfng ernmgls `a ecvcgczntc`f
ecvcgczntc`f.
. wd` tdly tnhl ct ar`k.
S`u–m sdct bg``m a`r n wllh ca y`u hflw
d`w knfy lgmlrs dnvl j`fl t` jr`ufm
dlrl. D`w ngg td`sl Enknrcggn e`urts
acggcfj cf tdl vneuuk nrl iust k`rl
t``gs `a tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl.
]dnt–s wdnt tdl Unbbnt–s dlrl a`r.
Aueh tdlk ngg up, burf ct ngg m`wf.
m` wf.
M`f–t
M`f–t try t` d`gm tdl enstgl ” yclgm
tdl enstgl, nfm tdlf wdlf tdl lflky
rufs up tdlcr `wf agnj, tdly sprcfj tdl
trnp.
Ud`ugm bl sckpgl, rcjdt0 ]dl `g–
bnct-nfm-swcted. K`usl tnhls tdl edllsl
nfm y`u znp tdlk wctd tdl eurrlft.
]urfs `ut ct–s f`t s` lnsy m`wf dlrl.
34
Zdcgl tdl _rclsts nfm
nf m Bcsd`ps wlrl slt
slt-
-
tcfj tdl trnp, f` `fl pncm nfy nttlf-
tc`f t`” g``h, f` `fl wns eglnfcfj up
natlr ngg tdl anggbneh netc`fs `r ar`k
tdl knss-jrnvl tckl b`kbs tdl Bgneh
Dnfm glat cf cts rltrlnts.
tdcf-bg``ms dlrl. \sunggy tdlsl auehs
stny m`rknft cf tdlcr jrnvls `r lfm up
jlttcfj tdlkslgvls t`rf npnrt by Bl-
cfj `bgcvc`us t` wdnt–s j`cfj `f, but
ct–s mcaalrlft dlrl f`w. ]dly–rl ruffcfj
s`kl Eugt `a tdl Uuf `r s`kl f`fslfsl
nfm tdly–rl puttcfj tdl Bctl `f ‗Br`td-
lrs nfm Ucstlrs‛ tdly–
tdly–rl
rl supp`slm t` bl
w`rhcfj wctd t` aueh `vlr tdl Jrnfm-
knrcggn nfm t` hceh tdl Nfnreds cft`
gcfl.
M`f–t jlt ngg w`rhlm up, C m`f–t wnft
nfy pnrt `a nfy `a ct.
But t` dlnr tdlk tlgg ct
ct,
, tdly–rl 
tdly–rl 
tcrlm `a blcfj auehlm `vlr. ]dly–rl
tcrlm `a blcfj nbnfm`flm `r blcfj tdl
enfnrcls cf tdl e`ng kcfl, nfm tdly
hf`w iust wdnt hcfm `a Bg``m cs m`wf
dlrl a`r tdl tnhcfj nfm
n fm tdly m`f–
m`f–t
t enrl
ar` k.
Ct–s bnm, knf. Gcfls–vl bllf mrnwf.
Jnuftglts–vl bllf tdr`wf. S`u j`t vnk-
pcrls wctd mlntd knjces bly`fm tdl hlf,
nfm wdcgl y`u–rl
y`u–rl trycfj t` p
put
ut tdlk
m`wf, dlrl e`kl nb`ut acaty rnvlfcfj
Uuf-w`rsdcpplrs tnhcfj y`ur hcgg ar`k
y`u `r mukpcfj B@_L nfm E @p Lsp cft`
tdl duftcfj jr`ufms, auehcfj up tdl
pr`elss.
Enf–t knhl nfy slfsl `a ct. ]dly wnft
tdl snkl tdcfjs lvlry Gceh m`ls, tdly
wnft ct tdl snkl wny wl wnft ct. U`kl
Unbbnt lvlf try t` w`rh wctd tdlk, `r
nt glnst wctd td`sl wd` rlngczl tdly–
tdly–rl
rl
Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs
Ucstlrs,
, t``. But tdlrl
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

sllk t` bl n g`t `a tdlk ” n wd`gl g`t ‗Uw`rm `a Encfl.‛ ]dlrl–s tdl bcj sd`ts
`a tdlk ” wd` m`f–
m`f–t
t wnft t` m
m`` ct nfy `f `fl lfm,
lf m, wd` m`f–
m`f–t
t wnft t` rc
rcsh
sh
wny `tdlr tdnf tdlcr wny, nfm tdly m`f–t tdlcr stnhl. @f tdl `tdlr lfm nrl n
tdcfh twcel ca y`u jlt cf tdlcr wny
wny.
. kcggc`f nfm `fl `a tdlsl Uuf Eugt acrl
S`u–rl n prcel tdnt enf bl pncm, wd`lvlr nfts ” tdly hllp knhcfj k`rl wdlf y`u
y`u nrl, Unbbnt `r wdntlvlr lgsl. enf–t sll tdlk. ]dlf tdlrl–s tdl a``t-
Nfts, knf. Acrl
Acrl nfts w
wcgg
cgg tnhl m`w
m`wff n s`gmclrs, tdl jg`rc`us ‗]rul Unbbnt!‛
m`j. @fl nft m`lsf–t knttlr. Lf`ujd `a ]dl `fls wd` nrl supp`slm t` bl m`-
tdlk, td`ujd, nfm ct–s m`fl. Flvlr kcfm cfj ngg tdl mcrty w`rh nfm slttcfj tdl
tdl ectcls ” `fel y`u jlt `aa tdl dcjd- acrls nfm tlnrcfj m`wf tdl t`wlrs, but
glvlg knps0 ]dl cf-bltwllf pgnels0 Ct–s rlnggy tdly–rl
tdly–rl jlttcfj pcfedlm bltw llf
ngg tdcf-bg``ms. U`kl pgnels tdly `ut- tdl acrl nfts nfm tdl pugpct
pugpct.
.
fukblr tdl hcfl, C swlnr t` J`m. ]
]urf
urf Nfm tdly nrl auehcfj tcrlm `a jlt
jlt-
-
lftcrl t`wfs cft` anet`ry anrks. Br``ms tcfj pcfedlm.
`a –lk. Ankcgcls. C m`f–t
m`f–t jcvl n aueh wd` tdl ac
acrl
rl nfts
Bcsd`ps m`f–t
m`f–t wnft t` t`ued tdlk, sny tdly nrl, C iust hllp ky dlnm m`wf
td`ujd. M`f–t
M`f–t wnft t` erusnml n
njncfst
jncfst nfm k`vl `f. But C hf`w wdnt tdly–m m`
tdlcr `wf. t` kl. Dnpplflm ngg up nfm m`wf tdl

C acjurl tdlrl–s
tdlrl–s s`k
s`kll e`ka`r
e`ka`rtnbgl
tnbgl e`nst iust n alw wllhs nj`.
auehcfj Bcsd`ps `ut tdlrl wd` jnvl up n Hcgg `r bl hcgglm, tdnt–s wdnt tdl
g`t cf tdl pnst e`upgl `a mlenmls nfm Unbbnt cs. Hcggcfj tdlcr `wf,
`w f, wdltdlr
m`f–t wnft t` g`sl wdnt tdly–vl bucgt ct–s a`r tdl Mnrh Antdlr `r Dlrl E`kls
bneh up, tdnt–s wdnt C sny. tdl Uuf. Knhls ct rlng dnrm a`r n Gceh
Nfm tdnt knhls ct wdnt ct cs m`wf gchl kl t` jlt by.
dlrl. ]dlrl–
]d lrl–s
s f` ‗Unbb
‗Unbbnt.
nt.‛ ]dlrl–
] dlrl–s
s f`

33
 Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
 

Russcn nfm tdl Bngtces

]` tdl \fmcsputlm Bnr`f `a Zdntlvlr S`u–rl Enggcfj tdl M`kncf

]`fcjdt9
Bllf a`gg`wcfj up `f tdnt rlqulst a`r k`rl cfa` `f Gcehs \f-
hf`wf wl tnghlm nb`ut n alw k`ftds nj`.
U`rry tdcs t``h s` g`fj. Kcstnhls wlrl knml. Glt kl lxpgncf.
E`ftnets cf Hycv, ]nggcff, nfm Rcjn wlrl wntedcfj tdl snkl
tdcfj wl wlrl. Upchls cf "ctcflrnft Hcfmrlm" p`pugntc`fs
tdr`ujd gntl sukklr ngg tdl wny tdr`ujd nutukf, nfm wctd
td`sl spchls nf uptceh cf m`kncf vc`glfel. F` rlns`f t` suj-
nre`nt ct8 Rcjn j`t dncry a`r n wdcgl, f`t tdnt C jcvl n sdct
wdlf s`kl Enknrcggn e`urt jlts juttlm. ]dnt–s fcel sk`hl t`
sll.
Bneh t` tdl p`cft, td`ujd.
Zl td`ujdt tdly wlrl algg`w Nfnreds a`gg`wcfj k`rtng pnt-
tlrfs `a rlaujll kcjrntc`f. ]dnt wns kcstnhl fukblr `fl. ]dly
wlrlf–t. ]d`sl Gcehs wlrl kcjrntcfj, ngg rcjdt, but f`t d`w
wl nssuklm tdly wlrl.
N alw algg`w vltlrnfs ar`k tdl Suj`sgnv mcscftljrntc`f e`f-
acrklm s`kl `a tdl ce`f`jrnpdy `a tdnt lrn stcgg blcfj uslm
tdnt wl snw k`vcfj tdr`ujd ncrp`rts nfm `tdlr trnfsp` elft-
lrs. Bgneh dnfms, acrl sykb`gs, vnrcntc`fs `f a`gh-knjce syk-
b`g`jy.
Nfm fukblrs w`ugm swlgg bltwllf sleurcty edlehp`cfts. Lcjdt
k`vcfj up tdr`ujd Buednrlst, twlgvl `bslrvlm cf K`gm`vn ns
pnrt `a tdl snkl jr`up, twlfty-pgus by tdl tckl tdly j`t t`
@mlssn, but stcgg tdl snkl jr`up.
Unbbnt, acggcfj rnfhs.
Nfm y`u hf`w ns wlgg ns C tdnt tdly m`f–t iust "pceh up"
Hcfmrlm dlrl nfm tdlrl. Ca tdlrl wlrl twlfty by @mlssn, wd`
hf`ws d`w knfy tdly–rl glnvcfj bldcfm tdlk, stcgg burclm,
nsd, `r sgllplrs0
\sunggy tdnt klnfs s`klb`my–s nb`ut t` wnhl up a`r tdl fcjdt
anecfj n erusnml. F`b`my–s nf lxplrt `f tdcs sdct, but Unbbnt
m`f–t Lkbrnel a`r g`vl `r g`flgcflss. ]dly Lkbrnel t` rnk-
pnjl.
Kcstnhl fukblr tw`9 f`t n erusnml, mlspctl ngg lvcmlfel t`
tdl e`ftrnry.
By tdcs p`cft, wl wlrl bctcfj `ur fncgs. Zd`–s tdl tnrjlt0
]dl ngtlrfntcvl klmcn a`gg`wcfj cf tdl pntd `a tdcs cs n
fcjdtknrl t` e`vlr up. Zl enf hllp ct `ut `a tdl flwspnplrs

>??

 
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

nfm `aa tdl flws sd`ws, but tdl sdnrls `f s`ecng fltw`rhcfj
sctls nfm vcml` nredcvls nrl jrnpdce nfm... wlgg, wlcrm. C–vl
bllf hcggcfj pl`pgl nfm mrcfhcfj tdlcr bg``m a`r mlenmls, nfm
lvlf bla`rl tdnt C mcm n alw ujgy anv`rs a`r n alw ujgy - but
wlgg-pgnelm - Bnghnf
m`f–t wnft t` "cfagulfelrs,"
sll. Nfm nfm tdcs
y`u hf`w ns wlgg ns C cs
m` sdct
tdnt lvlf C
tdl k`rl
mcstcfet ct jlts, tdl k`rl duftlrs– lyls ct nttrnets.
]dlf ct dcts kl9 ct cs n kcjrnt`ry pnttlrf, but f`t n k`rtng
`fl nfm f`t n erusnml. Ct–s n rltrlnt. Zdntlvlr–s dnpplf-
cfj cf tdl Kcmmgl Lnst, wdlrlvlr tdlsl Bgneh Dnfm sdctbnjs
nrl ednscfj tdl lgmlrs wd` dnvl dlnrm tdl Bleh`fcfj, ngg `a
tdl summlf tdly–rl ruffcfj ar`k s`kltdcfj, k`vcfj up tdr`ujd
Lnstlrf Lur`pl t` m` ct, nfm cft` Russcn.
Rlklkblr, td`ujd, ky Bngtce e`ftnets e`facrk sckcgnr k`vlklft
tdr`ujd tdlcr rljc`fs. U` C put tdl pcfs cf ky kurmlr-b`nrm,
nfm tdl gcfls nrl jlttcfj anttlr tdl k`rl tdly k`vl lnst, tdl
k`rl tdly pceh up klkblrsdcp. Nfm tdl vlet`r cs stnrtcfj t`
e`fvlrjl.
C dnvl alwlr e`ftnets tdl aurtdlr lnst tdcfjs j`, nfm lvl-
rytdcfj mrcls up a`r kl bly`fm nf cknjcfnry nfjgl y`u e`ugm
mrnw e`ffletcfj Ut. _ltlrsburj, F`vj`r`m, nfm M`fltsh.
Augg mcseg`surl, C–vl g`st trneh `a tdlk, pr`bnbgy acaty-
str`fj by tdcs p`cft, nfm C–k surl tdcs wnsf–t n `fl-`aa.
C–k surl `tdlr jr`ups nrl k`vcfj ns wlgg, but C wns t`` busy
wntedcfj tdcs pnrtceugnr pneh t` hllp nf lyl `plf a`r `tdlrs.
Kcstnhl fukblr tdrll. Ct–s f`t
n rltrlnt, ct–s n pursuct.
]dly–rl ednscfj s`kltdcfj.
]dly–rl ednscfj s`kltdcfj cft`
wdnt g``hs gchl ct–gg pr`bnbgy
lfm up blcfj Ucblrcn.
@r, wny w`rsl, ct–s ngrlnmy
tdlrl nfm tdly–rl e`fvlrjcfj `f
ct.

C–k julsscfj
tdcfj tdly
bcj. Bcj nfma`ufm
`gm. s`kl-
Bcj nfm
`gm nfm dntlaug.
Zl fllm t` acjurl `ut wdnt t`
m` flxt. Blenusl C–k f`t j`-
cfj t` sct nr`ufm nfm wnct a`r
wdntlvlr tdcs cs t` p`ur dlgg-
acrl `f us.

>?>
 Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
]dl Knjdrlb nfm Ngnkut
C enff`t but anctdauggy rlp`rt wdnt tdl rn﬎qs dnvl
sllf, ns y`u dnvl ednrjlm kl, strnfjl ns s`kl `a ct
kny sllk9 Ngnkut cs g`st.
Ct cs cf tdl egutedls `a nf Nfeclft wd` wns Nf-
eclft wdlf tdl edcgmrlf `a Encfl wlrl y`ufj, n hcgglr
`a hcgglrs.
Ct cs cf tdl egutedls `a n wcted wctd tdrll lyls
wd`sl vctnl lftdrnggs td`sl wd` pnrtnhl `a ct cf but
n scfjgl mrnujdt.
Ct cs cf tdl egutedls `a n eugt tdnt rlvlrls ylt
mrlnms tdl rcscfj `a td`sl wd` dnvl bllf iumjlm.
C kyslga dnvl wctflsslm n scfjgl fcjdt nt tdl a``t
`a tdl k`uftncf tdnt spnfflm a`rty fcjdts, s` jrlnt
cs tdl s`relry tdnt jcrms tdl anstflss nb`vl.
@ur rn﬎qs enff`t nppr`ned8 s`kltdcfj a`rbcms
tdlk. But C wns nk`fj tdlk wdlf tdl k`uftncft`p
vnfcsdlm cft` mnrhflss nfm tdl gnujdcfj `a mlnm
nfm brlntdglss v`cels rnttglm tdr`ujd tdl a``tdcggs.
]dl flxt k`rfcfj, tdl vcggnjl wns lkpty, n mlnm
tdcfj cf tdl sdnm`w `a tdl mlvcgs– k`uftncf.
C s`ujdt trnels `a bg``m, w`fmlrcfj tdnt \r-  
Udugjc–s rlnvlrs kust allm, nfm lvlf tdly enff`t bl
s` prlecsl ns t` spcgg f`t n mr`p. But f`t n mr`p mcm  
C ﬎fm. ]dl vcggnjl wns nbnfm`flm. C alnrlm t` sll,
td`ujd, tdl elcgcfj `a tdl kulzzcf–s d`usl, a`r s``ty
bgneh a``tprcfts knrrlm cts elcgcfj, ns ca s`kl bgns-
 pdlk`us
 pdlk`u s mnfel dnm bllf pl
plra`rklm
ra`rklm tdl
tdlrlup`f
rlup`f..  
C e`falss, tdlsl nwaug tdcfjs arcjdtlf kl. C m`
f`t ufmlrstnfm tdlk. C m` f`t hf`w wdnt tdly klnf
`r lvlf d`w tdly kcjdt bl nee`kpgcsdlm. ]dlsl nrl
tdl tdcfjs tdnt w`ugm arcjdtlf a`gh `a n k`rl suplr-
stctc`us tckl, ylt dlrl tdly nrl bla`rl us.
]dl wny tdly ﬎jdt ml﬎ls tdl tlrk. D`w enf `fl
stnfm njncfst n a`l wd` tnrfcsdls tdlk, cfvcscbgy,
 ar`k wctdcf0 \ftcg ngg tdnt cs glat
gl at cs n dush,
dush , mrclm
nfm a`gmlm up`f ctslga0 C dnm glnrflm t` lxplet ﬎rl,
but a`ufm cfstlnm n pgnel wdlrl td`ujdt ctslga dnm
ble`kl strnfjl.
F`t iust Ngnkut blnrs tdlsl burmlfs. @ur jdugs
rnfjl anr nfm wcml, lvlf cf td`sl pgnels wdlrl wl
enff`t. Cf tdl pnrgnfel `a `tdlrs `a tdl Bg``m, tdlsl
>?2
nrl tdl fcjdts `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f, n rlturf `a
tdl Burfcfj ]ckls.
]dly dnvl sllf tdl jgcft `a tdl duftlrs– wlnp-
`fs, a`r tdly nrl n pr`kcflft a`rel cf b`td Csrnlg
nfm tdl `eeupclm _nglstcfcnf tlrrct`rcls, nfm Hcf-
mrlm trlnm enrlauggy a`r alnr `a lnrfcfj tdl duftlrs–
nttlftc`fs. \fsurpcscfjgy, tdl snkl aufmcfj nfm
tledf`g`jy tdnt lfa`rels npnrtdlcm nfm `eeupntc`f
dns bllf e`-`ptlm by tdlsl duftlrs t` trneh nfm
mlstr`y tdlcr ufmlnm a`ls. Mr`fls, anecng rle`jfc-
tc`f, CR cknjcfj nfm NC-mrcvlf mntn e`ggletc`f knhl
ufgcal mca﬎eugt a`r td`sl `a tdl Bg``m t` `plrntl cf tdl
lrn `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f. Lvlf Antckn wcgg f`t
brnvl ct. C kust nssukl tdnt tdcs cs trul a`r tdl Bgneh
Dnfm ns wlgg, a`r tdl ﬎rls `a tdl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f
w`ugm burf tdlk ns rlnmcgy ns wl.
]dl rlvlrlm sec`fs nk`fj tdl Nsdcrrn wctd
wd`k C dnvl e`rrlsp`fmlm cfscst tdnt Ljypt jcvls
tdl bg``m j`m `a Ngnkut f` suee`r. Nfm ylt, strnfjl-
gy, C sll tdl rctungs `a tdl Unbbnt cf arcjdtlfcfj
pnrngglg t` td`sl
td` sl plra`rk
plra`rklm
lm by tdl Edured `a Encfl
Encfl,,
wdced f`w dns n a``td`gm cf Encr`. ]wlfty ylnrs
prc`r `fl w`ugm f`t dnvl
dn vl dlnrm tdlsl slrk`fs
slrk `fs `a
Encfl tdlrl. Dnvl tdl sec`fs `a tdl Nsdcrrn enpctu-
gntlm t` tdl prclsts `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm0 
 N scfjgl mr`p `a bg``m
bg` `m `f pnredklft
pnredkl ft wcgg sprlnm,
﬎fmcfj kcfutl ednfflgs
edn fflgs cf tdl sur
suranel
anel nfm r`ggcfj cf
rcvuglts wdlrl ct ﬎fms tdnt rlscstnfel qucehgy yclgms.
Zl dnvl hf`wf Ngnkut dns bllf g`st ” ct cs
tdl mr`p `a bg``m ar`k wdced tdl jr`wcfj stncf
lknfntls. Nfm lvlrywdlrl wl g``h, tdl sprlnm cs
rlvlnglm. ]dcs cs n wnr f`t `fgy `a bg``m nfm ﬎rl but
ngs` `a tdl hcggcfj `a kcfms.
 UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

