Chapter2 - First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

Instructor: Dr.
Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016

HCMUT
THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER

 Instructor: HÀ ANH TÙNG – Department of Heat and
Refrigeration Technology
 Duration: 36 hours during 12 weeks (4 teaching units/week)
- Week 1  8 : Thermodynamics
+ Week 4 : Test 1 15%
+ Week 8 : Midterm Exam 20%
- Week 9  12 : Heat Transfer
+ Week 10 : Test 2 10%
- Week 9  13 : Experimental 15%
Final Exam 40%
1
Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Objectives of the course

 to provide students with knowledge and skills required to apply
the basic principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer to
perform calculations and explain thermal engineering applications:
Ex: - Thermal power plans

- Refrigeration and air conditioning systems
- Dryers, boilers
- Internal combustion engines
- Heat exchangers, etc.
2
HCMUT
Course Contents
 Chapter 1: Introduction & Basic concepts
 Chapter 2: The First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics
 Chapter 3: Basic processes of Ideal gas
 Chapter 4: Pure substance
 Chapter 5: Vapor power cycle
 Chapter 6: Refrigeration cycle
 Chapter 7: Atmospheric Air and air conditioning processes
 Chapter 8: Basics of Heat transfer

 Chapter 9: Heat Conduction
 Chapter 10: Heat Convection
 Chapter 11: Heat Radiation
 Chapter 12: Heat Exchanger Equipments
3
HCMUT
Reference Books
1. Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publisher,
2006.
2. Cengel, Y. A., Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd
Edition, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2003.
3. Hoàng Đình Tín – Bùi Hải: Bài tập Nhiệt động lực học
KT & truyền nhiệt, NXB ĐHQG TpHCM, 2008.
4. Hoàng đình Tín, Nhiệt công nghiệp, NXB Đại học quốc
gia Tp HCM, 2001.
4
HCMUT
Part 1: THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 2 :
The First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics
2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
5
HCMUT
2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

 The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law
of conservation of energy:
The total energy of an isolated system is constant;

energy can be transformed from one form to another,
but cannot be created or destroyed.
New words:
Thermodynamics: Nhiệt động lực học kỹ thuật

Isolated system: Hệ cô lập
Law of conservation of energy: Định luật bảo toàn năng lượng
6
HCMUT
Example of an “isolated system”
7
HCMUT
HEAT & WORK

 Heat: The transfer of energy from one body to another as a
result of a difference in temperature or a change in phase.
 Work: The transfer of energy in the application of a force to

move a body in a certain direction
UNITS: - SI system: 1 J (jun) = 1N.m = 107 erg ; 1 cal (calo) = 4.18 J
- British system: 1 Btu = 1055 J = 252 cal ; 1 Wh = 3.413 Btu
New words:
Heat: Nhiệt lượng
Work: Công
8
HCMUT
Example of Application of The First law of
Thermodynamics
A/ Heat Engine:
Hot source
is a system that converts heat
or thermal energy to Q1
mechanical energy W
Heat Engine
( Ex: internal combustion engine, Q2
steam engine, gas engine, etc.
Cold source
 According to The law of conservation of energy
Q1  Q2  W
W Q2 q2
 Thermal Efficiency:   1  1
Q1 Q1 q1
9
HCMUT
New words:
Heat engine: Động cơ nhiệt
Internal combustion engine: Động cơ đốt trong
External combustion engine: Động cơ đốt ngoài
Steam engine: Động cơ hơi nước
Thermal efficiency: Hiệu suất nhiệt
10
HCMUT
Example of a Heat Engine
11
HCMUT
B/ Heat Pump/ Refrigerator: Hot source
Q1
is a system using external work
to move thermal energy by Heat pump, W
absorbing heat from a cold Refrigerator
space and releasing it to a
Q2
warmer one
Cold source
 According to The law of
conservation of energy : Q1  Q2  W
Q1 Q1 q1
 COP (Coefficient of     1
performance) of a Heat Pump: W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2
 COP Q2 Q2 q2
(Coefficient of   
performance) of a Refrigerator: W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2
12
HCMUT
New words:
Heat pump: Bơm nhiệt
Refrigerator: Tủ lạnh/máy lạnh
Refrigeration system: Hệ thống lạnh
Air conditioner: Máy điều hòa nhiệt độ
Air conditioning system: Hệ thống điều hòa không khí
COP: Hệ số làm lạnh (cho máy lạnh)/Hệ số làm nóng (cho
bơm nhiệt)
13
HCMUT
Air conditioner
14
HCMUT
Refrigerator Animation
15
HCMUT
Heat Pump system
16
HCMUT
Example:
Ut = 10 kJ
Ud = 0 kJ
h
Ut = 7 kJ
Ud = 3 kJ
E  N t  N d  U  const
Potential Kinetic Internal Energy

