Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 5 (2022) 100237

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Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/padiff

Solitary wave structures of a family of 3D fractional WBBM equation via the

tanh–coth approach
Abdulla - Al - Mamun a,b,c,d ,∗, Samsun Nahar Ananna b,d , Tianqing An b , Md. Asaduzzaman d ,
Md. Munnu Miah d
a
Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia 7000, Bangladesh
b
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
c
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
d
Department of Mathematics, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The fractional nonlinear partial differential equation (FNLPDE), such as the family of 3D fractional Wazwaz–
The tanh–coth method Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (WBBM) equations, are investigated in this work. We engage the tanh–coth method
Wazwaz–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation for this family of FNLPDE to obtain different types of solitary wave solutions such as soliton, lump, kink,
Exact solution
and traveling wave solutions with the assistance of MATLAB and Mathematica. Using the traveling wave
Solitary wave
transformation, the given FNLPDE turns into an ODE. Applying the auxiliary equation from the described
Soliton shape
Lump shape
method, we get an algebraic polynomial of ∅, compeering the like power to zero, we get a system of algebraic
equations (SAE). Explaining the SAEs, we acquire the solutions sets for the constants. Expending the solutions
to the ODE, we obtain the required solutions.

1. Introduction uz + ut + u2 ux − uxyt = 0, (1.4)

The study of nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE) prob-
lems ascends in innumerable fields of engineering, physics, mathe-
matics, optics, fluid dynamics, plasma and quantum physics. Firstly,
the study of solitary waves has been exposed empirically by John
Scott Russel.1 Kortweg and de Vries (KdV)2 are derived analytically an
NLPDE, which develop recognized as the KdV equation.
ux + ut − 6uux + uxxx = 0,
This famous nonlinear and disseminative long-wave equation is inte-
grable and covers an infinite number of preserved quantities.
The extended wave model equation, an alternative for the KdV
equation, is described by Benjamin et al.3 as,
ux + ut + uux − uxxt = 0,
The KdV equation holds a boundless diffusion relation uxxx by changing
the BBM equation through an assorted derivative uxxt .
In 2017 Abdul-Majid Wazwaz4 developed a novel model called
Wazwaz–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (WBBM) equations as follows:
ux + ut + u2 uy − uxzt = 0,
uy + ut + u2 uz − uxxt = 0, (1.5)
Which is also called the (3+1) dimensional BBM equation.
Additionally, the application of NLPDEs has been visibly articu-
lated by reviewing the activities of diverse physical representations
by using different procedures.5–14 In the literature of NLPDE, vari-
ous methods have been used to investigate the NLPDEs. Numerous
(1.1)
strong organizations have been recognized for the traveling and soli-
tary wave solutions of NLPDEs such as the modified extended tanh
method,15–17 the (G′ /G,1/G)-expansion technique,18,19 the Hirota N-
soliton conditions,20–24 the (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion technique,25,26 the ad-
( )
vanced exp −∅ (𝜉) -expansion method,27,28 tanh–coth method, 29–33
(1.2) exp-function method,34,35 the variational iteration method,36–38 sine–
cosine method,39 the method of characteristics,40 transformed rational
function method,41 homogeneous balance method,42 and so on.
In this article, our core determination is to launch, in the fractional
framework, imperative outcomes fractional 3D WBBM equations. For
this determination, the tanh–coth scheme is used to resolve the nonlin-
(1.3) ear fractional WBBM equations via the conformable derivative.43 This

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia 7000, Bangladesh.
E-mail addresses: abdullamamun21@gmail.com, abdulla@rmu.ac.bd (A.A. Mamun), ananna0907@gmail.com (S.N. Ananna), antq@hhu.edu.cn (T. An),
asad@math.iu.ac.bd (Md. Asaduzzaman), munnumiah1120002@yahoo.com (Md.M. Miah).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100237
Received 30 October 2021; Received in revised form 14 December 2021; Accepted 15 December 2021