]dl M`kncf Flxt M``r

lgg, dlgg. C survcvlm n Unbbnt cfeur- enpctng-glttlrs tctgl nttnedlm t` tdlcr fnkl, Bgneh
 sc`f.
 sc` f. @fel. ]dn
]dntt knhl
knhlss kl td tdll rlsc-  Dnfm
 Dnf m wlft nnatlr
atlr –l
–lk,
k, mrn
mrnfhfh –l–lk,
k, glat tdl nnsdls
sdls

 Z 
 Hcfmrlm
 Hcfm
mlft lxplrt, C julss, scfel lvlry`fl lgsl  s`klpg
cs lctdlr sk`hl `f tdl wcfm `r serlnkcfj nb`ut n
 Bcbgceng
 Bcbg ceng rrleh`
leh`fcf
fcfjj nfm mrcf
mrcfhcf
hcfjj tdl s`ugs
rlm flxt tt`` tdlk. U` C–gg sdn sdnrl
rl wdn
s`ugs ``aa tdl
wdntt C j`t,
 s`klpgnel
klss.
nel s`

  C–k julsscf
 s`rt `a
s`kl`fl
kl`fl ccf f tdlc
tdlcrr e`tl
e`tlrcl

julsscfjj ct wns n dlnrts-nfm-k

`a prlk
prlkcsl.
csl. Ud`w ––lk
lk td
rcl w`ugm fm ttdl

dlnrts-nfm-kcfms
tdnt
nt f`f`b`my
cfms
b`my wctd n
dl

but ct ncf–t kued. tctgl enrls nb`ut –lk. Ud`w –lk tdnt tdl nujust
  K`st `a tdlk nrl flw. ]dly gcvlm, tdly mclm,  plrs`  plrs`fnj
fnjls
ls nrl pr`tlet
pr`tletcf
cfjj tdlc
tdlcrr `wf ns nsslts
slts nnfm
fm
 nfm f`wf`w tdly
tdly–rl
–rl bc
bcrtdlm
rtdlm by rl cfcft`
t` n sleslerlt
rlt wn
wnrr m`cfj wdnt tdl slerlt knstlrs tlgg tdlk t` m`.
 njncf
 nj ncfstst td
tdcfj
cfjss tdly f flvlr
lvlr hhflw
flw lxcs
lxcstlm
tlm nf nfm m tdl  Hcfmrlm
 Hcfm rlm wd` w wnft
nft t` mn
mnfel
fel tt`` lgmlr ttufls
ufls enf ttry ry
`fgy wny t` st`p td`sl cknjc cknjcfnry
fnry Nfeclft mlnm t` wlntdlr tdl st`rk nfm tdly–gg tnhl tdlk `ut
tdcfjs wny `vlr `f tdnt scml `a tdl w`rgm cs t` slt mrcfhcfj.
lvlrytdcfj tdly enf fm `f rl `vlr dlrl.   C dlnrm tdly knml s`kl Gcehs `lrs. ‗E`kl
  ]dlrl. ]dnt–s tdlcr bnsce trncfc trncfcfj.
fj. Ca tdly   i`cf us wdlrl yy`u `u–rl
–rl f`t aa`mmlr
`mmlr..‛ Mcmf
Mcmf–t –t pnss tdl
tdcfh s`kltdcfj
s`kltdcfj wnfts t` hcgg tdlk `r lf lfsgnvl
sgnvl  sklgg ttlst.
lst. Q
Qnk
nkpcrls
pcrls wd` wnwnftft t` ii`cf
`cf –l–lk
k cf ttlnr-
lnr-
tdlk, tdly try t` hcgg ct rst. Nfm tdly tdcfh cfj ct ngg m`wf, tdly brcfj –lk bneh t` wdntlvlr
lvlrytdcfj wnfts t` hcgg `r lfsgnvl tdlk. wcted-d`usl wdlrl tdly ngg sgllp nfm tdly w`rh
  Ct allgs gchl tdlrl nrl swnrks `a tdlk, but  s`kl hcfm
hcfm ``aa dlx t` kn
knhlhl y`u ttdcfdcfhh nb`
nb`utut slerl
slerltt
 C m`f–t
m`f–t tdc
tdcfh
fh ttdnt
dnt–s–s net
netungg
unggyy trul. ]dlrl wlrl knstlrs nfm dlnr lgmlr tufls.
knybl tlf `a tdlk, bneh wdlf ky tdcfj dnp-   Ca y`u–rl `f tdl alfel nb`ut tdlk, y`u mcl.
 plflm, knybl0
knybl0 ] ]lf
lf nt n tckl, ttdnt
dnt ccs,s, `r eg
eg`sl
`sl tt``   @fl tdcfj C f`tcelm, tdly sllklm t` stny
tdnt. Dlgg, ct kcjdt dnvl bllf `fgy n dnfmaug.  nwnyy ar`k ee`ps.
 nwn `ps. Kn
Knhlshls slf
slfsl,
sl, but C–k f f`t
`t n
]dly m`f–t lxnetgy jlt up wdlf y`u hf`eh tdlk bg``m-mrlfedlm hcgglr knfcne, s` wd` hf`ws
m`wf, tdly knhl k`rl. Nfm tdly mcmf–t sllk t`` wdnt tdly–rl netunggy tdcfhcfj0 C jurlm Unbbnt
 pnrtceug
 pnrt ceugnr
nr nnb`ut
b`ut w wd`
d` tdly tu
turflm.
rflm. Iust jjrnbrnbblm
blm w`ugm sllh `ut tdl e`ps, but C julss tdly–rl sknrt
 pl`pgl ` tdltdl strllt, se
serln
rlnkcf
kcfj,
j, `r mr
mrnjjlm
njjlm tdlk lf`ujd t` hf`w ct–s f`t w`rtd ct. F`b`my wnfts
`ut `a tdlcr npnrtklfts. tdl nmmlm nttlftc`f, nfm y`u–gg lctdlr lfm up
  Gnst C mlngt wctd tdlk, tdly mcmf mcmf–t–t j` natlr hcggcfjj tdlk `r mrnjjcfj tw` mlenmls– w`rtd `a
hcggcf
tdl dcjd-pr`gl tnrjlts. ]dly mcmf–t swnrk tdl Juga Znr
Znr surpgus cft` tdl ecty.
_rcfel–s knfsc`f, ]dly ]d ly mcmf
mcmf–t–t t`ued LLgyscu
gyscuk.
k.   Gcttgl vcet`rcls, C julss.
 Dcjd-pr`g
 Dcj d-pr`gll m`lsf
m`lsf–t–t kln
klnf f dcj
dcjd-vngu
d-vngull a`a`rr tdlc
tdlcrr   D`w m` y`u jdt tdlk0 Dlgg, C m`f m`f–t–t hf`w. C
 purp`sls,s, C m`f
 purp`sl m`f–t
–t tdc
tdcfh.
fh. ]dly–
]dly–rl
rl nat
natlr
lr vn
vngul.
gul. Bn
Bnfj fj-- mcmf–t survcvl by stnfmcfj up t` –lk.
 a`r-tdl-bue
 a`r-tdl-buehh s`rt ``aa tdc
tdcfj
fj..
  ]dly mcmf mcmf–t–t fllm t` tnhl m`wf nfy _rc-
k`jlf `r wdntlvlr. ]dly iust pcehlm tdl g`w-
dnfjcfj
dnfjc fj aruct. NfNfyb`my
yb`my wctd`ut s`kl hcfm `a

>?5

Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 

>?=

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

 

Ednptlr Acvl9

U]@RS]LGGLR  
RLU@\RELU

]` n zlng`t lvlry `fl `a dcs `wf slet cs n sncft, wdcgl tdl k`st
uprcjdt `a n mcaalrlft slet nrl t` dck edcgmrlf `a plrmctc`f.
” DLFRS D@KL, G@RM HNKLU

C
f nmmctc`f t` tdl slttcfj-a`euslm kntlrcngs
prlslftlm tdr`ujd`ut tdcs b``h, Ut`rytlgglrs
enf nvncg tdlkslgvls `a elrtncf tledfcquls
nfm t``gs t` dlcjdtlf tdl lxplrclfel tdl Unb-
bnt brcfjs t` n edr`fcegl. Allg arll t` usl ns knfy `a
tdlsl cf y`ur edr`fcegl ns y`u ed``sl, wdltdlr y`u
wnft n subtgl, `-serllf lglklft `a susplfsl `r nf
lvlr-cferlnscfj tlfsc`f tdnt eugkcfntls cf n bg``my
e`fnjrntc`f.
Rlklkblr tdnt n gcttgl j`ls n g`fj wny. ]dl Unb-
bnt cs prlslftlm ns nf nftnj`fcst, nfm tdl k`rl pgny-
lrs hf`w nb`ut nftnj`fcsts, tdl glss alnrs`kl tdly
ble`kl, lsplecnggy cf n d`rr`r jnkl cf wdced alnr `a
tdl ufhf`wf cs n elftrng tdlkl. ]dl a`gg`wcfj cf-
a`rkntc`f cs t` dlgp pr`vcml e`ftlxt t` tdl Unbbnt,
t` ncm Ut`rytlgglrs cf pgnffcfj slttcfj lglklfts nfm
e`fstruetcfj fnrrntcvls a`r tdlcr edr`fcegls.
Ut`rytlgglrs sd`ugm nv`cm dlnpcfj lxp`sctc`f `f
pgnylrs. ]dl k`rl tdl Unbbnt lklrjls ns n e`ggletc`f
`a strnfjl mltncgs, d`rrcaycfj k`tcvntc`fs, nfm uf-
prlmcetnbgl tckcfj, tdl k`rl lletcvl tdly–gg bl cf
tdlcr aufetc`f ns nftnj`fcsts. Glt tdlk bl k`tgly,
dnrr`wcfj a`ls wd` strchl uflxpletlmgy rntdlr tdnf
bnm juys wd` sd`w iust blenusl
bl enusl ct–s tckl a`r s`kl
netc`f.
Ulttcfj Lglklft9
Unbbnt M`kncfs
Ct cs ckp`rtnft t` rlklkblr tdnt vlry alw Unbbnt
put m`wf r``ts cf nfy m`kncf, f` knttlr tdl stntl
`a td`sl m`kncfs. A`r tdl kni`rcty `a tdl Unbbnt,
k`vlklft
k`vlkl ft t` tdl wnr ar`ft `r ednscfj m`wf lf-
lkcls cs tdl suk `a blcfj n vnkpcrl. Elrtncfgy, tdcs
knhls a`r n mceugt ufgcal, nfm knfy Encfctls kllt
tdlcr lfm `f tdl k`vl, er`sscfj mnfjlr`us tlrrct`ry,
`r cf tdl e`fcets `a tdl netung Jldlffn Znr. Nfm
tdnt–s rlletlm cf kued `a tdl kytd`g`jy `a tdl

>?<

 
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
 Unbbnt, ar`k cts `wf slga-cknjl t` tdl dnrr`wcfj
rlputntc`f ct dns nk`fj tdl `tdlr slets. Zdltdlr n
rlglftglss se`urjl `r n bcbgceng pgnjul `a g`eusts, tdl
Unbbnt cs ngwnys `f tdl k`vl cf s`kl enpnecty.
Znr e`kls m`wf t` g`jcstces, d`wlvlr,
d`wlvlr, nfm
lvlf n rlglftglss se`urjl fllms t` suppgy ctslga, wctd
rleructs, bg``m, `r `tdlr nsslts. Unbbnt m`kncfs tlfm
t` lxcst cf `fl `a tdrll stntls, bnslm `f wdnt tdl
slet fllms ar`k tdlk nt nfy jcvlf k`klft. Cfmllm,
ufmlrstnfmcfj tdnt cs hly t` ufmlrstnfmcfj d`w
tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl slls tdl w`rgm9 gcttgl k`rl tdnf
n rls`urel ar`k wdced t` lxtrnet kntlrclg a`r tdl
wnr njncfst tdl dntlm Nftlmcguvcnfs. ]dl fukblr
`a Unbbnt m`kncfs ngs` csf–t stntce8 m`kncfs turf
`vlr vlry qucehgy. ]dl Uw`rm `a Encfl cs k`rl tdnf
dnppy t` tnhl m`kncfs ar`k cts rcvngs, `r t` wlnr
tdlk m`wf tdr`ujd lfmglss e`fcet nfm nttrctc`f.
Uurjl
M`kncfs cf surjl sll tdl Unbbnt rnpcmgy b`gstlrcfj
cts fukblrs wctd cferlnslm sd`vlgdlnmcfj l`rts.
]dlsl m`kncfs sll n knsscvl but brcla uptceh cf vc`-
glfel, wdced enf–t dlgp but bgllm `vlr cft` k`rtng
nwnrlflss, nfm iust ns qucehgy elnsls. ]dlsl rleruct-
klft enkpncjfs nrl lletcvlgy rlcjfs `a tlrr`r a`r
tdl m`kncfs cf wdced surjls `eeur, wctd pnehs
knrnumcfj nfm kurmlrcfj wctd wnft`f nbnfm`f,
lletcvlgy hcmfnppcfj nfm brutnggy brncfwnsdcfj
e`fsercpts cft` tdl eugtce slet, nfm j`rjcfj `f tdl
vcetcks wd`sl bg``m cs rlqucrlm t` sustncf n rnk-
pnjcfj br``m `a flw vnkpcrls.
_rnetceng ” plrdnps eyfceng ” lglklfts cf surj-
cfj m`kncfs usunggy lxpgncf nwny surjls bldcfm
klmcn enkpncjfs mlerycfj ecvcg ufrlst, p`gctceng
cfstnbcgcty, `r `tdlr k`rtng trlfms, tdl

U]R@FJD@GMU
U]R@FJD@GMU NFM M@KNCF
blttlr
ar`k tdlt` nv`cm
Ule`fm ufwlge`kl
ufwlge`k l nttlftc`f
Cfqucsctc`f nfm `tdlr
E`fscmlr tdnt cf tdl k`mlrf fcjdts, vlry alw m`kncfs kcjdt suplr-
lftctcls snvvy t` tdl k`vlklfts `a suplr-
bl e`fscmlrlm s`glgy Unbbnt tlrrct`ry. Cf ngk`st lvlry ensl, n fnturng lftctcls. Cf nf lrn `a `kfcprls-
‗Unbbnt m`kncf‛ cs tdl Unbbnt p`rtc`f `a n e`ftlstlm m`kncf, `r lft survlcggnfel nfm Cftlrflt-e`ffletlm
lvlf n mlgcblrntlgy sd`rt-gcvlm `eeupntc`f `a s`kl `tdlr slet–s enklrns cf lvlry p`ehlt, d`wlvlr, tdlsl
tlrrct`ry, sued ns n surjl t` sd`vlgdlnm flw rleructs. ]dl Unbbnt trnmctc`fng kltd`ms nrl ble`kcfj glss
edlws up m`kncf nfm spcts ct `ut, stnycfj `fgy g`fj lf`ujd t` nfm glss rlgcnbgl, nfm tdl Knsqulrnml
tnhl wdnt ct wnfts. Natlr tdnt, ct–s `f tdl k`vl, a`gg`
a`gg`wcfj
wcfj wdlrl strncfs t` cts gckct.
tdl Jldlffn Znr tnhls ct. Ct cs tlggcfj tdnt tdl stlrl`typceng
A`r n Ut`rytlgglr—s w`rgmbucgmcfj, tdcs jrnfts n jrlnt fllxcbcgcty. Unbbnt m`kncf pr`pnjnfmczlm by `tdlr
N ecty kny wlgg bl nehf`wglmjlm ns n _rcfel–s m`kncf `r nf lkc- slets cs `fl cf e`fstnft, d`rrcaycfj, j`rl-
flft Bnr`fy nt tdl snkl tckl ct dns n Bcsd`p nfm tdlcr rltcful spnttlrlm surjl. Cf trutd, surjl dnpplfs
`eeupycfj ct, `r tdnt n splecngczlm pneh dns n plrknflft prlslfel `fgy cf cftlfsl
c ftlfsl ‗spchls‛ `a n m`kncf–s
cf tdl ecty ns Encfctls slnred a`r F`mmcst g`rl. lxcstlfel ” td`ujd td`sl nrl elrtncfgy
Ut`rytlgglrs nrl lfe`urnjlm t` nmm Unbbnt prlslfel t` tdl nk`fj cts k`st klk`rnbgl tckls.
ectcls wdlrl tdlcr edr`fcegls tnhl pgnel n s tdly mlscrl. Zl m`f–t Cf rlgntcvlgy rlelft dcst`ry,
dcst`r y, f`tnbgl
wnft t` mlegnrl ‗ y`ur ecty‛ n Unbbnt-`fgy ecty, scfel tdl Un bbnt cs Unbbnt surjls dnvl `eeurrlm cf Klxce`
prlslftlm ns nf nftnj`fcst anetc`f. Ecty, Hclv, Bumnplst, Unrnilv`, nfm
]dnt sncm, Unbbnt str`fjd`gms, lvlf `a n (pr`bnbgy slkc-) Hnfsns Ecty.
plrknflft fnturl enf lxcst ner`ss tdl w`rgm. N rlk`tl vcggnjl
blscljlm ns n rlm`ubt, n wnrar`ft enkp wctd k`r tngs ckprcs`flm
ns enttgl, `r n dcst`rceng sctl bla`uglm by prnetctc`flrs `a @bgcvc`f
ngg dnvl n slfsl `a g`entc`f tdnt ngg`ws tdl Unbbnt t` ﬎jdt cts
lxcstlftcng wnr.

>?1

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

  Nee`rm
M`kncfs cf nee`rm dnvl lxelptc`fnggy g`w Encfctl
p`pugntc`fs, ns k`st `a tdl vnkpcrls Lkbrnelm
murcfj tdl surjl dnvl k`vlm `f t` tdl ar`fts `a tdl
d`t e`fcets `a tdl Jldlffn Znr. Ectcls cf nee`rm
dnvl vnkpcrl p`pugntc`fs f`tnbgy blg`w lvlf tdl
nvlrnjl `a Hcfmrlm-t`-k`rtng rntc`s. Unbbnt prls-
lfel cf tdlsl ectcls lxcsts k`stgy a`r tdl purp`sls `a
supp`rtcfj tdl wnr l`rt `r e`kpgcentcfj egncks
`a prnxcs by flcjdb`rs wd` kcjdt turf nequcsctcvl
lyls t`wnrm tdlk. Alw Enknrcggn gukcfnrcls w`ugm
sulr qungks nb`ut slczcfj cfnmlquntlgy mlalfmlm
Unbbnt tlrrct`ry, nfm knfy Nfnred Bnr`fs dnvl bl- bl -
e`kl s` by ‗gcblrntcfj‛ Unbbnt m`kncfs cf nee`rm.
Cf nee`rm, tdl Unbbnt vnkpcrls cf n jcvlf
m`kncf nrl usunggy dcjd-rnfhcfj jurls cf c f tdl slet
dclrnredy. Cf prnetcel, a`r elrtncf rlk`tl m`kncfs,

tdcs
kncf,enf
`rklnf
lvlf ngctlrnggy `fl lkcflft
scfjgl jurldlnm Encfctlnutd`rcty
egnckcfj plr m`-
m` -
`vlr kugtcpgl pr`xckntl m`kncfs. A`r lxnkpgl, tdl
Bcsd`p `a Qcgfcus `r tdl Nredbcsd`p `a Gckn nfm
Euse`, `r Nredbcsd`p Guectn `a Knmrcm.
]dl kni`rcty `a Unbbnt m`kncfs splfm k`st `a
tdlcr tckl cf nee`rm.

