Ti

psongui
dingl
ear
ner
sinPaper1

1.Anot
etot
het
eacher

Engl
i
shPaperOnei
sal
laboutcr
eat
ivi
ty.Assuch,i
trequi
resl
ear
ningst
ylesand

exami
nat
iont
echni
quest
hatar
etot
all
ydi
ff
erentf
rom ot
hercont
entsubj
ect
s

suchasHi
stor
y,Sci
ence,
Geogr
aphyandot
her
s.Emphasi
sincomposi
ti
onwr
it
ing

i
soncr
eat
ivi
tywhi
chent
ail
sal
otofi
magi
nat
ionwher
easot
hersubj
ect
sdeal

wi
thest
abl
i
shedf
act
sthatmaynotbechanged.I
nsuchsubj
ect
s,al
ear
nermay

benef
itf
rom commi
tt
ingt
omemor
ysuchf
act
sanddealwi
tht
hei
rappl
i
cat
ioni
n

exami
nat
ion.I
ncomposi
ti
onwr
it
ing,oneneedsnott
ogoi
ntot
heexami
nat
ion

wi
thanyst
orycommi
tt
edt
omemor
y.Doi
ngsowoul
dbedef
eat
ingt
hewhol
e

pur
poseofcr
eat
ivi
ty.

Whatl
ear
ner
sneedt
obet
rai
nedi
nist
hear
tofcr
eat
ingagoodst
oryr
athert
han

maki
ng t
hem memor
ise st
ori
es.Memor
isat
ion makes l
ear
ner
s pr
one t
o

pl
agi
ari
sm and badl
y exposes t
hem i
n al
lot
hersect
ions oft
hei
rEngl
i
sh

exami
nat
ion.Fori
nst
ance,Sect
ion B wi
l
lbe a gui
ded composi
ti
on whose

demandst
heywi
l
lbemeet
ingwi
thnopr
iorknowl
edgeoft
hef
act
sorcont
ent
.

Whatl
ear
ner
sneedt
obeabl
etodoi
npr
epar
ati
onf
ort
hei
rexami
nat
ioni
stobe

abl
etoexpr
esst
hemsel
vesi
nsi
mpl
egr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rectEngl
i
shandt
hen

under
standanypi
eceofdi
scour
sesot
hatt
heywoul
dbeabl
etocopewi
tht
hei
r

compr
ehensi
on paper
.These ar
ethe basi
c mi
nimum ski
l
ls needed f
orany

sat
isf
act
oryper
for
mancei
nEngl
i
shex
ami
nat
ion.

I
tmustal
sobenot
edt
hatmostl
ear
ner
shav
ethemi
sconcept
iont
hatt
obegood

atEngl
i
shi
stoexpr
essonesel
findeepv
ocabul
ary
.Thi
sisnotcor
rect
.Deep

v
ocabul
aryi
sforspeci
ali
stl
anguageuser
swhohav
ecl
earmast
eryoft
hewor
ds
 t
heyuse.Formostot
hercandi
dat
es,t
heai
mist
ohav
eapassi
nEngl
i
shaf
ter

whi
cht
heywi
l
lpur
suedi
ff
erentar
easofst
udywhosef
ocusi
snotl
anguage

pr
ofi
ciency
.Suchl
ear
ner
sshoul
dknowt
hatt
hei
rwor
kinEngl
i
shexami
nat
ionsi
s

mar
kedoni
mpr
essi
on.I
twi
l
lther
efor
edot
hem nogoodt
otr
yandusebi
gwor
ds

i
nthewr
ongcont
extandi
ncr
easet
henumberofer
ror
s.I
fbi
gwor
dsar
etobe

used,
theyshoul
dbeusedcor
rect
lyf
ort
hecandi
dat
etobecr
edi
ted.

Ther
efor
e,any
bodywi
shi
ngt
ogui
del
ear
ner
stodowel
linEngl
i
shshoul
d,i
n

addi
ti
on t
o dev
elopi
ng t
he r
equi
sit
e composi
ti
on and compr
ehensi
on ski
l
ls,

dev
elopbasi
csy
ntax.Asat
eachery
ouneedt
obel
i
evei
nthi
sandmakey
our

l
ear
ner
sbel
i
evet
oo.

2.Nar
rat
iveComposi
ti
on

Thi
sseemst
heeasi
estt
owr
it
ebecauseapar
tfr
om t
heabi
l
ityt
oexpr
essonesel
fin

goodEngl
i
sh,onewi
l
lbet
ell
i
ngast
oryofone’
scr
eat
ionwhi
chcoul
dbef
ict
it
ious.

Ther
eisnoi
ssueofwr
ongf
act
sher
ethoughl
ear
ner
scangoof
ftopi
c.

Theabi
l
ityt
ocr
eat
east
oryi
sat
hingev
ery
onecanbet
rai
nedi
n.Thi
sisbecause

st
oryt
ell
i
ngi
spar
tofourt
radi
ti
on.I
thasbeenusedasawayofent
ert
aini
ngchi
l
dren,

educat
ingt
hem andcommuni
cat
ingmessagesi
nahi
ddenway
.Ev
ery
bodyt
ell
sa

shor
tst
oryher
eandt
her
einev
ery
dayl
i
fet
ocommuni
cat
esomet
hing.Thi
sshoul
d

bet
hebasi
sforourcomposi
ti
onwr
it
ing.Fr
om t
hegi
vent
opi
cweshoul
dtel
last
ory

andt
hatst
oryshoul
dbecommuni
cat
ive.

