Vibrio

Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative

bacteria, possessing a curved-rod
(comma) shape,[1][2][3] several species of
which can cause foodborne infection,
usually associated with eating
undercooked seafood. Typically found in
salt water, Vibrio species are facultative
anaerobes that test positive for oxidase
and do not form spores.[4] All members of
the genus are motile and have polar
flagella with sheaths. Vibrio species
typically possess two chromosomes,
which is unusual for bacteria.[5][6] Each
chromosome has a distinct and
independent origin of replication,[7] and are
conserved together over time in the
genus.[8] Recent phylogenies have been
constructed based on a suite of genes
(multilocus sequence analysis).[1]
 Vibrio

Flagellar stain of V. cholerae

Scientific classification

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae

Genus: Vibrio
Pacini 1854

Type species

Vibrio cholerae

Species

V. adaptatus
V. aerogenes
V. aestivus
V. aestuarianus
V. agarivorans
V. albensis
V. alfacsensis
V. alginolyticus
V. anguillarum
V. areninigrae
V. artabrorum
V. atlanticus
V. atypicus
V. azureus
V. brasiliensis
V. bubulus
V. calviensis
V. campbellii
V. casei
V. chagasii
V. cholerae
V. cincinnatiensis
V. coralliilyticus
V. crassostreae
V. cyclitrophicus
V. diabolicus
V. diazotrophicus
V. ezurae
V. fluvialis
V. fortis
V. furnissii
V. gallicus
V. gazogenes
V. gigantis
V. halioticoli
V. harveyi
V. hepatarius
V. hippocampi
V. hispanicus
V. ichthyoenteri
V. indicus
V. kanaloae
V. lentus
V. litoralis
V. logei
V. mediterranei
V. metschnikovii
V. mimicus
V. mytili
V. natriegens
V. navarrensis
V. neonatus
V. neptunius
V. nereis
V. nigripulchritudo
V. ordalii
V. orientalis
V. pacinii
V. parahaemolyticus
V. pectenicida
V. penaeicida
V. pomeroyi
V. ponticus
V. proteolyticus
V. rotiferianus
V. ruber
V. rumoiensis
V. salmonicida
V. scophthalmi
V. splendidus
V. superstes
V. tapetis
V. tasmaniensis
V. tubiashii
V. vulnificus
V. wodanis
V. xuii
Moved:
V. fischeri to Aliivibrio fischeri
V. hollisae to Grimontia hollisae
O. F. Müller (1773, 1786) described eight
species of the genus Vibrio (included in
Infusoria), three of which were
spirilliforms.[9] Some of the other species
are today assigned to eukaryote taxa, e.g.,
to the euglenoid Peranema or to the
diatom Bacillaria. However, Vibrio Müller,
1773 became regarded as the name of a
zoological genus, and the name of the
bacterial genus became Vibrio Pacini,
1854.[10] Filippo Pacini isolated micro-
organisms he called "vibrions" from
cholera patients in 1854, because of their
motility.[11]

Pathogenic strains
Several species of Vibrio are pathogens.[12]
Most disease-causing strains are
associated with gastroenteritis, but can
also infect open wounds and cause
sepsis.[13] They can be carried by
numerous marine animals, such as crabs
or prawns, and have been known to cause
fatal infections in humans during
exposure. Risk of clinical disease and
death increases with certain factors, such
as uncontrolled diabetes, elevated iron
levels (cirrhosis, sickle cell disease,
hemochromatosis), and cancer or other
immunocompromised states. Pathogenic
Vibrio species include V. cholerae (the
causative agent of cholera), V.
parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. V.
cholerae is generally transmitted by
contaminated water.[3] Pathogenic Vibrio
species can cause foodborne illness
(infection), usually associated with eating
undercooked seafood. The pathogenic
features can be linked to quorum sensing,
where bacteria are able to express their
virulence factor via their signalling
molecules.[14]

V. vulnificus outbreaks commonly occur in

warm climates and small, generally lethal,
outbreaks occur regularly. An outbreak
occurred in New Orleans after Hurricane
Katrina,[15] and several lethal cases occur
most years in Florida.[16] As of 2013 in the
United States, Vibrio infections as a whole
were up 43% when compared with the
rates observed in 2006–2008. V. vulnificus,
the most severe strain, has not increased.
Foodborne Vibrio infections are most often
associated with eating raw shellfish.[17]

V. parahaemolyticus is also associated

with the Kanagawa phenomenon, in which
strains isolated from human hosts (clinical
isolates) are hemolytic on blood agar
plates, while those isolated from
nonhuman sources are not hemolytic.[18]
Many Vibrio species are also zoonotic.
They cause disease in fish and shellfish,
and are common causes of mortality
among domestic marine life.