Lftlftl
Lftlftl m`kncfs nrl pr`bnbgy tdl k`st ankcgcnr t`
Hcfmrlm `a `tdlr slets9 Fuklr`us vnkpcrls `a tdl
nselfmnft slet nrl prlslft, lned wctd s`kl cftlr-
cftlr-
lst `r plrs`fng d`gmcfj cf wdced tdly pnrtcecpntl.
]dnt–s wdlrl sued sckcgnrcty lfms, ns pr`kcflft
Unbbnt rnrlgy dnvl subtgl nfm mllpgy r``tlm cfu-
lfel cf n m`kncf–s lfjcfls `a cfmustry. Ct ngg e`kls
bneh t` tdl bg``m a`r k`st Unbbnt, wd`sl cftlrlsts
gcl cf k`rtng dlrms nfm ednttlg a`r wdlf n surjl
bljcfs. Rnrl nrl tdl Unbbnt kcfc`fs mllpgy lkblm-
mlm cf e`rp`rntl b`nrmr``ks, but Unbbnt Encfctls
tdlkslgvls dnvl lyls `f tdl enrj` mcspntedls,
ncrp`rts, nfm m`ehs, nfm nfywdlrl trnfsclft p`pugn-
p`pugn -
tc`fs enf bl lnscgy rleructlm cft` tdl Jldlffn Znr.
A`r n flw Encfctl cf nf lftlftl m`kncf, tdcs cs
wdlrl n jrlnt mlng `a Bgneh Dnfm cfm`etrcfntc`f
`eeurs. A`r lvlry s`ec`pntdce Unbbnt wd` rlgcsdls

>?:

 
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
 nbuscfj tdl k`rtngs nfm pr`bntc`fnry slet klkblrs
blflntd tdlk, tdlrl–s n g`t `a brncfwnsdcfj, mlprcvn-
tc`f, nfm iust pgncf sdct-lntcfj murcfj lftlftl tdnt  
qucehgy mcsplgs tdl cggusc`fs `a rlcjfcfj cf Dlgg. Ulet
dclrnredy cf m`kncfs cf lftlftl qucehgy rlvlngs ct-
slga a`r tdl wcehlm nfm mljrnmcfj mlpr`jrnkkcfj ct
cs. Cknjcfl blcfj tdl ‗kcjdty Encfctl‛ rlsp`fscbgl
a`r eglnfcfj `ut tdl enrfnjl ar`k n pneh dnvlf natlr
n fcjdt d`stcfj n pnrtceugnrgy mlbnslm rctus.
Lftlftl s`kltckls cfmcentls mlalfsl njncfst
s`kl tdrlntlfcfj lftcty, wdltdlr n e`uftlr-netc`f
by kcfc`fs `a nf Nftlmcguvcnf, n prnxcs slczurl by
n rcvng slet, `r lvlf n shcrkcsd njncfst n rnvnjcfj
Gupcfl. A`r k`st Unbbnt, td`ujd, lsplecnggy td`sl
sd`vlgdlnmlm cf tdl kcmst
kcm st `a tdl Jldlffn Znr,
lftlftl allgs ufblnrnbgy cmgl, puttcfj _ntds `a Lf-  
 
gcjdtlfklft t` tdl tlst ns n rlstglss Blnst tdrlntlfs
cts knstlr–s slga-e`ftr`g. ]dl d`rrcbgl trutd cs tdnt
Unbbnt m`kncfs cf Lftlftl tlfm t` tlnr tdlkslgvls
npnrt ufglss jngvnfczlm cft` nf`tdlr Erusnml. A`r
lxnkpgl, tdl Enknrcggn wns nbgl t` wrlst tdl m`-
kncf `a Flw S`rh nwny nwny ar`k n arnetc`us
arnet c`us Unbbnt iust
n alw mlenmls fcjd.
>?4
Erusnml
N erusnml cs wdlf tdl Unbbnt ufmlrtnhls nf la-
a`rt t` `ust nf lxcstcfj slet prlslfel cf n m`kncf.
Erusnmls nrl lvlfts, f`t m`kncf stntls tdlkslgvls.
]dly–rl d`w tdl slet tnhls lxtnft m`kncfs nwny
ar`k `tdlrs, jlflrnggy k`vcfj cft` n stntl `a lftlftl
natlr tdl prnxcs slczurl. ]dcs k`st `atlf `eeurs
natlr n surjl cf n flnrby m`kncf, but cf p``rgy hlpt
m`kncfs, Unbbnt dnvl bllf hf`wf t` stnjl surjls
ar`k wctdcf tdl m`kncf tdnt–s tdl tnrjlt `a tdl
erusnml.
Cf k`st ensls, n m`kncf ufmlr erusnml cs g`jcstc-
g`jcstc-
enggy ckp`rtnft t` n Jldlffn Znr d`tsp`t. Zdltd-
lr flnr t` tdl ruk`rlm dnvlf `a n Kltduslgnd `r
Nftlmcguvcnf,
Nftlmcguvcn f, `r p`sslsslm `a rls`urels vngunbgl t`
tdl wnr l`rt, sued m`kncfs nrl nt pnrg`us rcsh `a
vc`glfel nfm kcslry. Natlr ngg, ca tdl Unbbnt cs wcgg-
cfj t` mlv`tl tckl nfm vctnl t` usurp n m`kncf, ct–s
`bvc`usgy ckp`rtnft t` tdl wnr l`rt, nfm tdlrla`rl
w`rtd tdl cfvlstklft
c fvlstklft t` nttlkpt t` wrlst nwny.
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

Ut`ry Lglklf
Lglklfts9
ts9
Edr`fcegl
Utrueturls
]dcs sletc`f lxpg`rls d`w tdl Unbbnt pr`sleutls cts
d`gy wnr nfm, k`st ckp`rtnftgy, tdl wnys cf wdced
pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs kcjdt ruf na`ug `a tdlk.
F`tnbgy, Ut`rytlgglrs sd`ugm allg arll t` e`kbcfl
nfy `a tdl a`gg`wcfj nppr`nedls, `r `a e`ursl mlvcsl
tdlcr `wf. N augg-sengl scljl kny bl prlelmlm by
n tlfsl plrc`m `a ufmlnm spyernat, `r tdl knenbrl
mcse`vlry `a f`t-ylt-netcvl
f`t-ylt-netcvl knss jrnvls e`ugm tcp `
tdl edr`fcegl–s Hcfmrlm t` nf ckplfmcfj Unbbnt
l`rt t` tlrr`rczl tdl g`eng vnkpcrls bla`rl ct pcehs
up k`klftuk. Rlklkblr tdnt n edr`fcegl e`fscsts
`a n fukblr
typl enf glnm`acft`
st`rcls, nfm st`ry
nf`tdlr `fl st`ry
typl `a
cf ntdl
jcvlf
jrlntlr
slqulfel `a tdl edr`fcegl.
Bg``m nfm Acrl
]dl k`st `bvc`us wny pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs kcjdt
mcse`vlr Unbbnt netcvcty cs t` fm tdlkslgvls cf tdl
kcmmgl `a `plf e`fcet. A`r tdl k`st pnrt, tdl Unb-
bnt csf–t subtgl, nfm wdlf n Erusnml e`kls t` tdl
m`kncf (sll p. >?4), ct–s gchlgy t` cfv`gvl ngg `a tdl
t dl
ecty–s Hcfmrlm nfm tdlf s`kl. Uckcgnrgy, ca tdl Unb-
bnt cs cf surjl cf tdl m`kncf (sll p. >?1), tdl g`eng
H cfmrlm
cfmrlm wcgg gchlgy fm n sglw `a lflkcls blslttcfj
tdlk wctd`ut dnvcfj t` g``h t`` anr.
]dl cml`g`jceng mclrlfels bltwllf tdl slets
ufmlrse`rl tdl e`fcet nfm mlfl cts k`tcvntc`fs.
]dl Unbbnt cs tdl lflky blenusl ct cs tdl Unbbnt,
nfm ct rlprlslfts n plrvlrsc`f `r n subiujntc`f `r n
burfcfj-m`wf `a tdl vlfllr `a ecvcgczntc`f t` wdced
tdl Hcfmrlm egcfj. ]dlrl–s f` nkbcjucty dlrl9 ]dl
Unbbnt wcgg rlnmcgy nmkct t` tdnt p`sctc`f ns ct wceh-
lmgy e`kklfels sgcttcfj tdr`nts nfm slttcfj rls.
CF EDR@FCEGLU
Bg``m nfm rl e`fcets enf suct nfy fukblr `a
edr`fcegls, ar`k n dcjd-netc`f ruffcfj bnttgl ner`ss
tdl ectysenpl t` tdl egcknx `a n st`ry nre pursucfj n
>?3
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
dntlm rcvng wd`–s nttlkptcfj t` `vlrtdr`w tdl ecty
t` pgufjl ct cft` rucf `r egnck ct a`r tdlkslgvls.
Ar`k n scfjgl, ufprlpnrlm pneh `vlrzlng`usgy ml-
egnrcfj wnr `f n m`kncf t` n wlgg-e``rmcfntlm scljl
wnjlm by n m`zlf-pgus vltlrnf pnehs, tdl dnggknrh
`a Bg``m nfm Acrl cs ugtrnvc`glfel nfm tdl knfy
wnys cf wdced ct enf knfcalst, nfm d`w nbruptgy.
]` tdl Unbbnt, vc`glfel
v c`glfel cs n t``g. Ct–s n pr`vcfj
jr`ufm a`r tdl survcvng `a tdl k`st vcec`us, nfm
ct's tdl eumjlg tdnt hllps tdl slet–s kyrcnm lflkcls
blntlf m`wf. Bg``m nfm rl nrl b`td klnfs nfm
lfm t` tdl Unbbnt.
Jlttcfj Cfv`gvlm
]DL _@ZMLR HLJ LT_G@MLU9 ]dl edr`fc-
edr`fc-
egl–s d`kl
d`kl m`kncf cs
c s pr`xckntl t` tdl
t dl Jldlffn Znr
ar`ft, nfm tdl Unbbnt wnfts t` wrlst tdl ecty ar`k
tdl m`kcfnft slet cf `rmlr t` usl ct ns n rlm`ubt t`
wdced ct enf
d`t ctslga. angg bnehwnvls
]dr`wcfj ca tdl `a
wnr ar`ft ble`kls
sd`vlgdlnms t``
njncfst
pr`kcflft Hcfmrlm tnrjlts, tdl Unbbnt ncks t`
e`ggnpsl tdl m`kncf ar`k tdl t`p m`wf, d`pcfj t`
brlnh tdl k`rngl `a tdl rlst `a tdl m`kncf–s vnk-
pcrls by sd`wcfj tdlk d`w cgg-lqucpplm tdl w`ugm-
bl lgctls nrl t` stnfm njncfst tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl.
DLNMD\F]LRU9 Zctd tdl ecty ufmlr scljl,
fuklr`us strllt-glvlg pnehs vcl a`r jg`ry, `bslrvcfj
nf Cjf`bgcs Rctus (sll p. 1=) tdly engg ‗]nhcfj ]r`-
pdcls.‛ Utnrtcfj wctd tdl m`kncf–s k`st vugflrnbgl
Hcfmrlm nfm e`tlrcls, tdl e`kpltcfj Unbbnt pnehs
nrl trycfj t` hcgg tdlcr wny up tdl m`kncf–s vnkpcrce
plehcfj `rmlr, e`ggletcfj jrcsgy pr``a `a tdlcr hcggs ns
tdly m` s`. Mlplfmcfj up`f tdlcr `wf nee`kpgcsd-
klft nfm stntus, nfm d`w tdl Ut`rytlgglr cftlfms
t` pnel tdl st`ry, tdl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl kny fm ctslga
tnrjltlm lnrgy `f, `r kny ufe`vlr tdl rucf`us
rlkncfs `a glss prlstcjc`us e`tlrcls tdnt rlvlng tdl
prlslfel `a tdl Encfctl cfvnmlrs. E`fscmlr, t``, tdl
mnwfcfj d`rr`r wdlf tdl e`tlrcl mlstr`ys `fl pneh
nfm `fgy tdlf glnrfs tdnt tdlrl nrl `tdlr pnehs `ut
tdlrl, `bslrvcfj tdl snkl rctus nfm pursucfj tdl
snkl j`ngs.
 ]DL LFLKS @A KS LFLKS9 Lsplecnggy
nk`fj y`ufj pnehs, jg`ry-sllhcfj cs pnrt `a tdl
Unbbnt lxplrclfel, nfm nfy jcvlf Hcfmrlm `r e`tlrcl
enf bl prly t` tw` `r k`rl pnehs e`kpltcfj t`
bl tdl lxleut`rs `a tdlcr mlstruetc`f. Jcvlf tdl
tlkplrnklft `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm, tdlrl–s f` junr-
nftll tdnt tdlsl rcvng pursulrs w`f–t turf njncfst
lned `tdlr cf `rmlr t` egnck tdl hcgg. ]dlrl–s r``k
dlrl a`r n quceh-wcttlm e`tlrcl t` turf e`kpltcfj
pnehs njncfst `fl nf`tdlr, `r t` dnvl tdlk lxplfm
tdlcr l`rts jncfcfj nmvnftnjl `vlr tdl `tdlr. ]dlf
njncf, ct–s ngs` p`sscbgl tdnt tdl e`tlrcl auehs ct ngg up
nfm lfms up tdl sckugtnfl`us d`stnjl `a rcvng pnehs
g``hcfj t` lxpg`ct tdlk a`r tdl jrlntlst jncf.
Dlnrts nfm Kcfms
By e`ftrnst t` Bg``m nfm Acrl, nb`vl, tdl wnys `a
Dlnrts
Unbbnt–snfm Kcfms nttlkpts
`pp`sctc`f t` brlnh
by brutngczcfj m`wf
td`sl tdlstnfm
wd`
njncfst tdlk. ]dl Uw`rm `a Encfl m`lsf–t flelssnr-
cgy fllm t` lgckcfntl ngg `pp`sctc`f ” cfstlnm ct enf  
a`rel rcvng slet klkblrs t` surrlfmlr, ll, `r lvlf
e`fvlrt t` cts enusl. Zcffcfj dlnrts nfm kcfms,
ar`k tdl Unbbnt plrspletcvl, cs `atlf n qulstc`f `a
cfctcntcfj slga-augggcfj pr`pdley, nfm ct m`ls s` by
mlk`fstrntcfj tdnt `tdlr slets– kltd`m`g`jcls nrl
cfsueclft.
A`gg`wcfj tdl mlstruetc`f (nfm surlgy mcnbglrcl)
`a dcjd-pr`gl lflkcls, tdl Unbbnt knhls n k`eh-
lry `a tdl m`kncf–s ]rnmctc`fs. Zdnt wns `fel nf
lrumctl sng`f, Lgyscuk ble`kls n Jrnfm Jucjf`g
`a Nuet`rctns Rctnl. ]dl `puglft dnvlfs `a prls-
tcjc`us Hcfmrlm ble`kl e`kkufng pglnsurl mlfs
a`r rnue`us pnehs t` usl uftcg tdly ble`kl t`` d`t,
nfm tdlf nbnfm`f, mcsenrmcfj ngg tdl trnppcfjs `a
tdl mlbnued. Bgneh Dnfm hcmfnpplrs pct mcslfarnf-
edcslm edcgmlr njncfst tdlcr scrls, nf Nee`uftcfj
`a tdl Nee`uftcfj. ]dl Knsqulrnml ctslga tnutlfs
t` cts brlnhcfj p`cft, mrnwcfj duftlr nttlftc`f
t` wdced tdl Unbbnt ctslga sllks dllmglss uftcg ct–s
t`` gntl nfm tdlf tdl wd`gl m`kncf sulrs a`r tdl
Encfctls– cfmcserltc`fs ” wdced tdl Unbbnt usls ns
nf `bilet glss`f cf wdy tdlrl–s f` sustncfnbgl e`lx-
cstlfel wctd k`rtngs by e`wlrcfj cf tdlcr sdnm`ws.
>>?
CF EDR@FCEGLU
]dl vc`glfel `a tdl Unbbnt fllm f`t ngwnys scjfcay
nf netc`f-`rclftlm edr`fcegl, ns wctd Bg``m nfm
Qnkpcrl,,
Acrl, nb`vl. ]rul t` tdl d`rr`r tdlkls `a Qnkpcrl
vc`glfel enf tnhl tdl a`rk `a brutng nssnugt, tlr-
r`rczcfj lxleutc`fs, nfm tdl nfckngcstce pursuct `a
knrhlm tnrjlts cfstlnm `a n tnetceng lxlrecsl. Ct enf
bl uslm ns n fnrrntcvl mlsercpt`r, sued ns n aujctcvl
_rck`jlf–s dukcgcntc`f nfm lxleutc`f, `r n slt pclel
cf kltnpd`r, sued ns wctd n Bcsd`p `ecntcfj n
Bg``m Alnst cf n `fl-tckl nbntt`cr.
E`kbnt ctslga ble`kls stneent` nfmn fm pufedy,
pufedy, n
tdlntlr `a cfiury nfm sulrcfj rntdlr tdnf strntljy
nfm tledfcqul. Acjdts gnst tdrll turfs `r alwlr (sll
‗]drll ]urfs nfm @ut‛ `f p. >5? `a Qnkpcrl9
]dl Knsqulrnml),
Knsqulrnml), nfm k`st mnknjl e`kls cf tdl
a`rk `a vcetckd``m, wdltdlr nt tdl dnfms `a n brutl
squnm `r ns n pnrtcecpnft cf n rctung tdnt glnvls tdl
Hcfmrlm knuglm.
Jlttcfj Cfv`gvlm
I@C F @R MCL 9  Ns tdl scljl `vlrtnhls tdl ecty, sur-
vcvcfj Hcfmrlm rlscst njncfst n bnehmr`p `a tlrr`rcz-
cfj rctnl. ]dly lxplrclfel tdl brlnhcfj `a d`gmcfjs
tdly `fel dlgm mlnr, tdl sulrcfj
sulr cfj `r mlntd `a ]`ued-
]`ued-
st`fls ckp`rtnft t` tdlk. ]dl Unbbnt cftlfms t`
sdnttlr tdl wcgg `a Hcfmrlm wd` w`ugm stnfm njncfst
tdlk `r, lvlf blttlr, sdrlm tdl Duknfcty `a rcvng
Hcfmrlm nfm cftr`muel tdlk t` tdlcr `wf _ntds
`a Lfgcjdtlfklft, brcfjcfj prlstcjc`us vltlrnfs
cft` tdl Mnrh Antdlr–s
Antdlr–s anv`r. Cf n st`ry `r edr`fcegl
wctd tdcs a`eus, tdl tlst `a tdl rlgntc`fsdcps nk`fj
e`tlrcl-kntls wcgg bl ns e`kplggcfj n e`fcet ns tdl
lxtlrfng Bgneh Dnfm a`ls, ca f`t k`rl s`.
]DL RLUCU]NFEL9 Zctd tdl Unbbnt cfmugjcfj
cf n rlcjf `a tlrr`r, snvvy vnkpcrls wcgg rle`jfczl
tdl Unbbnt a`r wdnt ct–s nttlkptcfj t` m` nfm j`
m`wf jdtcfj, nfm plrdnps `rjnfczl nkpgl rlscst-
nfel. ]urfcfj tdl prlkcsl `a ‗spchy‛ vc`glfel
njncfst tdl Bgneh Dnfm, tdl e`tlrcl i`cfs `r a`rks
nf `pp`scfj a`rel, nkbusdcfj Encfctls, snb`tnj-
cfj Rctnl, nfm bnctcfj k`rtng duftlrs. @a e`ursl,
cf rlsp`fsl, tdl Unbbnt rntedlts up cts enkpncjf
`a brutngcty ” tdl k`fstr`scty wcgg e`ftcful uftcg
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 k`rngl ckpr`vls
ckpr`vls ” nfm a`r a`r
s`kl vnkpcrls, tdl qulstc`f `a
wdltdlr t` lfmurl tdl kcslry nfm
jdt bneh `r rltrlnt t` n m`kncf
tdnt–s f`t cf tdl tdr`ls `a t`rklft
nrcsls. @r m` tdl pgnylrs– ednrne-
ednrne -
tlrs rlscst by ble`kcfj jrlntlr
k`fstlrs tdnf tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl
Enc fl
ctslga0

