Acknowledgement

The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of several special people. Hence, I
would like to take this opportunity to show my gratitude to those who have assisted me in a myriad of ways.
I would first like to express my heartfelt thanks to my advisor Betel Biruk. A more supportive and considerate advisor I could not have asked
for.
I wish to thank my external advisor, Hiwot Tefera, for her insights, and patience in helping me to structure and complete this thesis. For this, I
am sincerely grateful.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents and family who helped me throughout to complete my thesis. The one person who has made this all
possible has been my mom. She has been a constant source of support and encouragement and has made an untold number of sacrifices.
She is a great inspiration to me. Hence, great appreciation and enormous thanks are due to her, for without her understanding, I am sure
this thesis would never have been completed. I thank you all.

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Contents

Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Architecture for humanity .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter One – Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Problem Statement......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Research Objective ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
1.3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
A. Design Quality & Functionality .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
B. Cost .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
C. Technique ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
1.4 Significance of the study .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.5 Limitations of the study ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Research Methods ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Chapter Two - Disasters .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 What is a Disaster? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Disaster types ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Number of new displacements due to natural disasters in 2019 and that of early 2020 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Comparison between the countries historic and probable disaster diplacements ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.5 Ethiopia’s rank on natural disaster displacement .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Horn of Africa natural disaster snapshot .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Chapter 3 – Somali Region, Ethiopia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Somali Population Demographics ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Somali Population and regional area .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.3 Climate Classification .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Somali’s Average Temperature and Precipitation ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Somali’s Maximum Temperatures and Precipitation amounts .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Somali’s average wind speed and wind rose................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
3.3 Somali’s Zones ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Somali’s access to water ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Ways of access to water ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

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3.3 Somali’s way of life ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
3.3 General description of habitat .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
The nomadic hut (aqal) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Hazard-resistant practices ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Somali’s House Construction ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Why local building cultures are important? .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Chapter Four ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
4 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.1 Case study – UNHCR Disaster relief shelters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
4.2 Case study – Disaster relief shelters .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
1. Abeer Seikaly’s Structural Fabric Shelters (2013) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
2. Ethiopia Better Shelter (2015) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
3. The adaptable ‘Room Room’ (2009) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
4. Soe Ker Tie House for Karen children refugees (2009) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5. Barberio Colella’s Nepalese Pop-Up Home (2015) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
6. The MAN hub (1997) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
7. Suri Shelter (2015) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 44
8. MICA’s Transitional Shelter Project Haiti (2011) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
9. Tube Hostel ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
10.Cardborigami Portable Housing Shelter (2010) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
4.3 Case study - Water Collection Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
1.Warka Water: drinking of the air by Architecture and Vision ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
2. SOURCE Hydro panel- Generate water from air humidity by Zero Mass Water ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
3.The Nomad Pavilion .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
5 Chapter Five ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
5.1 Design Requirements........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
5.1.1 Domestic Requirements ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
5.1.1 Technical Requirements...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
5.1.1 Human Requirements ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
5.1.1 Organizational Requirements ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Environmental factors .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58

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Area estimation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59
Material study ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Site and Program........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
Site Layout ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
Introvert Layout ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Extrovert Layout .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Space usage diagrams......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Cattle rearing space ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Skill sharing space ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Waste Management........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Mosque/ Multi-Faith space .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
6 Chapter Six – Design recommendation ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 96
Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 96
Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 96

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Table of Figures
Chapter two
Figure 1A pastoralist, 32, with two of her seven children at the Koracle camp for IDPs, Doolo zone, Somali region 11
Figure 3Classification of disasters 12
Figure 4Classification of disasters 12
Figure 4 Classification of disasters 12
Figure 5 Number of people displaced in Somali region because of natural disasters 13
Figure 7 Comparison of historic and probable disaster displacement numbers 14
Figure 8 comparisons of food insecure east African countries 15
Figure 9 New displacements in the half of 2019 cause by natural 15
Figure 10 Snapshot of food insecurity and disease outbreak areas in east Africa 17
Figure 11 Snapshot of locust infestation and flood affected areas in east Africa 18

Chapter three
Figure 1 Somali Women of Kunka Kebele dance with traditional music as they gather for their regular community conversations 17
Figure 2 Somali region population demographics 18
Figure 3 Climate classification 19
Figure 4 Somali region average temperature and precipitation 20
Figure 5 Somali region cloudy, sunny, & precipitation days 20
Figure 6 Somali region maximum temperature 21
Figure 7 Somali region precipitation amounts 21
Figure 8 Somali region wind speed and rose 22
Figure 9 Somali region zones and district capitals 23
Figure 10 Somali region access to water map 24
Figure 11A camel loaded with housing materials ready to relocate 28
Figure 12 construction of structural poles 28
Figure 13 covering of the woven material on the structural poles 28
Figure 14 Woven materials made from acacia and sisal 28
Figure 15 A basic floor layout of a Somali house 29
Figure 16 A typical look of a Somali house 29
Figure 17 Cut out perspective of an Afar/Somali house 31

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Figure 18 A compound layout of a 4 Afar/Somali family 31

