ORIENTALISM AND THE QURĀN:

A PROLEGOMENON

DR. AHMAD SANUSI AZMI

ORIENTALISM AND THE QURĀN: A PROLEGOMENON
DR. AHMAD SANUSI AZMI

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 CONTENT

CONTENT

1. ORIENTALISM

1. Orientalism and Muslim’s Perspective

2. The Factors

2. CRITICISM ON THE QURʾĀN: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Criticism on the Qurʾān

2.1 Criticism During the Umayyad’s Era

2.1.1. John of Damascus and De Haeresibus (d.754)

2.1.2. Leo III (717-41) and ʿʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (717-20)

2.2. Criticism During The Abbāsid’s Era

2.2.1. Tafnīd al-Qurʾān by Abū Nūḥ al-Anbārī

2.2.2. Risālat ʿAbd al-Masīḥ al-Kindī (c. 820)

2.2.3. Debate between Timothy I (p. 823) and Caliphate al-Mahdī

2.2.4. Ibrāhīm al-Ṭabarānī’s (Abraham of Tiberias)

2.2.5. Theodore Abū Qurrah (d. 830)

2.2.6. Abū Rāʾiṭa al-Takrītī (d. 830)

2.2.7. ʿAmmār al-Baṣrī (d. c. 236/850)

2.2.8. Eulógio of Córdoba (d. 859) (Eulogius of Cordova)

2.2.9. Nikēta Byzantinou (m. 886) (Niketas of Byzantium)

2.2.10. Nonnus (Nānā) of Nisibis (d. 246/860)

2.3. Analysis: Themes and Detailed Criticisms

2.4. Discussion: Developing the Framework for Modern Criticism

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3. THE PROCESS OF COLLECTION AND CODIFICATION

3.1. Collection of the Qurʾān

3.2 The Process of Collection during Abū Bakar’s Reign

3.3 Codification of the Qurʾān in ʿUthmān’s Era

3.3.1 Abdullah ibn Masʿūd’s Objection towards Zayd ibn Thābit’s Appointment

3.3.2 Missing verses

3.3.2.1 Missing of al-Fātiḥah and al-Muʿawwizatayn (al-Falaq and al-Nāṣ)

3.3.2.2 Missing Verses: al-Ḥafd and al-Khalʿ

3.3.3 Omitted Verses

3.3.3.1 Ibn ʿUmar’s Confession on the Missing Verses of the Qurʾān

3.3.4 Reduction of Words

3.3.5 Textual Corruption

3.4 Conclusion

4. FOREIGN THEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE IN THE QURʾĀN

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Idea of Influence

4.3 Muhammad, Informant and Christian Teacher

4.4 Christians were Prophet Muhammad’s Teachers

4.5 Christianity’s Influence in the Qurʾān

4.6 Similar Narratives Are Not Indicative of Influence

4.7 Contradictions of the Qurʾān and Bible

4.8 Conclusion

ORIENTALISM AND QURAN :

A PRELEGOMENON 5
 CONTENT

5. LINGUISTIC OBSCURITY OF THE QURʾĀN

5. 1 Introduction

5.2 The Arabic Qurʾān: Addressing the Issue

5.3 Categorising the Foreign words in the Quran

5.4 Ambiguous Words

5.5 Analysis: Muslim Scholars Reaction

5.6 Discussion: Michael Carter and Others

5.7 Conclusion

6. CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE QURʾĀN AND WANSBROUGH’S THEORY

6.1 Formation of the Qurʾān

6.2 Discussing Wansbrough’s Judgment

6.3 Implication of Wansbrough’s Works

6.4 Nevo’s Work Supporting Wansbrough’s Theory

6.5 Reflection on Nevo’s Thesis

6.6 The Implication on Muhammad Appearance in the Qurʾān

7. THE QURʾĀN AS HISTORICAL SOURCE

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Historical Nature

7.3 Muslim Perspective

7.4 Orientalist’s Approaches

7.5 An Overview of Orientalist Study on the Qur’ān and Sīrah Literature

7.6 Possible Lacuna for Future Study

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ORIENTALISM

ORIENTALISM AND QURAN :

A PRELEGOMENON 7