LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY

CH 5
STD:7
CHEMICAL REACTION
Reactants ----------------------------🡪 Products
(substances react) (formation of substances)
(bonds break) (new bonds are formed)
2H2 +O2 ---------------------🡪 2H2O
(Reactants) (Products)
(always on RHS) (always on the LHS)
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION
⊳ Matter changes into new substances

⊳ It is accompanied by external indicators

⊳ Changes:

Colour State Smell Evolution of gas

Precipitate formation Heat evolved or released

CHANGE OF
COLOUR
CHARACTERISTIC- 1.CHANGE OF
COLOUR
⊳ Occurs on heating
1. Heating copper carbonate
CuCO3-------🡪CuO +CO2( )
(green) (black)

2. Heating Zinc Carbonate

ZnCO3-------------🡪 ZnO + CO2( )
(white) (yellow when hot)
CHARACTERISTIC- 1.CHANGE OF
COLOUR
⊳ Occurs on heating
3. Heating Mercuric oxide
2HgO--------------🡪2Hg + O2( )
(red) (silver)

4. Heating Lead oxide

2PbO2------------🡪 2PbO + O2( )
(dark brown) (yellow)
CHARACTERISTIC- 1.CHANGE OF
COLOUR
⊳ Occurs on heating
5. Heating Lead nitrate
2Pb(NO3)2----------🡪 2PbO+4NO2+O2( )
(white crystalline) (yellow)

6.Addition of substances
CuSO4 +Fe -------🡪FeSO4+ Cu
(blue) (light green) (brownish red)
CHANGE
OF STATE
CHARACTERISTIC- 2.CHANGE OF
STATE
⊳ The state of change should be mentioned in brackets.
1. Reaction of Carbon with Sulphur
C(s) + 2S (s)-------------🡪 CS2 (l)
2. Reaction of Ammonia with Hydrogen chloride
NH3(g) + HCl(g)---------🡪 NH4Cl (s)
3. Reaction of Hydrogen with Oxygen
2H2(g) + O2(g) ---------🡪 2H2O(l)
CHARACTERISTIC- 2.CHANGE OF
STATE
⊳ The state of change should be mentioned in
brackets.
4. Decomposition of water
2H2O(l) ------------------🡪 2H2(g) + O2(g)
CHANGE
OF SMELL
CHARACTERISTIC- 3.CHANGE OF SMELL
⊳ Change in odour shows the chemical change.
1. Spoiling of food: foul smell is emitted.
2. Decomposition of Ammonium chloride
NH4Cl-----------------🡪 NH3 + HCl
(pungent smell)

3. Reaction of sulphuric acid with iron sulphide

H2SO4 + FeS -----------🡪 H2S + FeSO4
(rotten egg smell)
EVOLUTION
OF GAS
CHARACTERISTIC- 4.EVOLUTION OF
GAS
⊳ Evolution of gas is seen in many chemical
reactions. It is shown by an upward arrow within
brackets in the product side.
⊳ The formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a
chemical reaction is called as EFFERVESCENCE.
⊳ 1. Heating iron with sulphuric acid.
⊳ Fe + H2SO4 --------🡪 FeSO4 + H2( )
 CHARACTERISTIC- 4.EVOLUTION OF
GAS
2. Heating Potassium chlorate and manganese
dioxide as a catalyst.
2KClO3-------------------🡪 2KCl + 3O2 ( )
MnO2

3. Heating Zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid

Zn +2HCl----------------🡪ZnCl2 +H2 ( )
4. Heating Sodium chloride and conc. Sulphuric acid
NaCl +H2SO4-----------🡪 NaHSO4 + HCl ( )
CHARACTERISTIC- 4.EVOLUTION OF
GAS
5. Heating calcium carbonate with dil.
Hydrochloric acid
CaCO3 + 2HCl ----------🡪 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ( )
6. Heating Sodium sulphite with dil.Hydrochloric
acid.
Na2SO3 + 2HCl -----------🡪 2NaCl +H2O+SO2 ( )
FORMATION OF
PRECIPITATE
 CHARACTERISTIC- 5.PRECIPITATE
FORMATION
⊳ During a chemical reaction when a product is formed , one
product is insoluble and heavier than the other product or
products. This insoluble substance settles down .It is known
as a precipitate.It is shown via a downward arrow in brackets.
⊳ 1. Reaction of silver nitrate with hydrochloric acid to
form a milky white ppt.
⊳ AgNO3 +HCl -------🡪 HNO3 +AgCl ( )
CHARACTERISTIC- 5.PRECIPITATE
FORMATION
2. Reaction of iron(II) sulphate with sodium
hydroxide .
FeSO4 +2NaOH --------🡪 Na2SO4 +Fe(OH)2 ( )
(dirty green ppt)

3. Reaction of Iron (III) chloride with ammonium

hydroxide.
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH ----------🡪 3 NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3 ( )
(reddish brown ppt)
CHARACTERISTIC- 5.PRECIPITATE
FORMATION
⊳ 4. Reaction of Copper(II) sulphate with sodium
hydroxide.
CuSO4 +2NaOH -----🡪 Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 ( )
(pale blue ppt)

5. Reaction of Zinc sulphate with sodium hydroxide.

ZnSO4 + 2NaOH -----🡪 Na2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 ( )
(gelationous white ppt)
CHARACTERISTIC- 5.PRECIPITATE
FORMATION
⊳ 6. Reaction of Lead Nitrate with ammonium
hydroxide.
Pb(NO3)2 +2NH4OH -------🡪 2NH4NO3+ Pb(OH)2 ( )
(chalky white ppt)
 HEAT
EVOLVED
OR
RELEASED
CHARACTERISTIC- 6.HEAT EVOLVED