Ev
eryst
oryi
sbased onani
nci
dentand agood st
oryshoul
d bebasedonan

unf
orget
tabl
eexper
ience.Sot
hei
nci
dentshoul
dbesomet
hingunf
orget
tabl
e,ei
ther

ani
nter
est
ingoneorabadone.Thest
oryshoul
dthendev
elopf
rom compl
i
cat
ions
t
othati
nci
dent
.Agoodst
oryt
ell
erwi
l
lal
way
smai
ntai
nsuspenset
hroughouthi
s

nar
rat
ion.

I
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hequest
ion

Thi
sisav
eryi
mpor
tantaspecti
fonei
stocomeupwi
thagoodcomposi
ti
on.Ther
e

ar
ekeywor
dst
hatsuggestt
hepoi
ntofemphasi
sinr
espondi
ngt
othequest
ion.The

f
oll
owi
ngex
ampl
eswi
l
lil
l
ust
rat
ethi
svi
ewqui
tev
ivi
dly
:

(
a)Shewonapr
izef
orl
ooki
ngaf
terAi
dspat
ient
s

(
b)Shehadj
ustwonapr
izef
orl
ooki
ngaf
terAi
dspat
ient
s

Ar
etheset
wot
opi
cst
hesame?Canast
oryt
hatanswer
squest
ion(
a)sowel
lbe

goodi
nresponset
oquest
ion(
b)?

Theanswert
othesequest
ionsi
sasi
mpl
eno!Quest
ion(
a)r
equi
resonet
ogi
ve

anaccountofhow onel
ookedaf
terAi
dspat
ient
swhi
chul
ti
mat
elywonhera

pr
ize.Forsuchast
oryt
obegood,t
hei
nci
dentofbei
ngawar
dedapr
izeshoul
d

comei
nspect
acul
arf
ashi
on.

Quest
ion(
b)hasbeenmadedi
ff
erentbyt
hewor
ds“
hadj
ust
”.Thesewor
dsgi
ve

t
heconnot
ati
ont
hatsomet
hingunbel
i
evabl
eort
hati
snoti
nsy
ncwi
tht
he

wi
nni
ngoft
hepr
izet
henhappened.Sot
hewi
nni
ngoft
hepr
izei
snott
hemai
n

f
ocusher
ebutt
hei
nci
dentt
hathappenedaf
tert
hewi
nni
ngoft
hepr
ize.

Not
ethewor
dinci
denti
semphasi
zedi
nexpl
aini
ngt
het
opi
cs.Thi
sisbecause

ev
erygoodst
oryi
sbasedonani
nci
dentandt
hisi
sal
way
simpl
i
edi
nthet
opi
cs

gi
ven.Somest
ori
eswi
l
lbeusedt
oil
l
ust
rat
ethi
spoi
ntl
ateron.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Ev
eryst
oryshoul
dhav
eani
ntr
oduct
ion.I
ntr
oduct
ionsgi
vet
hef
ir
sti
mpr
essi
ona

r
eaderwi
l
lhav
eaboutt
hest
ory
.Itshoul
dther
efor
ebecapt
ivat
ingandcr
eat
e

enough suspense f
ora r
eadert
o dev
elop an i
nter
esti
nreadi
ng t
he st
ory
.

Nar
rat
ivest
ori
eshav
eint
roduct
ionst
hatar
edi
ff
erentf
rom t
heot
herf
ormsof

composi
ti
on.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeway
sinwhi
chnar
rat
ivest
ori
escanbe

i
ntr
oduced:

(
i) Begi
nbyl
aunchi
ngst
rai
ghti
ntot
hei
nci
dentar
oundwhi
cht
hest
oryi
s

cr
eat
ed.I
nthi
scaset
hemai
nchar
act
ershoul
dbepr
esent
edengagi
ngi
n

anact
iont
hatcr
eat
essuspense.

(
ii
) Begi
n wi
th an excl
amat
oryst
atementora quest
ion st
atement
.Such

st
atement
sar
epr
ovocat
iveandt
heycr
eat
esuspensebecauset
heyt
ri
gger

t
houghtpr
ocessest
her
ebycr
eat
ingsuspense.

(
ii
i) Descr
ibet
heset
ti
ngt
ocr
eat
eat
mospher
e.Thi
sinv
olv
escr
eat
ingv
ivi
d

i
mager
yoft
hepl
ace,t
het
imeandev
ent
heweat
her
.Thi
sist
het
ypeof

i
ntr
oduct
ionmostcandi
dat
est
ryt
ousei
nthei
rcomposi
ti
onsbutt
heydoi
t

t
hewr
ongway
.Iti
snousedescr
ibi
ngt
heweat
herwhenone’
sst
oryhas

not
hingt
odowi
thhowt
heweat
herwas.Thei
ntr
oduct
ionshoul
dact
ual
l
y

hav
east
rongbear
ingonwhatcomesl
ateri
nthest
ory
.Itshoul
dnotbea

separ
atepi
eceofi
nfor
mat
ion.

(
iv) Usef
oreshadowi
ngt
ocr
eat
esuspense.Thi
sist
heactofpr
ovi
dingv
ague

adv
ancei
ndi
cat
ions

(
v) Usef
lashback
Thesear
ejustaf
ew way
sinwhi
chacandi
dat
emaybegi
nhi
sorherst
orybut

t
her
ecoul
dbeadozenot
herway
s.I
tshoul
dbeobser
vedt
hati
nev
erysi
tuat
ion

abov
e,t
hewor
dsuspensehasbeenused.Thi
sisbecauset
hati
skeyt
oev
ery

essaybegi
nni
ng.I
tshoul
dar
ouseenoughcur
iosi
tyf
ort
her
eadert
owantt
oread

t
hest
ory
.Itmustgener
ateenoughi
nter
est
.Itmustcat
cht
her
eader
’sat
tent
ion.