Chapter four

Figure 1Maslow's hierarchal levels within a pyramid 33

Figure 2 Prototypes of UNHCR disaster relief shelters 34
Figure 3 View of Abeer seikaly's fabric shelters 35
Figure 4 Unit elements forming a system then a structure 35
Figure 5 Systems included within the Abeer shelter 36
Figure 6 Prototype of the better shelter 36
Figure 7 Room Room's different ways of being pulled 37
Figure 8 Different uses of the room room shelter 38
Figure 9 The 6 Soe ker tie prototypes tested in karen 38
Figure 10 Sectional view of the Soe ker tier shelter 39
Figure 11 A view of Barberio Colella's pop up homes in Nepal 39
Figure 12 Disassembled Barberio Colella's pop up when transported to site 40
Figure 13 A view of exterior look of the MAN hub 41
Figure 14 A view of the exposed structure of the MAN hub 41
Figure 15A view of Urbana's assembled suri shelter 42
Figure 16 How the Suri shelter can expand 42
Figure 17 A view of MICA's shelter project in Haiti 43
Figure 18 Different range of materials to be used as a skin for MICA shelter 43
Figure 19 A view of the stacked up Tube hostel 44
Figure 20 A prototype of the Cardborigami portable shelter 45
Figure 21A look when the cardborigami is folded 45
Figure 22 A look of 9.5 m tall Warka water 47
Figure 23 The making of the Warka water tower 47
Figure 24 Warka water's different designs 48
Figure 25 Different design versions of the tower 48
Figure 26 A look of Source's Hydropanel 49
Figure 27 Solar panels Source uses too generate water 49
Figure 28 Source's solar panel detail 50
Figure 29 A look of the nomad pavilion in the Jordan desert 51

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Abstract
Architecture for humanity
Transitional Disaster relief shelter for internally displaced people in the case of natural disasters

In a world rapidly moving towards urbanization, an immense strain is being put on resources consumption of food, water, energy, and land.
According to UNHCR, June 2019 report, so far over 70.8 million people have been displaced worldwide in the struggle over resources, this
figure is expected to rise exponentially in the future, exacerbated by environmental degradation, climate change and violent conflicts
caused by instability.
Ethiopia is dealing with its own internal displacement and food insecurity challenges that leave millions of people in need of assistance, from
which 1.5 million Ethiopians are displaced due to conflicts and climate shocks (Mahecic 2020). Currently, there are two strategies providing
for aiding the displaced in Ethiopia: emergency shelters and permanent housing. Emergency shelters provide temporary services, however,
they are often associated with crime, sanitary, insecurity, danger, and ventilation and lighting problems. Permanent housing programs in
religious institutions and schools, aim to get the displaced proper shelter while providing services, yet it places the burden on the institution’s
users.
As the damage created by disasters increase every year, there is an urgent need to begin creating long term solutions. Disaster relief shelters
play an important role in natural disasters and are an important part of disaster relief and recovery. Disaster relief shelters are used to provide
secure places for people to live who have left or lost their usual settlement as a result of some form of disaster. Disaster relief shelters not only
provide immediate and short-term shelter for the victims of a disaster, but they also help them to recover from the trauma of a disaster as well
as provide a base start to the process of rehabilitation.
This design investigation focuses on models and techniques of Disaster Relief transitional supportive shelters, a place appropriate to feel safe
in, enabling expression of identity, customs, and traditions. A shelter that does not compromise the basic services, that integrates the functions
of living and socializing to form a unified entity. Moreover, it explores through design, the needs of displaced individuals and families are best
provided for through material and techniques, to do this data will be collected through interviews of focus groups at an urban level,
observatory space usage analysis, and case studies and data from national and international organizations.
Keywords: Disaster Relief Shelters; disaster; transitional; services; trauma

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Chapter One – Introduction

1.1 Problem Statement

Natural disasters cause much more than just physical damage and destruction of property to those who live in affected areas. The affected
population is reminded of the fragility of human existence and will endure a tough emotional recovery, facing a loss of comfort, security and
control over their surrounding environment. In this scenario it is even more important to acknowledge the necessity for the physical housing
unit to provide qualities beyond the minimum of living requirements, creating a space that could be called home. A place appropriate to
feel safe in, enabling an expression of identity, customs and traditions, but they spend years in an emergency shelter even though it was
proposed to have a duration of 1-2 weeks. A lack of adequate consideration with regard to climatic conditions, locally available materials
and skills, cultural and social issues, delays, cost constraints, and poor location selection for DR shelters have each been identified as
sources of poor performance contributing to an unacceptable standard of living.

1.2 Research Objective

The objective of this design investigation is to develop the design for a transitional climatically responsive disaster shelter for the Somali
nomadic/pastoral people of the hot and arid part of Ethiopia, focusing on the creation of dignified living conditions in a way that is both
able to adapt to their way of living and that is economically feasible. A shelter that resists heat gain by controlling solar radiation and
ventilation, which can be produced with high durability at a reasonable cost, and does not compromise the lighting and sanitary conditions.
A place appropriate to feel safe in, enabling expression of identity, customs, and traditions. And can be experimented further than a typology
and more as part of a community, while having crucial permanent social units, since society is one of the Ethiopian ways of life.

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1.3 Research Questions
A. Design Quality & Functionality

1. Can the shelter’s structure and skin be designed as two separate elements? Can the structure can stay the same while the skin can have
variants to accommodate the different weather conditions?
2. How can the design respond to accommodating different number of users (individuals as well as families)?
3. What Architectural forms and layouts provide more flexibility in arrangement and a better sense of belonging and privacy?
4. How to consider generating cultural additive elements in the design to minimize the mental stress that comes with disasters and removing
the universal design approach associated with relief shelters.
5. Is it possible to reach an optimized design that still addresses a diversity of cultural and social contexts?
6. How can the proposal accommodate to the basic survival needs of a community like sanitation, aeration, security, stability and mobility
7. How can the design bring calmness despite the post-traumatic stress, anger, fear, helplessness and grief?
8. How the design investigation can be experimented further than a typology and more as part of a community, since society is one of the
Ethiopian way of life? And what crucial programs can be added in the community?
9. What are the possibilities of using some of the permanent units after the displaced people go back to their homes?
10. When they get displaced, where do they get relocated and build their structures? At a near site in the region or elsewhere?