2666-8181/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
A.A. Mamun, S.N. Ananna, T. An et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 5 (2022) 100237

Fig. 1. Exact traveling solution of 𝑈1,2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) for the parameter 𝑞 = 0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜇 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, and 𝛾 = 0.25, 0.5 and 1 respectively.

derivative description is created on the elementary boundary expla- converts the PDE (2.1) to an ODE as follows
nation of the derivative that has been magnificently solved countless ( )
𝑄 𝑈 , 𝑈 ′ , 𝑈 ′′ , 𝑈 ′′′ , … = 0 (2.3)
diverse problems.44,45
According to the acquaintance, no one considered the WBBM equa- Where the prime represents the derivation concerning 𝜓. For the
tion for non-integer order in the literature. Therefore, the study of tanh–coth technique, we announce a new independent variable,
the WBBM equation for fractional-order via the tanh–coth technique is
very expressive for thoughtful the physical performance of this model. ∅ = tanh (𝜇𝜓) (2.4)
This article is organized as follows: In Section 2, the organization Were 𝜇 is the wavenumber, leads to revolution of derivatives:
and comprehensive study of the tanh–coth scheme. Section 3 covers 𝑑 ( ) 𝑑
the mathematical execution of the approaches for resolving the frac- = 𝜇 1 − ∅2 ,
𝑑𝜓 𝑑∅
tional WBBM equation. In Section ‘‘Results and discussion’’, results 𝑑2 ( ) 𝑑 ( ) 𝑑2 (2.5)
and discussion are specified. Lastly, the deduction is given in Section = −2𝜇 2 ∅ 1 − ∅2 + 𝜇 2 1 − ∅2 ,
𝑑𝜓 2 𝑑∅ 𝑑∅2
‘‘Conclusion’’.
The tanh–coth technique declares the use of the finite development
2. The tanh–coth method ∑
𝑁 ∑
𝑁
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑈 (𝜇𝜓) = 𝐴𝑗 ∅𝑗 + 𝐵𝑗 ∅−𝑗 , (2.6)
𝑗=0 𝑗=1
Let us consider the PDE is
( ) and
𝑃 𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑢𝑧 , 𝑢2𝛾 3𝛾
𝑥𝑡 , 𝑢𝑦𝑧 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 , … = 0, (2.1)
( )
∅′ = 𝜇 1 − ∅2 . (2.7)
The traveling wave transformation
x𝛾 y𝛾 z𝛾 t𝛾 The expansion in (2.6) is a rational function of phi, and phi satisfies
u (x, y, z, t) = U (𝜓) , where 𝜓 = p +q +r −s , (2.2) a Riccati Eq. (2.7), whose explicit solutions were given by (40)–(42),
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾

2
A.A. Mamun, S.N. Ananna, T. An et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 5 (2022) 100237

Fig. 2. Exact traveling solution of 𝑈3,4 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) for the parameter 𝑞 = 0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜇 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, and 𝛾 = 0.25, 0.5 and 1 respectively.