St
ori
eswi
l
lbegi
veni
nthenextsect
iont
oexempl
i
fyeachoft
heessaybegi
nni
ngs

descr
ibedabov
ewi
thdet
ail
edex
planat
ionsofhow eachi
sabl
etodr
aw t
he

r
eader
’sat
tent
ion.

TheMachet
e

Atei
ghto’
cl
ockt
hismor
ningt
her
ewasamachet
ely
ingont
hel
awn,
flati
nthemi
ddl
eofmyf
ront

y
ard.I
tgav
emeaj
olt
.It
’shar
dtodescr
ibet
hef
eel
i
ngofseei
ngamachet
ely
ingony
ourl
awn

wheny
ou’
repi
cki
ngupt
hemor
ningpaper
.Idon’
townamachet
e.I
t’
snotacommongar
dent
ool

ar
oundher
e.I
nmymi
ndamachet
eisaweaponoff
orei
gnguer
ri
ll
as.Rur
alt
err
ori
sts.Iassoci
ate

machet
eswi
tht
her
andom sl
aught
erofi
nnocentv
il
lager
s,t
hemassacr
eofpeasantf
armer
swho

backedt
hewr
ongpar
ty.

Wel
l
,Ipi
ckedi
tup–myhear
tbeat
ingf
ast
er–andhef
tedi
tinmyhand.Thebl
adewasheav
yand

shar
p;i
twasi
ngoodor
der
.Al
lthewhi
l
eIcoul
dn’
tbel
i
evei
twast
her
eImyy
ard,
inmyhand.Iwas

peer
ingar
oundt
oseei
fthemachet
e’sownerwasaboutt
oappearbutt
her
ewer
eonl
ytheusual

sl
eepyl
ooki
ngsubur
banhousescomi
ngt
oli
fe.Peopl
ewer
ebacki
ngcar
soutoft
hei
rdr
iveway
s

andl
eav
ingf
orwor
k;chi
l
drenwer
eset
ti
ngof
fforschool
;awomandownt
hest
reetwat
eredher

gar
den.I
namomentIbegant
ofeelsel
f-
consci
ousst
andi
ngt
her
einmysui
tandt
ie,al
lsetf
or

wor
k,wi
tht
her
oll
ednewspaperi
nonehandandamachet
eint
heot
her
.

Bel
l
evi
ewi
sanewsubur
b:Gi
l
li
anandImov
edher
esi
xmont
hsagobutwedon’
tknowany
oney
et.

Thesesandygr
avel
l
ypl
ainsont
heout
ski
rt
soft
heci
tywer
enev
ert
hickl
yveget
ated,andt
he

dev
eloper
sbul
l
dozedt
hoset
reesandbushes,mai
nlyspi
ndl
yacaci
as,whi
chhadper
sev
ered.The

r
esi
dent
sar
ejustst
art
ingt
oest
abl
i
sht
hei
rlawnsandgar
dens,buti
t’
sabat
tl
eint
hesand.

Ev
ery
thi
ngbl
owsaway
,andwheni
trai
nsy
ourt
opsoi
lwasheshal
faki
l
omet
redownt
her
oad.
WhatI
’
m say
ingi
sthati
t’
snott
ropi
calr
ainf
orestorany
thi
ng.A r
ake,aspadeandapai
rof

secat
eur
swi
l
lseey
out
hrough.Ther
eisnoneedf
orsl
ashi
ngandhacki
ng.

SoIwasst
andi
ngi
nthef
ronty
ardhol
dingt
hemachet
eandt
hinki
ngal
lsor
tsofi
magi
nat
ive

t
hings.How t
hemachet
ecamet
ogett
her
eint
hemi
ddl
eoft
heni
ght
,andsof
ort
h.I
t’
sal
ong

dr
ivet
owor
k,t
othebank,
andIknewt
hehi
ghwaywoul
dbej
ammedal
ready
,butnowI
’
dfoundt
he

machet
eandIcoul
dn’
tjustl
eav
e.

Mymi
ndwaswhi
rl
ing.Gi
l
li
anl
eftwor
kthr
eeweeksagoi
nhersev
ent
hmont
hofpr
egnancy
,and

shewoul
dbeathome,al
oneal
lday
.Itwasourf
ir
stbabyandshewasi
nast
atej
ustbei
ng

pr
egnantwi
thoutmement
ioni
ngt
hemachet
e.

Sowhosemachet
ewasi
t?Idi
dn’
tknowt
henei
ghbour
s,onl
ythatt
heot
hery
oungcoupl
eont
he

r
ightwor
kedl
onghour
sandt
hatt
hef
ell
owont
hel
eftkeptRot
twei
l
ers.Hi
swi
fewasFi
l
li
pinoand

st
ayedi
ndoor
sal
lthet
ime.Herf
acewaspeepi
ngt
hrought
hecur
tai
nsandl
ookedwi
stf
ul.We’
d

hear
dhi
m shout
ingatni
ght
.Myguesswast
hataRot
twei
l
erownerwasmor
eli
kel
ytoowna

machet
e,andt
ocar
efori
tsowel
l
.

Fr
om wher
eIwasst
andi
ngwi
tht
hemachet
eIl
i
nedupt
hef
rontdooroft
heRot
twei
l
err
esi
dence.

Ther
ewasonl
ythel
ow pal
i
ngf
encesepar
ati
ngus.Someonecoul
dhav
ethr
ownt
hemachet
e

f
rom t
hef
rontdoort
owher
eIst
oodi
ftheywant
ed,i
ftheywer
eimpel
l
edt
odot
hat
.Buti
twas

har
dtot
hinkofar
easonwhy
.