B. Cost
1. With regard to restrictions in cost, what human living needs should be prioritized to improve subjective well-being of displaced
people?
2. How to enable dignified living conditions for displaced people in post disaster housing in a way that is both economically feasible
and environmentally sustainable?

C. Technique
1. How fast can it be assembled and how much labor does it take to erect?
2. Will using modular elements accommodate to the expansion, based on user needs?
3. How many units can be transported to disaster sites on a single truck?

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1.4 Significance of the study

The significance of this study is to examine how environmental, economic, technical, and socio-cultural criteria affect the design process and
performance of disaster relief shelters. By having a prototype ready to assemble taking in mind natural disasters can occur at any time but
also how to recycle, upgrade, reuse, and relocate after the shelter is disassembled. And consideration that should be taken when designing
with regard to climatic conditions, locally available materials and skills, cultural and social issues, cost constraints, and location selection for
the shelters.

1.5 Limitations of the study

 Understanding the topography of the location, hence proper site selection.

 Identifying location of sufficient underground water.


1.6 Research Methods

 International and national case studies

 Literature review: A review of books, researches and reports
 Quantitative and qualitative data collection
 Data from national and international organizations

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Chapter Two - Disasters

2.1 What is a Disaster?

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and
economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by
nature, disasters can have human origins (IFRC 2017).
(VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD) / CAPACITY = DISASTER
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and
economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by
nature, disasters can have human origins (IFRC 2017).

FIGURE 1A PASTORALIST, 32, WITH TWO OF HER SEVEN CHILDREN AT THE K ORACLE CAMP FOR IDP S,
DOOLO ZONE , SOMALI REGION 11 | P a g e
 2.2 Disaster types

FIGURE 4 CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

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 2.3 Number of new displacements due to natural disasters in 2019 and that of early 2020

FIGURE 5 NUMBER OF PEOPLE DISPLACED IN SOMALI REGION BECAUSE OF NATURAL DISASTERS

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 2.4 Comparison between the countries historic and probable disaster diplacements

The future (next 10 years) disaster displacements are expected to double for Ethiopia. Which places Ethiopia at the third spot.

F IGURE 6 COMPARISON OF HISTORIC AND PROBABLE DISASTER DISPLACEMENT NUMBERS

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 2.5 Ethiopia’s rank on natural disaster displacement

FIGURE 8 NEW DISPLACEMENTS IN THE HALF OF 2019 CAUSE BY NATURAL FIGURE 7 COMPARISONS OF FOOD INSECURE EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES

DISASTERS

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 2.6 Horn of Africa natural disaster snapshot

Of the 24.7 million severely food insecure people across the Greater Horn of Africa, an estimated 10.25 million are living in areas affected
by desert locusts in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia. The desert locusts, the most dangerous migratory pest in the world—are expected to
continue to breed and spread in the coming months, coinciding with the start of the next planting season.

So far in 2020, there have been over 2,000 cases of cholera in Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia. Measles outbreaks are ongoing in Ethiopia,
Kenya and South Sudan, while cases of dengue and polio in Ethiopia. Across the region, some 12.3 million people remain forcibly
displaced—including 8.1 million internally displaced people and 4.2 million refugees—making them particularly vulnerable to these repeated
(GREATER HORN OF AFRICA REGION Humanitarian Snapshot 2020).

Heavy rainfall continued in December 2019 and January 2020 in several locations across East Africa, bringing the number of people
affected by flooding since July 2019 to nearly 3.4 million. The unusually heavy rains that have impacted Eastern Africa since October
2019—driven by the strongest positive Indian Ocean Dipole since 2016—have contributed to a serious and widespread desert locust
outbreak, according to FAO and IGAD. Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Sudan have been affected, with the outbreaks in Ethiopia and
Somalia the worst in 25 years, and in Kenya the worst in 75 years. The locust invasion could exacerbate hunger and malnutrition in a region
where nearly 25.5 million people are already severely food insecure in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda.
The desert locust is among the most dangerous migratory pests in the world: a 1km2 swarm can consume the equivalent of food for 35,000
people in one day. In Ethiopia, where floods had already impacted the harvest (EASTERN AFRICA REGION Regional Floods Snapshot 2019).

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FIGURE 9 S NAPSHOT OF FOOD INSECURITY AND DISEASE OUTBREAK AREAS IN EAST AFRICA

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FIGURE 10 S NAPSHOT OF LOCUST INFESTATION AND FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS IN EAST AFRICA
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Chapter 3 – Somali Region, Ethiopia

3.1 Somali Population Demographics

The Somali Regional State, officially known as the Somali West, is the second largest and easternmost of the nine regions of Ethiopia. The
state borders the Ethiopian states of Afar and Oromia and the chartered city Dire Dawa to the west, as well as Djibouti to the north;
Somalia to the north, northeast and east; and Kenya to the southwest (Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab n.d.).

Jijiga is the capital of the Somali Regional State. The capital was formerly Gode, until Jijiga became the capital in 1995 on account of
political considerations. Other major towns and cities include Awbare, Degehabur, Kebri Dahar, Barey, Fiq, Erer, Kelafo, Shilavo, Kebri Beyah,
Werder, Aware, Daroor, Gashamo, Shekosh, Baabili, Tuli Guled, Bookh, Gallaaddi,Sasabane (Country Facts | Somalia n.d.).

Somali was spoken by 98.82% of the inhabitants. Other minor languages included Amharic (0.67%), and Oromifa (0.51%).