W.X. Ma, and B. Fuchssteiner, 1996.46 Where 𝑁 is the positive integer where, c1 is the integrating constant. For simplicity, we set c1 = 0 then,
in most cases, using the homogeneous balancing method, we will get
(−s + p) U + qU3 + prsU′′ = 0. (3.3)
the value of 𝑁 from Eq. (2.3). Substituting Eqs. (2.6) and (2.7) in
Eq. (2.3), we will get an algebraic polynomial in the power of ∅. Using the homogeneous balancing method, we get 𝑁 = 1. Therefore,
Equating the like power ∅ from the algebraic polynomial, we will get the auxiliary equation of our mentioned method is as follows:
a SAE. Solving the SAE, we will get the solution sets for 𝐴0 , 𝐴1 and
U (𝜓) = A0 + A1 ∅ + B1 ∅−1 , (3.4)
𝐵1 . Having determined the parameters, we obtain the exact solutions
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡). Now, substituting Eq. (3.4) along with Eq. (2.7) into the Eq. (3.3) as
well as equating the like power of ∅ from the algebraic polynomial, we
3. Mathematical applications will get a SAE. Solving the SAE, we acquire the solution sets as follows:
√
𝑠 𝑖 𝑟𝑠𝜇
3.1. Application for the first WBBM equation 𝑝=− , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = 0, 𝐵1 = ± √ ,
−1 + 𝑟𝑠𝜇 2 𝑞 − 𝑞𝑟𝑠𝜇2
√ √
The 1st WBBM equation is stated as 𝑠 2 𝑟𝑠𝜇
𝑝=− , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = ± √ , 𝐵1 = 0,
D𝛾t u + D𝛾x u + D𝛾y u3 − D3𝛾 (3.1) −1 + 2𝑟𝑠𝜇 2 −𝑞 + 2𝑞𝑟𝑠𝜇2
xzt u = 0,
Expending these solution sets, we obtain the solutions for the Eq. (1.3)
Applying the traveling wave transformation from Eq. (2.2), we get,
as follows:
( )′ √
(−s + p) U′ + q U3 + prsU′′′ = 0, (3.2) 𝑟
𝑈1,2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = ±𝑖𝑠𝜇
Integrating the above equation concerning 𝜓 we get, 𝑞 − 𝑞𝑟𝑠𝜇2
[ ( )]
𝜇 𝑠𝑥𝛾
(−s + p) U + qU3 + prsU′′ + c1 = 0, Coth −𝑠𝑡𝛾 + 𝑞𝑦𝛾 + 𝑟𝑧𝛾 + ,
𝛾 1 − 𝑟𝑠𝜇 2

3
A.A. Mamun, S.N. Ananna, T. An et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 5 (2022) 100237

Fig. 3. Exact traveling solution of 𝑈5,6 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) for the parameter 𝑞 = −0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜇 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, and 𝛾 = 0.25, 0.5 and 1 respectively.

√ [ ( )]
√ 𝜇 (𝑟 − 𝑠) 𝑥𝛾
𝑈3,4 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = ±𝑠𝜇
2𝑟 𝑈7,8 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = ±𝑖𝜇 𝑞𝑠Coth −𝑠𝑡𝛾 + 𝑞𝑦𝛾 + 𝑟𝑧𝛾 + ,
𝑞(−1 + 2𝑟𝑠𝜇 2 ) 𝛾 𝑞𝑠𝜇 2
[ ( )]
𝜇 𝑠𝑥𝛾 3.3. Application for the third WBBM equation
Tanh −𝑠𝑡𝛾 + 𝑞𝑦𝛾 + 𝑟𝑧𝛾 + ,
𝛾 1 − 𝑟𝑠𝜇2
The 3rd WBBM equation is stated as
3.2. Application for the second WBBM equation
D𝛾t u + D𝛾y u + D𝛾z u3 − D3𝛾
xxt u = 0, (3.6)

The 2nd WBBM equation is stated as Proceeding the same way as above, we obtain the solution sets as
follows:
D𝛾t u + D𝛾z u + D𝛾x u3 − D3𝛾 (3.5) √
xyt u = 0, 𝑝 𝑞𝜇
𝑞
𝑠= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = 0, 𝐵1 = ± √ .
Proceeding the same way as above, we obtain the solution sets as 1 + 𝑝2 𝜇 2 −𝑟 − 𝑝2 𝑟𝜇 2
follows: √
𝑞 𝑝𝜇 2𝑞
𝑟−𝑠 √ 𝑠= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = − √ , 𝐵1 = 0.
𝑝= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = ±𝑖𝜇 2𝑞𝑠, 𝐵1 = 0, 1 + 2𝑝2 𝜇 2 −𝑟 − 2𝑝2 𝑟𝜇2
2𝑞𝑠𝜇2
𝑟−𝑠 √ Expending these solution sets, we obtain the solutions for the equation
𝑝= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = 0, 𝐵1 = ±𝑖𝜇 𝑞𝑠,
𝑞𝑠𝜇2 (1.5) as follows:
√
Expending these solution sets, we obtain the solutions for the Eq. (1.4) 𝑞
𝑈9,10 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = ±𝑝𝜇
as follows: −𝑟(1 + 𝑝2 𝜇 2 )
√ [ ( )] [ ( ( ))]
𝜇 (𝑟 − 𝑠) 𝑥𝛾 𝜇 𝑡𝛾
𝑈5,6 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = ±𝑖𝜇 2𝑞𝑠Tanh −2𝑠𝑡𝛾 + 2𝑞𝑦𝛾 + 2𝑟𝑧𝛾 + , Coth 𝑝𝑥𝛾 + 𝑟𝑧𝛾 + 𝑞 𝑦𝛾 − ,
2𝛾 𝑞𝑠𝜇 2 𝛾 1+𝑝 𝜇2 2