Icoul
dn’
tseemy
sel
fgoi
ng nextdoorpastal
ltheRot
twei
l
ersandaski
ng,“
Excuseme,di
dyou

l
eav
eyourmachet
einmyy
ard?Wheny
ouwer
etr
espassi
ngl
astni
ght
?”Byt
heni
twaswel
laf
ter

ei
ghtandmyonecl
eart
houghtwasnott
ofr
ight
enGi
l
li
anwi
thanyqui
rkness.Thi
ngswer
emaki
ng

herweepyandanxi
ousl
atel
y:al
lthosechi
l
drenonTVwi
thr
aredi
seases,t
hehol
eint
heozone

l
ayer
,fl
uor
idei
nthewat
er.Iwant
edt
okeepherser
ene.It
ookt
hemachet
ear
oundt
othebackof

t
hehouse.Ipushedi
thar
dint
oasandyf
lower
bedbyt
hecor
neroft
hegar
ageunt
ilonl
ythe

handl
est
uckup,
andt
hatwashi
ddenbyshadow.ThenIgoti
ntot
hecar
,dr
ovet
owor
kandf
orgot

abouti
t.

Butt
oni
ghtasIwasdr
ivi
nghomepastt
heHar
dwar
eBar
nIr
emember
edi
t.Thest
rangef
eel
i
ng

camebackandIspeededup.Theseni
ght
sthesunset
swel
lbef
oref
iveandourendoft
hest
reet
wasi
ndar
knesswhenIpul
l
edup.TheRot
twei
l
erhousewasdar
kandourhouset
oo.Il
eftt
he

headl
i
ght
sonandr
ant
othebackoft
hegar
age.

Ther
eissomet
hingmor
eal
armi
ngt
hant
hepr
esenceofamachet
e.Theabsenceofamachet
e.

I
nthest
ory“
TheMachet
e”t
heaut
hormanagedt
ocr
eat
eamov
ingst
orymer
ely

f
rom t
hei
nci
dentofpi
cki
ngamachet
e.Heachi
evest
hisbyf
ir
mlyest
abl
i
shi
ng

compl
i
cat
ionsassoci
atedwi
tht
hepr
esenceofamachet
einhi
syar
d.Thi
sisa

st
oryi
nwhi
cht
hewr
it
erst
rai
ghtawayl
aunchesi
ntot
hei
nci
dentar
oundwhi
ch

t
hest
oryi
scr
eat
ed.Weseet
hemai
nchar
act
er,whohappenst
obet
henar
rat
or

i
nvol
vedi
ntheact
ionofpi
cki
ngt
hemachet
e.

Undernor
malci
rcumst
ances,pi
cki
ng amachet
eshoul
d notbeacausef
or

concer
n.Thewr
it
ermakesi
tani
ssuebecauseofwhatheassoci
atesmachet
es

wi
th:t
err
ori
stsandt
heki
l
li
ngofi
nnocentpeopl
e.Hef
urt
hermakest
hest
ory

at
tract
ivebychoosi
ngwor
dst
hatcr
eat
eaf
ri
ght
eni
ngat
mospher
e.“
Itgav
emea

j
olt
.…….Iassoci
atemachet
eswi
tht
her
andom sl
aught
er….
.,t
hemassacr
eof
….”
.

Al
lthesewor
dscr
eat
efear
.Thi
scompl
i
cat
est
hei
nci
dentbecauset
hequest
ion

i
s,“
Ist
hist
her
easonwhyt
hismachet
ewasf
oundwher
eitwasi
nhi
syar
d?”Thi
s

quest
iont
hencr
eat
essuspenseandkeepst
her
eaderwant
ingt
ofi
ndoutmor
e

aboutwhatt
hewr
it
erl
aterdi
scov
eredaboutt
hemachet
e.

Such an i
ntr
oduct
ion i
sther
efor
erel
evantbecause i
tar
ouses t
he r
eader
’s

cur
iosi
ty.

Nar
rat
ionski
ll
s
Af
tercomi
ngupwi
thagoodi
ntr
oduct
ion,
thecandi
dat
eshoul
dnott
henspoi
lhi
s

wor
kthr
ough poor nar
rat
ion.A good composi
ti
on needs good nar
rat
ive

t
echni
ques.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
omai
ntai
nsuspenset
hroughoutone’
snar
rat
ion.The

momentt
hingsbecomeobv
ious,
thest
orybecomesi
nsi
pid.Agoodwayt
omake

t
hest
oryi
nter
est
ingi
stohav
esuddent
wist
sofev
ent
swhi
chcompl
i
cat
ewhat

wasal
mostbecomi
ngobv
ious.

I
nthest
oryof“
TheMachet
e”t
hewr
it
ergoesont
omai
ntai
nsuspenset
hroughout

t
hest
oryi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

- Peopl
ear
egoi
ngaboutt
hei
rnor
malbusi
nessoft
hedayandt
her
eisnosi
gn

ofany
bodycomi
ngt
ocl
aimt
hemachet
e

- Thewr
it
erandhi
swi
fear
enewi
nthear
eaandt
het
ypeofsoi
lshowspeopl
e

i
nthear
eahav
enousef
ort
ool
ssuchasmachet
es,whi
chst
rengt
henst
he

bel
i
eft
hati
thasbeenbr
oughtbyf
orei
gnguer
ri
ll
as.