FIGURE 11 SOMALI WOMEN OF KUNKA KEBELE DANCE WITH TRADITIONAL MUSIC

AS THEY GATHER FOR THEIR REGULAR COMMUNITY CONVERSATIONS

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 3.2 Somali Population and regional area

FIGURE 12 S OMALI REGION POPULATION

DEMOGRAPHICS
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 3.3 Climate Classification

FIGURE 13 CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION

Somali region is under the hot and arid climate which is characterized by an excess of evaporation over precipitation. They are generally
hot, sunny and dry year-round.

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Somali’s Average Temperature and Precipitation

F IGURE 14 S OMALI REGION AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

F IGURE 15 S OMALI REGION CLOUDY , SUNNY , & PRECIPITATION DAYS

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Somali’s Maximum Temperatures and Precipitation amounts

FIGURE 16 S OMALI REGION MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

FIGURE 17 SOMALI REGION PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS

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.0
Somali’s average wind speed and wind rose

F IGURE 18 S OMALI REGION WIND SPEED AND

ROSE

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3.3 Somali’s Zones

FIGURE 19 S OMALI REGION ZONES AND DISTRICT CAPITALS

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3.4 Somali’s access to water

F IGURE 20 S OMALI REGION ACCESS TO WATER MAP

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Ways of access to water

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3.3 Somali’s way of life

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 3.3 General description of habitat
The nomadic hut (aqal)
Somalis are mostly pastoralist nomads moving in search of pasture and water whose shelters are portable huts called aqal. These huts are
dome-shaped and usually have an elliptic base. They are built by women with varying materials usually gathered by themselves depending
on the availability in each zone: branches, wooden poles, reeds, grass, roots, woven mats, animal skins and lately also plastics and CGI
sheets.
Once the group decides to move away, women dismantle the huts and carry them on camel backs. An aqal is separated into two areas:
one at the back, which holds the sleeping area, and one at the front, which is used like living area. There might also be an outer uncovered
veranda (gabbaad). Somali nomads usually have few possessions which have practical uses. A bed made from wooden sticks covered with
hides is the only furniture in the aqal. Cooking utensils, storage boxes, stools, woven mats and water bags are among the family’s goods
and constitute part of the Somali crafts.
The structure of the hut may have from three to seven arched branches (dhigo). In intersection with the first ones, other arched branches are
placed to form a round or elliptical hut (lool). These arches are held by either one or two (depending on the number of dhigo) long pieces
of wood with a V-shaped head placed in the long axe of the hut. Two pillars are erected on the sides of the door as jambs. Right after, the
woven hand-made mats are fastened to the structure. There are different kinds of mats with specific positions in the aqal (Shafi May 20,
2007).

Hazard-resistant practices

Once finished, the huts are fastened to the ground diagonally and horizontally with ropes so that they are not blown away by storms.
During rainy seasons waterproof plastic sheets called shiraac are used to protect the huts on top of the mats.

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3.3 Somali’s House Construction

F IGURE 23A CAMEL LOADED F IGURE 22 COVERING OF

F IGURE 24 CONSTRUCTION OF
WITH HOUSING MATERIALS READY THE WOVEN MATERIAL ON
STRUCTURAL POLES
TO RELOCATE THE STRUCTURAL POLES

F IGURE 21 WOVEN MATERIALS MADE FROM ACACIA AND SISAL

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F IGURE 25 A BASIC FLOOR LAYOUT OF A SOMALI F IGURE 26 A TYPICAL LOOK OF A S OMALI HOUSE

HOUSE

The majority of the population are pastoral nomads who transport their homes as they move from place to place. A common misconception
about nomadic houses is that they are temporary dwellings involving little planning or design. The Somali dwelling is repeatedly
reassembled and reused its components are passed from one generation to the next. It is made up of various components vertical acacia
poles (udbo) which support semi-circular poles (dhigo) spanning the structure, and woven coverings (saari) which form the walls and roof of
the structure. There are two types of dhigo: pliable reeds (lool) and firm poles (qabax) made of the root of the acacia. Saari ae made from
various materials: Kebed (woven from acacia), haraar (woven from sisal and acacia), and hohob (woven from sisal and used only for
decoration). In addition, portable containers (gurgur) are used for the storage of food, water, clothing and jewelry.

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Palm leaves (caw and maydo) are used for weaving mats (dermo) for sleeping, sitting, or prayer with intricate geometrical designs. Twigs
and reeds are employed to make the partition (Alool).
The house is domical, formed by the curved Qabax, supported by the tall Udbo. To reinforce the contour of the structure, Lool wrapped in
leather are tied firmly to the Udbo and Qabax. Once the frame of the house is ready, the Saari, consisting of Haraar and Kebed, are tied
in place on the sides and top with sisal rope. The house is completely covered with Saari, except for small areas near the ground left open
to let in air and light. A protective covering of a bushy grass (Yacay) acts as a ventilation outlet. The house is divided into sleeping, living
and sometimes, cooking sections by an Alool, made by weaving strips of fabric over reeds.
The entire building, with all its decorations, is dismantled, transported by camel, and reassembled. Sisal and leather ropes and acacia tree
poles that are the basic items for the erection of the house are also the basis of the transportation technology that makes the camel a
pack animal. Since mobility is important it is vital that those items used for assembling the house are the same items employed in the
transportation process.
After the house is completed, gurgurs are hung on the inside walls. They are decorative as well as functional with intricate geometric designs
woven from various fibres which have been colored with natural dyes. The Xeedho is a particular type of gurgur made for a wedding which
becomes a decoration and is passed from mother to daughter. The last things to be put in place are the colorful Dermo. Asgogol grass is
placed beneath the dermo to protect them from dust and dampness.
The Saari in their many varieties have a social role as well as their functional role of providing shelter. When a young woman is to be married,
she brings Kebeds and Hohobs as part of her dowry. Kebed making is the most solemn and important preparaiton for the engagment.
Preparation for the making of a Kebed is taken very seriously. Intimate friends and female relatives gather to discuss its design. The Kebed is
not only for decoration, but also for warmth. It has a rough side and a fine side. The function of the fine side is to prevent rain from leaking
into the dwelling. It is so tightly woven that water is unable to seep through and runs down the outside to the ground.
When the house is built, it is enclosed by a fence. If a man is married to more than one wife, the first wife's house is erected on the right side
of the enclosure. In Somali culture, the home is very much tied to marriage, which is called entering a house. An unmarried person is
considered not to have a home and is thus labelled 'person without a house'. The giving of gifts at the time of the wedding is expected.
Many of the gifts are intended to help the new family create a home. Relatives give items such as Saari or Gurgur. The home is considered
to be one with the wife, thus the saying 'a home is a woman'.
The fenced enclosure demonstrates to the world the wealth and social status of the head of the household. Near the entrance is the Ardaa,
where the children congregate in the evening with their elders, both male and female, and learn the genealogy of their family and the
history, folklore and religion of their people. The word Arday (student) is derived from Ardaa. The creation of a new house involves rituals
that bring blessings to its owner (fasil giorghis, Amina H. Adan 1997).

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F IGURE 28 A COMPOUND LAYOUT OF A 4 AFAR /S OMALI
FAMILY

F IGURE 27 CUT OUT PERSPECTIVE OF AN AFAR/S OMALI

HOUSE

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 3.3 Why local building cultures are important?

•The implementation of solutions well adapted to local ways of life and the suggestion of viable improvements;
•The possibility to shelter many people quickly and cost-effectively while taking into account seasonality effects as well as factors like
religious festivals and livelihood activities;
•Large-scale reproducibility of the improvements designed in continuity with local building cultures and an easy access, both financially
and technically, to the promoted solutions for non-beneficiaries.
•A positive impact on local economies as local skills and materials are fully promoted, while also taking into account environmental concerns
linked to the construction industry;
•Greater short and long-term ownership by the beneficiaries through their participation in decision-making and project implementation
processes;
•Empowerment of local populations through the recognition of the value of their existing capacities for building and the improvement of
their resilience.

To develop a disaster resistant architecture adapted to current local ways of life, it is important to involve the beneficiaries and the local
professionals and decision makers from the very beginning of the recovery phase (Enrique Sevillano Gutiérrez ,Victoria Murtagh ,and
Eugénie Crété 2018).

These houses are used by the nomads in Afar and Somali regions. They are erected, dismantled and loaded on to the camels by the
women. Huts are owned by women. Men usually gather the materials to build the huts. Both types are made of an armature of boughs
bound with palm fiber and covered with mats. Each group of huts is usually surrounded by a hedge or wall to protect the animals from
enemies. The Somali hut is called the Aqal. In some cases, there is an outer uncovered verandah (Enrique Sevillano Gutiérrez ,Victoria
Murtagh ,and Eugénie Crété 2018).

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Chapter Four

4 Literature Review
4.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as
hierarchical levels within a pyramid (McLeod March, 2020). The theory suggests that needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied
before individuals can attend to needs higher up. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and
belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

FIGURE 29MASLOW 'S HIERARCHAL LEVELS WITHIN A PYRAMID

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 4.1 Case study – UNHCR Disaster relief shelters

FIGURE 30 PROTOTYPES OF UNHCR DISASTER RELIEF

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 4.2 Case study – Disaster relief shelters

1. Abeer Seikaly’s Structural Fabric Shelters (2013)

FIGURE 31 VIEW OF ABEER SEIKALY ' S FABRIC SHELTERS

The collapsible structural fabric shelter designed by Abeer Seikaly can adapt to various climates, while also providing the comforts of
contemporary life such as heat, running water, and electricity. The system creates a technical, structural fabric that expands to enclose and
contracts for mobility. Due to the cellular nature of the structure, individual segments of the system can be left open to create doorways or to
promote air circulation in warm weather, or all of the segments can be kept closed to retain heat in the winter (Douglass-Jaimes December,
2015).

FIGURE 32 U NIT ELEMENTS FORMING A SYSTEM THEN A STRUCTURE

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Reflection

The hollow plastic tubing that is found within the fabric creates conduits for the provision of services such as electricity and water. Abeer
Seikaly even envisioned the fabric to convert solar radiation into electricity with a battery integrated, providing for the power needs for the
shelter, this system would work very well in areas where electric power isn’t addressed yet like most pastoral areas of Somali.
A water storage tank is integrated into the apex of the dome structure providing running water within the unit, it good to find water source
on site but how the water is going to be drained from the shelter isn’t explained or illustrated.

FIGURE 33 SYSTEMS INCLUDED WITHIN THE ABEER SHELTER

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2. Ethiopia Better Shelter (2015)

FIGURE 34 P ROTOTYPE OF THE BETTER SHELTER

The shelter is composed of several basic elements, including a lightweight steel frame, roof and wall panels, door and windows, floor
covering, solar energy system (lamp and telephone charger) and an innovative anchoring system (UNHCR 2016).
Floor area 17.5 m2 Minimum ceiling height 1.84 m
Door 1 piece (0.74 x 1.69 m) Windows 4 pieces (6.2 m2)
Ventilation openings 2 pieces (8 m2) Wind speed (frame) 18 m/s (ec1)
UV 2700 UVA unit Price 1,150 us$, exclusive of transport and storage
Expected lifespan 1.5 years - without maintenance 3 years - with maintenance
Modular yes PV system 4h light/day and USB power
Package weight 160 kg Package volume 1.07 m3

Reflection

It uses the flat-pack model: Assembly of the shelter can be done without additional tools and equipment, which means the locals can
participate in the assembly. It can be equipped with a solar panel and lamp to produce light during dark hours. It has an estimated life
span of three years and can accommodate large number of people. But the fact that the material was procured out of the country makes it
expensive and maintaining parts of the shelter might be difficult because it’s not locally found.