Energy Energy U  f (T , x)
1
N t  mgh N đ  m 2
2 17
HCMUT
Note:
 If the system does not exchange energy (WORK,
HEAT) with the surrounding
E  N t  N d  U  const or E  0
 If the system does exchange energy (WORK, HEAT)

with the surrounding
E  0
18
HCMUT
 Ex: The system exchanges ENERGY with the

surrounding
19
HCMUT
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 E12  Q12  W12
Change in Heat that the Work that

Energy of the system was the system
system RECEIVED PRODUCED
 Note:
- Q is positive (+) when the system receives heat
negative (-) when the system releases heat
- W is positive (+) when the system produces work

negative (-) when the system receives work
20
HCMUT
 Ex: cooling water in a tank by using stirrer
U  U 2  U1  Q  W
U 2  U1  Q  W  800   500   100  400 kJ 

21
HCMUT
 Ex: Heat released from a fridge
Qout = ??

W  2 kW
Qin=360 kJ/min
U  U 2  U1  Qin  Qout    W   0
     
Q in  Q out  W  0  Q out  Q in  W  360  2 * 60  480 kJ / min
22
HCMUT
A/ The 1st Law of Thermodynamics for
CLOSED SYSTEM
W
E
E1  Q12  E2  W12  E12  Q12  W12

In CLOSED SYSTEMS, there is normally NO CHANGE in
kinetic energy and potential energy :
E12  U12 U12  Q12  W12
23
HCMUT
Example:
G = 5 kg (hơi nước)
Wkhuấy Q = 80 kJ
Wkhuấy = -18.5 kJ
u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg
Q V u2 = 2659.6 kJ/kg
1 2 Wpiston = ??
U  Q  W  80  (W piston  18.5) (kJ)
W piston  80  18.5  5 * 2659.6  2709.9  350 kJ

Work is positive  Piston produces work: steam expands
24
HCMUT
B/ The 1st Law of Thermodynamics for
OPEN SYSTEM
W Conservation of Mass
Gi E1=E2=const
G  G
i
i
e
e
Ge
Q
Conservation of Energy:
  i2    e2 
E1  Gi  ui   gzi   Gi  pi vi   Q  E2  Ge  ue   gze   Ge  pe ve   W
 2   2 
For Open systems with STEADY - FLOW: E1 = E2 ; Gi = Ge , therefore:

G ie  ii  

 e2   i2  
 g ze  zi   Q  W
 2 
25
HCMUT
In Steady OPEN SYSTEMS, if there is NO CHANGE in kinetic

energy and potential energy :
I12  Q12  W12
26
HCMUT
Ex: Application of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics for OPEN

SYSTEMS
1. Work produced by a TURBINE
27
HCMUT

m
G
Pturbine
Turbine is a steady – flow open system:

  12    22 

G  i1   
 gz1   G  i2   gz 2   Pturbine  Q
 2   2 
- Turbine is well insulated with surroundings (Q = 0)
- Change in kinetic and potential energy of the steam flowing
through turbine is very small relative to the change in
enthalpy, thus it is often disregarded !

Pturbine  G i1  i2  (W, kW,MW)
28
HCMUT
2. Compressors (gas), Pumps (water)  to increase pressure
Compressor
Types
29
HCMUT
PUMPS
30
HCMUT
Application of the 1st law of Thermodynamics for Compressors

    12     22 

P Nén  G  i1   
 gz1   Q  G  i2   gz 2 
 2   2 

P Nén - Compressors are well insulated (Q = 0)
- Change in kinetic and potential
energy of the steam flowing through
Máy nén turbine is very small relative to the
change in enthalpy, thus it is often
disregarded !
 

P Nén  Gi2  i1  (W, kW,MW)
G
(Work provided to increase the enthalpy of the gas  to

increase the pressure & temperature of the exit gas) 31
HCMUT
Application of the 1st law of Thermodynamics for pumps

    12     22 

P Bom  G  i1   
 gz1   Q  G  i2   gz 2 
 2   2 
- Pumps are well insulated (Q = 0)

- Change in kinetic and potential
energy of the steam flowing through
turbine is very small relative to the
change in enthalpy, thus it is often
disregarded !
 