- Hi
swi
fei
spr
egnantwi
tht
hei
rfi
rstbaby
,av
erydel
i
cat
est
atei
ndeed.Leav
ing

heral
onewhent
her
ewasi
mpendi
ngdangerwasacausef
orconcer
n.Tel
l
ing

heraboutt
hemachet
etoowasdanger
oust
oherheal
thi
nthatst
ate.Butt
he

wr
it
erhadt
odeci
def
astbecausehehast
odeal
orcont
endwi
tht
raf
fi
cjam on

t
hewayt
ohi
swor
kpl
ace,abank,whi
chi
sawor
kpl
acewher
epunct
ual
i
tyi
s

j
ustav
irt
ue.

- Thecondi
ti
oni
nwhi
cht
hewi
fei
sini
sfur
thercompl
i
cat
edbyt
hebehav
iour

shehasexudedofl
ate–weepi
ngov
erwhatsheseesonTV.

- Ther
eismor
ecur
iosi
tygener
atedwhent
hewr
it
erar
ri
veshomef
rom wor
k:

hi
shouseandt
hehousenextdoorar
eindar
kness.Thi
scompl
i
cat
esmat
ter
s
 wor
se!Butt
heni
t’
snot
hingcompar
edt
otheshockt
hatawai
tshi
m:t
he

machet
eismi
ssi
ngf
rom wher
ehehadhi
ddeni
t.Thest
oryendsi
nthi
s

dr
amat
icf
ashi
onwhi
chmakesi
tqui
teent
ert
aini
ng.

Not
ethati
nthi
sst
ory
,my
ster
yhasbeenest
abl
i
shedov
erani
ssuet
hatnor
mal
l
y

i
shar
mlessandaf
ri
ght
eni
ngat
mospher
eiscr
eat
edwhi
chi
smai
ntai
nedunt
ilt
he

end.Themy
ster
yisal
somai
ntai
nedunt
ilt
heend.

Thewr
it
erhasal
sobeenabl
etocommuni
cat
eot
hert
opi
cali
ssuesi
nli
fei
n

descr
ibi
ng t
he compl
i
cat
ions t
he wr
it
erwas f
aci
ng wi
tht
he pi
cki
ng oft
he

machet
e.Thesear
etr
aff
icj
am,t
hedepl
eti
onoft
heozonel
ayer
,occur
anceof

r
aredi
seasesi
nchi
l
dren,
fluor
idei
nwat
erandev
enpol
i
tical
viol
ence.

Doi
ngt
hisi
sver
yimpor
tantbecauset
het
opi
csgi
venal
way
shav
econnot
ati
ons

ofsomet
hingt
opi
cal
towr
it
eaboutev
ery
dayoccur
ances.

Thenextst
ory
,“TheTal
i
sman”i
sast
oryt
hatbegi
nswi
thacombi
nat
ionofbot
h

anexcl
amat
oryst
atementandf
lashback.Readt
hei
ntr
oduct
ioncar
eful
l
yand

not
ehowt
hef
ir
stst
atementi
nquot
ati
onmar
ks,“
Ihat
ehi
m!”cr
eat
essuspense.

Thepr
onoun‘
hi
m’i
sref
erencet
osomeonenoty
etknown.I
tleav
est
her
eader

wi
thquest
ionsonwhot
hisi
sandwhyt
henar
rat
orhat
edhi
m.Whatf
oll
owsaf
ter

t
his st
atementi
s a descr
ipt
ion t
hatcr
eat
es an at
mospher
e ofhat
red and

bi
tt
erness.

Theaut
hort
henl
eadsusi
ntohi
sst
oryt
hroughf
lashbackwhi
chi
sindi
cat
ed

t
hrought
hest
atement
,“Ony
angor
ecal
l
edt
heev
ent
soft
hepastt
went
y-f
our

hour
s.”Al
readywear
esur
etheseev
ent
sar
ether
easonf
orhi
sbi
tt
ernessandwe
ar
ekeent
ofi
ndoutwhatr
eal
l
ytr
anspi
red.

Al
thought
hisi
sanar
rat
ivest
ory
,thewr
it
ermakesi
tint
erest
ingt
hrought
heuse

ofv
ivi
ddescr
ipt
ionsofwhati
sbei
ngt
alkedabout
.Al
lthedescr
ipt
ionoft
he

t
ali
smanandOny
ango’
sfeel
i
ngsandat
ti
tudet
owar
dsi
trender
sitav
erypr
eci
ous

assett
ohi
m.Thi
siswhatcompl
i
cat
est
hemat
ter
.Pl
easenot
eher
ethatby

compl
i
cat
ingt
hei
ssuewear
enotr
efer
ri
ngt
o asi
tuat
ionofmaki
ngt
hings

di
ff
icul
t.Rat
her
,iti
sawayofmaki
ngt
hei
ssuegener
atemor
eissuesf
rom i
t.I
n

t
hiscasei
tmakest
hesi
tuat
ionr
eal
l
ybadwhenhi
schar
misdi
scov
ered.An

embar
rassi
ngat
mospher
eiscr
eat
edwhi
chi
sther
easonf
orhi
sbi
tt
erness.

Thest
oryt
henendsi
nsuspensewhent
hewr
it
ert
akesusbackt
owher
ehe

st
art
edwi
thusi
nthei
ntr
oduct
ion,Ony
angowal
ki
ngt
otowni
nhi
sbi
tt
ermood,

butwi
thhopesofabr
ight
erf
utur
ewher
ehewasgoi
ng.

TheTal
i
sman

“
Ihat
ehi
m!”t
houghtOny
ango,
“Ihat
ehi
m.”Feel
i
ngsofhat
redst
ayedwi
thhi
m as

hi
sfoot
stepsechoedont
hest
onecobbl
esst
il
ldampf
rom t
hemor
ningdew.