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3. The adaptable ‘Room Room’ (2009)

FIGURE 35 ROOM ROOM 'S DIFFERENT WAYS OF BEING PULLED

For their concept Encore heureux + G studio looked for what we need more in critical moments of existence: when we are without roof,
without place of residence, excluded from the society. We wished to imagine an ‘ally’ to accompany the people who reconstruct and remain
with dignity. It can be pulled by bicycle, motorcycle, and donkey or on foot (naidoo june, 2009).
Conceived as a mobile shelter for post-disaster recovery, the shelter can be picked up and hauled on its wheels, setback for sleeping or
turned on its head and extended with a tent for longer-term use.
Reflection

Somalis are inherently herdsmen and nomadic people, who are constantly on the move in search of resources. The nomads live in portable
huts that they can transport on camels when needed, so adapting this technique of mobility can go in line with their way of life.

FIGURE 36 DIFFERENT USES OF THE ROOM ROOM SHELTER

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4. Soe Ker Tie House for Karen children refugees (2009)

FIGURE 37 THE 6 S OE KER TIE PRORTYPES TESTED IN KAREN

The Soe Ker Tie House is a blend between local skills and architectural knowledge. The most prominent feature is the bamboo weaving
technique, which was used on the side and back facades of the houses. The same technique can be found within the construction of the
local houses and crafts. All of the bamboo was harvested within a few kilometers of the site. The roof promotes natural ventilation within the
sleeping units and at the same time rainwater can be collected and stored for the dry season. The iron wood construction is assembled on-
site using bolts ensuring precision and strength (Stralanchi 2012).
Reflection

The form’s irregularity created outdoor areas for kids to play and relax. The interior -doubled as playrooms had lofted sleeping areas. To
prevent problems with moisture and rot, the sleeping units are raised off the ground on four concrete foundations, casted in old tires. It has
incorporated local materials and building methods rather than building with block.

FIGURE 38 SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE SOE KER TIER SHELTER

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5. Barberio Colella’s Nepalese Pop-Up Home (2015)

FIGURE 39 A VIEW OF BARBERIO COLELLA 'S POP UP HOMES IN NEPAL

The home is built from six materials: OSB panels (sourced from China), bamboo (from Nepal), laminated bamboo (from China/Nepal), white
Juta (from Bangladesh/India), recycled wool (from charitable donations) and a waterproof membrane (from China). The author said that
once the structure is opened, donated sweaters and wool can be stuffed into the double-layer Juta walls for insulation, and the waterproof
membrane is tacked to spacers to ensure protection from the elements and to allow the rooms to breathe (Lynch October, 2015).
The lateral facades are made of polycarbonate panels mounted onto the bamboo frame, and smaller bamboo canes can be positioned
to handle for site-specific solar shading. The mono-pitched roof allows users to easily install photovoltaic panels, and directs rainwater
toward a tank located in the core to store water for kitchen and bathroom functions, helping resident maintain healthy levels of hygiene.

FIGURE 40 DISASSEMBLED B ARBERIO COLELLA 'S POP UP WHEN TRANSPORTED TO SITE

Reflection

The limited material makes sourcing materials easier and more

economical, and allows the house to be built without skilled
labor. Once on site, the modular houses can be combined to
create larger spaces as necessary, they can aggregate with
each other to form double or quadruple houses, small
villages, in order to facilitate the life of the community after
the trauma of the disaster.

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6. The MAN hub (1997)

FIGURE 41 A VIEW OF EXTERIOR LOOK OF THE MAN HUB

The Mobile Aids Network (MAN) is the result of a symbiotic link between a body and portable hardware. It is the conceptual infrastructure
developed out of this link. The design of a Mobile AIDS health clinic for Africa is a problem of survival and minimum existence. It demands a
concept for light habitation as well as a system of mobile treatment and education.

FIGURE 42 A VIEW OF THE EXPOSED STRUCTURE OF THE MAN HUB

Reflection
This MAN hub blends well with the surrounding context, it’s more of a modern construction technique to a cultural nomadic context. The
structure is made of a structural tube and the local people cover the hub with their local fabric. And they would have the advantage to
control the temperature by adding or removing fabrics.

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7. Suri Shelter (2015)

FIGURE 43A VIEW OF URBANA 'S ASSEMBLED SURI SHELTER

According to the Spanish design firm Urbana, Suri is a project that started as an easy to transport and assemble emergency shelter, with
comfort and habitability improvements, with a low cost competitive price, facades are breathable, waterproof and thermally and
acoustically insulated, the unit integrates into the landscape and promotes social activities. It’s made from recyclable and biodegradable
materials having a ten years of life span.

