CO-EDUCATION

COEDUCATION:-
COEDUCATION , education of males and females in the
same schools. A modern phenomenon, it was adopted earlier and
more widely in the United States than in Europe, where tradition
proved a greater obstacle.
Education.
Coeducation was first introduced in Western Europe after the
Reformation, when certain Protestant groups urged that girls as well
as boys should be read the Bible taught to. The practice became
especially marked in Scotland, the northern parts of England, and
colonial New England, where young children of both sexes attended
dame schools. In the latter half of the 18th century, girls were
gradually admitted to town schools. The Society of Friends in England
as well as in the United States were pioneers in coeducation as they
were in universal education, and, in Quaker settlements in the British
colonies, boys and girls generally attended school together. The new
free public elementary, or common, schools, which after the
American Revolution supplanted church institutions, were almost
always coeducational, and by 1900 most public high schools were
coeducational as well. Many private colleges from their inception
admitted women (the first was Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio), and
many state universities followed their example. By the end of the
19th century, 70 percent of American colleges were coeducational.
In the second half of the 20th century, many institutions of higher
learning that had been exclusively for persons of one sex became
coeducational.
In Western Europe, the main exponents of primary and secondary
coeducation were the Scandinavian countries. In Denmark,
coeducation extends back to the 18th century, and in Norway,
coeducation was adopted by law in 1896. In Germany, on the other
hand, until the closing decades of the 19th century it was practically
impossible for a girl to get a secondary education, and, when girls’
secondary schools were introduced, their status was inferior to that
of schools for boys. At present in many large municipalities, such as
Bremen, Hamburg, and Berlin, coeducation at the primary level is the
rule; at the secondary level there has been little change.
Antagonism to coeducation in England and on the European
continent diminished more rapidly in higher education than in
secondary. In England, Girton College at Cambridge was established
for women in 1869, and the London School of Economics was
opened to women in 1874. Germany permitted women to
matriculate in 1901, and by 1910 women had been admitted to
universities in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden,
Switzerland, Norw, ay, Austria-Hungary, France, and Turkey.
Since World War II coeducation has been adopted in
many developing countries; China and Cuba are outstanding
examples. There are many other countries, however, where social
conditioning and religious sanctions have limited its success. In most
Arab countries, for example, girls tend to drop out of coeducational
schools at the age of puberty.

Academic freedom, the freedom of teachers and students to teach,

study, and pursue knowledge and research without unreasonable
interference or restriction from law, institutional regulations, or
public pressure. Its basic elements include the freedom of teachers
to inquire into any subject that evokes their intellectual concern; to
present their findings to their students, colleagues, and others; to
publish their data and conclusions without control or censorship; and
to teach in the manner they consider professionally appropriate. For
students, the basic elements include the freedom to study subjects
that concern them and to form conclusions for themselves and
express their opinions.
According to its proponents, the justification for academic
freedom thus defined lies not in the comfort or convenience of
teachers and students but in the benefits to society; i.e., the long-
term interests of a society are best served when the educational
process leads to the advancement of knowledge, and knowledge is
best advanced when inquiry is free from restraints by the state, by
the church or other institutions, or by special-interest groups.
The foundation for academic freedom was laid by the
medieval universities European, even though their faculties met
periodically to condemn on religious grounds colleagues’ writings.
Protected by papal bulls and royal charters, the universities became
legally self-governing corporations with the freedom to organize
their own faculties, control admissions, and establish standards for
graduation.
Until the 18th century the Roman Catholic Church and, in
some areas, its Protestant successors exerted censorship over
universities or certain members of their faculties. Similarly, in the
18th and 19th centuries the newly emerged nation-states of Europe
constituted the chief threat to universities’ autonomy. Professors
were subject to governmental authority and were liable to be
allowed to teach only what was acceptable to the government in
power. Thus began a tension that has continued to the present.
Some states permitted or encouraged academic freedom and set an
example for subsequent emulation. For example, the University of
Leiden in the Netherlands (founded in 1575) provided great freedom
from religious and political restraints for its teachers and students.
The University of Göttingen in Germany became a beacon of
academic freedom in the 18th century, and, with the founding of the
University of Berlin in 1811, the basic principles of Lehr Freiheit
(“freedom to teach”) and Ler Freiheit (“freedom to learn”) were
firmly established and became the model that inspired universities
elsewhere throughout Europe and the Americas.
University institution of higher education, usually
comprising a college of liberal arts and sciences and graduate and
professional schools having the authority to confer degrees in
various fields of study. A university differs from a college in that it is
usually larger, has a broader curriculum, and offers graduate and
professional degrees in addition to undergraduate degrees. Although
universities did not arise in the West until the middle Ages in Europe,
they existed in some parts of Asia and Africa in ancient times.
Early universities
The modern Western university evolved from the
medieval schools known as studia generalia; they were generally
recognized places of study open to students from all parts of Europe.
The earliest studia arose out of efforts to educate clerks and monks
beyond the level of the cathedral and monastic schools. The
inclusion of scholars from foreign countries constituted the primary
difference between the studia and the schools from which they
grew.
The earliest Western institution that can be called a
university was a famous medical school that arose at Salerno, Italy, in
the 9th century and drew students from all over Europe. It remained
merely a medical school, however. The first true university in the
West was founded at Bologna late in the 11th century. It became a
widely respected school of canon and civil law. The first university to
arise in northern Europe was the University of Paris, founded
between 1150 and 1170. It became noted for its teaching of
theology, and it served as a model for other universities in northern
Europe such as the University of Oxford in England, which was well
established by the end of the 12th century. The Universities of Paris
and Oxford were composed of colleges, which were actually
endowed residence halls for scholars.......