⊳ In a chemical reaction , heat is either evolved or

absorbed.
⊳ Exothermic change: Heat is evolved (during such
conditions the test tube or the apparatus becomes
hot)
⊳ Endothermic change: Heat is absorbed( during such
conditions the test tube or the apparatus becomes
cold)
CHARACTERISTIC- 6.HEAT EVOLVED
⊳ EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
1. Reaction of quicklime with water
CaO + H2O -------🡪 Ca(OH)2 +
2. Reaction of sulphur dioxide and oxygen
2SO2 + O2 -----> 2SO3 +
V2O5,45Otemp
CHARACTERISTIC- 6.HEAT EVOLVED
⊳ EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
3. Reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen
+

4. Reaction of hydrogen and oxygen

2H2 +O2 --------🡪 2H2O +
CHARACTERISTIC- 6.HEAT EVOLVED
⊳ ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
1. Reaction of carbon with steam at 1000 degrees
centigrade.
C + H2O---------🡪 CO +H2 –
2. Reaction of nitrogen and oxygen
N2 + O2------------🡪 2NO -
CONDITIONS
NECESSARY FOR A
CHEMICAL
REACTION
CONDITIONS
1. By Close physical contact
2. By contact in solution
3. By supplying energy in the form of heat , light ,
electricity , pressure and catalyst.
CONTACT
 CONDITION-1. CONTACT
1. PHYSICAL CONTACT
In case of physical contact the particles collide with each other
initiating a reaction.
For a chemical reaction the reactants should be in close proximity.
Solids should be powdered to increase the surface area of contact
so that reaction can be fast.
Eg: Iodine +Phosphorous=explosion
Potassium + cold water = explosion
CONDITION-1. CONTACT
2. BY CONTACT IN SOLUTION
Particles react easily when in solution form.
Eg:1. Acid +Base=Salt + Water
NaOH +HCl -----🡪 NaCl + H2O
2.Precipitation reaction
NaCl + AgNO3 ------🡪 AgCl ( ) + NaNO3
ENERGY
CONDITION-2. HEAT ENERGY
During heating the particles collide faster with
greater intensity leading to a fast reaction.
Example:
1. ZnCO3--------🡪 ZnO + CO2
2. N2 + O2--------🡪 2NO
3000 *C
 CONDITION-2. LIGHT ENERGY
⊳ In presence of light the reactants absorb light energy and collide
faster.
Example:
1. Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O-----------🡪 C6H12O6 +O2
2. In presence of diffused sunlight
H2 + Cl2-----------🡪 2HCl
3. Silver salts should be kept in dark bottles as silver bromide
decomposes in presence of sunlight.
CONDITION-3. ELECTRICITY
⊳ Electricity dissociates the reactants in molten state
into ions which are charged to obtain products.
⊳ Example
1. 2H2O (acidified)------------🡪 2H2+ O2
Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity and hence addition of
few drops of sulphuric acid helps in conduction of electricity.

1. 2NaCl ------------🡪 2Na + Cl2

CONDITION-4. PRESSURE
⊳ Pressure causes reacting molecules to come
together and collide with great intensity. This
increases the rate of the reaction.
⊳ Example:
 CONDITION-5. CATALYST
⊳ Catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of the
reaction without itself taking part in it. It will increase
the rate of a reaction or decrease the rate of a
reaction.
⊳ It remains unchanged at the end.
⊳ Types of catalyst:
1. Positive
2. 2. Negative
CONDITION-5. CATALYST
⊳ Positive catalyst
Increases the rate of the reaction
Eg: MnO2
2KClO3----MnO2----🡪2KCl + 3O2
Negative catalyst
Decreases the rate of the reaction
Eg: H3PO4
2H2O2 -----H3PO4----------🡪 2H2O + O2
CONDITION-5. CATALYST
⊳ PROMOTER
It improves the efficiency of the catalyst
In manufacture of Ammonia- we use finely divided
iron as catalyst and Molybdenum as a promoter to
speed up the reaction.
The end
Q5
⊳ 1. Zinc carbonate ------🡪 zinc oxide + carbon
dioxide
⊳ 2. Sodium chloride + Silver nitrate-----🡪 Silver
chloride + Sodium nitrate
⊳ 3. Sodium sulphite + Hydrochloric acid ---🡪
Sodium chloride + water + sulphur dioxide
⊳ 4. Sulphur dioxide + oxygen------🡪 Sulphur
trioxide V205
⊳ SO4= SULPHATE
⊳ SO3=SULPHITE
⊳ S=SULPHIDE
⊳ CO3=CARBONATE
⊳ No3= NITRATE
⊳ OH=HYDROXIDE
⊳ O=OXIDE
⊳ NH3=AMMONIA
⊳ Cl=CHLORIDE
Q2
⊳ 1. Carbon + sulphur--🡪 carbondisulphide
⊳ 2. Ammonia + hydrochloric acid --🡪 ammonium
chloride
⊳ 3. Lead( IV) oxide ----🡪 Lead Oxide + Oxygen
⊳ 4. Iron (III) Chloride + Ammonium hydroxide ---🡪
Iron (III) hydroxide + Ammonium chloride
⊳ 5. Hydrogen + oxygen ---🡪 water +
⊳ Sulphur dioxide+ oxygen ---🡪 sulphur trioxide +