FIGURE 44 HOW THE SURI SHELTER CAN EXPAND

Reflection

It comes with a roof top water collection, there is no need to dig wells
or travel somewhere else to collect water. The designers took into
consideration natural light regulated for optimum temperature and light
intake within the shelter. Moreover, it was designed to expand to
accommodate more people. It was also proposed for individual units to
combine with each other and serve as a clinic for rural areas

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8. MICA’s Transitional Shelter Project Haiti (2011)

FIGURE 45 A VIEW OF MICA'S SHELTER PROJECT IN H AITI

MICA’s research brought about several realizations, principally that shelters would need to adapt to specific environments, specific cultures,
and specific climates. The ability of a shelter to accept alternative outcomes would be critical to expanding its usefulness… and a shelter
that could anticipate a cultural dialogue, offering the possibility of tenant interaction, could establish one form of ownership for the shelter,
strengthening the appeal, and providing a sense of dignity and pride for what is typically a pre-designed offering (Rosenfield December,
2011).
Their concept related to the human body… Structurally, human beings are similar in their make-up. Where we differ is in the maintenance of
the bodies we are given – the languages we learn, the foods we eat, the clothes we wear. The metaphor the designers became attached
to was that they could develop a solid core of bones, but the outward appearance could change. The double-wall naturally forms a
ventilated air cavity to reduce the heat impacts of the sun that also acts as a rain screen.
Reflection

FIGURE 46 DIFFERENT RANGE OF MATERIALS TO BE USED AS A SKIN FOR MICA SHELTER

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It was designed taking into consideration different circumstances, “What type of climate is it?” “Would the shelter need to be insulated?”
“Could we take advantage of passive cooling strategies?” “How much rainfall?” “How much wind exposure?” “What type of materials would be
available in the area?” “What would need to be imported?” Because these research questions were raised the final design was a climatically
responsive shelter.
Their main concern was the development of a sound structural framework that could accept different skins. The exterior of the shelter
supports a welded wire mesh that could be used for weaving any of various skins that could be culturally significant, could be found
readily available on site or could be recycled from the disaster. The double skin forms an air cavity to reduce heat gains and can also act
as a rain screen.

9. Tube Hostel

FIGURE 47 A VIEW OF THE STACKED UP TUBE HOSTEL

This hostel outside of Mexico City, Mexico stacks similar concrete drainage pipes for multi-room, two-story stays. It provides a queen-sized
bed, some under-bed storage, privacy curtains and ceiling lights.
All of the tubes face out onto shared community space for mingling with other guests, featuring picnic tables, communal cooking spots and
a swimming pool. They are also parked right in the middle of some gorgeous desert greenery, surrounded by mountains (Abel February,
2019).

Reflection
The stacking concept created additional spaces besides the ground concrete pipes. It can be experimented further to come up with
different stacks with their own space qualities. If the interior wasn’t designed further it could have brought a claustrophobic effect. Access to
the top tube was created on the exterior of the pipes, which would be good in terms of privacy if the top users are different from the ones
below. But if one family is using both stacks it would create a segregation of spaces.

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 10.Cardborigami Portable Housing Shelter (2010)

FIGURE 48 A PROTOTYPE OF THE CARDBORIGAMI PORTABLE SHELTER

FIGURE 49A LOOK WHEN THE CARDBORIGAMI IS FOLDED

Tina Hovsepian, a 2009 graduate from the USC School of Architecture, has designed and developed a foldable, portable, emergency
housing shelter based on the principles of origami. Her Cardborigami shelter is constructed from recycled cardboard and expands into a
shelter big enough for two people to sleep in (Meinhold 2010).

Reflection
The shelter was inexpensive and sustainable because it used recycled cardboard. It can be folded for transport, it could support itself
during erection due to its origami nature. But the nature of the material brings drawbacks like not being waterproof and fire retardant, it
could have been designed to be more comfortable.
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 4.3 Case study - Water Collection Methods
1. Warka Water: drinking of the air by Architecture and Vision

FIGURE 50 A LOOK OF 9.5 M TALL WARKA WATER

The water towers stand 9.5m tall weighing 80 kg and can collect over 25 gallons of potable water per day by harvesting atmospheric
water vapor. Each pillar is comprised of two sections: a semi-rigid exoskeleton built by tying stalks of Juncus or bamboo together and an
internal plastic mesh. The nylon and polypropylene fibers act as a scaffold for condensation, and as the droplets of dew form, they follow
the mesh into a basin at the base of the structure.

FIGURE 51 THE MAKING OF THE WARKA WATER TOWER

“Warka Water is designed to provide clean water as well as ensure long-term environmental, financial and social sustainability. Once locals
have the necessary know-how, they will be able to teach other villages and communities to build the Warka Water towers.” (Arturo Vittori,
2012)

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FIGURE 52 WARKA WATER ' S DIFFERENT DESIGNS

Reflection

Being aware that Ethiopia faces problems with accessibility to water this sustainable environmental project will fill this lack. Regions which
have a shortage of rainfall like that of Somalia which has drastic temperature change from day to night, can get access to water by
constructing these structures.
And because they are designed to be self-constructive and the fact that they are lightweight can adapt to the nomadic way of their life,
in that it can be assembled and deconstructed easily during their time of movement. Even if left as a permanent structure at a specific
area, it can serve as a water pavilion for pastoralists passing by.

The most important part I believe is the open-source concept, the

local community is going to be trained how to construct it and they
have the freedom to repeat it as much as they want. And the fact
that the design is parametric, it can be modified to a desirable
dimension and shape without having to design it again.

FIGURE 53 DIFFERENT DESIGN VERSIONS OF THE TOWER

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 1. SOURCE Hydro panel- Generate water from air humidity by Zero Mass Water

FIGURE 54 A LOOK OF S OURCE 'S HYDROPANEL

Source uses solar energy to generate water from the humidity in the air. Appearing like a solar panel, it is completely self-contained,
producing clean water even in conditions with low sunlight and humidity. Since its release, the product has benefited communities where
water-independence, drought, and other climate conditions remain looming considerations.

