Kivy Bullet Points:

- the world that Haydn was thinking of is small. often times as classical musicians we think of
western classical music as everything there is and do not consider the connection to other
types of music.

- pg 217, paragraph 1. Kivy talks about how music can be language-like but isnt necessarily
music like because it can be understood across di erent language barriers but not
necessarily cultural barriers. I might argue that music as a language could be thought of as a
broader language that isn’t restricted by geopolitical or language barriers or even subcultural
barriers but rather larger cultures. (for example you have the language of western classical
music and then you have the language of eastern asian music).

- music is just sounds if there is no communication between the composer to the musicians to
the audience. there is a di erence between enjoy the sounds and understanding the music.
if looking at art on a wall, there is a di erence between understanding the meaning of the art
work and enjoying it for wall decor. not to say one is better or worse than the other but there
is a distinction between simply enjoying how piece of music goes and actually
understanding the music.

- pg 223 “Haydn can be seen to be demonstrating a very fundamental but di cult truth:
opposition is inevitable, and the highest form of unity is not the one which eliminates
con ict.” Is it possible for the composer to NOT have any higher meaning and simply wanted
to write something “pretty” in contrast to my statement above? Or is even just that already
enough of a high meaning?

- Music can be understood at di erent levels overall: self-conscious, conscious, or sub-

conscious, and can be understood by di erent levels of audience members. Thus, the same
piece of music can evoke very di erent emotions. In some ways, a work of literature, which
uses language, can be compared but language itself does not do this. So Music is language-
like but in many ways on a deeper, cognitive level it is goes further than language.

Jackendo Bulet Points:

- pg. 195“every normal individual has knowledge of language and music.” Is language innate
in every human being or is it a social construct? Is music innate in every human being or is it
a social construct? That said, if both answers are the same, is every human capable of being
a uent musician?

- pg. 196 “Langue and music both involve sound production….for language also exists in the
signed modality and music does not).” How much of the parallels between music and
language can then be transferred between the parallels between music and visual arts and
then by association, the parallels between visual arts (no sound production) and language?

- pg 198 “Unlike any other cognitive capacities, both language and music involve a sequence
of digitized sounds: speech sounds in language, tones or pitch events in music.” There are
certain rules, patterns, and order that these events must happen in both language and music
in order for it to make sense. There are also rules: grammar and theory that must be
followed. Thus there can also be objectively good language and good music and objectively
bad language and bad music.

- pg 199 Rhythm and meter has more importance in poetry than other regular language. But
even still, the certain stresses of syllables is still present in normal conversation and there are
certain ways to speak that makes it easier to understand what the speaker is trying to
communicate.

- Pitch is utilized very di erently in language and music, but the importance of pitch is also
vastly di erent across di erent languages. For example, pitch and tone can dramatically
alter the meaning of a word in Mandarin like how in music a di erent pitch can dramatically
alter the meaning of a chord.
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