HCGGCFJ AG@@RU9 Lsplecnggy

cf surjl `r murcfj n Erusnml, tdl
Unbbnt fllms bg``m, nfm n g`t `a ct.
Zdcgl kued `a tdl vnkpcrl anftn-
sy rlv`gvls nr`ufm tdl duft ctslga,
ctslg a,
klltcfj fllms cf sued n knfflr
cf v`gukl enf bl cfleclft a`r
tdl Bgneh Dnfm. Ns sued, Encfctl

pr`eurlrs jntdlrwdltdlr
ufmlnm tdcrsts, vcetcks a`r
t` sgnhl
a`r-
a`r-
kngczlm rctnl gchl n Bg``m Alnst,
`r iust ns mlduknfczlm wnrtckl
kntlrclg. \fsurprcscfjgy, ct–s `atlf lnsclst t` pr`eurl
sued vlsslgs ar`k s`eclty–s k`st mcsnmvnftnjlm
e`kkufctcls9 n k`rng qunfmnry a`r nf cfmcvcmung
upd`gmcfj Duknfcty, but n knttlr `a f` e`felrf
nt ngg a`r n _ntd a`gg`wlr.
a`gg`wlr. ]dl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl enf
en f
mcse`vlr sued n enedl ” gctlrnggy k`rtngs e`ggletcvlgy
ckprcs`flm t` nwnct lxsnfjucfntc`f ” wdcgl cfvls-
tcjntcfj Unbbnt netcvcty, `r murcfj nf netcvl pursuct
`a Unbbnt a`ls. Ar`k n mlrlgcet klntpnehcfj pgnft
wdlrl nf ufserupug`us e`y`tl nbnfm`fs dcs enrj`
t` n mckgy-gct trueh-trncglr sdnftyt`wf pl`pglm wctd
ctcflrnfts nfm nmmcets t` nf d`urgy d`tlg nminelft
t` tdl fnfel mcstrcet wdlrl slx w`rhlrs dnvl tdlcr
pnssp`rts e`fsentlm by tdl e`kpgcect knmnk,
tdlsl ‗iucel anrks‛ enf dnvl knfy npplnrnfels.
]dcs enf bl mcse`vlrlm ns n prlanel t` tdl vc`glfel,
yclgmcfj nf `pp`rtufcty t` m` tdl rcjdt tdcfj, `r
tdly enf turf up kcm-netc`f `r cf tdl natlrkntd, ns
n e`tlrcl pursuls n rnkpnjcfj pneh.
Ut`hcfj Rlv`gutc`f
]dl Unbbnt dns bllf n rlv`gutc`fnry slet a`r
elfturcls, nfm nrjunbgy k`rl sueelssaug nt ct tdnf
tdl Nfnred K`vlklft ctslga. Zctd cts klssnjl `a
tdr`wcfj m`wf lgmlr tyrnffy nfm brlnhcfj npnrt
tdl `ssclm egncks `a m`kncf nfm prcvcgljl, Unbbnt
rdlt`rce cf anet s`ufms n g`t gchl Nfnred rdlt`rce, nt
glnst uftcg tdl np`engyptce qunsc-rlgcjc`us lglklft
knhls cts npplnrnfel.
Lr`mcfj n slet–s cml`g`jceng bnsl cf n m`kncf
stnrts skngg nfm jr`ws ner`ss n spnf `a ylnrs ca f`t
mlenmls. ]`fcjdt s`kl wcgm-lylm gceh f` `fl dns
sllf bla`rl stnrts ‗iust nshcfj qulstc`fs‛ nb`ut n g`-
eng lkcflfel–
lkc flfel–ss rcsl t` p`wlr, nfm cf vl ylnrs
ylnr s ct–s tdl
Fcjdt `a tdl G`fj Hfcvls a`r lvlry`fl `a Lcjdtd
Jlflrntc`f `r blg`w
b lg`w..
Unbbnt slmuelrs `atlf cfctcntl tdlcr e`fvlrsc`f
l`rts nk`fj `utgclrs cf n m`kncf–s s`ecng strueturl.
]dly stnrt wctd n g`flr Nfnred `r n sceh-`a-ct-ngg
nutnrhcs wd` jlts tdlk neelss t` n byj`fl e`tlrcl,
tdlf n prlstcjc`us sng`f `r jlftrclm ednftry, nfm
bla`rl tdl g`eng Hcfmrlm hf`w ct, tdl y`ufj `fls

>>>

 
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
 nrl slmctc`fcsts nfm dlrltces t` tdl gnst. ]` dlnr tdl
lstnbgcsdlm lgctls tlgg ct, `a e`ursl.
CF EDR@FCEGLU
Zdcgl tdl pr`pnjnfmn cknjl `a tdl Encfctl rlblg
cs ns n bg``m-strlnhlm nrs`fcst, Unbbnt pr`slgytczlrs
nrl enpnbgl `a kued k`rl funfel tdnf `plf, lry
rlv`gt sujjlsts. Knfy Encfctls nrl jrlnt tlkptlrs,
pnrtceugnrgy td`sl wd`sl _ntds pr`kcsl tdl sntcsane-
sntcsane-
tc`f `a pglnsurl `r p`wlr. _`gctceng rnbbgl-r`uslrs
fm numclfels a`r tdlcr mcsscmlfel cf lvlf tdl k`st
trnmctc`fng m`kncfs9 @fl kny ngwnys fm n sykpn-
tdltce lnr nk`fj tdl y`ufj, wdltdlr tdly–rl mcscg-
gusc`flm edcgmlr `a jrnspcfj scrls `r ufrugy Nfnreds
wd` wnft k`rl mlecscvl netc`f tdnf
t dnf tdl K`vlklft
`lrs.
]dl prlalrrlm kltd`m a`r Unbbnt rlblgs cs jlflr-
nggy t` fm e`kk`f jr`ufm rst, bucgmcfj `f tdl
slfsl
D`flylm`a cfiustcel tdl tdl
w`rms nfm p`tlftcng sykpntdczlr
lxp`surl allgs.
`a prcvcgljlm
dyp`ercsy j` anrtdlr tdnf `plf enggs a`r wnft`f
mlstruetc`f nfm mcnbglrcl ” nt glnst nt rst. Uhcgglm
mcsslftlrs enf qucehgy lfe`urnjl ckprlssc`f-
nbgl Hcfmrlm t` tdr`w m`wf tdlcr cm`gs, nfm dnvl
tdlk ednftcfj Unbbnt sg`jnfs wctd`ut hf`wcfj
tdnt tdly–rl ednkpc`fcfj tdl cmlngs `a tdl Bgneh
Dnfm. @fgy tdlf e`kls tdl `pp`rtufcty t` pglmjl
nggljcnfel t` tdl Mnrh Antdlr nfm lxpg`rl tdl mnrh
kystlrcls `a n _ntd ” natlr tdl p`tlftcng rleruct
dns ngrlnmy knml tdlkslga n pubgce lflky `a tdlcr
lrstwdcgl slet–s `rmlr.
`rmlr.
Jlttcfj Cfv`gvlm
S@\FJ RNMCENGU9 M`wf by tdl m`ehs, nt
tdl tnwmry lfm `a tdl Rneh, nfm cf tdl ckkcjrnft
flcjdb`rd``ms, s`kl`fl–s stcrrcfj up tdl fl`fntls
njncf. ]dlsl tdcfjs dnpplf cf eyegls, nfm usunggy
ngg ct tnhls cs tdl Udlrc ernehcfj n alw shuggs `r
tdl Bnr`f knhcfj n alw lkpty e`felssc`fs t` jlt
tdl wdlgps t` pcpl m`wf. Ct–s mclrlft tdcs tckl,
td`ujd. Z`rm dns knml ct bneh up tdl edncf tdnt
tdly–rl mrcfhcfj bg``m `ut `a wlcrm edngcels nfm
tdnt `fl `a td`sl fl`fntls, wd`sl scrl wns iust er`w -
cfj nb`ut dlr cr`fegnm Bg``m B`fm `vlr dck nt Lgy-
scuk gnst k`ftd, stnhlm dlr nfm mrnfh dlr mry. F`w
>>2
tdnt tdlrl–s n rlng tdrlnt, ngg `a n summlf tdl nfecggnl
nfm lgmlrs wnft t` jlt t` tdl b`tt`k `a ct.
]DL (MCU )G@SNG @__@UC]C@F9  Hcfmrlm
)G@SNG
g`fj ufmlr tdl fcjdt hf`w tdnt tdl Unbbnt `plrntls
gchl n wllm, pusdcfj ctslga up tdr`ujd tdl ernehs
cf tdl flcjdb`rd``m m`kncfs wdlrl tdl scmlwnghs
netunggy dnvl ernehs. E`fscmlr tdlcr uflnsl, tdlf,
wdlf `fl `a tdlcr `wf bljcfs wctd ensung rlalr-
lfels t` wdnt enf `fgy bl e`fscmlrlm dlrlsy, enstcfj
nsplrsc`fs `f egnf gcflnjls, nfm lvlf enggcfj a`r tdl
`ustlr `a tdl Bnr`f dlrslga! Nfm tdly–rl f`t iust
pgnycfj ct t` sd`eh tdlcr algg`ws9 Ct turfs `ut tdly
dnvl pglfty `a nmkcrlrs nfm lvlf a`gg`wlrs nk`fj
tdl rcrn. Nfm f`w tdly–rl tnghcfj nb`ut r`ufm-
cfj up elrtncf k`rtngs cft` enkps s` tdly m`f–t dnvl
t` b`tdlr wctd cfmcvcmung dufts. Zdlf mcm tdcs
dnpplf0
A@RBCMMLF NKNRNF]D9 ]dl jrlntlst `a
Hcfmrlm erckls cs summlfgy lf v`jul, surlgy tdl
scjf `a mljlflrntl tckls. Zdnt `rcjcfnggy npplnrlm
t` bl nf lpcmlkce `a cmc`tce fl`fntls tlstcfj tdl
b`ufmnrcls `a wdnt tdly dnm flwgy ble`kl sum-
mlfgy blenkl nf nutd`rctntcvl nfswlr t` cfmcvcmu-
ngs– pr`bglks nk`fj ngg rnfhs `a Hcfmrlm s`eclty.
Zctdcf n alw sd`rt k`ftds, tdl Hcfmrlm p`pugntc`f
`a tdl m`kncf dnm mwcfmglm by dnga, wctd g`fj-
stnfmcfj m`kncfs summlfgy knstlrglss nfm tdl erulg
mãtlftl `a Dnrpcls ble`kcfj n scfjgl, lfj`rjlm
jrnfml mnkl. Nt tdl r``t `a ct ngg ” mlplfmcfj `f
wd` y`u nsh ” cs lctdlr tdnt mcrtbnj prlnedlr ngg
tdl y`ufj gcehs `fel sllklm cr`fcenggy lfnk`rlm
`a, `r tdnt wrltedlm _rck`jlf, a`rlvlr surr`ufm-
cfj dlrslga cf sdnm`w. ]dly–rl b`td rlectcfj p`ltry
nb`ut ‗tdl Acfjlr `a J`m–s `wf dntl‛ nfm ‗tnhcfj
cf Encfl–s `wf bg``my snernklft.‛ U`kltdcfj cs
vlry, vlry wr`fj cf tdl m`kncf, nfm f`tdcfj kny
f`w bl nbgl t` stlk tdl tcml `a dlnrtsbg``m.
Cfagtrntc`f
Cfa gtrntc`f nfm Lspc`fnjl
Lspc`fnjl
Bla`rl tdl surjls nfm scljls, bla`rl gcjdtcfj nfy rls
`r mrnjjcfj nfy lgmlrs ufmlr cts anfjs, tdl Unbbnt
hf`ws ct fllms cfa`rkntc`f. @r, rntdlr, vnrc`us g`-
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 engczlm sljklfts `a tdl slet fllm cfa`rkntc`f nb`ut
tdl m`kncfs cf wdced tdly dcml `r flcjdb`r.
Jcvlf tdl mlelftrngczntc`f `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm,
cfa`rkntc`f jglnflm ar`k spcls csf–t junrnftllm
t` ecreugntl tdr`ujd tdl lftcrl slet. Cfmllm, ct–s
wd`ggy p`sscbgl tdnt, lsplecnggy cf gnrjl `r strntljc-
enggy ckp`rtnft m`kncfs, mclrlft Unbbnt spcls
dnvl cfgtrntlm tdl ecty, nrl ufnwnrl `a lned `tdlr–s
prlslfel, nfm nrl jcvcfj mclrlft cfa`rkntc`f t`
mclrlft suplrc`rs, wd` tdlkslgvls kny `r kny f`t
hf`w `a tdl `tdlrs– njlfts– prlslfel.
]dcs anet dns erlntlm nf lklrjlft r`gl nk`fj tdl
Unbbnt, tdnt `a tdl klsslfjlr-spy pneh. Encfctls nfm
tdlcr pnehs wd` splecngczl cf e`ggletcfj nfm mcstrcb-
>>5
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
utcfj cfa`rkntc`f nrl rnpcmgy ble`kcfj s`kl `a tdl
slet–s k`st prczlm nsslts. Hf`wcfj tdl k`vlklfts
`a `tdlr slets dns dlgplm tdl Unbbnt e`uftlr-knflu-
vlr nfm kncftncf lftlftl cf m`kncfs gchl Knmrcm,
n fm dns ngg`wlm tdl Unbbnt t` jncf Bngtce rlm`ubts
ns ct erllps cft` tdl tlrrct`ry `a g`fjstnfmcfj Cv`ry
]`wlr m`kncfs sued ns Rcjn. Ns sued, mlgcvlrcfj
erctceng cfa`rkntc`f wcgg fm n Encfctl wlge`klm
by Unbbnt strntljcsts ” nfm lgckcfntcfj
lgckcfnt cfj tdlsl
klsslfjlr-spcls cs n prlstcjc`us
prlstcj c`us nee`kpgcsdklft a`r
Hcfmrlm `a `tdlr slets.
Ut`rytlgglrs enf mlecml d`w dlnvcgy t` pgny tdl
tr`pls `a lspc`fnjl, ar`k n trnmlernat-dlnvy ‗spy
tdrcgglr‛ dlnvcgy cfulfelm by I`df Gl Enrrl t` n
 tngl `a strllt g`yngtcls nfm `pp`rtufcstce bltrnyng.
]dl slets enf g``k gnrjl ns cml`g`jceng cfstctutc`fs
`r enf anml cft` tdl bnehjr`ufm ns tdl strlfjtd `a
rlgntc`fsdcps bltwllf tdl a`eng vnkpcrls e`kls cft`
qulstc`f.
CF EDR@FCEGLU
 Nk`fj tdl ufmlnm, cfa`rkntc`f
cf a`rkntc`f cs ngwnys n e`k-
e`k-
k`mcty. Lvlf cf m`kncfs wctd`ut lxtlrfng tdrlnts,
tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl lfsurls tdnt s`kl Hcfmrlm cs
ngwnys netcfj njncfst nf`tdlr. Unbbnt spcls e`kpgc-
entl tdcs, cf tdnt tdly kny bl e`ggletcfj cfa`rkntc`f
a`r tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl t` strchl njncfst tdl m`kncf,
`r tdly kny bl wnjcfj enkpncjfs `a kuehrnhcfj
nfm mcscfa`rkntc`f, uscfj td`sl cftlrfng strujjgls
t` hllp tdl m`kncf wlnh, dlcjdtlfcfj cts Hcfmrlm–s
e`fcets nk`fj lned `tdlr.
 Nfy vnkpcrl kcjdt bl nf cfa`rknft, `r nf ne-
tcvl njlft. ]dlDnrpy
tdl ]`rlnm`r Bruindcs ufc`f
trycfj mlgljntl hf`ws
t` skujjgl cft` wd`
t`wf
`f tdnt Guatdnfsn cjdt, nfm hcehs tdnt cfa`rkn-
tc`f up t` tdl Nredbcsd`p `a Kcnkc. ]dl Hcfmrlm
fcjdtegub pr`k`tlr cf Ut. G`ucs survcvlm n duftlr
rncm nfm dns scfel tnhlf rlaujl cf Hnfsns Ecty, buy-
cfj pr`tletc`f nk`fj tdl Encfctls tdlrl wctd tdnt
cfa`rkntc`f `f UNM netcvcty. ]dl Udlrc `a U`utd
G`fm`f–s ufhy cs slerltgy n F`mmcst, allmcfj cfa`r-
kntc`f t` n _neh _rclst cf Knrslcggl.
@a e`ursl, ns klftc`flm lgslwdlrl, tdl alnr `a
Unbbnt spcls cs n jrlntlr tdrlnt tdnf Unbbnt spcls
tdlkslgvls ” wd` nrl f`tdcfj t` mcskcss gcjdtgy. Cf
n strnfjl wny, tdcs dlcjdtlflm stntl `a nfxclty dlgps
tdl Unbbnt, ns tdl `tdlr slets nrl s` alnraug tdnt
tdly–rl rcal wctd cfgtrnt`rs, tdly mlv`tl kued `a
tdlcr l`rt t` cfvlstcjntcfj lvlry wdcsplr `r ruk`r,
b`jjcfj tdlk m`wf wctd suspcec`f nfm rlerckcfn-
rlerckcfn-
tc`f. Nt tdl snkl tckl, `fel nf netung Unbbnt spy
jncfs nttlftc`f, ct–s pr`bnbgy
pr`bnbgy iust n knttlr `a tckl
bla`rl tdly–rl netunggy mcse`vlrlm, `r bla`rl tdly
mlecml t` j` `ut cf n bgnzl `a bg``my jg`ry.
]dcs cs n m`ubgl-lmjlm sw`rm a`r e`tlrcls `a
pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs. N slrcls `a st`rcls cf n edr`fcegl
kcjdt wlgg bl mlv`tlm t` r``tcfj `ut nfm ugtckntlgy
mlstr`ycfj Unbbnt cfgtrnt`rs, wdcgl nf lqung fuk-
blr `a subslqulft st`rcls kcjdt
k cjdt bl splft lx`flrnt-
>>=
cfj tdlkslgvls wdlf n prlstcjc`us rcvng ” dlrslga
n Unbbnt entspnw0 ” neeusls tdlk `a Bgneh Dnfm
sykpntdcls. ]dl cffctl mnfel `a suspcec`f nfm
nequcttng enf knhl a`r n rlknrhnbgy susplfslaug
edr`fcegl.
Jlttcfj Cfv`gvlm
]DL B@@F-B\SLRU9  N e`tlrcl g``hcfj t`
knhl n spgnsd cf tdl m`kncf dns bllf buycfj up
tdl prlstntc`f mlbts `a vnrc`us Hcfmrlm, nfm dnvl
pr`vlf rlknrhnbgy rls`urelaug cf m`cfj s`. Ct ngg
dnpplflm t`` qucehgy a`r nfy`fl t` f`tcel, but f`w
tdl m`kncf–s s`ecng lgctl cs `f tlftlrd``hs, dnvcfj
trnmlm lned `tdlr–s mcrty gnufmry a`r sd`rt-tlrk
jncfs. ]dl e`tlrcl buycfj up ngg `a tdl b``fs cs
cf anet n Unbbnt pneh ” wdced tdl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl
rlngczls ns ct mcse`vlrs tdlk prlpnrcfj a`r n Knss
Lkbrnel. ]dl pneh–s pgnf cs t` rlvlng ngg `a tdl
b``fs
Hcfmrlm ct dns nequcrlm
njncfst nt Lgyscuk,
lned `tdlr t` slt
wctd tdl tdl g`eng`a
rlvlgntc`f
ngg tdl kngcec`us sedlkls nfm plrs`fng vlfmlttns
cfmcvcmung vnkpcrls dnvl bllf wnjcfj, nfm tdlf
t` rnzl tdl m`kncf wctd sd`vlgdlnms `fel tdl g`eng
vnkpcrls dnvl ngrlnmy turflm njncfst lned `tdlr cf
jrclvnfel.
RLM@\BGCFJ ]DL ]RC_GL9 U`kl`fl eg`sl t`
tdl e`tlrcl turfs `ut t` bl n Unbbnt cfa`rknft. Ns
tdl e`tlrcl a`gg`ws tdlk t` kllt wctd tdlcr e`ftnet,
td`ujd, tdly rle`jfczl tdl e`ftnet ns n dcjdgy-
pgnelm Hcfmrlm ar`k n flcjdb`rcfj m`kncf. Zdced
klnfs lctdlr tdnt tdl e`tlrcl–s nggy cs n m`ubgl-njlft,
`r tdl nggy–s e`ftnet cs tdl m`ubgl-njlft, `r tdl nggy–s
e`ftnet cs n rl-m`ubglm njlft…
n jlft… turfs `ut ct–s f`t
f`t s`
eglnr-eut ns n scfjgl sk`hcfj juf.
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