FIGURE 55 SOLAR PANELS S OURCE USES TOO GENERATE WATER

Australian NBA player Patty Mills’ philanthropic Community Water Project partnered with Zero Mass Water to supply clean drinking water to
Indigenous communities living in drought-stressed areas of arid Australia. SOURCE was installed in six different remote communities to
provide adequate drinking water without the need to construct an elaborate infrastructure. While this and many of their other clients are
community-based or philanthropic,

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companies like Platinum Heritage, a luxury desert safari camp in Dubai, use SOURCE in the interest of sustainability. Supplying renewable
water with renewable energy, it replaces water infrastructure systems that may deplete, contaminate, or pollute valuable water reserves,
affecting local ecosystems.

FIGURE 56 SOURCE 'S SOLAR PANEL DETAIL

Architects and designers working in locations with limited access to water, providing supplies to remote or disadvantaged communities, or
simply concerned with sustainability would all benefit from this innovation. With a single panel providing enough water for 2-3 people, the
technology could be used not only for large communities but for sustainably-focused residential homes as well. A product with the power to
deeply affect people’s lives, SOURCE’s possibilities are seemingly limitless.

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 1. The Nomad Pavilion

FIGURE 57 A LOOK OF THE NOMAD PAVILION IN THE JORDAN DESERT

Dina haddadin and Rasem kamal proposed a sustainable nomadic pavilion in the Jordan desert. Designed as a reinterpretation of a local
Bedouin tent, the permeable structure blends with its surroundings yet stands out to serve as a sanctuary for visitors in the nomads’ land

A result of using local natural materials, water collection and energy efficient space, haddadin and Kamal’s pavilion attempts to create a
closed loop of existence. The structure’s design uses local plants as references with its geometry coming from the black iris, Jordan’s national
flower, and its facades referencing the wild cactus, whose surface adapts to hot temperatures thanks to its cooling ribs. In a similar way, the
pavilion is designed using multiple layers that overlap to prevent the interior from overheating during daytime.

The nomad pavilion’s structure comprises steel pipes connected with knots using natural rope. Following the principals of Bedouin tents, the
pavilion is covered in a skin from coarsely woven goat hair whose material properties provide a passive cooling effect and becomes tighter
when it rains or snows. Completed with a self-sustained drinking fountain that also serves as a cooling surface for hot air during summer, the
structure stands as a welcoming oasis.

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5 Chapter Five

5.1 Design Requirements

Design requirements state the important characteristics that the shelter must meet in order to be successful.
5.1.1 Domestic Requirements

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5.1.1 Technical Requirements

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5.1.1 Human Requirements

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5.1.1 Organizational Requirements

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Environmental factors

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Area estimation

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Material study

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Site and Program

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Site Layout
Introvert Layout

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Extrovert Layout

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Space usage diagrams
Cattle rearing space

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Skill sharing space

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Waste Management

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Mosque/ Multi-Faith space

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6 Chapter Six – Design recommendation

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Bibliography
Chapter 2
2019. EASTERN AFRICA REGION Regional Floods Snapshot. OCHA.
2020. GREATER HORN OF AFRICA REGION Humanitarian Snapshot. OCHA.
IFRC. 2017. "What is a disaster ?"
Mahecic, Andrej. 2020. UNHCR seeks support for refugees and hosts in Ethiopia. Geneva.
UNHCR. 2016. SHELTER DESIGN CATALOGUE. Geneva: UNHCR Shelter and Settlement Section.
https://cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/57181/Shelter+Design+Catalogue+January+2016/a891fdb2-4ef9-42d9-bf0f-
c12002b3652e.

Chapter 3
n.d. Country Facts | Somalia. Accessed 02 05, 2020. www.un.int.
Enrique Sevillano Gutiérrez ,Victoria Murtagh ,and Eugénie Crété. 2018. "Local Building Cultures for sustainable and resilient habitats." 7-8.
fasil giorghis, Amina H. Adan. 1997. encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world . cambridge university press .
Shafi. May 20, 2007. "Construction of Aqal Somali."
n.d. Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab. Accessed 09 13, 2018. hdi.globaldatalab.org.
UNHCR. 2016. SHELTER DESIGN CATALOGUE. Geneva: UNHCR Shelter and Settlement Section.
https://cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/57181/Shelter+Design+Catalogue+January+2016/a891fdb2-4ef9-42d9-bf0f-
c12002b3652e.

Chapter 4
Abel, Boaz. February, 2019. "Tube Hotel: Stacked Sewer Pipes take Hostel to New Heights."
Douglass-Jaimes, David. December, 2015. "Abeer Seikaly’s Structural Fabric Shelters Weave Refugees’ Lives Back Together."
Lynch, Patrick. October, 2015. "Barberio Colella ARC Designs Pop-Up Home to Rebuild Nepalese Lives in "Just a Minute"."
Mahecic, Andrej. 2020. UNHCR seeks support for refugees and hosts in Ethiopia. Geneva.
McLeod, Saul. March, 2020. "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs."

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Meinhold, Bridgette. 2010. Cardborigami Unfolds Into a Portable Housing Shelter. September 23. https://inhabitat.com/cardborigami-unfolds-
into-a-portable-housing-shelter/.
naidoo, ridhika. june, 2009. "encore heureux + G studio: 'room room' crossing dialogues: for emergency architecture."
Rosenfield, Karissa. December, 2011. "Transitional Shelter Project in Haiti / MICA."
Shafi. May 20, 2007. "Construction of Aqal Somali."
Stralanchi, Francesco. 2012. "Soe Ker Tie House."
UNHCR. 2016. SHELTER DESIGN CATALOGUE. Geneva: UNHCR Shelter and Settlement Section.
https://cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/57181/Shelter+Design+Catalogue+January+2016/a891fdb2-4ef9-42d9-bf0f-
c12002b3652e.

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