P pump  G i2  i1   g z2  z1 
For pumps: i2  i1  v p2  p1 
 
P pump  G v p  g z 
32
HCMUT
Example:
V = 45 m3/h p  18.8 mH 2 O 
WATER PUMP Pp ?
 p  80%
Solution: Application of the 1st Law of thermodynamics:

  w12    w22 

P p  G  i1   
 gz1   Q G  i2   gz 2 
 2   2 
- Because: Q = 0; w = const; z1 = z2

     Pp
P p  G i2  i1   G v p2  p1   V p P thuc te 
p
33
HCMUT
Example:
 lo hoi  70%
Gh = 2 tons/h i2 (Steam) = 2768 kJ/kg 
LÒ HƠI G than ?
i1 (water) =
210 kJ/kg Calorific value of Q
coal = 23000 kJ/kg
Solution: Application of the 1st law of thermodynamics:

    
G nuoc i1  Q  G hoi i2  Q  G i2  i1 
The amount of coal consumed in 1 hour:



G than 
Q
kg / h
23000  lo hoi
34
HCMUT
Example:
Gh = 2 tons/h 
TURBINE W?
i1 (Steam) = 3232 kJ/kg i2 (Steam) = 2300 kJ/kg
w1 (Steam) = 50 m/s w2 (Steam) = 120 m/s
W
Solution: Application of the 1st law of thermodynamics:

  w12     w22 
G  i1    W  G  i2  
 2   2 
 
 w12  w22 
W  G i1  i2   
 2 
(Note: Change in kinetic energy accounts only for 0.64% of the work
generated by turbine)
35
HCMUT
Example:
p1= pkq= 100 kPa Time
p2(du)= 50 kPa T1 = 15 oC p3 = 0.7 MPa to fill
T2 = 17 oC V1 = 0.2 m3/ph T3 = 50 oC air
V2 = 9.5 m3 V3 = 9.5 m3 tank?
?
Solution: p2V2  G2 RT2  G2 (Initial amount of air in the tank)
p3V3  G3 RT3  G3 (Final amount of air after recharging)
Amount of air added per minute: G1 

p1V1
kg / min 
RT1
G3  G2
Time to fill air tank:  min 
G1
36
HCMUT
Example:
(1) Adiabatic (2)
Air
Fan power?
d = 7.62 cm
 1 3 m / s WKT
i1 = 2558.6 kJ/kg i2 = 1395.6 kJ/kg
u1 = 2326 kJ/kg
p1 = 689.48 kPa
Solution: Fan power = WKT (kW) (Work received per second)
During 1s: G i2  i1   Q  WKT WKT  G i1  i2  need to know

G (kg/s)
i1  u1  p1v1  v1 ; d 2
Gv1  V1  1   G (kg / s)
4
37
HCMUT
2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

 The First Law of Thermodynamics does not indicate the
DIRECTION of a process
- Examples:
Heat can not Heating

be transferred water can not
automatically make the
from low to shaft rotate
high
temperatures
To make a process occur 

Both 1st and 2nd Laws need to be
satisfied
38
HCMUT
2 Statements of The Second Law of Thermodynamics
 A/ Kelvin-Planck Statement (or the heat engine statement)
 It is impossible to devise a
cyclically operating device, the sole  It is impossible to build a
effect of which is to absorb energy in heat engine that has 100%
the form of heat from a single thermal efficiency
thermal reservoir and to deliver an
equivalent amount of work
Heat source
Q
IMPOSSIBLE !!
Heat Engine W=Q
39
HCMUT
Working principle of a thermal power plant
2 3
1 4
Wout  Win
Thermal Efficiency: 
Qin
Wout Qout qout
Win  Wout    1  1
Qin Qin qin
40
HCMUT
 An example to show the VIOLATION OF THE 2nd LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
41
HCMUT
B/ Clausius Statement
 It is impossible to construct a
device which operates on a cycle and  COP of a refrigerator/heat
produces no other effect than the pump cannot approach
transfer of heat from a cooler body to infinity
a hotter body
Hot source
QN = QL
Refrigeration IMPOSSIBLE !!
system
Cold sink QL
42
HCMUT
Working principle of a refrigeration system
p
3
2 3 q1 2
4 4 1
q2
1
v
Q2 Q2 q2
COP (Coefficient   
of Performance) : W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2
43
HCMUT
Carnot cycle
- is an ideal cycle that consists of 4 reversible processes
1-2: Isothermal Expansion,
T1 receives Q1 from the hot (at
T1
Q1 T1 temperature) Q1
T1= const
T1
2-3: Adiabatic
Expansion (Temperature T2= const
T2
decreases from T1 to T2) Q2
T
3-4: Isothermal Q1
T2 Compression, releases heat T1 1 2
T2
Q2
Q2 to the cold (at T2
temperature) Wout
T2
T1
4 3
4-1: Adiabatic Q2
T2 s
Compression
(Temperature increases
from T2 to T1) 44
HCMUT
Animation of Carnot cycle
45
HCMUT
 Thermal efficiency/COP of Carnot cycle
a/ Carnot cycle of HEAT b/ Carnot cycle of
ENGINE REFRIGERATOR
T T
Q1 Q1
1 2 1 4
T1 T1
Wout Win
T2 3 T2 3
4 2
Q2 Q2
s s
A B
A B
Thermal Efficiency: COP:
Q2 Q2 dt ( A23B)
W Q dt ( A43B)  Carnot   
 Carnot  out  1  2  1  Win Q1  Q2 dt (1234)
Q1 Q1 dt ( A12 B)
T2 1
T  Carnot  
 Carnot  1  2 T1  T2 T1
T1 1
T2 46
HCMUT
Carnot cycle is the MOST Efficient cycle
 For all HEAT ENGINE cycles operated at the same HOT
TEMPERATURE Tmax and COLD TEMPERATURE Tmin , the
CARNOT cycle is the most efficient cycle
T - A certain heat engine cycle 1234:
Q2 dt J 432 IJ 
  1  1
dt J 412 IJ 
A 1 B
Tmax Q1
4 2 - Carnot cycle ABCD:

