PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY – URDANETA CAMPUS

Module in CE 211-ENGINEERING SURVEYS Module No. 15

TOPIC OUTLINE b. A graduated rod called a

stadia rod or stadia
board.
A. Determination of Stadia
Constant and Stadia
HORIZONTAL SIGHTS
Interval factor
B. Horizontal stadia sight
C. Inclined stadia sight The principle of the
stadia method is based in the
LEARNING OBJECTIVES figure below, wherein the line
of sight of the telescope is
horizontal and the rod is
1. To be able to explain the vertical. For the notations:
principles of Stadia
2. Apply Stadia concepts in i = spacing between stadia hairs
problems involving
Horizontal sights c = distance between from the
3. Apply Stadia concepts in instrument center to the
problems involving objective lens center
inclined sights f = focal length (objective lens
to focal point)
d = distance from the focal
OVERVIEW
point F to the face of the rod
C = (f + c) = stadia constant
 For internal focusing
Stadia Survey is a tacheometric telescope, C = 0.0
form of distance measurement
that relies on a fixed angle  For external focusing
intercept. telescope, C = 0.3m
D = (C + d) = distance from the
Tacheometry is the procedure instrument center to the face
which horizontal distances and of the rod
differences in elevations are
determined indirectly using S = stadia intercept of the
subtended intervals and angles interval
observed with a transit or
theodolite on a graduated rod
or scale.

The equipment for stadia

measurement consists of:

a. A telescope with two

horizontal cross hairs,
called upper and lower
cross hairs, and

1
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY – URDANETA CAMPUS
Module in CE 211-ENGINEERING SURVEYS Module No. 15

Considering the figure, by By Ratio and Proportion:

similar triangles:
f d
f d =
i S Cos∅
- = -
i S f
𝐝 = S Cos∅
i
The horizontal distance d, from
the focal point to the rod is:
H = (f + c + d)𝐶𝑜𝑠∅

d = f/i(S) but K = f/i f

𝐇 = S 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅ + (f + c)𝐶𝑜𝑠∅
i
therefore,
𝐇 = K S 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 ∅ + C C𝑜𝑠∅
d = K S,

where K is the stadia interval V = (f + c + d)𝑆𝑖𝑛∅

factor (usually equal to 100
for most instruments) f
𝐕 = S Cos∅ + (f + c) 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅
i
The horizontal distance D, from
instrument centre to rod is:
f 𝑆𝑖𝑛2∅
𝐕 = S + (f + c) 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅
i 2
D = KS + (f + c)
D = KS + C
𝑆𝑖𝑛2∅
𝐕 = KS + 𝐶 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅
2

INCLINED SIGHTS

ERRORS IN
STADIA SURVEYING

1. Stadia interval factor not

that assumed.
2. Rod not of standard length
3. Incorrect stadia interval.
4. Rod not held plumb
5. Unequal refraction

REQUISITES FOR A GOOD

TRANSIT USE FOR STADIA
This figure has an example of SURVEYING
inclined stadia sight,
 The telescope be of
excellent quality, with
good illumination

2
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY – URDANETA CAMPUS
Module in CE 211-ENGINEERING SURVEYS Module No. 15

 The magnifying power

should be about 25 to 30.
 The stadia hairs should be
fixed and should be set
accurately so that f/i =
100.
 The transit should have a
good compass needle.
 The transit should have a
complete vertical circle.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

PROBLEM 01:
A transit with a stadia
constant equal to 0.30m is used Prepared by:
to determine the horizontal
distance bet. Points B and C,
with stadia intercept reading ENGR. JEDRIC HIÑOLA
Faculty, Civil Engineering
of 1.85m. The distance BC is
Department
equal to 182.87m. College of Engineering and
Architecture
a) Compute the stadia interval
factor of the instrument

b) Using the same instrument,

it was used to determine the
difference in elevation between
B and D having stadia intercept
reading of 2.42m at D at a
vertical angle of +6o30’.
Compute the difference in
elevation of B and D.

c) Compute the horizontal

distance between B and D.