1.Nouns

education abstract noun Muncipality Collective noun

Male masculine noun Bremen Proper noun

Female feminine noun Hamburg Proper noun

School common ,concrete noun Berline Proper noun

phenomenon common,abstract noun antagonism Abstract noun

United States proper noun Girton College Proper,open compound n

Europe proper noun Cambridge university Proper,open compound n

tradition common,abstract noun London School Proper,open compound

obstacle common,abstract noun Economics Abstract noun,uncountab

Groups collective noun Netherlands Proper noun

Girl common noun,feminine Belgium Proper noun

Boy common noun,masculine Sweden Proper noun

Bible proper noun Switzerland Proper noun

Practice Verbal noun Austria Proper noun

Scotland proper noun Hungry Proper noun

Parts Common noun,plural noun France Proper noun

England Proper noun Turkey Proper noun

children common noun,common gender World war 2 Proper noun,open compo

Century Countable noun,abstract noun China Proper noun

Town school Open compound noun Cuba Proper noun

Society Collective noun success Abstract noun

Friends Common,Plural,concrete,common Arab Proper noun

gender
Society Collective noun age Common,countable noun
British Proper noun puberty Proper noun

Colony Collective noun freedom Abstract noun

British-colony Hyphenated compound noun teachers Common,plural,concrete

Public Collective noun Students Common,plural ,concrete

American Open compound noun knowledge Abstract noun

revolution
Church insttution Open compound noun interference Uncountable,verbal
colleges Common,collective and concrete Restriction Uncountable,verbal noun
noun
London Proper noun Law Common noun
Women Common,concrete,plural, concern Abstract noun
feminine
Oberlin College Proper noun,open compound colleage Common noun,common
noun
Ohio Proper noun Data Common,countable
State universities Open compound noun conclusion Astract noun
institution Common and collective Censorship Abstract noun
Person Common noun manner Abstract noun
Germany Proper noun opinion Abstract noun
Common,Pural noun
Denmark Proper noun Lies

Norway Proper noun comfort Uncountable,abstrat

Germany Proper noun convenience Uncountable
Decade Countable benefits Common,Countable

Status Uncountable,abstract church Common noun

foundation Uncountable Emulation Abstract noun

Hamburg Proper noun University-of-Leiden Proper,compuond

faculity Collective noun University of Berlin Proper,open compound
Corporation Collective noun model Common noun
graduation Abstract noun arts Uncountable noun
Roman Catholic Proper,open compound noun science Uncountable noun
Church
area Common,countable,concrete fields Common noun
noun
Nation Common noun,collective noun curriculum Common noun
autonomy Abstract noun degree Common noun
professor Common noun Africa Proper noun
authority Abstract noun time Common,abstract noun
government Common noun,collective noun Clerk Common,concrete noun
power Uncountable,abstract noun Italy Proper noun
tension Uncountable,abstract noun Paris Proper noun

University-of- Proper,hyphenated compound scholar Common noun

Oxford noun
 2.verb:-

“A verb is a world that we use to refer to actions(what things

to do) and
state of beings(how things are),and show an event as well”

Types:
• Static verb • Transitive verb
• Dynamic verb • Intransitive verb
• Regular verb • Modal verb
• Irregular verb • Active verb

