DOUBLE INTEGRALS

IN POLAR COORDINATES
 CHANGE FROM RECTANGULAR TO
POLAR COORDINATES
Recall that the polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃) is related to the
rectangular coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) by the equations
𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
y 𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑟 𝑦

𝜃
0 𝑥 x
 REGION AS POLAR RECTANGLE
y
An special case of polar rectangle
𝑅 = 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽
𝑟=𝑏
𝜃=𝛽 To compute ‫𝑥(𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴

𝑅
• divide the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑚
subintervals [𝑟𝑖−1 , 𝑟𝑖 ] of equal width
∆𝑟 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)/𝑚
𝑟=𝑎
𝜃=𝛼 • divide the interval [𝛼, 𝛽] in 𝑛
𝛽
subintervals [𝜃𝑗−1 , 𝜃𝑗 ] of equal width
𝛼
∆𝜃 = (𝛽 − 𝛼)/𝑛
0 𝜃
 REGION AS POLAR RECTANGLE
Then the circles 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 and rays 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑗
y 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑗 divide the polar rectangle 𝑅 into small
𝑅𝑖𝑗
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑗−1 polar rectangles/polar subrectangles.
(𝑟𝑖∗ , 𝜃𝑗∗ ) 𝑅𝑖𝑗 = 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑟𝑖−1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑖 , 𝜃𝑗−1 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜃𝑗 }
Coordinates of each Center:
∆𝜃 1 1
𝑟𝑖∗ = 2
𝑟𝑖−1 + 𝑟𝑖 , 𝜃𝑗∗ = (𝜃
2 𝑗−1
+ 𝜃𝑗 )
1 2
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 Area of a Sector is 𝑟 𝜃
2
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖−1 1 2 1 2 1 2
∆𝐴𝑖 = 𝑟𝑖 ∆𝜃 − 𝑟𝑖−1 ∆𝜃 = 𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑖−1
2
∆𝜃
2 2 2
0 𝜃
1
= 2
𝑟𝑖 + 𝑟𝑖−1 𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑖−1 ∆𝜃 = 𝒓∗𝒊 ∆𝒓∆𝜽
 𝑚 𝑛
DOUBLE INTEGRAL
𝑚 𝑛
IN POLAR FORM
෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ ∆𝐴𝑖 = ෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ 𝑟𝑖∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜃
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

If we write 𝑔 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑓 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , then the Reimann sum can be

𝑚 𝑛
written as ∗ ∗
𝛽 𝑏
෍ ෍ 𝑔 𝑟𝑖 , 𝜃𝑗 ∆𝑟∆𝜃 = න න 𝑔 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝛼 𝑎
Therefore, 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑚 𝑛

ඵ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = lim ෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ ∆𝐴𝑖

𝑅 𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑚 𝑛 𝛽 𝑏
= lim ෍ ෍ 𝑔 𝑟𝑖∗ , 𝜃𝑗∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜃 = න න 𝑔 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑚,𝑛→∞ 𝛼 𝑎
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝜷 𝒃
0 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽
ඵ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨 = න න 𝒇 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 , 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽 0 ≤ 𝛽 − 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋
𝑹 𝜶 𝒂
 EXAMPLE
1. Evaluate ‫ 𝑅׭‬3𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is the region in the upper half
plane bounded by the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
Solution: 𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 | 𝑦 ≥ 0, 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4
In polar coordinates:
𝑅 = 𝑟, 𝜃 |1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋 2
ඵ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = න න 3𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 4𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 1
𝑅
𝜋 2 𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬1 3𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 + 4𝑟 3 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ‫׬‬0 𝑟 3 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 4 sin2 𝜃 𝑟=2
𝑟=1 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 3 4 𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 [ 2 cos 𝜃 + 2 sin2 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃 = ‫׬‬0 7 cos 𝜃 + 15 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 15 15𝜃 15 𝜋 𝟏𝟓𝝅
= ‫׬‬0 7 cos 𝜃 + 2 1 − cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 7 sin 𝜃 + 2 − 4 sin 2𝜃 ቃ =
0 𝟐
 EXAMPLE
2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane 𝑧 = 0 and the
paraboloid 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 .
If 𝑧 = 0 in the equation of the paraboloid, we get
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
𝐷 = 𝑟, 𝜃 | 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
Since,1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑟 2
2𝜋 1
𝑉=ඵ 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = න න 1 − 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝐷 0 0
2𝜋 1
=න 𝑑𝜃 න 𝑟 − 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟
𝐷 0 0
1
𝑟2 𝑟4 𝝅
= 2𝜋 − =
2 4 0
𝟐
 GENERAL POLAR REGION
If 𝑓 is continuous on a polar region of the form
𝐷= 𝑟, 𝜃 | 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, ℎ1 𝜃 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ ℎ2 𝜃

Then,

𝛽 ℎ2 𝜃
ඵ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑓 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑θ
𝐷 𝛼 ℎ1 𝜃
 EXAMPLE
3. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ,
above the 𝑥𝑦-plane, and inside the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥.
The solid is above the Disk 𝐷 whose boundary circle is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 1 2 + (𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 = 1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 1 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 = 1 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 1 − cos 2 𝜃 = 0
𝑥 − 1 2 + 𝑦2 = 1 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 = 0
𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃
Then 𝐷 is given by
𝜋 𝜋
𝐷 = 𝑟, 𝜃 | − ≤ 𝜃 ≤ , 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2 cos 𝜃
2 2
 EXAMPLE
3. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ,
above the 𝑥𝑦-plane, and inside the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥.
The solid is above the Disk 𝐷 whose boundary circle is
𝜋 𝜋
𝐷 = 𝑟, 𝜃 | − ≤ 𝜃 ≤ , 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2 cos 𝜃
2 2
𝜋/2 2 cos 𝜃 𝜋/2 4 2 cos 𝜃
𝑟
𝑉 = ඵ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑑𝜃
𝐷 −𝜋/2 0 −𝜋/2 4 0
𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝜋/2 1+cos 2𝜃 2
= 4 ‫׬‬−𝜋/2 cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 8 ‫׬‬0 cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 8 ‫׬‬0 2
𝑑𝜃
𝜋/2 1
= 2 ‫׬‬0 1 + 2 cos 2𝜃 + 2 1 + cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 1 𝜋/2 3 𝜋 𝟑𝝅
=2 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 =2 =
2 8 0 2 2 𝟐
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APPLICATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRAL