This document summarizes the main tissue types found in the human body, focusing on epithelial tissue. It describes the four main classifications of epithelial tissue - simple, stratified, glandular and transitional epithelium - and provides examples of each type. Key functions and locations of different simple epithelial tissues are outlined, including simple squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands are also briefly discussed.
This document summarizes the main tissue types found in the human body, focusing on epithelial tissue. It describes the four main classifications of epithelial tissue - simple, stratified, glandular and transitional epithelium - and provides examples of each type. Key functions and locations of different simple epithelial tissues are outlined, including simple squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands are also briefly discussed.
This document summarizes the main tissue types found in the human body, focusing on epithelial tissue. It describes the four main classifications of epithelial tissue - simple, stratified, glandular and transitional epithelium - and provides examples of each type. Key functions and locations of different simple epithelial tissues are outlined, including simple squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands are also briefly discussed.
2021 Main tissue types 1- EPITHELIAL TISSUE 2- CONNECTIVE TISSUE 3- MUSCLE TISSUE 4- NERVOUS TISSUE Tissues join together in different arrangements to form our body organs. Organs work together in systems. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue • It is composed of densely packed epithelial cells with only a little extracellular matrix (ECM). Location: • It cover external surfaces (skin) • line the inside of hollow organs (intestine) • Form glands.
Glands Intestine wall
Classifications • Based on morphology: 1- squamous (flat), vepithelial tissue types : 2- cuboid (cube). A- Simple 3- columnar (rectangular). B- Pseudostratified Based on the number of layers: C- Stratified 1- simple (single layered). B- transitional 2- stratified (multi-layered). Simple epithelium • It has only one cell layer where every cell is in direct contact with the underlying basement membrane. • Location: lining of the body cavities, blood and lymph vessels, heart and respiratory system. • Function: absorption and filtration Types of simple epithelium 1- Simple squamous • a single layer of thin flattened cells through which molecules can easily pass (diffusion, filtration). • Simple squamous epithelium can be found: alveoli of the lungs 1- lining capillaries (endothelium). 2- alveoli of the lungs. 3- glomeruli (capillaries) of the kidneys . 4- heart (endocardium). 5- serous membrane(mesothelium). 2- Simple cuboidal
• a single layer of cube-shaped cells.
• nucleus is large, round and centrally located. • the cytoplasm is rich with organelles. • Function: secretory, absorptive, or excretory functions • Examples: ducts of: 1- salivary glands. 2- liver, pancreas and other exocrine glands. 3- covers the surface of the ovaries. Ducts of salivary glands 3- Simple columnar • a single layer of column shaped cells. • The ovoid nuclei are usually placed towards basal surface. • thickness and organelle rich cytoplasm. • These cells may have apical projections, such as microvilli or cilia which enhance its absorptive function or offer motility. • Function: protection, secretion, absorption and excretion. • Examples: in the walls of the stomach, small intestine & gallbladder. 4- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (PSE) • it is a type of simple columnar epithelium. • It is termed “pseudo” because, although single, it appears to have multiple layers. • a sheet of cells with different heights and irregularly located nuclei. • Examples: 1- ciliated PSE (upper respiratory tracts, uterine tubes) 2- Non-ciliated PSE (prostate) Stratified epithelium • It consists of two or more cell layers. • Based on the shape of their most apical cell layer, they are further classified into squamous, cuboidal and columnar. • two types of specialized stratified epithelium: keratinized and transitional. Stratified squamous epithelium • multiple layers of flat squamous epithelia which provide protection against abrasion and water loss. vdivided into two types : A- non-keratinized: It lines the oral cavity, oesophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal and outer layer of the cornea. vagina Stratified squamous epithelium B- Keratinized epithelium • is a specialized stratified squamous epithelium. • the most apical (superficial) cells are dead and cyclically desquamate. • The cells lose their nucleus and cytoplasm, epidermis and instead contain a tough protein called keratin. • Examples: epidermis of the skin. skin Stratified cuboidal epithelium functions as a protective tissue layer. vIt protect areas such as the ducts of: • sweat glands. • mammary glands. • circumanal glands. • salivary glands. Stratified columnar epithelium • less common than the other stratified types. • It has the secretion and protective functions of all columnar epithelia. • Examples: 1- covering the conjunctiva of the eye. 2- parts of the pharynx, anus, the uterus, male urethra and vas deferens. Special Stratified columnar epithelium • A special type of this epithelium forms sensory epithelium. • the columnar cells have various apical specializations modified to detect the various types of stimuli received by human sensory organs. • Examples: 1- The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigmented cells situated between the neuroretina and the choroids. 2- The organ of Corti is a specialized sensory epithelium that allows for the transduction of sound vibrations into neural signals. Transitional epithelium • It is a type of stratified epithelium found in organs able to distend. • It is called transitional as its superficial cells can change their shape when the organ stretches (for example, from cuboidal to squamous). • Examples : 1- some parts of the urinary tract. 2- renal calyces (chambers in kidney through which urine pass). 3- ureters 4- urinary bladder Glandular epithelium It is a group of tissues, other than the covering and lining epithelium, • Function: specialized for the production and secretion of various macromolecules. • the glandular epithelium is also called the secretory epithelium. • Examples: 1- goblet cells in the intestinal epithelium) 2- glandular organs (e.g., thyroid gland) Glandular epithelium Glands are classified in two ways; • Based on where and how they release their product into endocrine and exocrine glands • Based on the number of comprising cells – into unicellular and multicellular glands Exocrine glands Exocrine glands excrete their products onto goblet cells the external body surface or into internal organs’ cavities. • Unicellular exocrine glands are dispersed within the covering epithelia, such as goblet cells found in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestine. • Multicellular exocrine glands consist of two parts; A- a secretory unit which secretes the product. B- an excretory duct which conveys the product out of the gland. Exocrine glands • By the structure of their excretory duct, multicellular glands classify as : 1- Simple glands have an unbranched secretory duct which may have different shapes (tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, alveolar and branched alveolar). 2- Compound glands have a branching excretory duct. Based on the structure of their secretory units, they are further divided into tubular, acinar and tubuloacinar. Exocrine glands • Multicellular glands can also be classified by the mode of their secretion into: 1- merocrine (excretion via exocytosis). Ex: sweat & salivary glands 2- holocrine (excretion by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen). Ex: sebaceous glands of the skin 3- apocrine (excretion by detaching the apical membrane). Ex: mammary gland (breast milk), ear forming earwax. Endocrine glands • They do not have excretory ducts. • their product known as hormone, diffuses into capillaries and travels through the bloodstream to reach its target organ/s and modify their functions. • There is no uniform structure applied to all endocrine cells. Endocrine epithelial cells can be organized in three ways: 1- Forming parenchyma of endocrine glands (e.g. pineal gland, suprarenal gland) Endocrine glands 2- Incorporated in organs whose primary function is other than endocrine (Leydig cells of the testes) 3- Dispersed within other epithelial cells, being specifically connected to autonomic neurons (diffuse neuroendocrine system - DNES) Ex: islets of Langerhans in the pancreas vthey are classified by the nature of their secretion into • cells that produce proteins. • cells that produce lipids (steroids).