Treatment
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Medical care depends on the clinical

presentation and the presence of
underlying medical conditions.

Vibrio gastroenteritis

Because Vibrio gastroenteritis is self-

limited in most patients, no specific
medical therapy is required. Patients who
cannot tolerate oral fluid replacement may
require intravenous fluid therapy.
Although most Vibrio species are sensitive
to antibiotics such as doxycycline or
quinolones, antibiotic therapy does not
shorten the course of the illness or the
duration of pathogen excretion. However, if
the patient is ill and has a high fever or an
underlying medical condition, oral
antibiotic therapy with doxycycline or a
quinolone can be initiated.
Noncholera Vibrio infections

Patients with noncholera Vibrio wound

infection or sepsis are much more ill and
frequently have other medical conditions.
Medical therapy consists of:

Prompt initiation of effective antibiotic

therapy (doxycycline or a quinolone)
Intensive medical therapy with
aggressive fluid replacement and
vasopressors for hypotension and
septic shock to correct acid-base and
electrolytes abnormalities that may be
associated with severe sepsis
Early fasciotomy within 24 hours after
development of clinical symptoms can
be life-saving in patients with necrotizing
fasciitis.
Early debridement of the infected wound
has an important role in successful
therapy and is especially indicated to
avoid amputation of fingers, toes, or
limbs.
Expeditious and serial surgical
evaluation and intervention are required
because patients may deteriorate
rapidly, especially those with necrotizing
fasciitis or compartment syndrome.
Reconstructive surgery, such as skin
grafts, are used in the recovery phase.
Other strains
V. harveyi is a pathogen of several aquatic
animals, and is notable as a cause of
luminous vibriosis in shrimp (prawns).[19]

Flagella
The "typical", early-discovered Vibrio
species, such as V. cholerae, have a single
polar flagellum (monotrichous) with
sheath. Some species, such as V.
parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, have
both a single polar flagellum with sheath
and thin flagella projecting in all directions
(peritrichous), and the other species, such
as V. fischeri, have tufts of polar flagella
with sheath (lophotrichous).[20]

Natural transformation
Natural transformation is a common
bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer that
employs numerous bacterial gene
products.[21][22] For a recipient bacterium
to bind, take up, and recombine exogenous
DNA into its chromosome, it must become
competent, that is, enter a special
physiologic state. The DNA-uptake
process of naturally competent V. cholerae
involves an extended competence-induced
pilus and a DNA-binding protein that acts
as a rachet and reels DNA into the
periplasm.[23] Natural transformation has
also been described for V. fisheri,[24] V.
vulnificus[25] and V. parahaemolyticus.[26]

Small RNA
V. cholerae has been used in discoveries of
many bacterial small RNAs. Using sRNA-
Seq and Northern blot candidate sRNAs
were identified and characterised as IGR-
sRNA (intragenic region), AS-sRNAs
(transcribed from the antisense strand of
the [[open reading frame (ORF) and ORF-
derived.[27] One of the candidates from
this study, IGR7, was shown to be involved
in carbon metabolism and later renamed
MtlS RNA. Other sRNAs identified in V.
cholerae through genetic screens and
computational methods include Qrr RNA,
Vibrio regulatory RNA of OmpA, MicX
sRNA, Vibrio cholerae ToxT activated
RNAs, tfoR RNA, and VqmR sRNA.
See also
Cholera toxin

References
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External links
Vibrio genomes and related information
at PATRIC , a Bioinformatics Resource
Center funded by NIAID
Bacteriological Analytical Manual
Online

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