Ev
ent
hebi
rdsi
nthej
acar
andat
reesseemedt
osensehi
shat
east
heyshr
ieked

t
hei
rmor
ningsong,
asi
ftheyt
oower
elaughi
ngmi
schi
evousl
yatt
hebi
tt
ernessi
n

Ony
ango’
shear
t.I
mpul
siv
ely
,wi
thoutt
hinki
ng,hepi
ckedast
oneandt
hrew i
t

v
iol
ent
lyi
ntot
hef
oli
age.Thebi
rdsr
osei
ntot
heai
rscr
eami
ngandsquawki
ng.

Suddenl
y,t
her
ewassi
l
enceandf
ort
hehundr
edt
hti
meOny
angor
ecal
l
edt
he

ev
ent
soft
hepastt
went
y-f
ourhour
s.

I
thadal
lst
art
edy
est
erdaymor
ning,t
hatv
italmor
ningwhenhehaddeci
dedt
o

t
aket
het
ali
smant
oschool
.Af
terbr
eakf
asthehadst
olensur
rept
it
iousl
ytohi
s
bedr
oom andf
rom beneat
hthef
adedbl
ankethehadt
akenhi
smostt
reasur
ed

possessi
on.I
twasacur
iousobj
ectconsi
sti
ngofamonkey
’st
ailpi
ercedatt
he

endbyamet
alr
ingf
rom whi
chwassuspendedasmal
lcl
umpofbl
uef
ear
ther
s.

Gl
anci
ngqui
ckl
yatt
hedoor
,hehadst
uff
edt
heodd-
looki
ngchar
minsi
dehi
sshi
rt

andsetof
fforschool
.Hewascheer
fulev
ent
houghi
twasexami
nat
ionday
,for

hadnott
hischar
m succeededi
nthepast
?Het
houghtgr
atef
ull
yoft
hepoweri
n

t
hewar
ntai
lwi
thi
tsr
aggedbl
uef
eat
her
sandhepat
tedi
tagai
nsthi
sshi
rtt
o

r
eassur
ehi
msel
f.Hesmi
l
edhappi
l
yashewal
kedt
oschool
;hewassur
eof

success.

Ony
angomov
edconf
ident
lyt
ohi
spl
acei
ntheschool
room,not
ingt
hener
vous

st
rai
nedf
acesofhi
sfr
iendsast
heysatupr
ighti
nthei
rwoodendesks.

“
Oh ho – what
’st
hat y
ou’
ve got t
her
e?” Mr Chacha’
svoi
ce boomed

char
act
eri
sti
cal
l
ythr
ough t
he r
oom and Ony
ango,hor
ri
fi
ed,gl
anced att
he

suspi
ciousbul
gei
nhi
sshi
rtandnot
icedat
inybl
uef
eat
herwhi
chpr
otr
udedf
rom

i
t.

“
You know per
fect
ly wel
lthatnot
hing i
s al
l
owed t
o be br
oughti
ntot
he

exami
nat
ionr
oom.
”Andwi
thaqui
ckmov
ement
,themast
erhadwi
thdr
awnt
he

pr
eci
ouschar
m.Thecl
asshadl
aughedcr
uel
l
yandOny
angol
ookeddownatt
he

f
loori
nembar
rassment
.Howcoul
dtheyunder
stand?MrChachahadspokent
o

hi
m sev
erel
yforhi
schi
l
dishsuper
sti
ti
onandt
hecl
asshadenj
oyedOny
ango’
s

humi
l
iat
ion.

Ony
ango knew he had behav
ed badl
yas he scr
ibbl
ed f
uri
ousl
ydur
ing t
he

exami
nat
ionandaf
ter
war
dsheav
oidedhi
scl
assmat
esandr
anhomet
obur
yhi
s

headi
nhi
spi
l
low.Fornear
lyanhourheweptuncont
rol
l
abl
y.
Hehadmadehi
sdeci
sionl
atert
hatev
eni
ng;
not
hingmat
ter
ednow:school
,home,

exami
nat
ions.The t
ali
sman was gone and not
hing was l
eft except hi
s

ov
erpower
inghat
eoft
heschool
mast
er.Memor
iesoft
heschool
room,l
oudwi
th

scor
nfull
aught
er,st
rengt
henedhi
sdet
ermi
nat
iont
oleav
eandhesl
i
ppedout

qui
ckl
yandqui
etl
yint
hedampdawn.Onl
yint
hebi
gci
tycoul
dhel
osehi
msel
f

andt
hememor
yoft
hatbi
tt
ermor
ning.Now i
nfacthef
eltt
ri
umphantal
though

t
he enor
mit
y oft
he deci
sion coul
d notbe f
orgot
ten ent
ir
ely
.He wal
ked

t
ownwar
ds,
kicki
ngupl
i
ttl
ecl
oudsofdustwi
thhi
sbar
etoes.

Ther
eissomet
hingi
mpor
tantt
onot
eint
het
wost
ori
essof
arl
ookedat
,the

posi
ti
onoft
hei
nci
dentar
oundwhi
cht
hest
oryi
sbui
l
t.I
nthest
ory“
TheMachet
e”

t
hei
nci
dentofpi
cki
ngt
hemachet
ecomesr
ightatt
hebegi
nni
ng.I
nthest
ory

“
TheTal
i
sman”t
hei
nci
dentcomesr
ighti
nthemi
ddl
ewhenMrChachadi
scov
ers

t
hechar
m andundr
esses(
embar
rasses)Ony
angoi
nfr
ontofhi
scl
assmat
es.I
n

somest
ori
es,i
tcomesr
ightatt
heendast
henextst
orywi
l
lshow.Thi
sisan

i
mpor
tantt
echni
queneededbyanyst
oryt
ell
ert
omaket
hest
oryi
nter
est
ing.