• Passive verb
• Linking verb
• Phrasal verb

Verb Types Verb Types

Was Auxiliary Adopt Regular verb
verb
Should Modal Admit Transitive verb
auxiliary
 verb
Were Auxiliary Introduce Action verb
verb
Prove Regular Read Irregular verb
verb
Arose Irregular Get Causative verb
verb
Closing Non infinite Respect Transitive verb
verb
Had been Auxiliary Must Modal auxiliary verb
verb
Change Regular Had been Auxiliary verb
verb
Opened Intransitive Extend Regular verb
verb
Permit Regular Is Auxiliary verb
verb
Did Auxiliary Given Irregular verb
verb
Arose out Phrasal Teach Action verb
verb
Drew Irregular Allow Causative verb
verb
Laid Irregular Limit Transitive verb
verb
Diminishe Intransitive Tend Intransitive verb
d verb
Pursue Transitive Become Irregular verb
verb
Inquire Intransitive Follow Regular verb
verb
Writing Action verb Inspire Static verb
Interfere Intransitive Has Auxiliary verb
verb
Study Dynamic Open Dynamic verb
verb

3.Pronoun:-
“A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun
phrase ’’

0R
“ A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun in sentence’’
Types:-
 Possessive pronoun
 Personal pronoun
 Subjective personal pronoun
 Objective personal pronoun
 Relative pronoun
 Indefinite pronoun
 Demonstrative pronoun
 Interrogative pronoun

Pronoun Types of Pronouns

It Subjective personal Pronoun
They Subjective personal pronoun
Which Relative Pronoun
Their Possessive Pronoun
That Demonstrative/ Relative Pronoun
 Its Possessive Pronoun
Them Objective Pronoun
Themselves Reflexive Pronoun
Some Indefinite Pronoun
Many Indefinite Pronoun

4.Adjective:-
“Adjective are the word that are used to modify the
noun 0r pronoun ’’

Types:-
 Demonstrative adjective
 Distributive adjective
 Interrogative adjective
 Descriptive adjective/adjective of quality
 Positive degree of the adjective
 comparative degree of the adjective
 Superlative degree of adjective
word types word Type
Each Distributive Most  Adjective of
adjective public quantity
higher
school
Both Distributive Many Adjective of number
adjective private
colleges
Which Interrogative That Demonstrative
students adjective students adjective
Best Adjective(des Primary Adjective(modify
education cribe the and noun(school))
 Best quality of secondary
served noun(educati school
on))
Good Adjective(mo More Adjective of quantity
students dify the rapidly
noun(student
s))
Greater The Universal Adjective(describe
obstacle comparati education the noun
ve degree (education))
of the
adjective
Young Adjective(mo Certain Adjective of number
children dify the part
noun(childre Some
n)) areas
Big Positive Famous Adjective
degree of medical (noun=school)
adjective school
earliest Superlative Academic Adjective(noun=free
degree of the freedom dom)
adjective
Readable Adjective Beautiful Adjective(add suffix
of Bibe (add suffix institutes ful)and modify the
able ) noun institutes
Big Positive smaller The comparative
degree of the degree of the
adjective adjective
Modern Adjective Its +her Possessive adjective
phenomen Noun=pheno own
on menon
 5.Adverb:-
“Anadverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, a clause, or
another adverb”
OR
“A word which modify the verb or adjective is known as Adverb”

TYPES :-
 Adverb of manner
 Adverb of place
 Adverb of time
 Adverb of frequency
 Adverb of degree
 Adverb of conjunction

Adverb Type Adverb Type

PERIODICALLY Adverb of Time GENERALLY Adverb of Degree
Earlier Adverb of time TOGETHER Adverb of Degree
Widely Adverb of Degree ALWAYS Adverb of
Frequency
WHERE Relative Adverb EXCLUSIVELY Adverb of Degree
WHEN Relative Adverb ALMOST Adverb of Degree
WELL Adverb of Manner PRACTICALLY Adverb of Manner
ESPECIALLY Adverb of Manner RAPIDLY Adverb of Manner
GRADUALLY Adverb of time HOWEVER Adverb of
Conjunction
WITHOUT Adverb of PROFESSIONALLY Adverb of Manner
Conjunction
LEGALLY Adverb of GENERALLY Adverb of Degree
 Evaluation
SIMILARLY Adverb of MERELY Adverb of manner
Affirmation or
manner
NEWLY Adverb of Degree HOWEVER Adverb of
conjunction
ONLY Adverb of WIDELY Adverb of Degree
Frequency
FIRMLY Adverb of Manner WELL Adverb of manner
ELSEWHERE Adverb of place BACK Adverb of Place
USUALLY Adverb of ACTUALLY Adverb of Degree
frequency

6.Preposition:-
“A proposition is word that modify nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverb.’’

TYPES:-
• Preposition of place/location
• Preposition of time
• Preposition of direction

Proposition Types Words Types

words
In • Preposition By Preposition
of time of time
On Preposition of for Preposition
time of time
earlier Preposition of into Preposition
time of direction
towards Preposition of after Preposition
 direction of place
after Preposition of until Preposition
location of time
/place
behind Preposition of At Preposition
direction of place
Left Preposition of since Prepositionof
direction time