Q2C dt JD3CIJ 
Tmin C  Carnot  1   1
D 3 Q1C dt JA1BIJ 
s
 Carnot  
J I
47
HCMUT
Example
Hot source
An engineer invented a new
T1 = 1370 oC
heat engine:
Q1
- Power P = 60 HP
HEAT ENGINE W - Consume 4.5 kg/h of gas with
assumption 1 kg gas burned  10,000
Q2
kcal of heat.
Environment This invention is reasonable or not?
W 60 * 0.7457 * 3600
 Thermal efficiency:    0.86
Q1 4.5 *10000 * 4.186
T T2 T2 = 20oC:  max  0.822
 Max  1 2  1 T2 = 10oC:  max  0.828
T1 (273  1370) T2 = 0oC:  max  0.834
Impossible
48
HCMUT
Example
COP of the Fridge:

Qc 8000
 
  2.5
W cycle 3200
Maximum COP obtained from

the reversed Carnot cycle:
T2 273  5
 max    9.93
T1  T2 22  (5)
The Refrigerator can be improved !

49
HCMUT
Quality of HEAT
50
HCMUT
---------------------------------------
END OF CHAPTER 2
51

Chapter2 - First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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Chapter2 - First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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Instructor: Dr.

Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER

Objectives of the course

Ex: - Thermal power plans

 Chapter 8: Basics of Heat transfer

2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

The total energy of an isolated system is constant;

Thermodynamics: Nhiệt động lực học kỹ thuật

Example of an “isolated system”

HEAT & WORK

 Work: The transfer of energy in the application of a force to

Example of a Heat Engine

B/ Heat Pump/ Refrigerator: Hot source

Heat Pump system

Potential Kinetic Internal Energy

 If the system does exchange energy (WORK, HEAT)

 Ex: The system exchanges ENERGY with the

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Change in Heat that the Work that

- W is positive (+) when the system produces work

 Ex: cooling water in a tank by using stirrer

U 2  U1  Q  W  800   500   100  400 kJ 

 Ex: Heat released from a fridge

E1  Q12  E2  W12  E12  Q12  W12

U  Q  W  80  (W piston  18.5) (kJ)

W piston  80  18.5  5 * 2659.6  2709.9  350 kJ

In Steady OPEN SYSTEMS, if there is NO CHANGE in kinetic

I12  Q12  W12

Ex: Application of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics for OPEN

Turbine is a steady – flow open system:

2. Compressors (gas), Pumps (water)  to increase pressure

Application of the 1st law of Thermodynamics for Compressors

(Work provided to increase the enthalpy of the gas  to

Application of the 1st law of Thermodynamics for pumps

- Pumps are well insulated (Q = 0)

Solution: Application of the 1st Law of thermodynamics:

Solution: Application of the 1st law of thermodynamics:

The amount of coal consumed in 1 hour:

Solution: Application of the 1st law of thermodynamics:

Solution: p2V2  G2 RT2  G2 (Initial amount of air in the tank)

p3V3  G3 RT3  G3 (Final amount of air after recharging)

Amount of air added per minute: G1 

Solution: Fan power = WKT (kW) (Work received per second)

During 1s: G i2  i1   Q  WKT WKT  G i1  i2  need to know

2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat can not Heating

To make a process occur 

 An example to show the VIOLATION OF THE 2nd LAW OF

Animation of Carnot cycle

4 2 - Carnot cycle ABCD:

Maximum COP obtained from

The Refrigerator can be improved !

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