ENERGY METABOLISM- PART 1

1. Although organisms are highly ordered systems that may appear to contradict the second law of
thermodynamics, they don’t actually violate this law. Which of the following statements provides the
best explanation for why living organisms do not violate the second law of thermodynamics?
A. All processes carried out in a cell result in the release of heat into the environment, which increases
the total amount of energy in the universe.
B. The amount of energy in the universe remains the same when chemical energy is converted to kinetic
energy in a cell.
C. Order is maintained by the biological processes that occur in an organism, and these processes
decrease the total amount of entropy in the universe.
D. Organisms require a constant input of energy to maintain order, and some of this energy is
released into the environment as heat.
2. Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is most accurate?
A. The Krebs cycle occurs as part of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
B. Oxygen and water are produced in the Krebs cycle.
C. The Krebs cycle is the first step in cellular respiration.
D. Not all living things engage in the Krebs cycle.
3. In what part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place? – mitochondria
4. After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and a molecule that
contains 2 of the 3 carbons from the pyruvate.Which product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Krebs
cycle?- Acetyl-CoA
5. In the absence of oxygen, some organisms produce ethanol (alcohol) and ATP from pyruvate and
NADH. What is the name of this anaerobic pathway?- Alcohol fermentation
6. When do organisms use anaerobic pathways to generate energy? - When there is not enough
oxygen available to undergo aerobic cellular respiration
7. Gwen is investigating how exercise affects the rate at which she can squeeze a ball. After several
minutes, she begins to experience muscle soreness and fatigue. She knows that this means her
muscles are beginning to run out of oxygen. Which process is likely causing the soreness in her
muscle cells?- Lactic acid fermentation
8. How do lactic acid and alcohol fermentation differ? - Lactic acid fermentation can occur in large
muscles in the human body, while alcohol fermentation occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
9. Chemiosmosis is a part of oxidative phosphorylation, the final step in cellular respiration.Which of
the following is true regarding chemiosmosis?- The energy from a proton gradient is used to
make ATP.
10. NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, the final step
of cellular respiration. Which of the following is true of electron carriers NADH and FADH2?- All of
the electrons that enter the transport chain (ETC) come from NADH and FADH2 molecules
which are produced during earlier phases of cellular respiration.