Ut`ry Lglklf
Lglklfts9ts9
 Fnrrnt
 Fnr rntcvl
cvl Utr
Utruetu
ueturls
rls
 Ns nftnj`fcsts,
nftnj`fcsts , tdl Unbbnt wcgg er`ss tdl pgnylrs–
pntds cf n vnrclty `a wnys. ]dl k`st `bvc`us cs
`a e`ursl `plf e`fcet, but ns n vlrsntcgl a`cg, tdl
Unbbnt cs k`rl tdnf iust tdl bg``m nfm rl cts rcvngs
p`rtrny ct t` bl. ]dl Unbbnt wcgg lvlr bl tdl nftnj`-
fcst, but tdnt nftnj`fcsk cs tdl substnfel `a n jrlnt
mlng `a fnrrntcvl mlptd.
Rcscfj Netc`
Net c`f
f Ut`rytlggcfj Rcscfj Netc`f
]dl Unbbnt kny net cfscmc`usgy `r ct kny nff`ufel
cts nrrcvng cf n m`kncf wctd n augg erusnml. D`wlvlr
tdl Bgneh Dnfm ble`kls cfv`gvlm cf n m`kncf,
pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs
lxp`sl tdlcr l`rtssd`ugm dnvl tdl
nfm plrdnps `pp`rtufcty
lvlf st`p tdlk t`
bla`rl ngg dlgg brlnhs g``sl.
]dl Uw`rm `a Encfl kny sd`vlgdlnm sd`eh
tr``ps cf tdl
t dl e`tlrcl–s d`kl m`kncf. Ruk`rs knhl
ct t` e`ffletlm vnkpcrls– wdcsplr fltw`rhs nfm
e`ftnets pusd vctng flws cft` tdl p`sslssc`f `a
vnkpcrls wd` kcjdt bl nbgl t` m` s`kltdcfj nb`ut
tdl ckplfmcfj nrrcvng `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm. M`kncfs
lxplrclfel n stlnmcgy rcscfj pnrnf`cn, alnraug `a tdl
lflky `f tdl m``rstlp, nfm flw `r ufankcgcnr Hcf- Hcf-
mrlm allg nf ufsubtgl wlcjdt `a suspcec`f. Lgyscuk
ble`kls n tlfsl nncr, ns g`yngtcls e`kl cft` quls-
tc`f nfm g`fjstnfmcfj jrumjls nrl `plfgy rlgctcjntlm
cf ar`ft `a tdl nsslkbglm m`kncf.
]dl Unbbnt kcjdt ngs` bl stnjcfj n dlnrts-nfm-
kcfms `plrntc`f (sll nb`vl),
nb`vl), nttlkptcfj t` w``
y`ufj, mcsnmvnftnjlm Hcfmrlm njncfst tdl cfiustcel
`a tdl Enknrcggn `r nf Nfnred prlslfel tdnt csf–t
ns ljngctnrcnf ns ct prltlfms t` bl. ]dl Znr `a Njls
kny dlnt up, st`hlm by tdl Bgneh Dnfm cf nf l`rt
t` mlstnbcgczl Hcfmrlm anetc`fs tdnt w`ugm `tdlr-
wcsl lxcst cf n stntl `a kutung nwnrlflss.
 Nf lkb`gmlflm Unbbnt kny kny plra`rk rctnl cf
n e`tlrcl–s d`kl m`kncf, r`cgcfj cts klkblrs cft`
rcjdtl`us alrv`r nfm tlrr`rczcfj tdl k`rtng p`pu-
gnel wdcgl s`kl`fl nt tdl rcjdt pgnel nt tdl rcjdt
>><
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
tckl wctflssls tdl wd`gl tdcfj. M` tdly nttlkpt t`
brlnh ct up0 @r m` tdly pnss `f wdnt tdly hf`w t`
k`rl enpnbgl vnkpcrls0
Qc`glfel, tdl dnggknrh `a tdl Unbbnt, dnpplfs
cf stneent` bursts, wdltdlr tdl mcse`vlry `a d`rrce
trlntklft `a k`rtngs t` tdl f`w-lkpty but tngl-
tlggcfj sctl `a n Knss Lkbrnel nfm cts jrcsgy rlkncfs.
Ukngg but jruls`kl shcrkcsdls `eeur, plrdnps
nk`fj tdl m`kncf–s rlscmlfts nfm cftrumcfj Unbbnt,
`r bltwllf anetc`fs `a vnkpcrls g`fj `f p``r tlrks,
wctd tdl tlfsc`f cf tdl m`kncf b`cgcfj `vlr. Cf nfy
lvlft, bg``m wcgg `w, nfm tdnt `w wcgg stlnmcgy
cferlnsl.
\fglss tdl edr`fcegl bljcfs cf klmcns rls, n j``m
st`ry strueturl pr`vcmls a`r n rlnmcgy cferlnscfj
tlfsc`f ns tdl pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs glnrf tdnt tdl
Unbbnt cs prlslftbljcfs
tcvl pr`jrlssc`f `r s``f wcggtdl
wctd bl.pnrtcls
N g`jceng fnrrn-
ufhf`wf,
pr`jrlsscfj t`wnrm n rlngczntc`f tdnt tdl Unbbnt cs
netcvl cf tdl m`kncf ns tdl lvcmlfel `a tdl slet–s
prlslfel k`ufts. Ns tdl netc`f rcsls, e`fcets
lklrjl, nfm tdl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl kny cftlrnet wctd
cfmcvcmung vnkpcrls ar`k nf cftlrg`pcfj pneh, nfm
kny mcse`vlr tdl prlm`kcfnft _ntd `a Lfgcjdt-
lfklft prnetcelm by tdl pneh. N g`fjstnfmcfj
klkblr `a tdl m`kncf kcjdt turf `r rlkncf nf
`eeugtlm m`ubgl-njlft, wdced tdl pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs
enf bl cfstruklftng cf mcse`vlrcfj. U`kl cfmcentc`f
`a tdl Bgneh Dnfm–s njlfmn gchlgy lklrjls ns wlgg,
rlwnrmcfj tdl pgnylrs wctd hf`wglmjl a`r tdlcr cf- cf-
vlstcjntc`fs nfm ngg`wcfj tdl pgnylrs t` pgnf d`w t`
(`r ca t`…) a`cg tdl pneh–s pgnfs. U`kl hcfm `a `vlrt
e`fcet ngs` `eeurs, t` wdlt tdl pgnylrs– nppltctls
a`r tdl sd`wm`wf t` e`kl, nfm tdlsl lnrgy e`fcets
fllm f`t bl `fgy pdysceng vc`glfel.
v c`glfel. Ct–s
Ct–s ckp`rtnft
ckp`rtn ft
tdnt tdl pgnylrs sll tdl Unbbnt f`t `fgy ns a`ls t` bl
blntlf m`wf, but ns cftlggcjlft ca ngclf rcvngs wd`
enf bl flj`tcntlm wctd s`ecnggy nfm e`ftlfmlm wctd
klftnggy.
Unv`r tdl rcscfj netc`f. Ct–s wdlrl tdl t`fl a`r
tdl wd`gl e`fcet cs lstnbgcsdlm, nfm ct rlwnrms
pgnylr cfjlfucty nfm pr`bglk-s`gvcfj, ns wlgg ns
glttcfj n shcgglm Ut`rytlgglr knfnjl n wlb `a slerlts.

]dl Unbbnt csf–
c sf–tt n `fl-f`tl slet8 tdlrl–s kued nb`ut
lxnetgy wdnt anel `a tdl Unbbnt tdl e`tlrcl wcgg lf-
e`uftlr tdnt enf suranel murcfj tdl rcscfj tlfsc`f.
Lxnkpgl Mlvlg`pklfts
▯ ]dl Unbbnt sllhs t` t`ppgl nf nt-rcsh _rcfel,
Bnr`f, `r `tdlr nutd`rcty jurl, `r `tdlrwcsl
mlstnbcgczl tdl m`kncf, lctdlr t` egnck cts rl-
s`urels, `r sd`w tdl wlnhflss `a n rcvng slet
▯  N sgllplr elgg, ufhf`wf t` bl Unbbnt, nb`ut
wd`k suspcec`f jr`ws nfm jr`ws uftcg tdl m`-
kncf–s Hcfmrlm nrl a`relm t` tnhl netc`f
▯ Unbbnt spcls wd` nrl tlstcfj tdl m`kncf nfm
g``hcfj t` e`kplg flw e`fsercpts cft` tdl
Jldlffn Znr
>>1
_N]DU
_N]DU AR@K ]DL @\]UCML
D`w kued m` f`f-Unbbnt hf`w nb`ut tdl Unbbnt–s
_ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft0
]dcs cs nf lxelgglft qulstc`f, nfm `fl a`r wdced
y`u–gg wnft t` knhl s`kl mlecsc`fs bnslm `f tdl
typl `a edr`fcegl y`u wcsd t` ruf. @vlrngg, nssukl
tdnt Hcfmrlm `utscml tdl slet netunggy hf`w vlry gct-
tgl nb`ut tdl Unbbnt, glt ng`fl tdnt _ntds `a Lfgcjdt-
lfklft lvlf lxcst ns n e`felpt. Hcfmrlm wcsl cf tdl
wnys `a tdl Unbbnt kny hf`w tdnt _ntds `a Lfgcjdt-
lfklft lxcst, s`kl ednrnetlrcstces `a tdlk, nfm kny
lvlf hf`w s`kl `a tdlk by fnkl.
Hcfmrlm wd` dnvl anelm Encfctls cf e`fflcet
bla`rl kcjdt lvlf hf`w s`kl `a tdl nttctumls `a tdl
_ntds, sued ns ‗ Ud`vlgdlnmcfj tdl lftcrl b`rmlgg`0
]dcs sllks gchl ct kcjdt bl n eugt `a Entdnrc‛ `r
‗]dlsl sykb`gs nfm nsdls klnf tdly rctunggy mcnbglr-
czlm tdl lgmlr. Zl–rl pr`bnbgy mlngcfj wctd tdl _ntd
`a Encfl.‛ ]dlf njncf, sued cfa`rkntc`f kcjdt bl
ckplralet, pnrtcng, `r `utrcjdt cfe`rrlet ” ‗]dlsl
sykb`gs nfm nsdls klnf tdly mcnbglrczlm tdl lgmlr.
Zl–rl pr`bnbgy mlngcfj wctd tdl _ntd `a Fcjdt–s
_`wlr.‛
_`wlr.‛ Natlr ngg, tdl Unbbnt csf–t lsplecnggy l﬏uscvl
wdlf sdnrcfj mltncgs nb`ut cts eugtce prnetcels wctd
`utscmlrs, nfm jncfcfj cfa`rkntc`f nb`ut tdl l flky
enf bl `fl `a tdl prcknry netcvctcls `a tdl edr`fcegl.
Ns n Ut`rytlgglr, mlecml bla`rldnfm d`w kued
cfa`rkntc`f nb`ut tdl slet y`u–m gchl t` rlvlng wdlf
tdl tr`upl e`fscmlrs tdl edr`fcegl ]lflts nfm y`u–rl
w`rhcfj `f y`ur edr`fcegl–s tdlkls. S`u kcjdt wcsd
t` rlvlng tdl slet–s m`jkn ns pnrt `a tdl edr`fcegl–s
mnwfcfj d`rr`r, `r y`u kcjdt wcsd t` pgufjl tdl
e`tlrcl cft` d`t wnr wctd nftnj`fcsts tdly enf vlry
qucehgy glnrf d`w t` `pp`sl nfm lxpg`ct.
@plf E`fcet 
Cf `plf e`fcet, tdl Unbbnt cs f`t `fgy rlvlnglm, but
nets cf cts prcknry cmc`k9 entnstr`pdce vc`glfel.
Ut`rcls tdnt alnturl tdl Jldlffn Znr gchlgy dnvl
n jrlnt mlng `a pdysceng e`fcet nk`fj vnkpcrls, ns
tdl Encfctls `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm nttlkpt t` mlstr`y
tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs nfm nfy`fl tdly sll ns tdl
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 kcfc`fs `a td`sl mlspcslm Nfeclfts. ]dcs enf lnscgy
cfeguml Hcfmrlm `a nfy `tdlr slet, ns tdl Unbbnt
csf–t pnrtceugnr nb`ut e`ggntlrng mnknjl. Nfm Bgneh
Dnfm vnkpcrls fllm f`t bl tdl ckklmcntl pnrtcec-
pnfts `a nf `plf Jldlffn Znr e`fcet. Hcfmrlm
kny bl brlnhcfj up bg``m eugts, snb`tnjcfj dnvlfs,
`r skujjgcfj w`ugm-bl vlsslgs nwny ar`k tdl ar`ft
gcfls s` tdnt tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl stnrvls. Zdltdlr
plra`rkcfj julrcggn rncms ner`ss tdl Lurnscnf tncjn
`r bnttgcfj t` hllp Bgneh Dnfm zlng`ts ar`k brlnh -
cfj cft` tdl dnvlf `a n p`tlft-Bg``mlm nutnrhcs,
`plf e`fcet enf dnpplf nfywdlrl, nfm cs tclm t`
tdl mcrlet j`ngs `a tdl slet `r cfmcvcmung pnehs.
@plf e`fcet wctd tdl Unbbnt enf ngs` bl rl-
gntlm t` m`kncf egnsdls nfm f`t tdl e`rl e`fcet `a
tdl Jldlffn Znr. Erusnmls t` slczl m`kncf ar`k
lstnbgcsdlm slets trnfspcrl fcjdtgy. Lvlf s`kltdcfj
ns skngg-sengl ns r`utcfj n scfjgl pneh cf nf `tdlr-
wcsl stnbgl
spchl m`kncfusunggy
cf n m`kncf enf pr`vcml
hf`wfn d`rrce vc`glft
a`r cts cftrcjuls
nfm mlvnstntcfj s`ecng rlpnrtll.
]dl Unbbnt fllm f`t ngwnys bl tdl
t dl nttnehlr.
Unbbnt kny fm tdlkslgvls pcfelrlm bltwllf n
Jldlffn Znr ar`ft nfm tdl mcgcjlft e`tlrcl tdnt dns
trnehlm ct cft` tdl Cblrcnf bnmgnfms. ]dly kny fllm
t` d`gm n snal d`usl cf Flw S`rh wdcgl nf nggclm
pneh knhls cts wny up ar`k Kcnkc.
Ut`rytlggcfj @plf E`facet
@plf e`fcet cs wdlrl tdl sdct dcts tdl anf. Ct–s
wdlrl tdl dcjdlst trnmctc`fng ‗netc`f‛ pgnys `ut,
a`r pgnylrs wd` lfi`y tdnt nsplet `a tdl jnkl, wctd
e`kbnt nfm Mcsecpgcfls nfm ngg `a tdl `vlrt knfc-
alstntc`fs `a vnkpcrls hcehcfj lned `tdlr–s nssls cf
cftlrlstcfj g`entc`fs. Uhcgglm Ut`rytlgglrs enf wlnvl
`plf e`fcet cf nfm `ut `a `tdlr cftlrnetc`fs wctd
tdl Unbbnt, knfnjcfj n tdrcggcfj pnel tdnt ngtlrfntls  
bltwllf e`gm nfm d`t wnr.
Cflvctnbgy, tdl Unbbnt wnfts s`kltdcfj. Ct
s`kltdcfj. Ct m`lsf–t
jdt a`r tdl snhl `a jdtcfj ” tdl Bgneh Dnfm cs
lnrflst nb`ut tnhcfj tdl jdt t` tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs,
nfm kcf`r tura wnrs nrl klnfcfjglss ufglss tdly
dlgp tdnt l`rt. ]dnt sncm, ct kny f`t ngwnys bl
`bvc`us wdnt tdl slet wnfts, nfm jurcfj tdnt `ut
dlgps nmm e`ftlxt t` nf `plf e`fcet. Unbbnt nrlf–t
>>:
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
rnvlfcfj Zcjdts8 tdly ed``sl tdlcr bnttgls wctd
purp`sl.
Lxnkpgl Mlvlg`pklfts
▯ ]dl Unbbnt rncms tdl m`kncf, mrnjjcfj nwny
`r plra`rkcfj mcnbglrcl `f vugflrnbgl Hcfmrlm
wd` m`f–t
m`f–t dnvl tdl e`ffletc`fs `r shcggs
shcgg s t`
pr`tlet tdlk
▯  N Unbbnt wnr pneh rnkpnjls tdr`ujd tdl
m`kncf, w`rhcfj ctslga up cft` n arlfzy `a bg``m
nfm rl `f tdl
t dl wny t` tdl Jldlffn Znr ar`ft `r
n prczlm mcnbglrcl nfm ‗e`fvlrtcfj‛ flw rleructs
t` tnhl wctd ct
▯  N vltlrnf pneh rlturfcfj ar`k
a r`k tdl Jldlffn
Znr ar`ft, cts bg``mgust hcfmglm by tdl e`fcet,
j`ls blrslrh cf n m`kncf
▯ Encfctls njjrnvntl nf `gm jrumjl bltwllf ane-
tc`fs `a tdl m`kncf–s Hcfmrlm, tdlf i`cf tdl arny
ns ‗tdl e`rruptc`f
tlfsc`fs `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs‛
bltwllf Hcfmrlm pusdls
t` n brlnhcfj p`cft
]lkptntc`f
Hcfmrlm mlngcfj wctd tdl Unbbnt enf bl surprcslm
d`w guecm nfm lvlf lftcecfj tdl Bgneh Dnfm enf
bl. Nt tdl e`rl `a Unbbnt pdcg`s`pdy cs arllm`k9
arllm`k ar`k lgmlr `pprlssc`f, arllm`k ar`k tdl
Ltlrfng Utrujjgl, arllm`k ar`k lxpg`ctntc`f nfm
nfnedr`fcstce p`wlr myfnkces ” arllm`k ar`k
k`rtng f`tc`fs `a jucgt nfm Duknfcty. ‗Ct–s f`t n
mlntd eugt, ct–s n rlv`gutc`fnry nrky.‛
nrky.‛ ]dnt enf ngg bl
quctl npplngcfj t` y`ufj Hcfmrlm Lkbrnelm cft`
fl`alumng slrvctuml `r n e`tlrcl `f tdl `uts wctd tdl
jnfjgnfm p`gctces `a tdl prlvncgcfj Nfnred p`wlr.
\ftcg `fl slls tdl brutngcty `a tdl Unbbnt `r
g``hs nt cts pdcg`s`pdy mcrletgy, ct ngg s`ufms j``m.
Nfm tdnt enf knhl a`r n ufcqul s`ecng myfnkce
myfnk ce
cf n m`kncf wctd cts `wf tr`ubgls. ]dl cfstnbcg-
cty cf GN, tdl purjl `a G`fm`f, nfm tdl updlnvng
cf Blrgcf” tdlsl ngg mcstrlss tdl Hcfmrlm mwlggcfj
tdlrl, s` ct–s f` surprcsl t` fm (lsplecnggy y`ufj)
vnkpcrls wcggcfj t` gcstlf t` tdl ngtlrfntcvls.
]dl Uw`rm `a Encfl–s d`flylm w`rms nrlf–t
b`rfl `ut by tdl trutd `a cts m`kncfs nfm tdl Jl-
dlffn Znr, d`wlvlr.
d`wlvlr. By tdl tckl
tc kl n fl`fntl dns bllf
 cfvlcjglm t` i`cf tdl Bgneh Dnfm, tdl trutd e`kls
`ut, tdl brncfwnsdcfj bljcfs, tdl nbusl cs ufmlr-
wny nfm tdl tcml `a kurmlr`us vc`glfel dns ngrlnmy
enujdt tdlk cf cts ufmlrt`w.
]dlrl–s nf cflguetnbgl mrnw,
m rnw, d`wlv
d`wlvlr,
lr, t` tdl
pr`kcsl tdl Unbbnt knhls wdlf rleructcfj, `r wdlf
ufmlrkcfcfj m`kncfs, ns tdl `tdlr vnkpcrl slls ct.
 N Hcfmrlm tlltlrcfj
tlltlr cfj `f tdl brcfh bltwllf
blt wllf tdl mlvcg
tdly hf`w nfm n pr`kcsl `a rcjdtl`us gcblrty lx-
plrclfels nf cftlrfng nfm lxtlrfng e`fcet tdnt enf
pr`vl t` bl tdl k`st pr`a`ufm plrs`fng egnsd. Nfm
tdl _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft, wdced vnrc`usgy sub`rf
`r cfmugjl tdl Blnst kny pr`vl n rlspctl ” d`rrc-
enggy, nf cggus`ry `fl ” ar`k n plrelcvlm ltlrfcty
dcmcfj ar`k tdl Blnst.
Ut`rytlggcfj ]lkptntc`f
]lkptntc`f cs nf `pp`rtufcty a`r st`rytlggcfj
e`ftrnsts. Unbbnt wcgg rlnmcgy gcl t` e`fvcfel `tdlr
vnkpcrls t` i`cf tdlcr slet, jcvcfj n jrlnt `pp`rtu-
fcty a`r s`ecng e`fcet, subtlraujl, nfm anet-fmcfj.
@a e`ursl, sckpgy blcfj sllf cf e`fvlrsntc`f wctd
tdl Bgneh Dnfm enf mcj n s`ecng jrnvl a`r pgnylrs–
ednrnetlrs tdnt kny tnhl n wdcgl t` mcj tdlkslgvls
`ut `a.
]dl pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs tdlkslgvls fllm f`t bl
tdl `fls tlkptlm by tdl Unbbnt, ns wlgg. _lrdnps n
e`krnml cs blcfj e`urtlm by tdl Unbbnt, `r n k`rtng
]`uedst`fl cs Lkbrnelm cft` tdl slet nfm kust bl
‗rlseulm‛ a`r nfy ednfel nt rlmlkptc`f. @r knybl
n dcjd-rnfhcfj Hcfmrlm cf tdl m`kncf dns b`ujdt
cft` tdl Jldlffn Znr alrv`r
alr v`r,, glnvcfj n p`wlr
vneuuk nfm arllcfj up n prlvc`usgy egncklm spdlrl
`a cfulfel.
 Ns n Ut`rytlgglr, bl surl t` dnfmgl tlkptntc`f
enrlauggy. N pdcg`s`pdceng e`fvlrsntc`f bltwllf
n _ntd `a Entdnrc Encfctl nfm n pgnylr–s ednrnetlr
nb`ut d`w sckcgnr tdlcr `utg``hs nrl sd`ugm bl
pgnylm t` e`fvly n mnwfcfj rlvugsc`f (wdced kny
dnvl bllf prlelmlm by pcqunft sykpntdy…). S`u–rl
f`t netunggy trycfj t` mrcvl pgnylrs cft` tdl nftnj`-
fcsts– slet.
>>4
Lxnkpgl Mlvlg`pklfts
▯  N Unbbnt mlalet`r (plrdnps n sd`vlgdlnm wd`
wd`
dnm f` ed`cel cf tdlcr Lkbrnel `r n mcscggusc`flm
a`rklr e`fvlrt) sllhs t` glnvl tdl slet up`f
rlngczcfj tdl d`rr`r `a tdl Unbbnt erusnml, but
enf tdl e`tlrcl trust tdlk0 M`ls lf`ujd `a
tdlcr Duknfcty rlkncf up`f wdced t` bucgm n
rlmlkptc`f0
▯  Nf cfscmc`us Unbbnt mcpg`knt wnfts nsscstnfel
‗iust tdcs `fl tckl‛ cf n sedlkl tdnt sllks t`
`lr lvlry`fl s`kltdcfj tdly wnft
▯  N Hcfmrlm lfe`uftlrs n k`rtng ankcgy
ankc gy klkblr,
klkblr,
f`w tdlkslgvls n Encfctl `a tdl Unbbnt, nfm
plrs`fng trnjlmy lfsuls cf n entnstr`pdce ‗d`kl-
e`kcfj‛
]dl Lflky `a Ky Lflky 
_`gctces knhls strnfjl blmalgg`ws nfm Hcfmrlm
p`gctces nrl f` mclrlft. ]dl sctuntc`f kny nrcsl
cf wdced tdl e`tlrcl sckpgy dns t` e``plrntl wctd
n Unbbnt pneh cf `rmlr t` `pp`sl nf lvlf jrlntlr
tdrlnt. N blrslrh Gupcfl kny bl tdrlntlfcfj tdl
e`tlrcl–s duftcfj jr`ufm, ednslm tdlrl by n f`knmce
pneh, `r n m`kcfllrcfj Nred`f kny bl cfvlstcjntcfj
tdl prlslfel `a Bgneh Dnfm pnehs s` `vlrzlng`usgy
tdnt nf Nfnred e`tlrcl cs enujdt cf tdl er`ssrl. @r
tdl Unbbnt cs duftcfj m`wf n pucssnft mlslrtlr nfm
tdl e`tlrcl slls nf `pp`rtufcty t` rls`gvl tw` pr`b-
glks wctd `fl swcat rlsp`fsl, uscfj tdl `fl t` jlt t`
tdl `tdlr bla`rl mlgcvlrcfj tdl e`up ml jrnel.
E`fscmlr, t``, tdnt slets nrlf–t k`f`gctdce, nfm
tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl kcjdt dnvl n tdcrm e`kp`flft
cf tdl m`kncf, sued ns tdl tlfsl tdrll-wny ‗ufmlr-
stnfmcfj‛ cf ]nfjclr. F`b`my gchls ct, but f`b`my–s
a ``gcsd
``gcsd lf`ujd t` upslt tdl mlgcentl bngnfel, nfm
s` tdl njrllklft d`gms a`r `fl k`rl fcjdt… uftcg ct
m`lsf–t.
Jcvlf tdl Unbbnt–s anfntcecsk, ct–s n qulstc`f
`a wdlf, f`t ca, tdl Bgneh Dnfm wcgg turf `f tdl
e`tlrcl, but n jrlnt mlng enf dnpplf cf tdnt cftlrstc-
tcng plrc`m.
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 Ut`rytlggcfj tdl Lflky `a
Ky Lflky  ▯
]dl aufetc`f `a tdcs e`fcet cs t` enusl pgnylrs t`
qulstc`f tdlcr prc`rctcls. Zdlf anelm wctd Unbbnt
prlslfel nfm s`kltdcfj tdnt–s nf netung lxcstlftcng
tdrlnt, wdnt m` tdl pgnylrs m`0 E`fcet cs ngwnys
k`rl cftlrlstcfj wdlf ct rlqucrls mlecsc`f-knhcfj
rntdlr tdnf prlmlflm `pp`sctc`f. (Ull E`fcet
]rcnfjgls, blg`w.)
blg`w.)
 Ns wctd tlkptntc`f, tdlf cftlft cs f`t t` slfm
slfm
tdl e`tlrcl cft` tdl nrks `a tdl Unbbnt. ]dl k`st
pr`bnbgl `ute`kl `a n brcla nggcnfel cs tdl Unbbnt
turfcfj `f tdl pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs wdlf tdly–rl
mlpgltlm natlr n scjfcenft e`fcet, nfywny, s`
tdl tlfsc`f lfjlfmlrlm by tdcs pnrtceugnr fnrrn-
tcvl mlvlg`pklft bucgms `f n slfsl `a susplfsl nfm
pnrnf`cn. Cs tdl tdcrm pnrty rlnggy tdl jrlntlr tdrlnt0
Zdnt m`ls tdl Unbbnt pneh tdcfh0
Lxnkpgl Mlvlg`pklfts
Unbbnt blcfj duftlm by n Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f
njlfey put n mlvcg–s mlng `f tdl tnbgl9 Ncm tdl
Bgneh Dnfm, scml wctd tdl duftlrs, `r sulr tdl
glsslr (0) lvcg `a f`t tnhcfj lctdlr scml nfm blnr-
cfj tdl e`fslqulfels
▯  N tnttlrlm Unbbnt pneh tdrnsdls cft` tdl ecty
nfm cs lnscgy mlngt wctd ” but wdnt wns tdl pneh
ruffcfj ar`k0
▯  N sgllplr elgg, ufhf`wf t` bl Unbbnt, hllps
nttrnetcfj suspcec`f uftcg tdl m`kncf–s Hcfmrlm
nrl a`relm t` tnhl netc`f