Task

Thi
nkofat
opi
cofy
ourown.Thi
nkofani
nci
dentar
oundwhi
chy
ourst
orycanbe

bui
l
t.Thenwr
it
ethesamest
oryt
hreet
imesbutmaki
ngsur
ethatt
hei
nci
denti
s

pl
acedi
ndi
ff
erentposi
ti
onsi
nyourst
ory
.Int
hef
ir
st,y
ouri
nci
dentshoul
dbeat

t
hebegi
nni
ng,i
nthesecond,i
tshoul
dbei
nthemi
ddl
eandt
heni
nthel
ast
,it

shoul
dbeatt
heend.

Nowwhi
chst
orydi
dyouf
indt
obewr
it
teni
nthemosti
nter
est
ingway
?Inmost
casest
hati
saconsi
der
ati
ony
ouhav
etomakewheny
ougetat
opi
c.Thi
nkof

howbestt
opr
esenty
ourst
ory
.

I
tisal
way
simpor
tantt
omai
ntai
nsomedegr
eeofhumouri
nthest
ory
.

Mostcandi
dat
espr
eferani
ntr
oduct
ioni
nwhi
cht
heydescr
ibet
heweat
herand

t
heset
ti
ngmay
bet
ocr
eat
eat
mospher
e,butnor
mal
l
ythi
sisnotdonecor
rect
ly.I
t

i
spoi
ntl
esst
owr
it
esomet
hingl
i
ke,“
Thewi
ndwasbl
owi
ngf
rom nor
tht
osout
h

andt
hecumul
oni
mbuscl
oudswer
edr
if
ti
ng….
”whent
hest
oryhasnot
hingt
odo

wi
tht
hisweat
herpat
ter
n.Wi
ndal
way
sbl
owsandi
fther
eisnot
hingi
nthest
ory

t
hatt
hewi
ndyweat
hercont
ri
but
es,i
tisi
rr
elev
antt
otal
kaboutt
hati
nthe

i
ntr
oduct
ion.

Not
ethati
ncl
assi
calEngl
i
shst
ori
es,seasons,weat
herpat
ter
nsandcol
our
s

nor
mal
l
ywor
kasconv
ent
ionalsy
mbol
s.Fori
nst
ance,v
iol
entweat
hersuchas

st
ormsar
esy
mbol
i
cofat
urbul
entordi
stur
bedl
i
feoft
hemai
nchar
act
er;t
he

wi
nterseasoni
snor
mal
l
ynotagoodseasonf
orweddi
ngsbecausecol
dweat
her

i
ssy
mbol
i
cofcol
dfeel
i
ngs,
theper
fectseasonf
orweddi
ngsi
sspr
ingwhent
rees

ar
egr
owi
ngnew l
eav
esandf
lower
sar
ebl
ossomi
ng,t
hei
rcol
our
sbl
endi
ngwel
l

wi
thweddi
ngcol
our
sandt
hewar
mthofspr
ingsy
mbol
i
singwar
mfeel
i
ngs.Fi
nd

outmor
eaboutsy
mbol
i
cmeani
ngoft
heset
ti
ngsot
hatwhenev
ery
oudescr
ibe

t
heset
ti
ng,
iti
srel
evantt
othest
ory
.

I
nthenextst
ory
,anat
tempti
smadet
ocomeupwi
thani
ntr
oduct
ioni
nwhi
cht
he

set
ti
ngi
sdescr
ibedt
ocr
eat
eat
mospher
e.St
udyi
tcar
eful
l
yandnot
icehowi
tis

r
elev
antt
othest
ory
.

Ast
oryi
nwhi
chcommuni
cat
ionbr
eakdowncausedpr
obl
ems
Thesunshonel
i
keGodhadcr
eat
edanewsunt
hatspr
ingmor
ning,
thespar
kli
ng

r
aysput
ti
ngadazzl
i
ngt
ouchwher
evert
heyr
eached.Thecl
earbl
ueskybl
ended

wel
lwi
tht
her
ichj
acar
andaandbougai
nvi
l
leat
hatl
i
nedt
hest
reet
stot
hecent
ral

cat
hedr
alhal
l
.Thei
nvi
tat
ioncar
dshadspeci
fi
edbl
ueandpur
pleast
hecol
our
s

f
ort
heoccasi
on,henceal
lthest
reet
swer
efi
l
ledwi
thbl
ueandpur
pleandaf
ew

shadesofot
hercol
our
s.Ont
hatday
,al
lroadsl
edt
othecent
ralcat
hedr
alhal
lfor

t
heweddi
ngoft
hecent
uryandev
ery
thi
ngcamet
oli
fei
nthi
snor
mal
l
ysl
eepy

f
armi
ngt
own.

At
tendancet
otheweddi
ngwasnotst
ri
ctl
ybyi
nvi
tebecauseher
ewasachance

f
ort
wocel
ebr
it
iesf
rom t
hissmal
ltownt
opl
oughbackt
othecommuni
tyt
hat

hadnur
tur
edt
hem.Ther
efor
e,peopl
efr
om f
arandwi
de,f
rom al
lwal
ksofl
i
fe

camet
owi
tnesst
hei
riconsbei
ngj
oinedi
nhol
ymat
ri
mony
.Indeed,ev
ent
he

di
sabl
edf
eltabl
eandmadet
hei
rwayt
othev
enue.Foodanddr
inkaboundand

guest
swer
edi
rect
edt
osomesel
fser
viceshedsonar
ri
valwher
etheydi
shed

t
hei
rpl
atest
othei
rhear
ts’
cont
ent
ment
.

