Multi Rate Signal Processing

Deepu Vijayasenan

September 12, 2021

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Downsampling. . .

x[n] y[n]
Downsample by ‘M’ M
one per M input samples retained
Also known as Decimation

y [n] = x[nM]

Information loss

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Upsampling

Upsample by ‘N’
(N-1) zeros appended after each sample
 n
x N n is multiple of N
y [n] =
0 otherwise

No information loss

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Properties

Verify if up/downsampling opertions are

Linear
Time invariant
Stable
Causal
Linear Periodic Time Varying (LPTV)

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Concatenation

↑ M ↑ N =↑ MN
↓ M ↓ N =↓ MN

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Upsample and Downsample

x[n] ↑ N ↓ N = x[n]
x[n] ↓ N ↑ N =

x[n], n is multiple of N
0, Otherwise

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Upsampling -Transform Domain

y [n] = U2 x[n]
Y (z) = . . . + y [−2]z 2 + y [−1]z + y [0] + y [1]z −1 + y [2]z −2 . . .
= . . . + x[−1]z 2 + x[0] + +x[1]z −2 . . .
X
= x[n]z −2n
X
= x[n]z ′−n
= X (z ′ )
= X (z 2 )

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Upsampling -Transform Domain

Upsampling 2

y [n] = UN x[n] 0

Y (z) = X (z N ) -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Y (e jω ) = X (e jNω )
3

N Spectral copies are created 2

Eliminated by a LPF at π
N 1

Interpolation filter 0

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

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Downsampling - Steps

1
0.8
x[n] →

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

0.8

0.6
x [n] →

0.4
1

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

0.8

0.6
y[n] →

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4

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Downsampling - Steps

Proof:
Result
x1 [n] = x[n]s[n]
1 1h 1 1
i
= x[n] [1 + (−1)n ] Y (z) = X (z 2 ) + X (−z 2 )
2 2
1 jω 1h ω ω−2π
i
= [x[n] + (−1)n x[n]] Y (e ) = X (e j 2 ) + X (e j 2 )
2 2
1
X1 (z) = [X (z) + X (−z)] One copy of shifted spectrum
2
1 overlaps – aliasing
Y (z) = X1 (z 2 )
Avoided by a pre-filtering at π
2

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Downsampling - Steps

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

3
2
1
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

3
2
1
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
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Downsampling - general case

x[n]
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20

x [n]
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20

y[n]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

What is s[n] such that x1 [n] = s[n]x[n]

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Downsampling - general case

PN−1 2πkn
1
s[n] = N k=0 ej N

Proof : Fourier Series

Result

N−1
1 X  −j 2πk 1 
Y (z) = X e N zN
N
k=0
N−1
1 X  ω−2πk 
Y (e jω ) = X ej N
N
k=0

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Downsampling by 4- Example

jω
X(e )
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

jω
Y(e )
5

0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

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