>>3

 
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 

Ut`ry Lglkl
L glklft9
ft9
E`fcet ]rcn
]rcnfjgls
fjgls
]dl tnglft `a tdl strntljcst cs t`
cmlftcay tdl mlecscvl p`cft nfm t`
e`felftrntl lvlrytdcfj `f ct,
 
rlk`vcfj a`rels ar`k sle`fmnry
 ar`fts nfm cjf`rcfj glsslr `biletcvls.
” ENRG Q@F EGN\ULZC]Y
 Nt s`kl p`cft, n Ut`rytlgglr kcjdt wnft n edr`fcegl
wctd n e`fcet k`rl e`kpglx tdnf iust ‗tdl e`tlrcl
vs. tdl Unbbnt,‛ nfm edr`fcegls tdnt p`sctc`f ane-
tc`fs cf n kugtcaneltlm e`fcet dnvl rced p`tlftcng.
E`fcet cs ngwnys k`rl cftlrlstcfj wdlf ct cfv`gvls
dnvcfj t` knhl n ed`cel, `r lvlf jurl `ut wd`
nk`fj nf nrrny `a p`sscbgl nftnj`fcsts cs tdl trulst
a`l, nfm wdltdlr `r f`t n mlng `a `pp`rtufcty enf
bl br`hlrlm.
 Ns n Ut`rytlgglr, slttcfj
slttc fj up n e`fcet trcnfjgl
trcnfj gl
wcgg rlqucrl tdnt tdl pgnylrs knhl dnrm ed`cels,
mlecmcfj `f nggcnfels t` knhl nfm wdltdlr t` d`f`r
tdlk. (@a e`ursl, tdlcr ‗nggcls‛ kcjdt rlfljl `f
njrllklfts, ns wlgg….) ]dlsl mlecsc`fs enf nfm
sd`ugm tlst cfmcvcmung pgnylrs– E`fvcetc`fs, nfm
cfctcntl tdl s`rts `a k`rng qunfmnrcls tdnt j``m
Qnkpcrl st`rcls
Qnkpcrl  st`rcls tdrcvl up`f. Cf n w`rgm wdlrl ngg  
ed`cels dnvl e`fslqulfels, dnvcfj t` ed``sl wdced
k`fstlrs t` supp`rt `r cjf`rl cs cts `wf klnsurl `a
n Hcfmrlm–s slga.
Rcvng Ulets
Qnkpcrl.. _lrdnps n
Uletnrcnf e`fcet cs e`rl t` Qnkpcrl
Enknrcggn e`urt nfm nf Nfnred m`kncf nrl eg`sl
lf`ujd t`jltdlr a`r n eglvlr Unbbnt pneh t` stnjl
dct-nfm-ruf rncms njncfst `fl m`kncf wdcgl p`scfj
ns vnkpcrls ar`k
a r`k tdl `tdlr. _r`v`hl lf`ujd e`f-
cet, nfm tdl Enknrcggn nfm Nfnred m`kncfs kcjdt
j` t` wnr, glnvcfj tdl Bgneh Dnfm t` tnrjlt tdl wcf-
fcfj slet `fel tdl `tdlr dns bllf mlalntlm.
>2?
Uued mlelptc`fs enf w`rh b`td wnys, `a e`ursl.
_lrdnps nf Nfnred e`tlrcl slls nf `pp`rtufcty t`
ufmlrkcfl n Enknrcggn m`kncf flnr tdl Unbbnt–s
Jldlffn Znr ar`ft, stnjcfj angsl-nj `plrntc`fs
cftlfmlm t` pusd tdl Enknrcggn nfm Encfctls cft`
`plf e`fcet, wctd tdl e`tlrcl rlnmy t` slczl tlrrc-
t`ry wdcgl cts rcvngs nrl tlnrcfj lned `tdlr t` pclels.
@r plrdnps tdl edr`fcegl–s m`kncf alnturls tdl
Dlentn ns nf T-anet`r wd` kcjdt `lr nggcnfel t` nf
Nfnred m`kncf tdnt–s blcfj tdrlntlflm by n Unbbnt
Erusnml. But wdnt m` tdl Mlvcg-Hcfmrlm wnft cf
lxednfjl0 Nfm nrl tdly knhcfj tdl snkl `lr `a
nggysdcp t` tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl0
_gnycfj Zctd Acrl9
]dl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f
But tdl k`st mnfjlr`us nfm rcshy trcnfjgl cs `fl
cfv`gvcfj tdl Unbbnt, k`rtng vnkpcrl duftlrs, nfm
`fl `r k`rl `a tdl `tdlr slets. Knfy vnkpcrls
rljnrmglss `a ngcntc`f blgclvl tdnt tdcs flw lrn `a
Cfqucsctc`f wns tdl rlsugt `a tdl Enknrcggn trycfj t`
usl k`rtng duftlrs njncfst tdlcr lflkcls nfm b`ted-
cfj tdl i`b. Cf tdl natlrkntd, lvlry slet f`w st`hls n
jr`wcfj alnr cf tdcs rlflwlm tckl `a Cfqucsctc`f.
]dcs cs wdlrl n mlvcg–s mlng e`kls t`jltdlr. Ca
k`rtng duftlrs dnvl ble`kl nglrtlm t` tdl prlslfel
`a vnkpcrls cf tdl e`tlrcl–s g`engl, ct kcjdt bld``vl
Hcfmrlm `a vnrc`us nggljcnfels t` slt nscml tdlcr
mclrlfels g`fj lf`ujd t` mlng wctd tdl knttlr.
Ngtlrfntcvlgy, cf nf Nfnred `r Enknrcggn
Enknrc ggn m`kncf,
plrdnps tdl g`eng vnkpcrls dnvl bllf lfjnjlm
cf n sueelssaug l`rt t` e`felng tdlkslgvls ar`k
duftlrs, but f`w td`sl l`rts nrl nt rcsh mul t` tdl
lklrjlfel `a Unbbnt pnehs tdnt dnvl lftlrlm tdl
m`kncf wctd t`tng ” nfm j`ry ” mcsrljnrm a`r tdl
Knsqulrnml.
Cf sued edr`fcegls, tdl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl kcjdt try
t` mcrlet tdl duftlrs cft` e`fcet wctd tdl Unbbnt
`r bnct tdl Unbbnt cft` nttnehcfj tdl duftlrs. @r
plrdnps ct–s n Unbbnt alcft cf tdl rst pgnel, mrnwcfj
rltrlnt-
duftlrs t` tdl m`kncf nfm surrlptctc`usgy rltrlnt-
cfj, t` mlpgltl tdl rls`urels (nfm vnkpcrls…) `a tdl
g`eng slet.
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 ]dl mnfjlrs nrl tlrrcbgy dcjd lctdlr wny, but
ufglss `fl `a tdl lflky jr`ups cs rlk`vlm ar`k tdl
b`nrm, tdl pgnylrs rcsh blcfj enujdt cf tdl kcm-
mgl bltwllf b`td tdlcr k`st mnfjlr`us lflkcls.
Zdltdlr tdl duftlrs cf qulstc`f nrl n skngg `utt
`a egulm-cf k`rtngs `r n wlgg-lqucpplm nfm -aufmlm
mlpnrtklft `a n p`gctceng nutd`rcty, ngg ct tnhls cs
`fl `vlrzlng`us Unbbnt t` sdrlm tdl Knsqulrnml
nfm brcfj tdl w`rgm–s ufwlge`kl nttlftc`f t` tdl
m`kncf, ns tdl Hcfmrlm `a Qclffn enf nttlst.
]dlknt ce Lglklf
]dlkntce Lglklft9
t9
Cfduknfctcls
]dl Unbbnt mlgcblrntlgy ed``sls ngclfntc`f ar`k
b`td k`rtngs nfm Hcfmrlm `a `tdlr slets. Ngtd`ujd
tdly stcgg npplnr duknf`cm cf pr`gl (k`stgy), Unb-
bnt vnkpcrls sd`ugm stnfm `ut ns mcstcfetgy @tdlr
wdlf pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs e`kl cf e`ftnet wctd tdlk,
t` vnrycfj mljrlls. U`kl lxnkpgls9
▯ Unbbnt vnkpcrls k`vl cf strnfjl tnfmlk, ns ca
nftcecpntcfj lned `tdlr–s k`vlklfts,
k`vlklfts, nfm tdl
pneh bldnvls glss gchl n jr`up `a pl`pgl fnvcjnt-
cfj tdl netung lfvcr`fklft nfm k`rl gchl n pneh
`a w`gvls `r sdcvlr `a sdnrhs. ]dly g``k nfm
egustlr, but strnfjlgy nv`cm netung e`ftnet wctd
`fl nf`tdlr, lgumcfj lned `tdlr–s spntcng prls-
lfel cf n flnr-gcqucm lxprlssc`f `a k`vcfj `ut
`a lned `tdlr–s wny tdl k`klft bla`rl tdl flxt
`fl `a tdlk `eeupcls tdl spnel nf`tdlr `fl mcm
glss tdnf n sle`fm nj`. ]dly kny nppr`prcntl
tdl jlsturls `a `tdlr erlnturls, sued ns n ent–s
gnfjucm strltedcfj `r sckcnf jr``kcfj.
▯ Cfmcvcmung pdysceng alnturls mlpnrt mrnkntcenggy
ar`k k`rtng duknf f`rks. N Unbbnt vnkpcrl
kcjdt dnvl f` wdctls t` tdlcr lyls, `r tw` r`ws
`a tlltd, `r tdlcr i`cfts kny sfnp cf nfm `ut `a
g`entc`f ns tdly wngh. @vlrngg, tdly stcgg dnvl
f`rkng scgd`ulttls, but s`kltdcfj mcsturbcfj
dns dnm cts wny wctd cfmcvcmung nsplets `a tdlcr
pdysceng prlslfel. N pneh kny sdnrl n scfjgl
ufslttgcfj ednrnetlrcstce, knhcfj a`r n e`ggletcvl
>2>
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
d`rr`r, `r tdl pneh kny bl n k`tgly nsslkbgy `a
cfmcvcmung qucrhs.
▯ D`w tdl Unbbnt vnkpcrls rlgntl t` nfm
n fm e`k-
kufcentl wctd `fl nf`tdlr
n f`tdlr m`f–t
m`f–t e`fa`rk t`
k`rtng `r Hcfmrlm f`rks. _nehs `atlf edcttlr,
er`nh, bnrh, `r d`wg t` `fl nf`tdlr cf pgnel `a
w`rms. ]dly kny strlnh lned `tdlr wctd bg``m
t` mlk`fstrntl nletc`f `r vcsungczl tdlcr pleh-
cfj `rmlr. ]dly kny eg`sl tdlcr lyls nfm slfsl
tdlcr surr`ufmcfjs by sklgg `r s`ufm, nv`cmcfj
stukbgcfj `vlr lned `tdlr wctd f`f-tnetcgl euls.
▯ Encfctls lxdcbct s`kl k`rtng bldnvc`rs t` nf
lxtrlkl wdcgl `tdlrs nrl nbslft, gchl tnghcfj
`vlr lned `tdlr dllmglss `a tdl cftlrruptc`f `r
rlkncfcfj uttlrgy scglft cf mlalrlfel t` suplrc`r
pnehkntls.
▯ _lrdnps jcvcfj rcsl t` nrednce kytds nb`ut vnk-
pcrls, Unbbnt kny xntl `f s`kl pdysceng netc`f
nt n jcvlf g`entc`f, sued ns lfmglssgy mjltcfj
wctd n m``r dnfmgl, pguehcfj cls ar`k tdl ncr,
`r tlkptcfj dnrk by pnsscfj tdlcr dnfm `vlr n
enfmgl–s nkl rlplntlmgy. ]dly kny sknsd `ut n
scfjgl pnfl `a jgnss ar`k lvlry wcfm`w `r ynfh
`f n pnehkntl–s inehlt gnplgs `r tlnr pnplr cft`
strcps nfm pnss ct tdr`ujd tdnt pnehkntl–s enfmgl
nkl. Zdntlvlr tdly m`, e`fvly tdl ckprlssc`f
tdnt, d`wlvlr skngg, tdl netc`f klnfs s`kltdcfj
t` tdlk, nfm tdl e`tlrcl cs sckpgy ufnbgl t`
mcselrf wdnt.
Fnturnggy, td`sl Unbbnt wctd k`rl s`ecng a`eus nrl
blttlr nbgl a`r wdnt pnssls ns f`rkng (nt glnst nk`fj
s`ecltcls `a ufmlnm f`eturfng bg``m-mrcfhlrs), but
a`r tdl bugh `a tdl slet, `bslrvnbgl mclrlfel cs
wdnt dlgps knhl tdl Unbbnt klk`rnbgl nfm alnr- alnr-
s`kl. Glnf cft` ct.