Thencamet
hemomentwhent
heweddi
ngpar
ti
eswer
emaki
ngt
hei
rwayt
othe

v
enue.Al
lot
herbusi
nesswassuddenl
ybr
oughtt
oahal
tast
heconv
oyofposh

car
spai
ntedt
hest
reet
swi
thbal
l
oonsofv
ari
ouscol
our
s,t
hesoundoft
hei
r

cy
renesr
ent
ingt
heai
r.I
twasamar
velt
owat
chandnobodyev
erexpect
edt
he

dr
amat
hatawai
tedt
hem att
hef
unct
ion.

Thebr
idewasl
eddownt
heai
slebyherf
atherwhowasgoi
ngt
ohandherov
ert
o

herhusband,andt
hegr
oom wal
keddownt
heai
sleaccompani
edbyhi
sbr
other
.

Al
lther
out
ineweddi
ng pr
otocol
swer
econduct
ed.Then camet
hemoment

ev
ery
onewaswai
ti
ng f
or.Themi
nist
erofr
eli
gionwho wasconduct
ing t
he
weddi
ng made t
he cust
omar
y announcement
,“We hav
e made t
his

announcementf
ort
hepastf
ourweeksandwewi
l
lmakei
tagai
nnowf
ort
hel
ast

t
imeasr
equi
redbyl
aw.I
fther
eisany
onewhohasgoodr
easonwhyt
heset
wo

shoul
dnotbej
oinedt
oget
heri
nhol
ymat
ri
mony
,lethi
m orhersayi
tnow,
ori
fnot
,

heorsheshoul
dnev
eropenhermout
htosayi
tagai
n.”

Theannouncementwasmadet
hreet
imesasr
equi
redbycust
om.Thenaf
tert
he

t
hir
dti
meandast
hemi
nist
erwasaboutt
opr
oceed,
ayoungandgor
geousy
oung

gi
rlst
eppedi
ntot
heai
slef
rom agr
oupt
hatwasst
andi
ngi
nthedoor
way
.Ther
e

wasdeaf
eni
ngsi
l
ence.Onl
ythesoundofherst
il
ett
oshoescoul
dbehear
dasal
l

ey
est
urnedi
ndi
sbel
i
ef.Whenshewasmi
dwayt
hrought
heai
sle,t
hebr
ide

col
l
apsedandf
aint
ed.Heraunt
sandot
herf
emal
erel
ati
vesst
rai
ghtawaymade

f
ort
hegr
oom andst
art
edassaul
ti
nghi
m wi
thst
il
ett
oshoesandanyot
hert
hings

t
heycoul
dlayt
hei
rhandson,al
lthewhi
l
eshout
ingwhyhehaddeci
dedt
o

humi
l
iat
ethem.

Nott
obeout
done,t
hef
emal
erel
ati
vesoft
hegr
oom madest
rai
ghtt
othegi
rl

whobynowwasseat
edsomewher
eneart
hef
rontr
owandst
art
edassaul
ti
ngher
.

Shel
ookedconf
usedbutpeopl
egav
eheragoodhi
ding.Ther
ewascommot
ion

wi
thpeopl
etr
yingt
orest
rai
not
her
sandmor
efi
ght
sensui
ngf
rom t
her
esul
tant

pushi
ngandshov
ing.Thescener
esembl
edamusi
cconcer
twher
epat
ronshav
e

becomedi
sgr
unt
ledandt
henv
entt
hei
rangeront
heband.Butev
ent
ual
l
y,cal
m

wasr
est
ored.

Whenev
ery
thi
ngwasbr
oughtt
onor
mal
,itwasdi
scov
eredt
hatt
hegi
rlwasa

deaf
-mut
ewhohadonl
ywant
edt
ofi
ndaseati
nthef
rontr
owandhermov
ement

hadnot
hingt
odowi
tht
hewor
dsoft
hemi
nist
er.
I
ntheabov
est
ory
,thewhol
efr
acasofbeat
ingupt
hegi
rlf
ormst
hei
nci
dent
,but

whatcomesr
ightatt
heendi
stheexpl
anat
ionofwhyt
hishappened.Thi
s

expl
anat
ionact
ual
l
yaddr
essest
her
equi
rement
soft
het
opi
c;t
hatev
ery
thi
ng

happenedbecauseofcommuni
cat
ionbr
eakdown.

Pl
easenot
ethatImaynothav
eusedt
hecor
rectt
erm wher
eIwassay
ing

i
nci
dentbutIt
hink my expl
anat
ion wi
l
lusef
ul.Ial
way
s use t
his met
hod

successf
ull
y.Thei
mpor
tantt
hingi
stosi
mpl
i
fyy
ourexpl
anat
iont
othel
ear
ner
s

sot
hatt
heyknow whatt
heyar
esupposedt
odo.Tel
lthem al
otofst
ori
esas

exampl
es.Ref
ert
hosewhowat
chAf
ri
canmov
iest
othoseNi
ger
ianmov
iesbut

st
rongl
yadv
iset
hem t
o desi
stf
rom copy
ing st
ori
es.Theyshoul
d copyt
he

t
echni
que.

Whenl
ear
ner
shav
emast
eredt
hear
tofcr
eat
ingagoodst
ory
,thenextt
hingf
or

t
hem i
stobeabl
etoexpr
esst
hei
rthought
singr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rectsent
ences.

Emphasi
s her
eis on cor
rectgr
ammarmor
ethan any
thi
ng el
se.Ther
efor
e

t
eacher
sshoul
densur
ethati
naddi
ti
ont
oteachi
ngl
ear
ner
showt
ocr
eat
eagood

st
ory
,theyshoul
dal
sodev
elopl
anguageusi
ngav
ari
etyofmet
hods.