4
A.A. Mamun, S.N. Ananna, T. An et al.
√
2𝑞
𝑈11,12 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = ±𝑝𝜇
−𝑟(1 + 2𝑝2 𝜇 2 )
[ ( ( ))]
𝜇 𝑡𝛾
Tanh 𝑝𝑥𝛾 + 𝑟𝑧𝛾 + 𝑞 𝑦𝛾 − ,
𝛾 2
1 + 2𝑝 𝜇 2
4. Result and discussion
In this section, we will discuss the physical and graphical explana-
tion of the obtained solutions. All the graphs are addressed for different
values of 𝛾 ∈ [0, 1]. We represent the 3D surface plot along with
the contour plot for both real and imaginary parts and the 2D line
plot for 𝛾 = 0.25, 0.5 and 1 using the renowned software MATLAB.
Fig. 1 represents the traveling wave solution of 𝑈1,2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) for the
parameter 𝑞 = 0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜇 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, and
𝛾 = 0.25, 0.5 and 1 respectively for both real and imaginary parts. This
group of graphs represents the soliton shape for different values of 𝛾.
The soliton shapes turn singular soliton to multiple solitons for 𝛾 = 0.25
to 𝛾 = 1. Fig. 2 symbolizes the traveling wave solution of 𝑈3,4 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
for the parameter 𝑞 = 0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜇 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0,
and 𝛾 = 0.25, 0.5 and 1 respectively for both real and imaginary parts.
This group of graphs epitomizes the lump and kink shape for different
values of 𝛾. The lump shapes turn into the kink shapes for 𝛾 = 0.25
to 𝛾 = 1. Fig. 3 denotes the traveling wave solution of 𝑈5,6 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
for the parameters 𝑞 = −0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜇 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 =
0, and 𝛾 = 0.25, 0.5 and 1 respectively for both real and imaginary
parts. This group of graphs characterizes the soliton and kink shape for
different values of 𝛾. The soliton shapes turn into the kink shapes for
𝛾 = 0.25 to 𝛾 = 1. In terms of the hyperbolic function, the solutions are
fully developed using the computer program Mathematica. We utilized
the MATLAB computational program to plot graphs. For a complete
physical explanation, all precise answers are presented in MATLAB 3D,
contour, and combined line plot.
5. Conclusion
In this work, a family of 3D fractional WBBM equations is han-
dled by the tanh–coth method. We found several hyperbolic function
solutions of tanh and coth. The solutions are represented different
types of solitary waves such as kink, lump, and soliton. We illustrated
graphical representation for some solutions using MATLAB. The graphs
are created for the different fractional values of 𝛾 ∈ [0, 1]. It is worth
noting that the tanh–coth approach has never revealed the innovative
solutions of the 3D fractional WBBM problem in the past. As a result,
the provided solutions might be considered new. Finally, our preferred
method is effective, reliable, authentic, conformable, powerful, and
provides a large number of consistent solutions to fractional nonlinear
PDEs that arise in the fields of mathematics, applied mathematics,
nonlinear dynamics, mathematical physics, water wave mechanics,
engineering, and so on. The structures of the attained solutions are
distinct and stable.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
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