]dlkntce Lglkl
L glklft9
ft9
]dl _neh
Dufts ns @fl
Jcvlf tdl mlcfmcvcmuntc`f `a tdl Unbbnt nfm tdl
anet tdnt knfy `a cts Encfctls nrl lctdlr bldcfm
lflky gcfls `r cf mllp e`vlr wctdcf d`stcgl m`-
kncfs, cfmcvcmung allmcfj cs b`td cfleclft nfm nt
dcjd rcsh `a mrnwcfj ufmlscrlm nttlftc`f. Ns sued,
Ut`rytlgglrs sd`ugm nm`pt n scfjgl _rlmnt`r ]ypl t`
suct tdl stnghcfj dnbcts `a tdl lftcrl pneh. ]dl pneh
ctslga dufts ns n scfjgl lftcty, nletcfj tdl kltd`ms
`a tdnt _rlmnt`r ]ypl ” wdced sd`ugm bl rlnmcgy
`bslrvnbgl t` n snvvy e`tlrcl egulm cf t` tdl allmcfj
prnetcels `a vnkpcrls.
Cf tlrks `a st`ry aufetc`fs, tdcs slrvls n fuk-
blr `a purp`sls. Acrst, ct ngg`ws tdl pgnylrs– e`tlrcl
t` lctdlr `bslrvl tdl duft cf netc`f, `r t` pclel
t`jltdlr eguls cf cts natlrkntd tdnt tcp tdlk ` t`
tdl anet tdnt n jr`up `a vnkpcrls cs f`t `fgy prlslft
cf tdl m`kncf, but duftcfj cf n wny tdnt kny wlgg
allg nftctdltceng t` tdlcr `wf prlalrlfels. Ule`fm,
ct jrnfts tdl pneh nf nmmctc`fng slfsl `a (jr`up)
cmlftcty, dcjdgcjdtcfj tdlcr mlcfmcvcmuntc`f. ]dcrm,
ct pr`vcmls nf `pp`rtufcty t` lkpdnsczl elrtncf ls`-
tlrce blgclas `a tdl Unbbnt tdr`ujd tdl e`rrlgntc`f
`a _rlmnt`r ]ypl nfm tdl pneh–s mcstcfet e`ggletcvl
plrs`fngcty.
K`rl cfa`rkntc`f `f _rlmnt`r ]ypls cs nvncgnbgl
Knsqulrnml.
`f pp. >:<->:4 `a Qnkpcrl9 ]dl Knsqulrnml.
Ulttcfj Lglklft9
Unbbnt Dnvlfs
A`rlvlr `f tdl k`vl, tdl Unbbnt cf jlflrng dns gcttgl
usl a`r lstnbgcsdlm dnvlfs. Cf anet, Encfctls rnrlgy
b`tdlr t` mlv`tl kued l`rt t` kncftncfcfj dnvlfs
nt ngg, `tdlr tdnf m`kncfs cf lftlftl `r nee`rm (sll
p. >?:). ]dcs cs ns kued n knttlr `a prnetcengcty ns cf
>22
nf `vlrt mlfcng `a k`rtng kntlrcngcsk ” wdlf tdl
eugt mlknfms tdnt `fl k`bcgczl t` `pp`sl wnhlfcfj
bg``m-j`ms, nletntc`fs nfm plrs`fng pr`plrty nrl
k`rl burmlf tdnf b``f.
K`rl tdnf nfytdcfj lgsl, tdl dnvlfs `a Bgneh
Dnfm Encfctls ngk`st ngwnys dnvl nf ncr `a dnstl,
`a blcfj tlkp`rnry. Cf prnetcel, Unbbnt sckpgy
tnhl  dnvlfs
 dnvlfs ” ca tdly fm s`klpgnel tdly wnft t`
stny, tdly stny tdlrl, nfm ca tdly–rl nbgl t` sntl tdlcr
dufjlr wdcgl egnckcfj n pgnel t` blm m`wf a`r tdl
fcjdt, k`rl–s tdl blttlr. Zdltdlr tlrr`rczcfj urbnf
jlftrclrs nfm slttgcfj cf tdlcr e`fm`kcfcuk, gycfj
g`w cf n d`tlg r``k `f n ``r tdnt–s blcfj t``-
sg`wgy rlf`vntlm, `r j`rjcfj `f g`w-jrnml nfckng
vctnl cf n anrkd`usl `f n k``r `f tdl wny t` tdl
Jldlffn Znr ar`ft, Unbbnt tlfm t` rljnrm dnvlfs ns
ca tdly wlrl mcsp`snbgl.
Fnturnggy, tdcs nlets d`w pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs
kcjdt lfe`uftlr n Unbbnt dnvlf9
▯ Cf n m`kncf cf lftlftl, tdl e`tlrcl cfvlstcjntls
tdl Bcsd`p–s dnvlf, n `fel-`puglft plftd`usl cf
n strnfjl stntl `a nbnfm`fklft nfm squng`r. N
tdceh gnylr `a must `bseurls kued `a tdl gcvcfj
spnel, wdcgl tdl blmr``k g``hs gchl ct–s bllf cf-
dnbctlm by alrng nfckngs, wctd bg``m spnttlrcfj
knfy `a tdl r``k–s suranels nfm k`f`jrnkklm
t`wlgs dnstcgy muet-tnplm `vlr tdl wcfm`ws t`
slrvl ns ckpr`vcslm bgneh`ut eurtncfs. _ceturls
`a tdl plftd`usl–s f`w-mlnm `rcjcfng rlscmlfts
stcgg stnfm `f sdlgvls nfm dnfj `f tdl wnggs.
▯ ]dl ruf-m`wf b`mljn ` tdl blntlf pntd dns
turflm cft` n vlrctnbgl spcmlr–s wlb, nfm lvlry
f`w nfm tdlf, n k`rtng y stukbgls cft` tdl
st`rl. ]dl wcfm`ws nrl pnrtcnggy b`nrmlm `vlr,
but f`t lf`ujd t` sny mlfctcvlgy tdnt tdl
b`mljn cs eg`slm8 tdl cehlrcfj u`rlselft gcjdt
jcvls nf nftcslptce llet tdnt blgcls tdl pcglm-up
gtd nfm sp`cglm a``mstus. Ns n b`fus, lvlry
f`w nfm tdlf, tdl sdlgvls suppgy nf ngedlkceng
cfjrlmclft, sued ns rnt p`cs`f, eglnfcfj p`wmlr,
`r arlsd knjj`ts burr`wcfj tdr`ujd wdnt kust
`fel dnvl bllf aruct. ]dl tlnr-` englfmnr `f
tdl e`uftlr sd`ws tdnt tdl gnst tckl nfy`fl pncm
nttlftc`f t` ct wns fcfl mnys nj`.
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
  N e`rrujntlm kltng bucgmcfj
buc gmcfj `f n g`flgy strlted
▯
`a dcjdwny g``hs gchl ct wns vlry qucehgy tdr`wf
t`jltdlr nfm iust ns qucehgy fljgletlm. ]dlrl–s
ngg hcfms `a wlcrm sdct cf tdl pgnel tdnt m`lsf–t
knhl nfy slfsl9 tw`-tdcrms `a n jrubby _cplr
Eub nsslkbglm cf tdl gnst elftury, n bufed `a
e`ferltl jnrmlf hfceh-hfnehs sdnrcfj n vnjulgy
rlgcjc`us k`tca, n pgnstce hcmmcl p``g tdnt g``hs
gchl ct dnm sfnhls `r gcznrms cf ct nt `fl p`cft, n
stcgg-pgujjlm-cf EM pgnylr wctd n g`flgy flw-
wnvl s`fj cffctlgy rlplntcfj. ]dcfjs tdnt
f`b`my w`ugm wnft t` tnhl wctd tdlk ca tdly–rl
`f tdl ruf
ru f but tdnt `bvc`usgy dnvl s`kl klnf-
cfj t` tdlk wdcgl tdly–rl dlrl. Znct n kcfutl,
nrl tdly cf dlrl0
>25
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 
E`kkufng Dnvlfs
]dl s`ecng myfnkces `a tdl Unbbnt klnf tdnt k`st
Encfctls splfm tdl vnst kni`rcty `a tdlcr tckl wctd
tdlcr pneh. ]dnt tdl pneh aufetc`fs ns n pr`tletcvl
klednfcsk ns kued ns ct m`ls n spcrctung ufct trnfs-
trnfs -
gntls cft` tdl Unbbnt prnetcel `a e`kkufng dnvlfs.
Z dy
dy splfm l`rt trnvlgcfj t` nfm ar`k lned `tdlr–s
ernsd spnel wdlf tdl pneh e`ugm scfh cft` mnysgllp
t`jltdlr lned fcjdt nfm hcgg tdl aueh `ut `a nfy`fl
wd` e`kls hf`ehcfj, tdcfhcfj tdly–vl a`ufm tdl
pgnel ‗n vnkpcrl‛ kcjdt j` t` jr`ufm0 Cf anet,
td`ujd f` dnrm mntn lxcsts, ct–s pr`bnbgl tdnt k`st
Unbbnt dnvlfs nrl e`kkufng dnvlfs.
]dcs enf bl lsplecnggy tlrrcaycfj a`r f`f-Unbbnt
e`tlrcls t` mcse`vlr. Lsplecnggy nk`fj k`rl cfmcvcm-
untlm eugturls nfm s`ecltcls tdnt vngul lxprlssc`fs
 `a egnf nlstdltces, n dnvlf cs nf lxtrlklgy plrs`fng
tdcfj. E`kkufng dnvlfs mlstr`y tdnt f`tc`f, nfm
`f t`p `a tdnt nrl ckklmcntlgy mnfjlr`us blenusl
tdly–rl flsts `a bg``mtdcrsty anfntces wd` pr`bnbgy
mcmf–t cfvctl tdl Hcfmrlm cft` tdlcr d`kl….
Znys cf wdced n e`tlrcl kcjdt mcse`vlr n pneh
dnvlf9
_ursucfj n tdrlnt tdly m`f–t hf`w cs n Unbbnt
▯
pneh, tdl e`tlrcl
e`tlrcl mcse`vlrs lvcmlfel `a squnttlrs
cf tdl `els `a n mlrlgcet m`wft`wf rle elftlr.
Dlnvy gcfj enbcflts bg`eh k`st `a tdl m``rs,
edlnp mrywngg dns plrs`f-sdnplm d`gls cf ct,
nfm n fukblr `a kukky-stygl sgllpcfj bnjs nrl
wnmmlm up ngg `vlr tdl pgnel, s`kl `a tdlk wctd
rlknrhnbgl nk`ufts `a strnfjl-sklggcfj mcrt cf
tdlk. ]dl bucgmcfj cs `bvc`usgy nbnfm`flm, but
wdcgl tdly–rl slnredcfj, tdly dlnr n bnshltbngg
b`ufecfj cf tdl e`urt m`wf tdl dngg, ns ca s`kl-
`fl cs pgnycfj.
▯ ]dl e`tlrcl dns a`gg`wlm sdnkb`gce vnjrnfts t`
wdnt npplnrs t` bl n edured-ruf sdlgtlr. Zctd
n tnstl a`r tdl nletlm nfm tdl bgnspdlk`us, n
Unbbnt pneh dns tnhlf `vlr tdl edured. Rlgc-
jc`us trnppcfjs dnvl bllf mlgcblrntlgy br`hlf,
cfvlrtlm, `r pr`anflm ” bg``m e`ggletlm cf n
snernklftng b`wg dns n gnylr `a seuk e`fjlnglm
ner`ss tdl t`p nfm rlm-br`wf dnfmprcfts stncf
sdlnvls `a prcftlm rlgcjc`us gctlrnturl. Rlvlgcfj
cf tdl k`ehlry `a tdl vcenr–s r`gl, tdl _rclst nfm
dlr _neh trlnt tdl d`gy pgnel wctd ngg tdl rlvlr-
lfel `a n bus st`p augg `a mrufh hcfl cf tdl kcm-
mgl `a tdl fcjdt. Nfm wdlrl mcm tdl pl`pgl tdl
e`tlrcl wns a`gg`wcfj j`0
▯ Lvlry`fl hf`ws f`t t` j` t` tdl pnrh, lsplecnggy
natlr mnrh. \rbnf gljlfm dns spuf mnfjlr`us
anftnscls nb`ut ct scfel dnga `a tdl flcjdb`rd``m
hcms– pnrlfts wlrl hcms tdlkslgvls. N kurmlrlr
gcvls cf tdl sdlm. Jnfjs m` tdlcr cfctcntc`fs pnst
tdl bchl pntd. Nf nggcjnt`r lsenplm tdl z`` nfm
t``h `vlr tdl mueh p`fm. ]dl pgnyjr`ufm cs
augg `a br`hlf jgnss nfm tdl lqucpklft cs rusty
nfm injjlm. _`gcel a`ufm n b`my `ut tdlrl, iust
pnst tdl pcefce tnbgls wdlrl tdl trlls stnrt t` jlt
tdceh. N fy `a tdlsl, d`flstgy, w`ugm bl prlalr-
>2=
nbgl t` tdl trutd9 tdnt tdlrl–s n pneh `a k`fstlrs
`ut tdlrl tdnt sgllp blflntd tdl mcrt wdlf tdl
suf e`kls up nfm tdly tdr`w tdl b`fls `a tdlcr
vcetcks wdlrl tdl e`psls `a trlls nrl tdl mlfslst.
Ut`rytlggcfj
]ledfcqul9 _nrnf`cn
nfm Rlm Dlrrcfjs
_nrt `a tdl utcgcty `a tdl Unbbnt e`kls cf tdl anet
tdnt tdl alnr `a tdl Unbbnt cs `atlf ns lletcvl ns tdl
netung, e`far`ftntc`fng prlslfel `a tdl Unbbnt. By
mr`ppcfj dcfts tdnt p`cft t`wnrm n Unbbnt prlslfel
rntdlr tdnf lvcmlftcng pr``a `a nf netung Unbbnt
prlslfel,
prlslf el, tdl Ut`rytlgglr enf ckpnrt tdrcggcfj,
tdrcgg cfj, sus-
plfslaug lglklfts t` tdl edr`fcegl tdnt enf rlngczl
cf wdntlvlr knfflr tdly ed``sl, ar`k p`gctceng
p`tb`cglr t` bg``m cf tdl strllts.
]dcs fllmf–t ngwnys bl n sctuntc`f `a `vlrt mlale-
tc`f ar`k `fl slet t` nf`tdlr. Alnr cs n p`wlraug
lk`tc`f, nfm st`hcfj ct cf tdl Hcfmrlm `a n f`f-
Unbbnt m`kncf j`ls n g`fj wny t`wnrm rlngczcfj tdl
Unbbnt–s r`gl ns a`cgs t` tdl pgnylrs– ednrnetlrs. Ct ngs`
dlgps rlngczl tdl Unbbnt–s fnrrntcvl pr`kcsl, tdnt tdl
Bgneh Dnfm lfjlfmlrs n mrlnm tdnt anr `utstrcps tdl
netung sczl nfm cfulfel `a tdl slet ctslga.
\scfj n systlk `r st`ry lglklft tdnt–s usunggy
nss`ecntlm wctd tdl Unbbnt enf pr`v`hl scjfcenft
qulstc`fs cf n edr`fcegl. Cfmllm, ct enf stnfm cf
a`r tdl Bgneh Dnfm ctslga, a`r wdlf n Ut`rytlgglr
m`lsf–t netunggy wnft t` dnvl n Unbbnt e`fcet ns
pnrt `a tdl edr`fcegl, but wnfts t` cftr`muel nf ncr
`a ufelrtncfty tdnt kny rlsugt cf n ecreugnr rcfj
squnm nk`fj tdl m`kncf–s
m`kn cf–s p`wlr
p`wlr lgctl `r strllt-glvlg
`plrnt`rs.
A`r lxnkpgl, tdl e`tlrcl kny mcse`vlr tdnt n
dcjdgy cfulftcng Gns`kbrn Hcfmrlm cf n Enknrcggn
e`urt a`gg`ws n _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft ” nrl tdly
sykpntdltce t` tdl Unbbnt0 @r dnvl tdly sckpgy
gnehlm tdl rcj`r t` glnvl tdl _ntd bldcfm nfm upd`gm
tdl vcrtuls `a Duknfcty0 @r plrdnps n Hcfmrlm
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 hf`ws n pnrtceugnrgy uslaug Mcsecpgcfl p`wlr `r rct-
rct-
ung `a Unbbnt `rcjcf. D`w–m tdly glnrf tdnt0 Zd`sl
bg``m mcm tdly mrcfh `r wdnt anv`r m` tdly `wl t`
lxpgncf tdlcr anecgcty wctd ct0 _lrdnps tdl Unbbnt dns
netunggy e`kl nfm j`fl ar`k tdl m`kncf, dnvcfj
gcttgl cftlrlst cf ct, but dnvcfj glat n ‗tckl b`kb‛ `a
\fbcrtdlm (sll p. =5) ns n dnv`e-wrlnhcfj
dnv`e-wrlnh cfj aaueh-
ueh-y`u
y`u
t` tdl ecty–s p`wlr strueturl `ut `a spctl.
M`f–t `vlrm` tdcs. Ca lvlry ruk`r cs n rlm dlr-  
rcfj, tdl
t dl e`tlrcl wcgg s``f jr`w mcscftlrlstlm
mcscftlrlstlm cf
sllhcfj netung cfa`rkntc`f. But n dlngtdy m`sl
`a sctuntc`fng m`ubt enf mcse`urnjl n jr`up `a  
 
dlnmstr`fj vnkpcrls ar`k netcfj rst nfm tdcfhcfj
gntlr, lsplecnggy ca n alw lnrgy kcsstlps blnr slfscbgl
e`fslqulfels.
`fl tdnt ngg but wlft ufnshlm a`r elfturcls. ]dl
Mnrh Antdlr–s jrnfmedcgmrlf nrl blgclvlm t` bl tdl
pr`jlfct`rs `a tdl vnkpcrl egnfs, ]dcrm-Jlflrntc`f
vnkpcrls eurslm by Encfl a`r tdl kurmlr `a tdlcr
`wf erlnt`rs.
]dl tlrk Nftlmcguvcnf ctslga klnfs ‗bla`rl
tdl Ag``m,‛ rlalrrcfj t` tdl Bcbgceng ``mcfj `a
tdl w`rgm, wdced cs ctslga lfcjkntce, ns surlgy tdl
Nfeclfts prlmntl Edrcstcnfcty
Edrcstcn fcty tdlkslgvls. Utcgg, ttdcs
dcs
kny bl n knttlr `a plrelptc`f.
 Ngtd`ujd ct cs trnmctc`fnggy
trnmctc`fng gy blgclvlm tdnt >5
Nftlmcguvcnfs
Nftlmcguvcn fs a`ufmlm >5 egnfs ns rle`uftlm cf
tdl
tdl B``h
 B``h `a F`m,
F`m, s`kl sed`gnrs blgclvl n alw `a tdl
Egnfs kny dnvl bllf stnrtlm by tdl snkl pr`jlfct`r.
Rnmcengs nk`fj td`sl sed`gnrs dnstlf t` p`cft `ut
tdnt nt f` p`cft m`ls tdl B``h
tdl B``h `a F`m mlegnrl tdnt
`fgy >5 egnfs lxcst ” but tdnt–s n knttlr a`r nf`tdlr
fcjdt.

]dlknt
]dlkntce
tdl Nftce Lglklf
Lglklft9
N ftlmcguvcnfst9
lmcguvcnfs Lflky \fh
\fhf`
f`wf
wf
 K`rtng `fel,
`fel, but f`w tdly
tdly dnvl k`vlm bly`fm lvlf
ckk`rtngcty. ]dly dnvl nequcrlm tdl pr`plrtcls `a tdl
]dly wcgg rugl wctd cr`f tng`fs  Nl`fs tdr`ujd
tdr`ujd wdced
wdced tdly pnsslm.
pnsslm. ]ckl dns
dns egnm tdlk
`fel. 
cf ckplfltrnbgl nrk`r, but tdly wlrl k`rtng `fel. 
]dly wcgg wrlfed
”  U@\REL \FHF@ZF
tdl dlnrts `a ngg stcgg ngcvl
]dcs brcfjs up tdl mceugt qulstc`f `a cmlftcay-
 Nfm tdl augg suk `a tdl cfj nf Nftlmcguvcnf. _rlec`us alw `a tdl Mnkflm
lnrtd's's gcvcfj wcgg e`kl
lnrtd e`k l dnvl klt nf Nftlmcguvcnf nfm survcvlm t` tlgg `a ct.
Jcvlf tdl tckl plrc`m ar`k wdced tdly purp`rtlmgy
nfm gcvl cf tdl Gnst Ecty, dncg, nrl tdly eurslm fl`gctdce duknfs0 Nrl tdly
engglm Jldlffn. kytd`g`jceng lftctcls, `f tdl `rmlr `a j`ms, mlkc-
j`ms, `r tdl gchl0 Nrl tdly lvlf nftdr`p`k`rpdce
” ]DL  B@
 B @ @H @A F@ M nt ngg0 @r nrl tdly tdlkslgvls tdl eursl tdnt rufs
tdr`ujd tdlcr mlspcslm gcflnjls ” cs XKnghnv[ tdl
Bg``m-b`rfl mlkcurjl tdnt r`usls ‗Knghnvcnfs‛ t`
Jldlffn cs tdl fng net `a tdl Ltlrfng Utrujjgl rcsl lned fcjdt0
nfm tdl Uw`rm `a Encfl cs mltlrkcflm t` sll tdl Lvlf nssukcfj tdl Unbbnt dnvl mcselrflm tdl
 Nftlmcguvcnfs
 Nftlmcguvcn fs mlstr`ylm bla`rl tdly e`fsukl tdlcr  Nftlmcguvcnfs–
 Nftlmcguvcn fs– wlnhflssls, d`w m` pnehs hf`w
h f`w
gcflnjls. F`w tdnt Jldlffn dns e`kl tdl Unbbnt cs wdlf tdly–vl a`ufm `fl0 ]dcs cs n qulstc`f tdnt dns
a`euslm `f ufrnvlggcfj tdl slerlts `a tdl Nftlmcgu- vlxlm tdl Unbbnt tdr`ujd`ut tdl Jldlffn Znr ns
vcnfs ns flvlr bla`rl. Nftl -
knfy dnvl egncklm tdl mlstruetc`f `a `fl Nftl-
Zd` `r wdnt nrl tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs0 Ct cs tdl mcguvcnf `r nf`tdlr `fgy t` bl gntlr pr`vlf angsl, n
qulstc`f nt tdl vlry e`rl `a tdl Unbbnt, but ngs` ‗klrl‛ Kltduslgnd `r n glsslr sckugneruk.

>2<

 
Ednptlr A`ur9 ]l Jldlffn Znr 

]dl Unbbnt–s vlflrntc`f nfm lxlrecsl `a mcnbglrcl  
 
dns sdlm s`kl gcjdt `f tdcs qulstc`f ns tdly dnvl
mlv`urlm tdlcr wny tdr`ujd lftcrl gcflnjls nfm n
dnfmaug `a Encfctls dnvl lvlf enujdt jgckpsls `a
tdlsl egnf a`ufmlrs ar`k tdl Bg``m `a tdlcr mcrlet
pr`jlfy. Cfmllm, k`rl tdnf `fl Knghnvcnf kys- kys -
tce dns egncklm tdl mclrlfels cf tdlcr Bg``m tdnt
knhls `tdlrs plrelcvl tdlk ns rnehlm by pr`pdltce
vcsc`f cs netunggy tdlcr a`ufmlr's gctlrng prlslfel
up`f tdlcr s`ug. Cffuklrnbgl nee`ufts plrscst,
sued ns fcjd-a`ghg`rce tngls `a XJnfjrlg0[ burr`w-
cfj tdr`ujd tdl erust `a tdl Lnrtd `r `a X]zckcsel[
ble`kcfj n kye`g`jceng lruptc`f `a lsd.
]dnt tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs dnvl trnfselfmlm tdlcr
k`rtng arnkls kny wlgg bl elrtncf. Iust ns Unbbnt
dnvl sdlm tdlcr k`rtng cmlftctcls, tdl Nftlmcguvc-
nfs dnvl f` fllm t` tnhl `f duknf jucsls. ]dly
kny dnvl bllf k`rtng `fel ” plrdnps0 ” but tdl
p`wlr `a tdl Mnrh Antdlr–s Bg``m nfm tdl pnssnjl `a
>21
cflstcknbgl lp`eds dns surlgy rlflm nfm trnfs-
kutlm tdlk.
]dcs cs ctslga pnrt `a tdl rcmmgl tdl Unbbnt sllhs
t` nfswlr wctd cts enffcbng erusnml. ]` ufmlrstnfm
wdnt trcngs tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs lfmurlm t` nttncf
tdlcr mcvcfcty, t` stnfm wdlrl tdlcr allt `fel st``m,
t` allg tdlcr k`klfts `a vcet`ry nfm mlalnt. Ngg
tdcs t` hf`w tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs ns tdly `fel wlrl,
t` e`fiurl nfm e`ftncf tdlk cf n vlsslg tdnt enf bl
mlstr`ylm `r plrdnps t` e`fsukl tdlcr p`wlr
p `wlr a`r
tdlkslgvls.
Ut`glf Bg``m
Zdnt `a td`sl vnkpcrls, sued ns tdl knstlr `a
D`usl ]rlklrl
]rlklrl `r tdl Jc`vnffc ankcgy, wd` flvlr
hflw Encfl but st`gl tdlcr p`wlr ar`k `tdlrs k`rl
nfeclft0 Nrl tdlsl usurplrs trugy Nftlmcguvcnfs cf
tdl snkl knfflr ns td`sl k`fstlrs tdnt dnvl lxcstlm
scfel bla`rl tdl ``m0 Enf ct lvlf bl elrtncf tdly
hcgglm tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs ar`k wd`k tdly st`gl tdlcr
egnck t` tdl ]dcrm Jlflrntc`f0
]dlsl k`rl rlelft ‗Nftlmcguvcn
‗Nftlmcguvcnfs‛fs‛ kny iust bl
pnwfs `a tdl trul knstlrs `a Jldlffn wd` dnvl
ngg`wlm tdlk t` stlng n p`rtc`f `a tdlcr p`wlr ns
n wny t` lfsgnvl tdlk. ]dl dltlr`m`xy tdnt tdl
Nftlmcguvcnfs
Nftlmcguvcn fs enff`t bl mlstr`ylm by tdl e`kk`f
e`kk`f
kltd`ms `a mcsklkblrklft `r mcnbglrcl dns jncflm
purednsl wctdcf tdl Unbbnt nfm ensts m`ubt `f tdl
anbglm but neelptlm trcukpds `a elrtncf egnfs `vlr
tdlcr pr`jlfct`rs.
Zdcgl tdcs flw m`jkn wns mceugt a`r knfy
Unbbnt t` neelpt nt tdl stnrt
st nrt `a tdl Jldlffn Znr,
tdl Bleh`fcfj wns cftlrprltlm by knfy ns e`fr-
kntc`f tdnt f`fl `a tdl Nftlmcguvcnfs dnvl ylt t`
bl mcspntedlm. Enf tdl gnst jlflrntc`f ‗wctd kns-
tlry `vlr gcal nfm mlntd‛ lvlf bl mlstr`ylm sd`ugm
tdly wcsd njncfst ct0 ]dl p`wlr `a trul Nftlmcgu-
vcnfs kny sckpgy bl t`` jrlnt t` lfm ufmlr anfj
`r egnw, nfm lvlf rl nfm sufgcjdt kcjdt f`t bl
lf`ujd t` fcsd tdlk. \fmlrstnfmcfj tdl fnturl `a
tdlsl nfeclfts wcgg bl erctceng t` tdl Unbbnt–s vcet`ry,
`r tdl r``t `a cts mlkcsl. ▯
UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM
 CFMLT 

 Nee`rm, >?:, Ull  M`kncfs
 M`kncfs Encfl, :, >5, 2>-23,
2>-23, =1, <<-15, :4, >21 Mlv`urlrs, 55, 1=, 44
 Narcen,
 Narce n, 35, 3<   Encf
Encfctl,
ctl, 4, <:, 15, 4>, >?:->?4, mcnbglrcl, 4, 2>, <4, 12, 1<, >>?, >>2,
 Ngbcjlfscnfs,
 Ngbcjlfscnf s, 25, 51, 1>, Ull  Entdnrc
 Entdnrc Encfctls, ><, 25,
2 5, 2:, 23-5?, 5>, >>:
 Nfnreds, >2->5,
>2 ->5, ::-
::-:4,
:4, 32-31 <1, 1>-12, :>-:2, ::, >2>->22
>2>->22 Mcsecpgcfls, =1
 Nfckngcsk,
 Nfckn gcsk, >2, 2>, =: Enknrcggn, :, >2, :>, ::, 4>, 35, 3<- M`j ]njjcfj, 15,  Ull  Jnkls
 Jnkls `a
 Nftlmcguvcnfs,
 Nftlmcguv cnfs, 1, 1<, :>, :=, ::, 35, >??, >2? Cfstcfet
3<, >2<, >21 Enrmcfng, 4=, Ull  ]ctgls
 ]ctgls M`kncfs, >5->=, 55, :>, 32, 3=, >?<-
nftctrcbu, >5, := Entdnrc, 25, 5<-5:,
5<-5:, 1<-11 >?4

 Nredbcsd`p, :2, :3, 4>

 Nsdcrrn,, 3<, >?2
 Nsdcrrn Entdlmrng `a Aglsd,3>4
Entd`gce Edured, M`kcfntl,
m`kcfc`f, 52,2<, 55,
=: 51, 54, =?
 Nuet`rctns Rctnl, <<, <1, 15 Elrlk`fcls, <2 Muetus, 4<, Ull  ]ctgls
 ]ctgls
 Nusplx, 25, 2<, =1 Ednfjcfj _ntds, :3, Ull  _ntds
 _ntds `a Lnstlrf Lur`pl, >?>
Bngglrcf`, 45, Ull  _rclst
 _rclst Lfgcjdtlfklft Lflky `a Ky Lflky, >>4,
Blnst, ><, 2>, 25, 2<, 2:, 5>, :3 Edr`fcegl Utrueturls, >?3  Ull  Fnrrntcvl
  Fnrrntcvl Utrueturls
Bleh`fcfj, >5, 5>, 3=, 3<, >21 Ecentrcz, 4>-42 Ljypt, >?2
Bllgzlblntct, <? Eglnflr, 44, Ull  _neh
 _neh _nttlrfs lgmlrs, >2, >3, 2:, <?, :>, 4?, 42, 32-31
Bla`ug Qlsslg, <2 E`gm Znr, :>-:2 Lkbrnels, >2,
>2 , >5, <:
<:,, 32
Bcfmcfj, tdl, 15 E`kk`f Rctnl, 1=-14, Ull  Rctnl
 Rctnl Lftlftl, >?:->?4, Ull  M`kncfs
 M`kncfs
Bcsd`p, =2, 4>, Ull  ]ctgls
 ]ctgls E`kkufng Dnvlfs, >25,  Ull  Ulttcfj
  Ulttcfj lsbnts, 3>-3=
Bgneh Dnfm, 3, >5->1, 3<-31 Lglklfts Ltlrfng Utrujjgl, >5, >=, :=, 4?, >>=,
Bgcfmcfj tdl Ngg`y Lyl, <2 E`kkufng Qcj`r, <? >>:, >>4, >2<, Ull  Jldlffn
 Jldlffn Znr
Ac rl, 3>, >?3->>?, Ull  
Bg``m nfm Acrl, E`fcet ]rcnfjgls, >2? Alstcvng `a tdl Mlnm, 1?-1>
Edr`fcegl Utrueturls e`fslft, 4 Alstcv` mlgg` Lstcft`, 1>
Bg``m Bntd, 1>-12 E`ftrctc`f Rctnl, 1<-14, Ull  Rctnl
 Rctnl Acfng Mlntd, 4, >5, 32
Bg``m B`fm, >=, 54, <1, 32 E`fvlftc`f `a ]d`rfs, 35 Acrl Mnfel, 1>
Bg``m B`fmcfj, =3 E`fvcetc`fs, =:, <3. >2? lsdernatcfj, =<
Bg``m Alnst, <4-<3 Erlntc`f Rctls, <: lsdwlgm jd`ugs, ==-=<
Bg``m _`tlfey, <?, <> Erusnmls, 52, :2, >?4, >?3, >>> A`rsnhlf _ntds, 5>
Bg``m U`relry, 2<, =3, <1, 32 Eugt, >1, >>1, >22 A`rtctuml, 2:
Bg``m-d`ufm, 5= Mnkflm, ><, 25, >2< Arnfel, 45
B`nrmcfj _nrty, 15, Ull  Jnkls
 Jnkls `a Mnrh Antdlr, >5, 2>, <1, 3=, >21, Ull Jngvnfce Rucfntc`f, <>
Cfstcfet Encfl Jnkls `a Cfstcfet, 15
B``h `a F`m, 1, 2<, 1=, 1<, 3<, >2< Mnrh K`tdlr, 5>, Ull  Gcgctd
 Gcgctd Jldlffn Znr, >5-><, 3>-31, >?:->?4,
Brnzcg, 34 Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug, 2<, 5:-=?, 11-1: >>1->>:,
Br`hlf Ulrvnft, => Mlk`gctc`f Mlrby, 15, Ull  Jnkls
 Jnkls `a jd`ugs, 51, 54, =>, =5-=<, <?
Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs cf Encfl, >=, 12, Cfstcfet Dnfjnr`ufms, =2
15, 4=, Ull  Encfctls
  Encfctls Mlvcgs `a tdl Aglsd, Ull  Entdnrc
 Entdnrc Dnrr`wdnuft, <2

>2:

Cfmlx
 Dlnrts nfm Kcfms, >>?, Ull  Edr`fcegl
 Edr`fcegl Knsh `a Cs`gntc`f, =4 _nrnf`cn nfm Rlm Dlrrcfjs, >2=,  Ull  
Utrueturls Knss Lkbrnel, >5, >>=->><, Ull   Ut`rytlggcfj ]ledfcqul
Dlentn, >2? Lkbrnel _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklft, >3-=2
Dlgc`pdcgl, =2 Knsqulrnml, tdl, =?, <3, 11, :2, :4, _ntd `a Encfl, 2?-2>, 55-5<, 1=-1<,
D`flytrnp, 51 35, >?1, >2?->22 4>
D`t Znr, 52, :>-:2 Kltduslgnd, <3, 4=, >2<   _ntd `a Entdnrc, 22-25, 5<-5:
5<-5:,,
Duknfcty, >>, 52, :3, 4?,
4? , >>?, >>>, Klxce`, 3=, 3:
3 :, >?1 1<-11
>>:->>4 K`hdtnr Undf`uf, 45, Ull  _rclst
 _rclst   _ntd `a Mlntd nfm tdl U`ug, 2=-2<,
Dufjlr, 5<, =5, =<, =3, <?, <2 K`f`kney,, <4, 1>, 1<, 14, 42
K`f`kney 5:-=?, 11-1:, 45
Duftcfj Rctnl, <<, 1<-14. Ull  Rctnl
 Rctnl Fnrrntcvl Utrueturls, >><   _ntd `a Lfgcjdtlfklft, >2, ><, >3,
Cjf`bgcs Rctnl, <<, 1=-14 Fler`f`kcst, 2<, 5:-=?, 11- 1:,
1:, 4> <<, <:, :3, >>1
Cfgtrntc`f nfm Lspc`fnjl, >>2, Ull   fcehfnkl, <:   _ntd `a D`f`rnbgl Nee`rm, 55>, >, 4?
Edr`fcegl Utrueturls F`mmcsts, 2>, 55-5<, 1=-1<   _ntd `a Gcgctd, 5>
Cfduknfctcls, >2>, Ull  ]dlkntce
 ]dlkntce F`salrntu, :=   _ntd `a _`wlr nfm tdl Cfflr Q Q`cel,
`cel,
Lglklfts @f-Mlknfm Uufburf, <5 21-2:, =?-=2, 1:-14
Cfqucsctc`f, 3>, 32, Ull  Cfqucsctc`f
 Cfqucsctc`f @bausentl, 2>, 25, =4   _ntd `a tdl Uuf, 24-5?, =2, 34
Csrnlg, >?2 @bgcvc`f, 2<, =3, <2   _ntd Rlngctcls, :3
Cv`ry ]`wlr, =>, :=, 3<, >>5 `eeugt, 2<, 5:, 11 _ntds ar`k tdl @utscml, >>1, Ull  
 Iugcus Uutpdlf, 4>, Ull  ]dl
 ]dl M`et`r @plf E`fcet,
E`f cet, >?3, >>1->>:, >2?,, Ull  
>>1->>:, >2? Fnrrntcvl Utrueturls
Hcfmrlm, 3 Fnrrntcvl Utrueturls _cplr, 54
Hfcjdt, => _neh, 4<-43,
4<- 43, >?3->>
>?3->>=,
=, >2>->2= _gnycfj Zctd Acrl, >2?,  Ull  E`fcet
 E`fcet
h`gmuf, 32   _neh _nttlrfs, 4< ]rcnfjgls nfm ]dl Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f
Gns`kbrn, >3, 4?, 35 _neh _rclst, <?, <4, 1=, 42, 4<, >>= _`rtnbgl Udnml, <5
Glnvcfj _ntds, :3   ]dl _neh Dufts ns @fl, >22,  Ull   _`stduknfcsk, :1
Gcncs`f, 41, Ull  _neh
 _neh _nttlrfs ]dlkntce Lglklfts _`tlfel, 2>, 2:
Gcalernatlr, =? _ngnmcf, 4< _rlslfel, 25
Gcgctd, 5> _nglstcfl, >?2 _rcseus, 4<
Guectn ml Nrnjõf,
Nrn jõf, :=, 4> _nggn Jrnfml, 1= _r`eurlr, 43, Ull  _neh
 _neh _nttlrfs
Knjdrlb, >?2 _nfmlrcfj, 1=, Ull  Jnkls
 Jnkls `a Cfstcfet _r`tlnf, 2>, =3

>24

UNBBN]9 ]DL BGNEH DNFM

Rnmcengczlr, 5: ]dlkntce Lglklfts, >2>, >22
Rlnplrs, 2<, 5:-=?, 11-1: ]dcf-bg``mlm, >2, 23
Rlegnkntc`f `a Qctnl, <? ]dcrm Jlflrntc`f, >5, 2<, 23, ::-:4,
Rljlft, 4? >2<->21
Rcscfj Netc`f, >><, Ull  Fnrrntcvl
 Fnrrntcvl ]ciunfn, :4, 4>-42
Utrueturls ]ctgls, <4, 1>, 4?, 4=
Rctnl, <<-14 ]`uedst`fl, =:, 1?, >>?
Rcvng Ulets, >2?, Ull  E`fcet
 E`fcet ]rnehlr, 5<
]rcnfjgls ]rnmctc`fs, 1?, >>?
Russcn, :>, >?? ]rnfsctcvl B`fm, =3
Unbbnt, :-4, >>->1, >3, <<-<4, :=, ]rlklrl, =3, 32, >21
3>-3=, >?<->?4, >?3->>=, ]zckcsel, =<, :=, 32, 35, >21
>><->>3,>22->25  Ull  Bgneh
 Bgneh Dnfm, \dgnf, =?-=2, 1:-14
]dl, Ull  Br`tdlrs
 Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs cf \kbr`us Eguted, =3
Encfl,  Ull  Encfctls
 Encfctls \fbcrtdlm, =5
Unbbnt Dnvlfs, >22->25,  Ull  Ulttcfj
  Ulttcfj \flrrcfj _ursuct, =1
Lglklfts \fclrs, 2:, =?-=2
Uelft `a _rly, =: Qnkpyrl, 5:
Ued`gnr, 44-43, Ull _neh _nttlrfs Qnugmlrcl, >=, <?, <<, <1, 32
Ue`ut, 41, Ull _neh _nttlrfs vcfeugn, 3, <1, Ull  ngs`
 ngs` vcfeuguk
Ule`fm Cfqucsctc`f, :, 1?, 1>, 11, :>, Qcselrng Nbs`rptc`f, =3
3>, >?2, >2? v`zdm, =<
Ulrk`fs `a Encfl, 1= Znr `a Njls, >=, >><
Ulttcfj Lglklft, >?<, >22 Znr _nrty, 12
Udnehglm, =5-==, 4> Znrrc`r, 41, Ull  _neh
 _neh _nttlrfs
Ud`vlgdlnm, <1, :2, :<, >?1, >>< Znssncg, 5>, :3
Uckugneruk Jntl, <> Zlstlrf Lur`pl, 45
UC]RL_, 3< Zcjdt, 4?, 42, >>:
Ugnylr, 5< Zcgm Duft, 1>, 12, 15
Ugllplr, 54
U`utd Nklrcen, :>
spletrl, 54, =?, =5, ==, <2
Utncfs, =1-=4, <?
Ut`hcfj Rlv`gutc`f, >>>,
 Ull  Edr`fcegl
 Edr`fcegl Utrueturls

Ut`glf Bg``m,
Lglklfts, >21, Ull  ]dlkntce
 Ull  ]dlkntce
 ]dlkntce  ]dlkntce
Lglklfts
Ut`rytlggcfj ]ledfcqul, >2=
Uurjl, >?1, Ull  M`kncfs
 M`kncfs
Uw`rm `a Encfl, :, >5, 2>, 55, <1, :>,
:1, 4?, 3<
szgnedtn, =?
]nbugn Rnsn, =:
]nmnrcmn, 45, Ull  _rclst
 _rclst
]lkpgnr, 4<, Ull  ]ctgls
 ]ctgls
]lkptntc`f, >>:- >>3, Ull  Fnrrntcvl
>>:->>3,  Fnrrntcvl
Utrueturls
]lflts, <3, >>1
]dl M`et`r, 4>, Ull Iugcus Uutpdlf

>23
 
  U`, t``, `ur Jrnfmscrls wcgg rcsl ar`k tdl jr`ufm 
jr`ufm 
  ]dly wcgg brlnh tdlcr anst `f tdl rst pnrt `a us 
  ]dly wcgg e`fsukl us wd`gl 
― ] D L   B @ @ H    @ A   F @ M

 
  C jnvl n ery `a nfjucsd nt tdcs tlrrcbgl eursl
nfm t`rl nt ky lsd.
  C wlpt bg``m.
  C enujdt tdl tlnrs cf n eup nfm mrnfh tdlk.
― ] D L   B @ @ H    @ A   F @ M

 
  Br`tdlrs nfm Ucstlrs
Ucstlrs cf Encfl,
Encfl, ufctlm
ufctlm ufmlr
tdl bnfflr `a tdl Mnrh Antdlr 

 Nf nftnj`fcsts– jucml

j ucml t` tdl eugtce anfntces `a tdl
Unbbnt, tdcs b``h e`ftncfs9
V Mlsercptc`fs `a tdl _ntds `a Lfgcjdtlfklf
Lfgcj dtlfklft,
t, tdl
a`ufmntc`fs `a Unbbnt cmlftcty 

V Cfa`rkntc`f `f tdl Jldlffn Znr, nfm d`w tdl

Unbbnt `pp`sls tdl mrlnm Nftlmcguvcnfs

V Flw t``gs t` lxpnfm y`ur edr`fcegls, cfegumcfj

Mcsecpgcfl p`wlrs, vlrsntcgl nftnj`fcsts, nfm tdl
d`rrcaycfj Rctnl `a tdl Bgneh Dnfm

rlfljnmljnkls.e`k
 /_gny RJU O_gnyRlf ljnml ORlfljnml PJnklP Utumc`s
G@]# ?=>32>-> $=<.??
Knfuaneturlr9 Rlfljnml Jnkls, GGE. 5?1F Zlst Lg F`rt l _nrhwny #52<, CUBF 3:4->-:5<3354-4->
Lse`fmcm`, Engca`rfcn 32?21. Ckp`rtlrs9 Rlfljnml Arnfel <2 Nvlful _clrrl <=<??6
Ulknrm 3=2?? Cvry sur Ulcfl Arnfel. _9+55 (?)> :: 5: 1? =:. Rlfljnml Jnkls,  
GGE. Iux`f D`usl >?? Ut _nug–s Eduredynrm, G`fm`f, Lfjgnfm LE=K 4B\. Nmvcs`ry9 e`ftncfs jrnpdce nfm
Knturl Nmvcs`ry9 e`ftncfs
© 2?2> Rlfljnml Jnkl Utumc`s. Ngg Rcjdts Rlslrvlm. wrcttlf e`ftlft `a n k nturl fnturl, cfegumcfj
_nrnm`x Cftlrnetcvl®, Qnkpcrl tdl Knsqulrnml®, Z`rgm `a Mnrh flss®,
E`pyrcjdt 2?>4 _nrnm`x Cftlrnetcvl NB (pubg). Ngg Rcjdts Rlslrvlm. vc`glfel, slxung tdlkls, nfm str`fj
Knml cf Ul`ug, Rlpubgce `a H`rln. gnfjunjl. Rlnmlr mcserltc`f cs nmvcslm. 3 :4>:5< 33544>